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Hecker YP, Burucúa MM, Fiorani F, Maldonado Rivera JE, Cirone KM, Dorsch MA, Cheuquepán FA, Campero LM, Cantón GJ, Marín MS, Ortega-Mora LM, Moore DP. Reactivation and Foetal Infection in Pregnant Heifers Infected with Neospora caninum Live Tachyzoites at Prepubertal Age. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081175. [PMID: 35893824 PMCID: PMC9330614 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is recognised for causing cattle abortion, provoking severe economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the reactivation and foetal infection in pregnant heifers inoculated with live N. caninum tachyzoites before puberty. A total of 15 30-month-old pregnant heifers were allocated into four groups: animals inoculated with live tachyzoites of NC-Argentina LP1 isolate before puberty and challenged with live tachyzoites of NC-1 strain at 210 days of gestation (DG) (Group A); animals mock inoculated before puberty and challenged with NC-1 strain at 210 DG (Group B), animals inoculated before puberty but not subsequently challenged (Group C); and noninfected and nonchallenged animals (Group D). The results of this study showed that 100% of animals infected before puberty (Groups A and C) suffered reactivation of the infection at the seventh month of gestation. In addition, in three and two calves from Groups A and C, respectively, congenital infection was confirmed. Interestingly, we provide evidence that the use of live N. caninum tachyzoites in young animals as a strategy to induce protection is neither safe nor effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina P. Hecker
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-02266-439100 (ext. 365)
| | - Mercedes M. Burucúa
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Franco Fiorani
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (J.E.M.R.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Jaime E. Maldonado Rivera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (J.E.M.R.); (M.A.D.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca 010205, Ecuador
| | - Karina M. Cirone
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (J.E.M.R.); (M.A.D.)
| | - Matías A. Dorsch
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (J.E.M.R.); (M.A.D.)
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay
| | - Felipe A. Cheuquepán
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Lucía M. Campero
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Germán J. Cantón
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Maia S. Marín
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Luis M. Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Dadín P. Moore
- Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA)—Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (M.M.B.); (F.F.); (K.M.C.); (F.A.C.); (L.M.C.); (G.J.C.); (M.S.M.); (D.P.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce 7620, Argentina; (J.E.M.R.); (M.A.D.)
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García-Sánchez M, Jiménez-Pelayo L, Vázquez P, Horcajo P, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Jiménez-Meléndez A, Osoro K, Ortega-Mora LM, Collantes-Fernández E. Maternal and Foetal Cellular Immune Responses in Dams Infected With High- and Low- Virulence Isolates of Neospora caninum at Mid-Gestation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:684670. [PMID: 34239816 PMCID: PMC8259741 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.684670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis is currently considered one of the main causes of abortion in cattle worldwide and the outcome of the infection is, in part, determined by Neospora caninum isolate virulence. However, the dam and foetal immune responses associated with this factor are largely unknown. We used a model of bovine infection at day 110 of gestation to study the early infection dynamics (10- and 20-days post-infection, dpi) after experimental challenge with high- and low-virulence isolates of N. caninum (Nc-Spain7 and Nc-Spain1H, respectively). In the present work, dam peripheral cellular immune responses were monitored twice a week from -1 to 20 dpi. At different time points, IFN-γ and IL-4 production was investigated in stimulated dam blood and the percentage of monocytes, NK cells, B cells and T cells (CD4+, CD8+ and γδ) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined by flow cytometry. In addition, maternal iliofemoral lymph nodes and foetal spleen and thymus were collected at 10 and 20 dpi for the study of the same cell subpopulations. Peripheral immune response dynamics were similar after the infection with both isolates, with a significant increase in the percentage of CD4+ T cells at 6 and 9 dpi in PBMC, coincident with the higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 release. However, the levels of IFN-γ were significantly higher and an increase in CD8+ T cells at 9, 13 and 20 dpi was observed in the dams infected with Nc-Spain7. Nc-Spain1H infection induced higher IL4 levels in stimulated blood and a higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio in PBMC. The analysis of the maternal iliofemoral lymph node showed a significant enhancement in the percentage of NK, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for the animals infected with the highly virulent isolate and euthanized at 20 dpi. Regarding the foetal responses, the most remarkable result was an increase in the percentage of monocytes at 20 dpi in the spleen of foetuses from both infected groups, which suggests that foetuses were able to respond to N. caninum infection at mid gestation. This work provides insights into how isolate virulence affects the maternal and foetal immune responses generated against N. caninum, which may influence the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta García-Sánchez
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Pelayo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Vázquez
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- Saluvet, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Koldo Osoro
- Regional Service for Research and Agri-Food Development (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
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Fereig RM, Abdelbaky HH, Nishikawa Y. Vaccination with Neospora GRA6 Interrupts the Vertical Transmission and Partially Protects Dams and Offspring against Neospora caninum Infection in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020155. [PMID: 33671937 PMCID: PMC7919036 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the mainstay of preventative measures for numerous infectious diseases. Neospora caninum infection induces storms of abortion in pregnant cows and ewes, resulting in drastic economic losses because of fetal losses and culling of the dams. Herein, we evaluated the potential of recombinant protein of N. caninum dense granule protein 6 fused with glutathione-S-transferase (NcGRA6+GST) as a vaccine candidate against neosporosis in a pregnant mouse model. The protective efficacy was investigated by subcutaneous inoculation of BALB/c mice with recombinant NcGRA6+GST (25 pmol), and GST alone (25 pmol) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the controls. This study revealed the partial ability of NcGRA6+GST to protect the dams and offspring from N. caninum infection during the critical period of pregnancy. This ability was revealed by higher survival rate and lower parasite burden in brains of offspring of the NcGRA6+GST-immunized group in comparison with the control groups. In addition, mouse dams from NcGRA6+GST-immunized groups exhibited lower clinical score and minimum alteration in body weight in comparison with PBS or GST groups after challenge with N. caninum tachyzoites. Taken together, our results suggest the efficacy of recombinant NcGRA6 for interrupting the vertical transmission of N. caninum in mice by reducing the severity of infections in dams and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M. Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (R.M.F.); (H.H.A.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Abdelbaky
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (R.M.F.); (H.H.A.)
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (R.M.F.); (H.H.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Fereig RM, Nishikawa Y. From Signaling Pathways to Distinct Immune Responses: Key Factors for Establishing or Combating Neospora caninum Infection in Different Susceptible Hosts. Pathogens 2020; 9:E384. [PMID: 32429367 PMCID: PMC7281608 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
: Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan parasite affecting numerous animal species. It induces significant economic losses because of abortion and neonatal abnormalities in cattle. In case of infection, the parasite secretes numerous arsenals to establish a successful infection in the host cell. In the same context but for a different purpose, the host resorts to different strategies to eliminate the invading parasite. During this battle, numerous key factors from both parasite and host sides are produced and interact for the maintaining and vanishing of the infection, respectively. Although several reviews have highlighted the role of different compartments of the immune system against N. caninum infection, each one of them has mostly targeted specific points related to the immune component and animal host. Thus, in the current review, we will focus on effector molecules derived from the host cell or the parasite using a comprehensive survey method from previous reports. According to our knowledge, this is the first review that highlights and discusses immune response at the host cell-parasite molecular interface against N. caninum infection in different susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab M. Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan;
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena City, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan;
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Al-Shaeli SJJ, Ethaeb AM, Gharban HAJ. Molecular and histopathological identification of ovine neosporosis ( Neospora caninum) in aborted ewes in Iraq. Vet World 2020; 13:597-603. [PMID: 32367970 PMCID: PMC7183467 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.597-603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of the present study was to detect Neospora caninum DNA in the placenta of sheep and evaluate the association of risk factors to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive and histopathological analysis of the placenta and fetal tissue samples of aborted fetuses. Materials and Methods: Fresh placenta from 51 aborted ewes was collected for PCR assay. Placental and fetal tissues of aborted fetuses, including brain, heart, liver, lung, and thymus, were collected for histopathological analysis, besides the risk factor data were obtained during the time of sampling. Results: From 51 placentas examined by PCR, 13.73% appeared positive to N. caninum DNA. The relationship between PCR positive and the risk factors revealed a significant difference (p<0.05) in age of the dam, fetal age, feed source, water source, and the presence of other animals at farm, whereas the type of birth, stillbirth, and size of flock showed insignificant difference (p>0.05). Histopathological investigation of placental and fetal tissues of positive samples showed tissue cyst-like structure, necrotic foci, and infiltration of mononuclear cells. Other lesions were thickening in chorionic plate in placenta, severe vacuolization and death of neurons, microgliosis, demyelination, edema, and proliferation of astrocytes in brain. In addition, fibrous and fat deposition with stenosis in the heart, parenchymal necrosis, severe atrophy, vacuolization and hyalinization of hepatocytes, megakaryocyte, portal fibrosis in the liver, and interlobular septal thickening in lung without obvious lesions is seen in the thymus tissue samples. Conclusion: This is a unique study that confirmed N. caninum DNA in the placenta of aborted ewes in Iraq using PCR assay. Histopathological analysis of some aborted fetuses organs could provide a more confirmatory and reliable data for a significant role of neosporosis in increasing the rate of abortion in sheep, while the clinical data of risk factors could be used to control the transmission of N. caninum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattar J J Al-Shaeli
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Ali M Ethaeb
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Hasanain A J Gharban
- Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq
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Hecker YP, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Fiorani F, Horcajo P, Soria I, Gual I, Torioni S, Campero LM, Echaide IE, Álvarez-García G, Ortega-Mora LM, Zamorano PI, Venturini MC, Odeón AC, Cantón GJ, Moore DP. Immune response to Neospora caninum live tachyzoites in prepubertal female calves. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2945-2955. [PMID: 31485864 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize the specific immune response in prepubertal female calves inoculated with Neospora caninum. Forty-eight N. caninum-seronegative 6-month-old Angus female calves were randomly allocated into two groups: group A calves were inoculated subcutaneously (sc) with 1 × 106 tachyzoites of the low virulence NC-Argentina LP1 isolate in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS); group B calves were mock inoculated sc with sterile PBS. Calves from group A developed a specific immune response characterized by the production of IgG antibodies and the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokines. Animals did not present any febrile reaction or reactions at the site of inoculation. Although chronic N. caninum infection was developed in 50% of calves of group A after inoculation, according to the presence of antibodies against rNc-SAG4, antigen characteristic of bradyzoites, N. caninum antibodies dropped below the cut-off of ELISA from day 210 post-inoculation onwards. Future trials using the same group of inoculated animals will allow the characterization of the evolution of the immune response during pregnancy and to determine whether the immunization with the local isolate is able to prevent congenital transmission and to protect against heterologous challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina P Hecker
- National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Javier Regidor-Cerrillo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Franco Fiorani
- National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Pilar Horcajo
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivana Soria
- National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Gual
- National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Susana Torioni
- National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía M Campero
- National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ignacio E Echaide
- National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gema Álvarez-García
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia I Zamorano
- National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Venturini
- Immunoparasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Anselmo C Odeón
- National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán J Cantón
- National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dadín P Moore
- National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,National Institute of Agrarian Technology (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, National University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Sharma P, Hartley CS, Haque M, Coffey TJ, Egan SA, Flynn RJ. Bovine Neonatal Monocytes Display Phenotypic Differences Compared With Adults After Challenge With the Infectious Abortifacient Agent Neospora caninum. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3011. [PMID: 30619358 PMCID: PMC6305741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal period represents a window of susceptibility for ruminants given the abundance of infectious challenges in their environment. Maternal transfer of immunity does not occur in utero but post-parturition, however this does not compensate for potential deficits in the cellular compartment. Here we present a cellular and transcriptomic study to investigate if there is an age-related difference in the monocyte response in cattle during intra-cellular protozoan infection. We utilized Neospora caninum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes abortion and negative economic impacts in cattle worldwide, to study these responses. We found neonatal animals had a significant greater percentage of CD14+ monocytes with higher CD80 cell surface expression. Adult monocytes harbored more parasites compared to neonatal monocytes; additionally greater secretion of IL-1β was observed in neonates. Microarray analysis revealed neonates have 535 genes significantly upregulated compared to adult with 23 upregulated genes. Biological pathways involved in immune response were evaluated and both age groups showed changes in the upregulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein and JAK-STAT cascade pathways. However, the extent to which these pathways were upregulated in neonates was much greater. Our findings suggest that neonates are more resistant to cellular invasion with protozoan parasites and that the magnitude of the responses is related to significant changes in the JAK-STAT network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine S Hartley
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Manjurul Haque
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Tracey J Coffey
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A Egan
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Flynn
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Yang Z, Wei Z, Hermosilla C, Taubert A, He X, Wang X, Gong P, Li J, Zhang X. Caprine Monocytes Release Extracellular Traps against Neospora caninum In Vitro. Front Immunol 2018; 8:2016. [PMID: 29403487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that causes reproductive loss and severe economic losses in dairy and goat industry. In the present study, we aim to investigate the effects of N. caninum tachyzoites on the release of extracellular traps (ETs) in caprine monocytes and furthermore elucidated parts of its molecular mechanisms. N. caninum tachyzoite-induced monocytes-derived ETs formation was detected by scanning electron microscopy. H3 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) within monocyte-ETs structures were examined using laser scanning confocal microscopy analyses. The results showed that N. caninum tachyzoites were not only able to trigger ETs formation in caprine monocytes, but also that monocyte-released ETs were capable of entrapping viable tachyzoites. Histones and MPO were found to be decorating the DNA within the monocytes derived-ETs structures thus proving the classical components of ETs. Furthermore, inhibitors of NADPH oxidase-, MPO-, ERK 1/2-, or p38 MAPK-signaling pathway significantly decreased N. caninum tachyzoite-triggered caprine monocyte-derived ETosis. This is the first report of ETs release extruded from caprine monocytes after N. caninum exposure and thus showing that this early innate immune effector mechanism might be relevant during the acute phase of caprine neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtao Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhengkai Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xuexiu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaocen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Villagra-Blanco R, Silva L, Aguilella-Segura A, Arcenillas-Hernández I, Martínez-Carrasco C, Seipp A, Gärtner U, Ruiz de Ybañez R, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) do also cast neutrophil extracellular traps against the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2017; 6:287-294. [PMID: 28951834 PMCID: PMC5607148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are web-like structures composed of nuclear DNA decorated with histones and cytoplasmic peptides which antiparasitic properties have not previously been investigated in cetaceans. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were isolated from healthy bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and stimulated with Neospora caninum tachyzoites and the NETs-agonist zymosan. In vitro interactions of PMN with the tachyzoites resulted in rapid extrusion of NETs. For the demonstration and quantification of cetacean NETs, extracellular DNA was stained by using either Sytox Orange® or Pico Green®. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence analyses demonstrated PMN-derived release of NETs upon exposure to tachyzoites of N. caninum. Co-localization studies of N. caninum induced cetacean NETs proved the presence of DNA adorned with histones (H1, H2A/H2B, H3, H4), neutrophil elastase (NE), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pentraxin (PTX) confirming the molecular properties of mammalian NETosis. Dolphin-derived N. caninum-NETosis were efficiently suppressed by DNase I and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) treatments. Our results indicate that cetacean-derived NETs represent an ancient, conserved and relevant defense effector mechanism of the host innate immune system against N. caninum and probably other related neozoan parasites circulating in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Villagra-Blanco
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - L.M.R. Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - A. Aguilella-Segura
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I. Arcenillas-Hernández
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - C. Martínez-Carrasco
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. Seipp
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - U. Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - R. Ruiz de Ybañez
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A. Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C. Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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10
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Aguado-Martínez A, Basto AP, Leitão A, Hemphill A. Neospora caninum in non-pregnant and pregnant mouse models: cross-talk between infection and immunity. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:723-735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Shekhar S, Yang X. Natural killer cells in host defense against veterinary pathogens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:30-4. [PMID: 26553564 PMCID: PMC7112915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells constitute a major subset of innate lymphoid cells that do not express the T- and B-cell receptors and play an important role in antimicrobial defense. NK cells not only induce early and rapid innate immune responses, but also communicate with dendritic cells to shape the adaptive immunity, thus bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Although the functional biology of NK cells is well-documented in a variety of infections in humans and mice, their role in protecting domestic animals from infectious agents is only beginning to be understood. In this article, we summarize the current state of knowledge about the contribution of NK cells in pathogen defense in domestic animals, especially cattle and pigs. Understanding the immunobiology of NK cells will translate into strategies to manipulate these cells for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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12
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Correia A, Ferreirinha P, Botelho S, Belinha A, Leitão C, Caramalho Í, Teixeira L, González-Fernandéz Á, Appelberg R, Vilanova M. Predominant role of interferon-γ in the host protective effect of CD8(+) T cells against Neospora caninum infection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14913. [PMID: 26449650 PMCID: PMC4598874 DOI: 10.1038/srep14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that CD8+ T cells play an important role in
protective immunity against protozoan infections. However, their role in the course
of Neospora caninum infection has not been fully elucidated. Here we report
that CD8-deficient mice infected with N. caninum presented higher parasitic
loads in the brain and lungs and lower spleen and brain immunity-related GTPases
than their wild-type counterparts. Moreover, adoptive transfer of splenic
CD8+ T cells sorted from N. caninum-primed
immunosufficient C57BL/10 ScSn mice prolonged the survival of infected
IL-12-unresponsive C57BL/10 ScCr recipients. In both C57BL/6 and C57BL/10 ScSn mice
CD8+ T cells are activated and produce interferon-γ
(IFN-γ) upon challenged with N. caninum. The host protective role
of IFN-γ produced by CD8+ T cells was confirmed in N.
caninum-infected RAG2-deficient mice reconstituted with CD8+
T cells obtained from either IFN-γ-deficient or wild-type donors. Mice
receiving IFN-γ-expressing CD8+ T cells presented lower
parasitic burdens than counterparts having IFN-γ-deficient
CD8+ T cells. Moreover, we observed that N.
caninum-infected perforin-deficient mice presented parasitic burdens similar to
those of infected wild-type controls. Altogether these results demonstrate that
production of IFN-γ is a predominant protective mechanism conferred by
CD8+ T cells in the course of neosporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Correia
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreirinha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Botelho
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Belinha
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Leitão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Íris Caramalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,UMIB-Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto
| | - África González-Fernandéz
- Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, E-36200 Vigo, Spain
| | - Rui Appelberg
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, and IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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13
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A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:216-38. [PMID: 25973393 PMCID: PMC4427759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that is the etiologic agent of neosporosis, a devastating infectious disease regarded as a major cause of reproductive loss in cattle and neuromuscular disease in dogs worldwide. This protozoan pathogen is maintained in the environment by a heteroxenous life cycle that involves a definitive canid host and a wide range of intermediate hosts. In recent years, a number of wildlife species have been investigated for their possible involvement in the N. caninum life cycle and many have been implicated as intermediate hosts. However, in many instances these studies have utilized serological and molecular techniques to detect infection in clinically normal animals, and investigation of possible associated morbidity, mortality, and pathology has been neglected. As such, the occurrence and importance of Neospora-associated disease in wildlife species are unknown. In order to improve our understanding of the significance of N. caninum infection in nondomestic species, the present review provides an up-to-date summary of clinical neosporosis and N. caninum-associated pathologic lesions in naturally and experimentally infected wildlife species. We provide a list of all free-ranging and captive wildlife species identified with N. caninum infection to date using currently available diagnostic tools. The advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic methods in wildlife are addressed in order to recommend optimal diagnosis of confirming N. caninum infection and neosporosis in nondomestic species. Although current data would suggest that N. caninum infection does not adversely impact wildlife populations, there is a need for greater international uniformity in the diagnosis of N. caninum infection and neosporosis in nondomestic species in order to assess the true consequences of parasite infection.
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Experimental ruminant models for bovine neosporosis: what is known and what is needed. Parasitology 2014; 141:1471-88. [PMID: 24926962 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
At present, bovine neosporosis is an important worldwide concern because of its wide geographic distribution and economic impact. Abortion is the main clinical sign of bovine neosporosis in both dairy and beef cattle. Ruminant challenge models are critical to evaluate potential vaccine candidates to help tackle bovine neosporosis and to study pathogenesis and host responses to infection. Several research groups have developed ruminant models of Neospora caninum infection independently of others, resulting in a high degree of variability due to the use of different species of animals, breeds, strains/isolates of N. caninum, doses, routes and times of inoculation. Standardization is greatly needed to advance research in a more collaborative, timely and efficient manner. In the absence of widely accepted international guidelines, this manuscript serves to summarize and discuss the different models and parameters currently in use. Parameters essential for the development of non-pregnant and pregnant ruminant models are outlined and the main knowledge gaps are identified. This information could act as the basis to develop a consensus for international standard guidelines for ruminant models of neosporosis that would be helpful for researchers in this field worldwide.
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15
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Characterization of Immune Cell Infiltration in the Placentome of Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Infected with Neospora caninum During Pregnancy. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:463-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Connelley TK, Longhi C, Burrells A, Degnan K, Hope J, Allan AJ, Hammond JA, Storset AK, Morrison WI. NKp46+ CD3+ cells: a novel nonconventional T cell subset in cattle exhibiting both NK cell and T cell features. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3868-80. [PMID: 24639352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NKp46 receptor demonstrates a high degree of lineage specificity, being expressed almost exclusively in NK cells. Previous studies have demonstrated NKp46 expression by T cells, but NKp46+ CD3+ cells are rare and almost universally associated with NKp46 acquisition by T cells following stimulation. In this study we demonstrate the existence of a population of NKp46+ CD3+ cells resident in normal bovine PBMCs that includes cells of both the αβ TCR+ and γδ TCR+ lineages and is present at a frequency of 0.1-1.7%. NKp46+ CD3+ cells express transcripts for a broad repertoire of both NKRs and TCRs and also the CD3ζ, DAP10, and FcεR1γ but not DAP12 adaptor proteins. In vitro functional analysis of NKp46+ CD3+ cells confirm that NKp46, CD16, and CD3 signaling pathways are all functionally competent and capable of mediating/redirecting cytolysis. However, only CD3 cross-ligation elicits IFN-γ release. NKp46+ CD3+ cells exhibit cytotoxic activity against autologous Theileria parva-infected cells in vitro, and during in vivo challenge with this parasite an expansion of NKp46+ CD3+ cells was observed in some animals, indicating the cells have the potential to act as an anti-pathogen effector population. The results in this study identify and describe a novel nonconventional NKp46+ CD3+ T cell subset that is phenotypically and functionally distinct from conventional NK and T cells. The ability to exploit both NKRs and TCRs suggests these cells may fill a functional niche at the interface of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
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17
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Monney T, Hemphill A. Vaccines against neosporosis: what can we learn from the past studies? Exp Parasitol 2014; 140:52-70. [PMID: 24602874 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite, which is a leading cause of abortion in cattle; thus neosporosis represents an important veterinary health problem and is of high economic significance. The parasite can infect cattle via trans-placental transmission from an infected cow to its fetus (vertical transmission), or through the oral route via ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocysts that were previously shed with the feces of a canid definitive host (horizontal transmission). Although vaccination was considered a rational strategy to prevent bovine neosporosis, the only commercialized vaccine (Neoguard®) produced ambiguous results with relatively low efficacy, and was recently removed from the market. Therefore, there is a need to develop an efficient vaccine capable of preventing both, the horizontal transmission through infected food or water to a naïve animal as well as the vertical transmission from infected but clinically asymptomatic dams to the fetus. Different vaccine strategies have been investigated, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, killed parasite lysates, total antigens or antigen fractions from killed parasites, and subunit vaccines. The vast majority of experimental studies were performed in mice, and to a certain extent in gerbils, but there is also a large number of investigations that were conducted in cattle and sheep. However, it is difficult to directly compare these studies due to the high variability of the parameters employed. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances made in vaccine development against N. caninum in cattle and in mice and highlight the most important factors, which are likely to influence the degree of protection mediated by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Monney
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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18
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Bartley PM, Katzer F, Rocchi MS, Maley SW, Benavides J, Nath M, Pang Y, Cantón G, Thomson J, Chianini F, Innes EA. Development of maternal and foetal immune responses in cattle following experimental challenge with Neospora caninum at day 210 of gestation. Vet Res 2013; 44:91. [PMID: 24090114 PMCID: PMC3851480 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the immunological responses of pregnant cattle and their foetuses following an experimental challenge with live Neospora caninum tachyzoites at day 210 of gestation. Animals were bled prior to and weekly throughout the experiment and sacrificed at 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post inoculation (dpi). At post mortem examination, samples of lymph nodes and spleen were collected from both dam and foetus for immunological analysis. Subcutaneous (sc) inoculation over the left prefemoral (LPF) lymph node of pregnant cattle at day 210 of gestation, led to the vertical transmission of parasites by 14 dpi, however no foetal deaths were observed in the infected animals. Foetuses from infected dams mounted Neospora-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses by 14 dpi. These responses involved anti-Neospora IgG, antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation, and the production of the cytokines IFN–γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. There was also evidence of innate immunity during the response against Neospora from infected dams, with statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases in mean expression of toll like receptors (TLR)-2 on 56 dpi in maternal spleen, LPF, right prefemoral (RPF), left uterine (LUL) and right uterine (RUL) lymph nodes and TLR-9 in retropharyngeal (RLN), LPF and RPF lymph nodes from 28 dpi. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases in mean TLR-9 were detected in spleen samples from foetuses of infected dams, compared to the foetuses from control animals. Our results show that vertical transmission of the parasite occurred in all infected dams, with their foetuses showing effective Neospora-specific cell mediated, humoral and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Cell mediated innate responses of cattle and swine are diverse during foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection: a unique landscape of innate immunity. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:135-43. [PMID: 23727070 PMCID: PMC7112845 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the innate immunity can protect domestic animals from viruses. Innate immune cells have potential capacity to afford protection against infection. Understanding the innate and adaptive immunity will aid rational vaccine design.
Pathogens in general and pathogenic viruses in particular have evolved a myriad of mechanisms to escape the immune response of mammalian species. Viruses that cause acute disease tend to bear characteristics that make them very contagious, as survival does not derive from chronicity of infection, but spread of disease throughout the herd. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most contagious viruses known. Upon infection of susceptible species, cloven-hoofed animals, the virus proliferates rapidly and causes a vesicular disease within 2–4 days. Disease symptoms resolve by 10 days to 2 weeks and in most cases, virus can no longer be detected. Periods of fever and viremia are usually brief, 1–3 days. In vivo control of virus infection and clearance of the virus during and following acute infection is of particular interest. The interaction of this virus with cells mediating the early, innate immune response has been analyzed in a number of recent studies. In most reports, the virus has a distinct inhibitory effect on the response of cells early in infection. Here we review these new data and discuss the dynamics of the interaction of virus with different cell types mediating the immune response to infection.
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Debache K, Hemphill A. Differential effects of intranasal vaccination with recombinant NcPDI in different mouse models ofNeospora caninuminfection. Parasite Immunol 2012; 35:11-20. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Debache
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Berne; Switzerland
| | - A. Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Berne; Switzerland
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Uchida M, Nagashima K, Akatsuka Y, Murakami T, Ito A, Imai S, Ike K. Comparative study of protective activities of Neospora caninum bradyzoite antigens, NcBAG1, NcBSR4, NcMAG1, and NcSAG4, in a mouse model of acute parasitic infection. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:655-63. [PMID: 23229317 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes severe neuromuscular diseases, repeated abortion, stillbirth, and congenital infection in livestock and companion animals. The development of an effective vaccine against neosporosis in cattle is an important issue due to the significant worldwide economic impact of this disease. We evaluated the immunogenicity of four bradyzoite antigens, NcBAG1 (first described in this study), NcBSR4, NcMAG1, and NcSAG4, using an acute infection mouse model to determine synergistic effects with the tachyzoite antigen as a candidate for vaccine production. Mice were inoculated with the recombinant vaccines (r-)NcBAG1, rNcBSR4, rNcMAG1, rNcSAG4, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (adjuvant control group) in an oil-in-water emulsion with bitter gourd extract, a Th1 immune stimulator, or PBS alone as the infection control group. Mice inoculated with each vaccine developed antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and isolated splenocytes from mice produced high levels of interferon-γ when infected with the N. caninum tachyzoite. The mice inoculated with rNcBAG1, rNcMAG1, or rNcSAG4 developed slight to moderate clinical symptoms but did not succumb to infection. In contrast, rNcBSR4 and both control groups developed severe disease and some mice required euthanasia. The parasitic burden in the brain tissues of vaccinated mice was assessed by N. caninum-specific real-time PCR at 5 weeks after infection. The parasite load in rNcBAG1-, rNcMAG1-, and rNcSAG4-inoculated mice was significantly lower than that in adjuvant and infection control mice. Therefore, these antigens may be useful for the production of a N. caninum-specific vaccination protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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22
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Monney T, Debache K, Grandgirard D, Leib SL, Hemphill A. Vaccination with the recombinant chimeric antigen recNcMIC3-1-R induces a non-protective Th2-type immune response in the pregnant mouse model for N. caninum infection. Vaccine 2012; 30:6588-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A review of the infection, genetics, and evolution of Neospora caninum: from the past to the present. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 13:133-50. [PMID: 22985682 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a review of current knowledge on Neospora caninum in the context of other apicomplexan parasites and with an emphasis on: life cycle, disease, epidemiology, immunity, control and treatment, evolution, genomes, and biological databases and web resources. N. caninum is an obligate, intracellular, coccidian, protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa. Infection can cause the clinical disease neosporosis, which most notably is associated with abortion in cattle. These abortions are a major root cause of economic loss to both the dairy and beef industries worldwide. N. caninum has been detected in every country in which a study has been specifically conducted to detect this parasite in cattle. The major mode of transmission in cattle is transplacental (or vertical) transmission and several elements of the N. caninum life cycle are yet to be studied in detail. The outcome of an infection is inextricably linked to the precise timing of the infection coupled with the status of the immune system of the dam and foetus. There is no community consensus as to whether it is the dam's pro-inflammatory cytotoxic response to tachyzoites that kills the foetus or the tachyzoites themselves. From economic analysis the most cost-effective approach to control neosporosis is a vaccine. The perfect vaccine would protect against both infection and the clinical disease, and this implies a vaccine is needed that can induce a non-foetopathic cell mediated immunity response. Researchers are beginning to capitalise on the vast potential of -omics data (e.g. genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes) to further our understanding of pathogens but especially to identify vaccine and drug targets. The recent publication of a genome for N. caninum offers vast opportunities in these areas.
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Orozco MA, Morales E, Salmerón F. Characterization of the inflammatory response in the uteri of cows infected naturally by Neospora caninum. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:148-56. [PMID: 22784781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine neosporosis manifests during gestation, when the fetus may be vulnerable to pathogens. Experimental studies of Neospora caninum-infected cattle have been performed, but little is known about the in-utero inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to characterize the inflammatory response in the uteri of pregnant and non-pregnant cows infected naturally with N. caninum. Four groups of seven animals were studied. Two groups consisted of N. caninum-seropositive pregnant and non-pregnant cows and the other two groups contained N. caninum-seronegative pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Uterine and placental samples were subjected to immunohistochemistry using antibodies specific for N. caninum, CD4, CD8, CD14 and CD21. The non-pregnant seropositive and seronegative groups did not show a difference (P >0.05) in the types of cells present. There were more lymphocytes in the uteri of the seropositive pregnant animals (P <0.05) than in the seronegative pregnant animals, but this was not considered to be consistent with an inflammatory process. N. caninum cysts were detected in eight seropositive cows; five were non-pregnant and three were pregnant. CD4(+) T cells were distributed in the endometrium and myometrium of the non-pregnant cows and were sparse in the placentomes of pregnant cows. CD8(+) T cells were distributed in a similar manner, but were present in smaller number. There were no cells expressing CD14 or CD21. The results of the study suggest that there is no consistent uterine inflammatory response against N. caninum in naturally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Orozco
- Departamento de Patología Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Avenida Universidad 3000, México, Mexico
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Debache K, Hemphill A. Intra-cisternal vaccination induces high-level protection against Neospora caninum infection in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:4209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bartley PM, Wright SE, Maley SW, Macaldowie CN, Nath M, Hamilton CM, Katzer F, Buxton D, Innes EA. Maternal and foetal immune responses of cattle following an experimental challenge with Neospora caninum at day 70 of gestation. Vet Res 2012; 43:38. [PMID: 22536795 PMCID: PMC3416710 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune responses of pregnant cattle and their foetuses were examined following inoculation on day 70 of gestation either intravenously (iv) (group 1) or subcutaneously (sc) (group 2) with live NC1 strain tachyzoites or with Vero cells (control) (group 3). Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses to Neospora antigen and foetal viability were assessed throughout the experiment. Two animals from each group were sacrificed at 14, 28, 42 and 56 days post inoculation (pi). At post mortem, maternal lymph nodes, spleen and PBMC and when possible foetal spleen, thymus and PBMC samples were collected for analysis. Inoculation with NC1 (iv and sc) lead to foetal deaths in all group 1 dams (6/6) and in 3/6 group 2 dams from day 28pi; statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases in cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses including antigen-specific cell proliferation and IFN-γ production as well as increased levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 were observed in challenged dams compared to the group 3 animals. Lymph node samples from the group 2 animals carrying live foetuses showed greater levels of cellular proliferation as well as significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of IFN-γ compared to the dams in group 2 carrying dead foetuses. Foetal spleen, thymus and PBMC samples demonstrated cellular proliferation as well as IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 production following mitogenic stimulation with Con A from day 14pi (day 84 gestation) onwards. This study shows that the generation of robust peripheral and local maternal CMI responses (lymphoproliferation, IFN-γ) may inhibit the vertical transmission of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Comparative efficacy of immunization with inactivated whole tachyzoites versus a tachyzoite-bradyzoite mixture against neosporosis in mice. Parasitology 2011; 138:1372-83. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe worldwide economic impact ofNeospora caninuminfection has caused the development of effective vaccines to become one of the main goals in the field of neosporosis research. In this study, the protection conferred by antigens from inactivated whole tachyzoites (TZ) and a tachyzoite-bradyzoite mixture (TZ-BZ) ofN. caninum(Nc-Spain7 isolate) incorporated into a water-in-oil emulsion (W/O) and aluminium hydroxide-ginseng extract (Al/G) was evaluated in mouse models of congenital and cerebralN. caninuminfection. Immunization with TZ-BZ induced congenital and cerebral neosporosis exacerbation that was mainly characterized by reduced neonatal median survival time and increased parasite presence in adult mouse brains. The immune response of mice immunized with TZ-BZ was characterized by an increase in IFN-γexpression prior to challenge and an increase in IL-4 expression accompanied with significantly higher levels of antibodies against 2 recombinant bradyzoite-specific proteins (rNcSAG4 and rNcBSR4) after challenge. Immunization with TZ in W/O significantly reduced neonatal mortality, vertical transmission as well as parasite presence in adult mouse brains and induced a strong humoral immune response. The current study demonstrates the critical role of stage-specific antigens and adjuvants on the development of effective inactivated vaccines for the prevention ofN. caninuminfection.
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RecNcMIC3-1-R is a microneme- and rhoptry-based chimeric antigen that protects against acute neosporosis and limits cerebral parasite load in the mouse model for Neospora caninum infection. Vaccine 2011; 29:6967-75. [PMID: 21787824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to achieve host cell entry, the apicomplexan parasite Neospora caninum relies on the contents of distinct organelles, named micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules, which are secreted at defined timepoints during and after host cell entry. It was shown previously that a vaccine composed of a mixture of three recombinant antigens, corresponding to the two microneme antigens NcMIC1 and NcMIC3 and the rhoptry protein NcROP2, prevented disease and limited cerebral infection and transplacental transmission in mice. In this study, we selected predicted immunogenic domains of each of these proteins and created four different chimeric antigens, with the respective domains incorporated into these chimers in different orders. Following vaccination, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with 2 × 10(6)N. caninum tachzyoites and were then carefully monitored for clinical symptoms during 4 weeks post-infection. Of the four chimeric antigens, only recNcMIC3-1-R provided complete protection against disease with 100% survivors, compared to 40-80% of survivors in the other groups. Serology did not show any clear differences in total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a levels between the different treatment groups. Vaccination with all four chimeric variants generated an IL-4 biased cytokine expression, which then shifted to an IFN-γ-dominated response following experimental infection. Sera of recNcMIC3-1-R vaccinated mice reacted with each individual recombinant antigen, as well as with three distinct bands in Neospora extracts with similar Mr as NcMIC1, NcMIC3 and NcROP2, and exhibited distinct apical labeling in tachyzoites. These results suggest that recNcMIC3-1-R is an interesting chimeric vaccine candidate and should be followed up in subsequent studies in a fetal infection model.
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Dion S, Germon S, Guiton R, Ducournau C, Dimier-Poisson I. Functional activation of T cells by dendritic cells and macrophages exposed to the intracellular parasite Neospora caninum. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:685-95. [PMID: 21329692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an intracellular protozoan pathogen that causes abortion in cattle. We studied how the interaction between murine conventional dendritic cells or macrophages and N. caninum influences the generation of cell-mediated immunity against the parasite. We first explored the invasion and survival ability of N. caninum in dendritic cells and macrophages. We observed that protozoa rapidly invaded and proliferated into these two cell populations. We then investigated how Neospora-exposed macrophages or dendritic cells distinguish between viable and non-viable (heat-killed tachyzoites and antigenic extract) parasites. Viable tachyzoites and antigenic extract, but not killed parasites, altered the phenotype of immature dendritic cells. Dendritic cells infected with viable parasites down-regulated the expression of MHC-II, CD40, CD80 and CD86 whereas dendritic cells exposed to N. caninum antigenic extract up-regulated the expression of MHC-II and CD40 and down-regulated CD80 and CD86 expression. Moreover, only viable tachyzoites and antigenic extract induced IL-12 synthesis by dendritic cells. MHC-II expression was up-regulated and CD86 expression was down-regulated at the surface of macrophages, regardless of the parasitic form was encountered. However, IL-12 secretion by macrophages was only observed under conditions using viable and heat-killed parasite. We then analysed how macrophages and dendritic cells were involved in inducing T-cell responses. T lymphocyte IFN-γ-secretion in correlation with IL-12 production occurred after interactions between T cells and dendritic cells exposed to viable tachyzoites or antigenic extract. By contrast, for macrophages IFN-γ production was IL-12-independent and only occurred after interactions between T cells and macrophages exposed to antigenic extract. Thus, N. caninum-induced activation of murine dendritic cells, but not that of macrophages, was associated with T cell IFN-γ production after IL-12 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dion
- Université François-Rabelais de Tours, INRA, UMR 0483 Université-INRA d'Immunologie Parasitaire, Vaccinologie et Biothérapie Anti-Infectieuse, IFR des Agents Transmissibles et Infectiologie, UFR de Pharmacie, Tours, France
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Rojo-Montejo S, Collantes-Fernández E, Regidor-Cerrillo J, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Prenafeta A, Gomez-Bautista M, Ortega-Mora LM. Influence of adjuvant and antigen dose on protection induced by an inactivated whole vaccine against Neospora caninum infection in mice. Vet Parasitol 2011; 175:220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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DEBACHE K, KROPF C, SCHÜTZ CA, HARWOOD LJ, KÄUPER P, MONNEY T, ROSSI N, LAUE C, McCULLOUGH KC, HEMPHILL A. Vaccination of mice with chitosan nanogel-associated recombinant NcPDI against challenge infection with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:81-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Goff WL, Bastos RG, Brown WC, Johnson WC, Schneider DA. The bovine spleen: interactions among splenic cell populations in the innate immunologic control of hemoparasitic infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 138:1-14. [PMID: 20692048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, innate immunity has been recognized as having an important role as a front-line defense mechanism and as an integral part of the adaptive immune response. Innate immunity in cattle exposed to hemoparasites is spleen-dependent and age-related. In this review, we discuss general aspects of innate immunity and the cells involved in this aspect of the response to infection. We also provide examples of specific splenic regulatory and effector mechanisms involved in the response to Babesia bovis, an important tick-borne hemoparasitic disease of cattle. Evidence for the regulatory and effector role of bovine splenic monocytes and DC both in directing a type-1 response through interaction with splenic NK cells and γδT-cells will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Goff
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3003 ADBF/WSU, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
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Nishikawa Y, Zhang H, Ibrahim HM, Yamada K, Nagasawa H, Xuan X. Roles of CD122+ cells in resistance against Neospora caninum infection in a murine model. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:1275-82. [PMID: 20460838 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells, play essential roles as primary effector cells at the interface between the host and parasite until establishment of adaptive immunity. However, the roles of NK and NKT cells in defense against Neospora caninum have not been well clarified. NK and NKT cells were depleted by the treatment with an anti-CD122 (interleukin-2 receptor beta chain) monoclonal antibody (mAb, TM-β1) in vivo. The parasite burden in the brain of mice was promoted by the treatment with anti-CD122 mAb. However, there was no significant difference in the infection rates between controls and the mice treated with anti-asialoGM1 antibody to deplete NK cells. Activation of CD4+ T cells was suppressed in the mice treated with anti-CD122 mAb compared with controls and the mice treated with anti-asialoGM1 antibody. On the other hand, depletion of CD122+ cells or NK cells did not affect the number of activated CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells and B cells following N. caninum infection. These results indicate that CD122+ cells (probably NKT cells) play a crucial role in host defense by activating CD4+ T cells against N. caninum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Intraperitoneal and intra-nasal vaccination of mice with three distinct recombinant Neospora caninum antigens results in differential effects with regard to protection against experimental challenge with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Parasitology 2009; 137:229-40. [PMID: 19835644 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009991259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant NcPDI(recNcPDI), NcROP2(recNcROP2), and NcMAG1(recNcMAG1) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, and evaluated as potential vaccine candidates by employing the C57Bl/6 mouse cerebral infection model. Intraperitoneal application of these proteins suspended in saponin adjuvants lead to protection against disease in 50% and 70% of mice vaccinated with recNcMAG1 and recNcROP2, respectively, while only 20% of mice vaccinated with recNcPDI remained without clinical signs. In contrast, a 90% protection rate was achieved following intra-nasal vaccination with recNcPDI emulsified in cholera toxin. Only 1 mouse vaccinated intra-nasally with recNcMAG1 survived the challenge infection, and protection achieved with intra-nasally applied recNcROP2 was at 60%. Determination of cerebral parasite burdens by real-time PCR showed that these were significantly reduced only in recNcROP2-vaccinated animals (following intraperitoneal and intra-nasal application) and in recNcPDI-vaccinated mice (intra-nasal application only). Quantification of viable tachyzoites in brain tissue of intra-nasally vaccinated mice showed that immunization with recNcPDI resulted in significantly decreased numbers of live parasites. These data show that, besides the nature of the antigen, the protective effect of vaccination also depends largely on the route of antigen delivery. In the case of recNcPDI, the intra-nasal route provides a platform to generate a highly protective immune response.
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Endogenous and exogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum - how the route of transmission impacts on epidemiology and control of disease. Parasitology 2009; 136:1895-900. [PMID: 19691862 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009990588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vertical transmission of the protozoan parasite, Neospora caninum is highly efficient and can take two forms - endogenous transplacental transmission resulting from activation of the quiescent bradyzoite stage during pregnancy or exogenous transplacental transmission resulting from ingestion of oocysts during pregnancy. Calves born carrying infection derived from either endogenous or exogenous transplacental transmission are capable of infecting their offspring when they start to breed. This review considers firstly the frequency with which exogenous and endogenous transmission occur, secondly the role of the immune response in controlling N. caninum infection and thirdly how the parasite persists in an immune-competent host and is re-activated during pregnancy.
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BARTLEY PM, WRIGHT SE, MALEY SW, BUXTON D, NATH M, INNES EA. The development of immune responses in Balb/c mice following inoculation with attenuated or virulentNeospora caninumtachyzoites. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:392-401. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elhmouzi-Younes J, Storset AK, Boysen P, Laurent F, Drouet F. Bovine neonate natural killer cells are fully functional and highly responsive to interleukin-15 and to NKp46 receptor stimulation. Vet Res 2009; 40:54. [PMID: 19549488 PMCID: PMC2717356 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of the innate immune system with their killing and cytokine producing abilities. Bovine NK cells have been characterized as NKp46+/CD3− lymphocytes, but little is known about these cells in neonatal calves. As the newborn calf, with an insufficiently developed acquired immunity, has to employ the innate immune system, we wanted to investigate whether neonate NK cells had the same characteristics as cells from older calves. Freshly isolated neonate and calf NK cells presented the same resting CD2+/CD25low/CD8−/low phenotype. Neonates less than 8 days old had one third of the circulating NKp46+ cells of older calves, but the NK cells proliferated more actively in vitro in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2 or IL-15. Moreover, neonate NK cells were more cytotoxic both in an NKp46 mediated redirected lysis assay and in direct killing of a bovine cell line MDBK when cultured in the presence of IL-15. Neonate and calf NK cells cultured in the presence of IL-2 and then stimulated with IL-12 produced similar dose-dependent interferon (IFN)-γ amounts, while IL-15 cultured NK cells did not give such a response whatever the age. However, neonatal NK cells cultured in IL-15 and stimulated by IL-12 concomitantly with cross-linking of NKp46, produced 4 to 5 times more IFN-γ than calf NK cells. These data suggest that although present in lower number at birth, neonate NK cells are fully functional and are more responsive to IL-15 and activation through the NKp46 receptor than NK cells from older calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Elhmouzi-Younes
- INRA, UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Laboratoire Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-né, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Boysen P, Storset AK. Bovine natural killer cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:163-77. [PMID: 19339058 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have received much attention due to their cytotoxic abilities, often with a focus on their implications for cancer and transplantation. But despite their name, NK cells are also potent producers of cytokines like interferon-gamma. Recent discoveries of their interplay with dendritic cells and T-cells have shown that NK cells participate significantly in the onset and shaping of adaptive cellular immune responses, and increasingly these cells have become associated with protection from viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Furthermore, they are substantially present in the placenta, apparently participating in the establishment of normal pregnancy. Consequently, NK cells have entered arenas of particular relevance in veterinary immunology. Limited data still exist on these cells in domestic animal species, much due to the lack of specific markers. However, bovine NK cells can be identified as NKp46 (CD335) expressing, CD3(-) lymphocytes. Recent studies have indicated a role for NK cells in important infectious diseases of cattle, and identified important bovine NK receptor families, including multiple KIRs and a single Ly49. In this review we will briefly summarize the current understanding of general NK cell biology, and then present the knowledge obtained thus far in the bovine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preben Boysen
- Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, PO Box 8146 Dep, Oslo NO-0033, Norway.
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Bastos R, Johnson W, Mwangi W, Brown W, Goff W. Bovine NK cells acquire cytotoxic activity and produce IFN-γ after stimulation by Mycobacterium bovis BCG- or Babesia bovis-exposed splenic dendritic cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:302-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Debache K, Guionaud C, Alaeddine F, Mevissen M, Hemphill A. Vaccination of mice with recombinant NcROP2 antigen reduces mortality and cerebral infection in mice infected with Neospora caninum tachyzoites. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:1455-63. [PMID: 18495126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rhoptry antigens are involved in a variety of cellular functions related to host cell invasion, formation of the parasitophorous vacuole and parasite-host cell interplay. The cDNA sequence of one of these antigens, NcROP2 was identified from Neospora caninum expressed sequence tags (ESTs), amplified by reverse transcription-PCR, expressed in Escherichia coli as a (His)(6)-tagged recombinant protein (recNcROP2) and purified over Ni(2+)-affinity chromatography. Both recNcROP2 and antibodies directed against recNcROP2 had a negative impact on N. caninum tachyzoite host cell invasion in vitro, indicating that this protein participates in the host cell entry process. Subsequently, the protective efficacy of NcROP2 as a potential vaccine candidate was evaluated in a C57BL/6 mouse cerebral disease model. Mice were vaccinated three times at 2-week intervals with recNcROP2 emulsified either in Freund's incomplete adjuvants (FIA) or saponin, and control groups were treated with adjuvants alone (adjuvants control) or PBS (infection control). Subsequently, mice were challenged with 2x10(6)N. caninum tachyzoites. Nine mice, all belonging to the infection control or adjuvants control groups, exhibited clinical signs of cerebral neosporosis and succumbed to infection, whilst no clinical signs were noted for recNcROP2-vaccinated mice. For all other animals, the experiment was terminated 35 days p.i. Cerebral parasite burdens were assessed by quantitative PCR in all mice, and were revealed to be significantly reduced in the recNcROP2-vaccinated mice. ELISA of sera revealed IgG1 to be elevated in recNcROP2-saponin vaccinated mice, whilst IgG2a was higher in recNcROP2-FIA vaccinated animals. This shows that, depending on the adjuvants used, vaccination with NcROP2 induces a protective Th-1- or Th-2-biased immune response against experimental N. caninum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Debache
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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