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Khangembam R, Vass N, Morrison A, Melville LA, Antonopoulos A, Czeglédi L. Preliminary results of the recombinase polymerase amplification technique for the detection of Haemonchus contortus from Hungarian field samples. Vet Parasitol 2023; 320:109974. [PMID: 37354888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a parasitic nematode of small ruminants responsible for significant economic losses and animal health concerns globally. Detection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection in veterinary practice typically relies on microscopy-based methods such as the faecal egg count and morphological identification of larval culture. However, mixed co-infections are common and species-specific identification is typically time-consuming and expertise-intensive. Compounded by increasing anthelmintic resistance, there is an urgent need to implement the molecular diagnosis of GIN in the livestock industry, preferably in field settings. Advances in isothermal amplification techniques including recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assays could improve this. Yet, constraints in RPA kit availability and amplicon detection systems limit the use of this technology in point of care settings. In this study, we present an early-stage, proof-of-concept demonstration of RPA targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region of H. contortus. Having tested against eight closely related nematodes and also against five farm isolates in Eastern Hungary, preliminary results derived from a comparative analysis of 3 primer sets showed the assay detects H. contortus DNA and has a limit of detection of 10-5 ng/μl. We also tested an end-result naked eye detection system using various DNA binding dyes, of which EvaGreen® dye was successful for a qualitative RPA detection that could be adaptable at farm sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojesh Khangembam
- Doctoral School of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi ut. 138, Debrecen 4032, Hungary; Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi ut. 138, Debrecen 4032, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Vass
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi ut. 138, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Alison Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Lynsey A Melville
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland, UK
| | - Alistair Antonopoulos
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK; Kreavet, Kruibeke, Belgium.
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi ut. 138, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
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2
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Luo X, Wang S, Feng Y, Wang P, Gong G, Guo T, Feng X, Yang X, Li J. Effect of Ivermectin on the Expression of P-Glycoprotein in Third-Stage Larvae of Haemonchus contortus Isolated from China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1841. [PMID: 37889791 PMCID: PMC10251826 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus poses a severe hazard to the healthy development of the sheep industry and threatens the welfare of sheep. Ivermectin is the primary anthelmintic used for the prevention and treatment of H. contortus parasitism. However, the widespread and uncontrolled application of ivermectin has resulted in the development and spread of resistant strains of H. contortus. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) plays important roles in the pharmacology and toxicology of ivermectin, and changes in P-gp expression levels can be used to analyze the resistance of H. contortus to ivermectin. This study aimed to analyze the effects of ivermectin on P-gp expression in H. contortus L3 larvae isolated from China and to evaluate whether changes in P-gp expression levels can be used to analyze resistant H. contortus strains. In the absence of drug treatment, the ivermectin-resistant strains isolated in China showed increased expression of P-gp11 (p < 0.01) compared with sensitive strains from elsewhere, whereas the expressions of P-gp2 and P-gp9.1 were downregulated (p < 0.01). When the same strain was compared before and after drug treatment, obvious differences in expression were observed between the different strains. Ivermectin-induced P-gp expression was found to be very complex among the L3 larvae of different strains. In addition, it was confirmed that using P-gp to determine ivermectin resistance in H. contortus strains from different geographic environments can yield different results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Grass-Feeding Livestock Healthy Breeding and Livestock Product Quality Control, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (G.G.); (T.G.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot 010031, China;
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Grass-Feeding Livestock Healthy Breeding and Livestock Product Quality Control, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (G.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Penglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Grass-Feeding Livestock Healthy Breeding and Livestock Product Quality Control, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (G.G.); (T.G.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gaowa Gong
- Key Laboratory of Grass-Feeding Livestock Healthy Breeding and Livestock Product Quality Control, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (G.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Tianlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Grass-Feeding Livestock Healthy Breeding and Livestock Product Quality Control, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (G.G.); (T.G.)
| | - Xingang Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Xiaoye Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Grass-Feeding Livestock Healthy Breeding and Livestock Product Quality Control, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010030, China; (X.L.); (Y.F.); (P.W.); (G.G.); (T.G.)
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3
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Reyes-Guerrero DE, Jiménez-Jacinto V, Alonso-Morales RA, Alonso-Díaz MÁ, Maza-Lopez J, Camas-Pereyra R, Olmedo-Juárez A, Higuera-Piedrahita RI, López-Arellano ME. Assembly and Analysis of Haemonchus contortus Transcriptome as a Tool for the Knowledge of Ivermectin Resistance Mechanisms. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030499. [PMID: 36986421 PMCID: PMC10059914 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (Hc) is an important parasitic nematode of small ruminants. In this study we assembled the transcriptome of Hc as a model to contribute to the knowledge about the profile of the differential gene expression between two Mexican Hc strains under different anthelmintic resistance statuses, one susceptible and the other resistant to ivermectin (IVMs and IVMr, respectively), in order to improve and/or to have new strategies of control and diagnosis. The transcript sequence reads were assembled and annotated. Overall, ~127 Mbp were assembled and distributed into 77,422 transcript sequences, and 4394 transcripts of the de novo transcriptome were matched base on at least one of the following criteria: (1) Phylum Nemathelminthes and Platyhelminthes, important for animal health care, and (2) ≥55% of sequence identity with other organisms. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (GOEA) was performed to study the level of gene regulation to IVMr and IVMs strains using Log Fold Change (LFC) filtering values ≥ 1 and ≥ 2. The upregulated-displayed genes obtained via GOEA were: 1993 (for LFC ≥ 1) and 1241 (for LFC ≥ 2) in IVMr and 1929 (for LFC ≥ 1) and 835 (for LFC ≥ 2) in IVMs. The enriched GO terms upregulated per category identified the intracellular structure, intracellular membrane-bounded organelle and integral component of the cell membrane as some principal cellular components. Meanwhile, efflux transmembrane transporter activity, ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity and ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity were associated with molecular function. Responses to nematicide activity, pharyngeal pumping and positive regulation of synaptic assembly were classified as biological processes that might be involved in events related to the anthelmintic resistance (AR) and nematode biology. The filtering analysis of both LFC values showed similar genes related to AR. This study deepens our knowledge about the mechanisms behind the processes of H. contortus in order to help in tool production and to facilitate the reduction of AR and promote the development of other control strategies, such as anthelmintic drug targets and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Emanuel Reyes-Guerrero
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Verónica Jiménez-Jacinto
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Alejandro Alonso-Morales
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5. Carr. Fed. Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre C.P. 93600, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jocelyn Maza-Lopez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - René Camas-Pereyra
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Agustín Olmedo-Juárez
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Rosa Isabel Higuera-Piedrahita
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan Km 2.5, Col. San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán, C.P. 54714, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia López-Arellano
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Carr. Fed. Cuernavaca-Cuautla 8534, Jiutepec C.P. 62574, Morelos, Mexico
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4
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Dolinská MU, Königová A, von Samson Himmelstjerna G, Várady M. Variation in allele frequencies in benzimidazole resistant and susceptible isolates of Haemonchus contortus during patent infection in lambs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1296. [PMID: 36690654 PMCID: PMC9870880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the variation in the frequency of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance-associated alleles at codons 200, 167 and 368 (F200Y, F167Y, V368L) of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene during the patent period in isolates of Haemonchus contortus susceptible and resistant to BZ using pyrosequencing. Four lambs 5-6 months old were infected with 5000-6000 infective third-stage larvae (L3) of the susceptible MHco1 and the multi-resistant MHco4 isolates, respectively. Faecal samples were collected 28-times during 20-90 days post-infection (dpi). Coprocultures were subsequently prepared to produce L3 for genotyping. The frequency of the resistant allele (TAC) at codon 200 in MHco1 was lowest at 43 and 76 dpi with at each time point 0% and highest at 36 dpi with 10.85%, with a mean of 6.47% ± 2.39 and a coefficient of variation of 37.01%. The frequency of the TAC at codon 200 in MHco4 was lowest at 76 dpi with 25.6% and highest at 90 dpi with 49.25%, with a mean of 35.7% ± 4.42 and a coefficient of variation of 12.39%. No resistance alleles were detected in MHco1 at either codon 167 or 368. For MHco4 isolate, resistance alleles were detected only on codon 167 with a mean of 8.00% ± 4.83 and a mean coefficient of variation of 60.40%. Our results demonstrate the considerable variation in the frequency of resistant alleles in the susceptible and resistant isolates during the patent period. This variation should be considered when testing for the presence of BZ resistance in populations of gastrointestinal parasites, especially those with a low frequency of TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Urda Dolinská
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alžbeta Königová
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Georg von Samson Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marián Várady
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01, Košice, Slovakia.
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5
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Doyle SR, Laing R, Bartley D, Morrison A, Holroyd N, Maitland K, Antonopoulos A, Chaudhry U, Flis I, Howell S, McIntyre J, Gilleard JS, Tait A, Mable B, Kaplan R, Sargison N, Britton C, Berriman M, Devaney E, Cotton JA. Genomic landscape of drug response reveals mediators of anthelmintic resistance. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111522. [PMID: 36261007 PMCID: PMC9597552 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Like other pathogens, parasitic helminths can rapidly evolve resistance to drug treatment. Understanding the genetic basis of anthelmintic drug resistance in parasitic nematodes is key to tracking its spread and improving the efficacy and sustainability of parasite control. Here, we use an in vivo genetic cross between drug-susceptible and multi-drug-resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus in a natural host-parasite system to simultaneously map resistance loci for the three major classes of anthelmintics. This approach identifies new alleles for resistance to benzimidazoles and levamisole and implicates the transcription factor cky-1 in ivermectin resistance. This gene is within a locus under selection in ivermectin-resistant populations worldwide; expression analyses and functional validation using knockdown experiments support that cky-1 is associated with ivermectin survival. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of high-resolution forward genetics in a parasitic nematode and identifies variants for the development of molecular diagnostics to combat drug resistance in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - David Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Alison Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alistair Antonopoulos
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ilona Flis
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sue Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jennifer McIntyre
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Host-Parasite Interactions Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Barbara Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ray Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Neil Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | | | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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Antonopoulos A, Doyle SR, Bartley DJ, Morrison AA, Kaplan R, Howell S, Neveu C, Busin V, Devaney E, Laing R. Allele specific PCR for a major marker of levamisole resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 20:17-26. [PMID: 35970104 PMCID: PMC9399269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a haematophagous parasitic nematode that infects small ruminants and causes significant animal health concerns and economic losses within the livestock industry on a global scale. Treatment primarily depends on broad-spectrum anthelmintics, however, resistance is established or rapidly emerging against all major drug classes. Levamisole (LEV) remains an important treatment option for parasite control, as resistance to LEV is less prevalent than to members of other major classes of anthelmintics. LEV is an acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist that, when bound, results in paralysis of the worm. Numerous studies implicated the AChR sub-unit, ACR-8, in LEV sensitivity and in particular, the presence of a truncated acr-8 transcript or a deletion in the acr-8 locus in some resistant isolates. Recently, a single non-synonymous SNP in acr-8 conferring a serine-to-threonine substitution (S168T) was identified that was strongly associated with LEV resistance. Here, we investigate the role of genetic variation at the acr-8 locus in a controlled genetic cross between the LEV susceptible MHco3(ISE) and LEV resistant MHco18(UGA2004) isolates of H. contortus. Using single worm PCR assays, we found that the presence of S168T was strongly associated with LEV resistance in the parental isolates and F3 progeny of the genetic cross surviving LEV treatment. We developed and optimised an allele-specific PCR assay for the detection of S168T and validated the assay using laboratory isolates and field samples that were phenotyped for LEV resistance. In the LEV-resistant field population, a high proportion (>75%) of L3 encoded the S168T variant, whereas the variant was absent in the susceptible isolates studied. These data further support the potential role of acr-8 S168T in LEV resistance, with the allele-specific PCR providing an important step towards establishing a sensitive molecular diagnostic test for LEV resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Antonopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen R. Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Sue Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, USA
| | - Cedric Neveu
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentina Busin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Morrison AA, Chaudhry U, Andrews L, Melville L, Doyle SR, Sargison ND, Bartley DJ. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of benzimidazole resistance in reciprocal genetic crosses of Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 18:1-11. [PMID: 34896787 PMCID: PMC8666523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is arguably one of the most economically important and ubiquitous parasites of livestock globally and commonly involved in cases of anthelmintic resistance. Here, we performed reciprocal genetic crosses using susceptible (MHco3(ISE)) and multiple anthelmintic resistant (MHco18(UGA2004)) H. contortus isolates. Resultant admixed populations were designated MHco3/18 or MHco18/3, where the lead isolate reflects the origin of the females. Three independent filial generations were generated for each cross, which were subjected to bioassays, molecular approaches and population genetic analyses to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic inheritance of benzimidazole (BZ) resistance at each stage. A panel of microsatellite markers confirmed the success of the genetic cross as markers from both parents were seen in the F1 crosses. Egg hatch tests revealed a stark difference between the two F1 crosses with ED50 estimates for MHco18/3 being 9 times greater than those for MHco3/18. Resistance factors based on ED50 estimates ranged from 6 to 57 fold in the filial progeny compared to MHco3(ISE) parents. Molecular analysis of the F167Y and F200Y SNP markers associated with BZ resistance were analysed by pyrosequencing and MiSeq deep amplicon sequencing, which showed that MHco3/18.F1 and MHco18/3.F1 both had similar frequencies of the F200Y resistant allele (45.3% and 44.3%, respectively), whereas for F167Y, MHco18/3.F1 had a two-fold greater frequency of the resistant-allele compared to MHco3/18.F1 (18.2% and 8.8%, respectively). Comparison between pyrosequencing and MiSeq amplicon sequencing revealed that the allele frequencies derived from both methods were concordant at codon 200 (rc = 0.97), but were less comparable for codon 167 (rc = 0.55). The use of controlled reciprocal genetic crosses have revealed a potential difference in BZ resistance phenotype dependent on whether the resistant allele is paternally or maternally inherited. These findings provide new insight and prompt further investigation into the inheritance of BZ resistance in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Morrison
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - U Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - L Andrews
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - L Melville
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - S R Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgshire, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - N D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - D J Bartley
- Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
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Babineau M, Collis E, Ruffell A, Bunch R, McNally J, Lyons RE, Kotze AC, Hunt PW. Selection of genome-wide SNPs for pooled allelotyping assays useful for population monitoring. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 14:6531970. [PMID: 35179579 PMCID: PMC8911822 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic worms are serious pests of humans, livestock and crops worldwide. Multiple management strategies are employed in order to reduce their impact, and some of these may affect their genome and population allelic frequency distribution. The evolution of chemical resistance, ecological changes, and pest dispersal have allowed an increasing number of pests to become difficult to control with current management methods. Their lifestyle limits the use of ecological and individual-based management of populations. There is a need to develop rapid, affordable, and simple diagnostics to assess the efficacy of management strategies and delay the evolution of resistance to these strategies. This study presents a multi-locus, equal-representation, whole genome pooled SNPs selection approach as a monitoring tool for the ovine nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. The SNP selection method used two reference genomes of different quality, then validated these SNPs against a high-quality recent genome assembly. From over 11 million high-quality SNPs identified, 334 SNPs were selected, of which 262 were species-specific, yielded similar allele frequencies when assessed as multiple individuals or as pools of individuals, and suitable to distinguish mixed nematode isolate pools from single isolate pools. As a proof-of-concept, 21 Australian H. contortus populations with various phenotypes and genotypes were screened. This analysis confirmed the overall low-level of genetic differentiation between populations collected from the field, but clearly identifying highly inbred populations, and populations showing genetic signatures associated with chemical resistance. The analysis showed that 66% of the SNPs were necessary for stability in assessing population genetic patterns, and SNP pairs did not show linkage according to allelic frequencies across the 21 populations. This method demonstrates that ongoing monitoring of parasite allelic frequencies and genetic changes can be achieved as a management assessment tool to identify drug-treatment failure, population incursions, and inbreeding signatures due to selection. The SNP selection method could also be applied to other parasite species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Babineau
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
| | - E Collis
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - A Ruffell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St-Lucia, Australia
| | - R Bunch
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
| | - J McNally
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
| | - R E Lyons
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, 4343, Australia
| | - A C Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St-Lucia, Australia
| | - P W Hunt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, Australia
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9
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Khangembam R, Tóth M, Vass N, Várady M, Czeglédi L, Farkas R, Antonopoulos A. Point of care colourimetric and lateral flow LAMP assay for the detection of Haemonchus contortus in ruminant faecal samples. Parasite 2021; 28:82. [PMID: 34907897 PMCID: PMC8672678 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present an optimised colourimetric and a lateral flow LAMP assay for the detection of Haemonchus contortus in small ruminant faecal samples. Using a previously published LAMP primer set, we made use of commercially available colourimetric LAMP and lateral flow kits and combined this into an optimised diagnostic assay which was then tested on field faecal samples from Eastern and South-Eastern Hungary as well as a pure H. contortus egg faecal sample from Košice, Slovakia. Both assays showed no conflicts in visual detection of the results. Additionally, we modified and tested several centrifuge-free DNA extraction methods and one bead-beating egg lysis DNA extraction method to develop a true point of care protocol, as the source of the starting DNA is the main rate-limiting step in farm-level molecular diagnosis. Out of the various methods trialed, promising results were obtained with the magnetic bead extraction method. Sample solutions from the Fill-FLOTAC® technique were also utilised, which demonstrated that it could be efficiently adapted for field-level egg concentration to extract DNA. This proof of concept study showed that isothermal amplification technologies with a colourimetric detection or when combined with a lateral flow assay could be an important step for a true point of care molecular diagnostic assay for H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojesh Khangembam
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Böszörményi ut. 138, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary - Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Mariann Tóth
- Department of Animal Science, Institute for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Böszörményi ut. 138, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary - Doctoral School of Animal Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Nóra Vass
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Böszörményi ut. 138, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Marián Várady
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Levente Czeglédi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, Böszörményi ut. 138, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Róbert Farkas
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - Alistair Antonopoulos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Garscube Campus Bearsden Road, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
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10
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George MM, Vatta AF, Howell SB, Storey BE, McCoy CJ, Wolstenholme AJ, Redman EM, Gilleard JS, Kaplan RM. Evaluation of changes in drug susceptibility and population genetic structure in Haemonchus contortus following worm replacement as a means to reverse the impact of multiple-anthelmintic resistance on a sheep farm. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 15:134-143. [PMID: 33667995 PMCID: PMC7937535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A population of Haemonchus contortus that was highly resistant to benzimidazoles and avermectin/milbemycins with a subpopulation that was resistant to levamisole, was replaced with a susceptible laboratory isolate of H. contortus in a flock of sheep. The anthelmintic susceptibility and population genetics of the newly established population were evaluated for 3.5 years using in vivo, in vitro, and molecular methods. Successful replacement of the resistant population with a susceptible population was confirmed using phenotypic and genotypic measurements; larval development assay indicated full anthelmintic susceptibility; albendazole treatment yielded 98.7% fecal egg count reduction; pyrosequence genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms in positions 167 and 200 of the isotype-1 beta tubulin gene were present at 0.0 and 1.7%, respectively; microsatellite genotyping indicated the background haplotype was similar to the susceptible isolate; and haplotypes of the isotype-1 beta tubulin gene were similar to the susceptible isolate. To sustain the susceptibility of the new population, targeted selective treatment was implemented using albendazole. Surprisingly, within 1.5 years post-replacement, the population reverted to a resistant phenotype. Resistance to albendazole, ivermectin, and moxidectin was confirmed via fecal egg count reduction test, larval development assay, and pyrosequencing-based genotyping. Targeted selective treatment was then carried out using levamisole. However, within one year, resistance was detected to levamisole. Population genetics demonstrated a gradual change in the genetic structure of the population until the final population was similar to the initial resistant population. Genetic analyses showed a lack of diversity in the susceptible isolate, suggesting the susceptible isolate had reduced environmental fitness compared to the resistant population, providing a possible explanation for the rapid reversion to resistance. This work demonstrates the power of combining molecular, in vitro, and in vivo assays to study phenotypic and genotypic changes in a field population of nematodes, enabling improved insights into the epidemiology of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M George
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Adriano F Vatta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Sue B Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Bob E Storey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ciaran J McCoy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Adrian J Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330, Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330, Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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11
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Ehsan M, Hu RS, Liang QL, Hou JL, Song X, Yan R, Zhu XQ, Li X. Advances in the Development of Anti- Haemonchus contortus Vaccines: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030555. [PMID: 32971770 PMCID: PMC7565421 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) is a resident of tropical and subtropical regions worldwide that imposes significant production losses, economic losses, and animal health issues in the small ruminant industry, particularly sheep and goats. Considerable efforts have been made to understand how immunity is elicited against H. contortus infection. Various potential vaccine antigens have been tested by different methods and strategies applied in animal models, and significant progress has been made in the development of vaccines against H. contortus. This review highlighted and shared the knowledge about the current understanding of host immune responses to H. contortus and ongoing challenges in the development of a protective, effective, and long-lasting vaccine against H. contortus infection. We have also pinpointed some achievements and failures in the development and testing of vaccines, which will establish a road map for future research directions to explore new effective vaccine candidates for controlling and preventing H. contortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Rui-Si Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Qin-Li Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (M.E.); (R.-S.H.); (Q.-L.L.); (J.-L.H.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-354-628-8993
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.S.); (R.Y.); (X.L.)
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12
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Khan S, Nisar A, Yuan J, Luo X, Dou X, Liu F, Zhao X, Li J, Ahmad H, Mehmood SA, Feng X. A Whole Genome Re-Sequencing Based GWA Analysis Reveals Candidate Genes Associated with Ivermectin Resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E367. [PMID: 32231078 PMCID: PMC7230667 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important and broad-spectrum drug used to control the parasitic worms to date is ivermectin (IVM). Resistance against IVM has emerged in parasites, and preserving its efficacy is now becoming a serious issue. The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) is economically an important parasite of small ruminants across the globe, which has a successful track record in IVM resistance. There are growing evidences regarding the multigenic nature of IVM resistance, and although some genes have been proposed as candidates of IVM resistance using lower magnification of genome, the genetic basis of IVM resistance still remains poorly resolved. Using the full magnification of genome, we herein applied a population genomics approach to characterize genome-wide signatures of selection among pooled worms from two susceptible and six ivermectin-resistant isolates of H. contortus, and revealed candidate genes under selection in relation to IVM resistance. These candidates also included a previously known IVM-resistance-associated candidate gene HCON_00148840, glc-3. Finally, an RNA-interference-based functional validation assay revealed the HCON_00143950 as IVM-tolerance-associated gene in H. contortus. The possible role of this gene in IVM resistance could be detoxification of xenobiotic in phase I of xenobiotic metabolism. The results of this study further enhance our understanding on the IVM resistance and continue to provide further evidence in favor of multigenic nature of IVM resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ayesha Nisar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianqi Yuan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Xueqin Dou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaochao Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Habib Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | | | - Xingang Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200241, China
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13
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Turnbull F, Devaney E, Morrison AA, Laing R, Bartley DJ. Genotypic characterisation of monepantel resistance in historical and newly derived field strains of Teladorsagia circumcincta. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2019; 11:59-69. [PMID: 31622822 PMCID: PMC6796645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of monepantel (MPTL) resistance in UK field isolates of Teladorsagia circumcincta has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the mechanism of MPTL-resistance in order to preserve its anthelmintic efficacy in this economically important species. Nine discrete populations of T. circumcincta were genotypically characterised; three MPTL-susceptible isolates, three experimentally selected MPTL-resistant strains and three field derived populations. Full-length Tci-mptl-1 gene sequences were generated and comparisons between the MPTL-susceptible isolates, MPTL-resistant strains and one field isolate, showed that different putative MPTL-resistance conferring mutations were present in different resistant isolates. Truncated forms of the Tci-mptl-1 gene were also observed. The genetic variability of individual larvae, within and between populations, was examined using microsatellite analyses at 10 'neutral' loci (presumed to be unaffected by MPTL). Results confirmed that there was little background genetic variation between the populations, global FST <0.038. Polymorphisms present in exons 7 and 8 of Tci-mptl-1 enabled genotyping of individual larvae. A reduction in the number of genotypes was observed in all MPTL-resistant strains compared to the MPTL-susceptible strains that they were derived from, suggesting there was purifying selection at Tci-mptl-1 as a result of MPTL-treatment. The potential link between benzimidazole (BZ)-resistance and MPTL-resistance was examined by screening individual larvae for the presence of three SNPs associated with BZ-resistance in the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene. The majority of larvae were BZ-susceptible homozygotes at positions 167 and 198. Increased heterozygosity at position 200 was observed in the MPTL-resistant strains compared to their respective MPTL-susceptible population. There was no decrease in the occurrence of BZ-resistant genotypes in larvae from each population. These differences, in light of the purifying selection at this locus in all MPTL-resistant isolates, suggests that Tci-mptl-1 confers MPTL-resistance in T. circumcincta, as in Haemonchus contortus, but that different mutations in Tci-mptl-1 can confer resistance in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Turnbull
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom; Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Dave J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
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14
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Portanier E, Garel M, Devillard S, Duhayer J, Poirel MT, Henri H, Régis C, Maillard D, Redman E, Itty C, Michel P, Bourgoin G. Does host socio-spatial behavior lead to a fine-scale spatial genetic structure in its associated parasites? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:64. [PMID: 31697232 PMCID: PMC6836744 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal nematodes, especially Haemonchus contortus, are widespread pathogenic parasites of small ruminants. Studying their spatial genetic structure is as important as studying host genetic structure to fully understand host-parasite interactions and transmission patterns. For parasites having a simple life cycle (e.g., monoxenous parasites), gene flow and spatial genetic structure are expected to strongly rely on the socio-spatial behavior of their hosts. Based on five microsatellite loci, we tested this hypothesis for H. contortus sampled in a wild Mediterranean mouflon population (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.) in which species- and environment-related characteristics have been found to generate socio-spatial units. We nevertheless found that their parasites had no spatial genetic structure, suggesting that mouflon behavior was not enough to limit parasite dispersal in this study area and/or that other ecological and biological factors were involved in this process, for example other hosts, the parasite life cycle, or the study area history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Portanier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathieu Garel
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Sébastien Devillard
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jeanne Duhayer
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France - Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Poirel
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Hélène Henri
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Corinne Régis
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Maillard
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CA-T3B 2C3 Calgary, Canada
| | - Christian Itty
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, Unité Ongulés Sauvages, 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin, 38610 Gières, France
| | - Patricia Michel
- GIEC du Caroux-Espinouse, Fagairolles, 34610 Castanet-Le-Haut, France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne, France - Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 Avenue Bourgelat, BP 83, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France
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15
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Validation of ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome sequencing for ovine gastrointestinal nematodes and its application to a large scale survey of UK sheep farms. Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108933. [PMID: 31606485 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have validated ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome next-generation amplicon sequencing to determine relative species abundance of gastrointestinal nematode species in ovine fecal samples. In order to determine species representation biases, ITS-2 rDNA amplicon sequencing was applied to mock communities or field populations with known proportions of L3 for eight of the major ovine gastrointestinal nematode species: Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia curticei, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Chabertia ovina and Oesophagostumum venulosum. Correction factors, calculated from this data, were shown to reduce species representation biases when applied to an independent set of field samples of known composition. We compared ITS-2 rDNA amplicon sequencing data that was generated from harvested eggs, freshly hatched L1 or L3 larvae following fecal culture and no statistically significant differences were found for the more abundant parasite species. We then applied the validated ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome amplicon sequencing assay to a set of archived L1 gastrointestinal nematode populations, collected in 2008 from fecal samples from 93 groups of 20 ewes and 61 groups of 20 lambs derived from 99 UK sheep farms. The presence of the major gastrointestinal nematode species had previously been determined on this large sample set by species-specific PCR. We show how the ITS-2rDNA amplicon sequencing data provided much more detailed information on species abundance than the previous species-specific PCR. This new data represents the most comprehensive overview of the relative abundance of the major gastrointestinal nematode species across UK sheep farms to date. Substantial variance in the relative abundance of both T. circumcincta and T. vitrinus between farms was revealed with the former species being of statistically significantly higher abundance in all three regions sampled (England, Scotland and Wales). The data also revealed that the relative abundance of T. circumcinta was statistically significantly higher in ewes than in lambs with the opposite pattern being the case for T. vitrinus. The nemabiome sequencing data also clearly illustrated the sporadic nature and skewed distribution of H. controtus across UK sheep farms as well as a higher relative abundance on farms from England compared to Wales and Scotland. The nemabiome survey also provides the first widescale data on the relative abundance of the two major large intestinal nematodes C. ovina and O. venulosum. This work validates ITS-2 rDNA nemabiome sequencing for use in sheep and illustrates the power of the approach for large scale surveillance of ovine gastrointestinal nematodes.
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16
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Rezansoff AM, Laing R, Martinelli A, Stasiuk S, Redman E, Bartley D, Holroyd N, Devaney E, Sargison ND, Doyle S, Cotton JA, Gilleard JS. The confounding effects of high genetic diversity on the determination and interpretation of differential gene expression analysis in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:847-858. [PMID: 31525371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Differential expression analysis between parasitic nematode strains is commonly used to implicate candidate genes in anthelmintic resistance or other biological functions. We have tested the hypothesis that the high genetic diversity of an organism such as Haemonchus contortus could complicate such analyses. First, we investigated the extent to which sequence polymorphism affects the reliability of differential expression analysis between the genetically divergent H. contortus strains MHco3(ISE), MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR). Using triplicates of 20 adult female worms from each population isolated under parallel experimental conditions, we found that high rates of sequence polymorphism in RNAseq reads were associated with lower efficiency read mapping to gene models under default TopHat2 parameters, leading to biased estimates of inter-strain differential expression. We then showed it is possible to largely compensate for this bias by optimising the read mapping single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allowance and filtering out genes with particularly high single nucleotide polymorphism rates. Once the sequence polymorphism biases were removed, we then assessed the genuine transcriptional diversity between the strains, finding ≥824 differentially expressed genes across all three pairwise strain comparisons. This high level of inter-strain transcriptional diversity not only suggests substantive inter-strain phenotypic variation but also highlights the difficulty in reliably associating differential expression of specific genes with phenotypic differences. To provide a practical example, we analysed two gene families of potential relevance to ivermectin drug resistance; the ABC transporters and the ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs). Over half of genes identified as differentially expressed using default TopHat2 parameters were shown to be an artifact of sequence polymorphism differences. This work illustrates the need to account for sequence polymorphism in differential expression analysis. It also demonstrates that a large number of genuine transcriptional differences can occur between H. contortus strains and these must be considered before associating the differential expression of specific genes with phenotypic differences between strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Martinelli
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Stasiuk
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dave Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik EH26 0PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Doyle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Similarities and differences in the biotransformation and transcriptomic responses of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus to five different benzimidazole drugs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2019; 11:13-29. [PMID: 31542693 PMCID: PMC6796749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have undertaken a detailed analysis of the biotransformation of five of the most therapeutically important benzimidazole anthelmintics - albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ), oxfendazole (OxBZ) and fenbendazole (FBZ) - in Caenorhabditis elegans and the ruminant parasite Haemonchus contortus. Drug metabolites were detected by LC-MS/MS analysis in supernatants of C. elegans cultures with a hexose conjugate, most likely glucose, dominating for all five drugs. This work adds to a growing body of evidence that glucose conjugation is a major pathway of xenobiotic metabolism in nematodes and may be a target for enhancement of anthelmintic potency. Consistent with this, we found that biotransformation of albendazole by C. elegans reduced drug potency. Glucose metabolite production by C. elegans was reduced in the presence of the pharmacological inhibitor chrysin suggesting that UDP-glucuronosyl/glucosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes may catalyze benzimidazole glucosidation. Similar glucoside metabolites were detected following ex vivo culture of adult Haemonchus contortus. As a step towards identifying nematode enzymes potentially responsible for benzimidazole biotransformation, we characterised the transcriptomic response to each of the benzimidazole drugs using the C. elegans resistant strain CB3474 ben-1(e1880)III. In the case of albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole, and oxfendazole the shared transcriptomic response was dominated by the up-regulation of classical xenobiotic response genes including a shared group of UGT enzymes (ugt-14/25/33/34/37/41/8/9). In the case of fenbendazole, a much greater number of genes were up-regulated, as well as developmental and brood size effects suggesting the presence of secondary drug targets in addition to BEN-1. The transcriptional xenobiotic response of a multiply resistant H. contortus strain UGA/2004 was essentially undetectable in the adult stage but present in the L3 infective stage, albeit more muted than C. elegans. This suggests that xenobiotic responses may be less efficient in stages of parasitic nematodes that reside in the host compared with the free-living stages. C. e. & H. c. display hexose conjugation (likely glucose) and excretion of 5 BZs. C. elegans (C.e.) biotransformation of ABZ reduces drug potency. UGT inhibitor chrysin reduces ABZ biotransformation by C. elegans. Transcriptomic response of C. e. (ben-1) to 5 BZs dominated by xenobiotic response and additional targets for FBZ. Minimal transcriptomic response of H. contortus to ABZ exposure.
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18
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Extreme-QTL mapping of monepantel resistance in Haemonchus contortus. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:403. [PMID: 31412938 PMCID: PMC6693152 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3663-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemonchus contortus, a gastrointestinal nematode parasite of sheep, is mainly controlled by anthelmintics; the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance leads to treatment failures and increases economic burden. Because molecular mechanisms involved in drug resistance can be elucidated by genomic studies, an extreme quantitative trait locus (X-QTL) mapping approach was used to identify co-segregation of the resistance phenotype with genetic markers to detect the genome-wide variants associated with monepantel resistance in H. contortus. Methods A cross between H. contortus isolates using parental susceptible (Par-S) males and monepantel resistant (Par-R) females resulted in SR progeny, while reciprocal cross resulted in RS progeny. Pools (n = 30,000) of infective larvae (L3) recovered from Par-R, and from SR and RS populations in the F3 generation, collected both before (unselected group) and 7 days after (selected group) selection with monepantel treatment in sheep hosts, were subjected to genome sequencing (Pool-Seq). Pairwise comparisons of allele frequencies between unselected and selected groups were performed for each population by Fisher’s exact test (FET) and for both populations combined by a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test. Results Mapping rates varied from 80.29 to 81.77% at a 90.4X mean coverage of aligned reads. After correction for multiple testing, significant (P < 0.05) changes in allele frequencies were detected by FET for 6 and 57 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SR and RS populations, respectively, and by the CMH test for 124 SNPs in both populations. The significant variants located on chromosome 2 generated a selection signal in a genomic region harboring the mptl-1, deg-3 and des-2 genes, previously reported as candidates for monepantel resistance. In addition, three new variants were identified in the mptl-1 gene. Conclusions This study expands knowledge on genome-wide molecular events underlying H. contortus resistance to monepantel. The identification of a genome region harboring major genes previously associated with monepantel resistance supports the results of the employed X-QTL approach. In addition, a deletion in exon 11 of the mptl-1 gene should be further investigated as the putative causal mutation leading to monepantel resistance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3663-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Khan S, Zhao X, Hou Y, Yuan C, Li Y, Luo X, Liu J, Feng X. Analysis of genome-wide SNPs based on 2b-RAD sequencing of pooled samples reveals signature of selection in different populations of Haemonchus contortus. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Microsatellite analysis reveals extensive gene flow, and lack of population structure in the farm populations of Haemonchus contortus in northern China. Parasitol Int 2019; 73:101959. [PMID: 31299355 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is economically an important parasite of small ruminants across the globe. China is the world's largest producer, consumer, and importer of mutton. With ubiquitous distribution across the country H. contortus is one of the potential candidates to cause huge economic losses to small ruminant farming industry in China. We herein investigated genetic diversity and population structure of six farm populations of H. contortus in northern China, and also compared them to H. contortus isolates from UK and Australia. We first prepared individual DNA samples from 240 adult worms, and generated genotyping data using eight microsatellite markers. Obtained data was then subjected to allelic frequency and population genetic analyses. The overall allelic richness (mean/locus/pop = 7.375 ± 0.844-10.125 ± 1.109), and expected heterozygosity (mean/locus/pop = 0.646 ± 0.040-0.735 ± 0.025) indicated high degree of population genetic variation across the Chinese isolates. Low level of genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.010-0.066) was observed across all the populations. AMOVA results showed high level of variation (93%) within the populations. PCA analysis revealed mixed clustering of all the populations with no visible geographical sub-structuring. Finally the population admixture analysis resulted in extensive admixing of genotypes across all the populations. With these findings we conclude that there is no obvious population genetic structure with extensive gene flow across all the farm populations of H. contortus in northern China.
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Novel polymorphic microsatellite loci in Anisakis pegreffii and A. simplex (s. s.) (Nematoda: Anisakidae): implications for species recognition and population genetic analysis. Parasitology 2019; 146:1387-1403. [PMID: 31196233 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201900074x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The species of Anisakis constitute one of the most widespread groups of ascaridoid nematodes in the marine ecosystem. Three closely related taxa are recognised in the A. simplex (s. l.) complex, i.e. A. pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) and A. berlandi. They are distributed in populations of their intermediate/paratenic (fish and squids) and definitive (cetaceans) hosts. A panel of seven microsatellite loci (Anisl 05784, Anisl 08059, Anisl 00875, Anisl 07132, Anisl 00314, Anisl 10535 and Anisl 00185), were developed and validated on a total of N = 943 specimens of A. pegreffii and A. simplex (s. s.), collected in fish and cetacean hosts from allopatric areas within the range of distribution of these parasite species. In addition, the locus Anisl 7, previously detected in those Anisakis spp., was investigated. The parasites were first identified by sequence analysis of the EF1 α-1 nDNA. The panel of the microsatellites loci here developed have allowed to: (i) detect diagnostic microsatellite loci between the two species; (ii) identify specimens of the two species A. pegreffii, A. simplex (s. s.) in a multi-marker nuclear genotyping approach; (iii) discover two sex-linked loci in both Anisakis species and (iv) estimate levels of genetic differentiation at both the inter- and intra-specific level.
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22
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Mating barriers between genetically divergent strains of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus suggest incipient speciation. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:531-540. [PMID: 31034791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, in common with many nematode species, has extremely high levels of genetic variation within and between field populations derived from distant geographical locations. MHco10(CAVR), MHco3(ISE) and MHco4(WRS) are genetically divergent H. contortus strains, originally derived from Australia, Kenya and South Africa, respectively, that have been maintained by numerous rounds of in vivo experimental infection of sheep. In order to explore potential pre-zygotic competition or post-zygotic incompatibility between the strains, we have investigated the ability of MHco10(CAVR) to interbreed with either MHco3(ISE) or MHco4(WRS) during dual strain co-infections. Sheep were experimentally co-infected with 4000 infective larvae (L3) per os of the MHco10(CAVR) strain and an equal number of either the MHco3(ISE) or the MHco4(WRS) strain L3. The adult worm establishement rates and the proportions of F1 progeny resulting from intra- and inter-strain mating events were determined by admixture analysis of microsatellite multi-locus genotypes. Although there was no difference in adult worm establishment rates, the proportions of F1 progeny of both the MHco10(CAVR) × MHco3(ISE) and MHco10(CAVR) × MHco4(WRS) dual strain co-infections departed from Mendelian expectations. The proportions of inter-strain hybrid F1 progeny were lower than the expected 50%, suggesting either pre-zygotic competition or post-zygotic incompatibility between the co-infecting strains. To investigate this further, both eggs and hatched L1 of broods from single adult female worms recovered from each dual co-infection were genotyped. Unhatched eggs from the broods revealed no inter-strain hybrid genotype deficit, suggesting there is no pre-zygotic competition between the strains. In contrast, there was a deficit in L1 inter-strain hybrid genotypes in the broods derived from MHco3(ISE) or MHco4(WRS) maternal parents, but not from MHco10(CAVR) maternal parents. This suggests that hybrid progeny of MHco10(CAVR) paternal parents have reduced post-zygotic development and/or viability consistent with incipient speciation of the MHco10(CAVR) strain. The presence of mating barriers between allopatric H. contortus strains has important implications for parasite ecology, including the ability of newly introduced anthelmintic-resistant parasite populations to compete and interbreed with populations already established in a region.
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Maté L, Ballent M, Cantón C, Ceballos L, Lifschitz A, Lanusse C, Alvarez L, Liron J. Assessment of P-glycoprotein gene expression in adult stage of Haemonchus contortus in vivo exposed to ivermectin. Vet Parasitol 2018; 264:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Sargison N, Herman J, Pilkington J, Buckland P, Watt K, Chambers A, Chaudhry U. Molecular confirmation of Hymenolepis hibernia in field mice ( Apodemus sylvaticus) from St Kilda has potential to resolve a host-parasite relationship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:364-368. [PMID: 30302311 PMCID: PMC6174266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Insular wildlife populations provide opportunities to examine biological questions in systems that are relatively closed and potentially tractable, striking examples being the long-term studies of ecology and evolution in the red deer and feral sheep populations on the Hebridean islands of Rum and St Kilda. In the case of parasitology, Understanding of parasitic infections insular wildlife populations in conjunction with knowledge of their origins has the potential to add a fresh perspective to disease control in humans and domestic animals. In the case of parasitology, understanding infections of insular wildlife populations, in conjunction with knowledge of their origins, has the potential to add a fresh perspective to disease control in humans and domestic animals. With this in mind, gross and molecular examination for the presence of cyclophyllidean tapeworms was performed on the viscera and rectal contents of 17 preserved specimens of Apodemus sylvaticus field mice and on the naturally voided faeces of a further four mice on the remote archipelago of St Kilda. Molecular speciation of hexacanth embryos extracted from the faeces of two mice, using nucleotide sequence analysis of the ribosomal cytochrome c-oxidase subunit-1, confirmed infection with Hymenolepis hibernia. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these were genetically distinct from Hymenolepis diminuta, previously reported in the insular A. sylvaticus mice, and from other published H. hibernia haplotypes. There was insufficient hymenolepidid tapeworm phylogeographic variation to resolve the origins of the co-evolved St Kilda mice, primarily due to a lack of published H. hibernia Cox-1 sequence data across the parasite's geographical range. Nevertheless, the Maximum Likelihood haplotype tree shows the potential for molecular parasitology to resolve a host-parasite relationship once more data become available. Morphological diagnostic features of zoonotic H. hibernia eggs are also described. First identification of Hymenolepis hibernia in Apodemus sylvaticus hirtensis mice. Molecular speciation of hexocanth eggs. Morphological description of Hymenolepis hibernia eggs. Maximum likelihood hymenolepidid tapeworm haplotype tree. Consideration of parasite origins and those of co-evolved hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jeremy Herman
- National Museums of Scotland, Natural Sciences Department, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Jill Pilkington
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Peter Buckland
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kathryn Watt
- University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Alex Chambers
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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25
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Ali Q, Rashid I, Shabbir MZ, Shahzad K, Ashraf K, Sargison ND, Chaudhry U. Population genetics of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei from buffalo and cattle: implications for the emergence and spread of resistance mutations. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3575-3583. [PMID: 30143871 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The population genetics of nematode parasites are poorly understood with practical reference to the selection and spread of anthelmintic resistance mutations. Haemonchus species are important to study the nematode population genetics due to their clinical importance in ruminant livestock, and the availability of genomic resources. In the present study, it has been examined that Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei populations from three buffalo and nine cattle hosts. Seventy-three individual adult worms of H. contortus and 148 of H. placei were analysed using a panel of seven microsatellite markers. The number of alleles per locus in H. contortus and H. placei indicated that all populations were polymorphic for the microsatellites used in the present study. Genetic diversity parameters included high levels of allelic richness and heterozygosity, indicating effective population sizes, high mutation rates and high transmission frequencies in the area. Genetic structure parameters revealed low genetic differentiation between and high levels of genetic variation within H. contortus and H. placei populations. Population dynamic analyses showed an absence of heterozygosity excess in both species, suggesting that there was no deviation from genetic drift equilibrium. Our results provide a proof of concept for better understanding of the consequences of specific control strategies, climatic change or management strategies on the population genetics of anthelmintic resistance alleles in Haemonchus spp. infecting co-managed buffalo and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Shahzad
- Department of Infection Biology, University of Skovde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Neil D Sargison
- The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
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Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) as a novel method for absolute quantification of major gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:1-8. [PMID: 30253846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present for the first time a new tool, based on Droplet Digital™ Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR), for absolute quantification of key genera of gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites of grazing livestock. Four combinations of primers/probe sets targeting the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA gene array were designed using the Primer3 software, following in silico analysis of nucleotide sequences from nematodes of interest downloaded from common databases. The amplified regions include both a universal region for detection of any strongylid gastrointestinal parasite and three different genus specific regions, making it possible to differentiate between the most important GI nematodes of sheep in Sweden: Haemonchus, Teladorsagia and Trichostrongylus. Analysis of samples containing serial dilutions and different mixtures of genomic DNA extracted from different species of adult worms proved useful in assessment of different threshold settings with the QuantaSoft software. Analysis of template DNA from these worms indicated that ddPCR is a viable choice for detection and absolute quantification of the different genera and also in samples with multiple species. Interpretation of the ddPCR results was straightforward and choice of analytical approach had little influence on the final results. Thus, the results obtained in the different analytical approaches seemed to be robust and the concentrations determined were uniform. Furthermore, the linear range of the Haemonchus ddPCR assay was similar to that of real-time PCR (qPCR). Taken together, our data confirm the suitability of ddPCR for detection and absolute quantification of three major sheep pathogens when tested on larval cultures from pooled ovine faeces. The results also indicate that ddPCR can be a useful complement to applications based on conventional egg counting methods such as the faecal egg reduction test (FECRT).
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Doyle SR, Laing R, Bartley DJ, Britton C, Chaudhry U, Gilleard JS, Holroyd N, Mable BK, Maitland K, Morrison AA, Tait A, Tracey A, Berriman M, Devaney E, Cotton JA, Sargison ND. A Genome Resequencing-Based Genetic Map Reveals the Recombination Landscape of an Outbred Parasitic Nematode in the Presence of Polyploidy and Polyandry. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:396-409. [PMID: 29267942 PMCID: PMC5793844 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus is an economically and clinically important pathogen of small ruminants, and a model system for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of traits such as anthelmintic resistance. Anthelmintic resistance is widespread and is a major threat to the sustainability of livestock agriculture globally; however, little is known about the genome architecture and parameters such as recombination that will ultimately influence the rate at which resistance may evolve and spread. Here, we performed a genetic cross between two divergent strains of H. contortus, and subsequently used whole-genome resequencing of a female worm and her brood to identify the distribution of genome-wide variation that characterizes these strains. Using a novel bioinformatic approach to identify variants that segregate as expected in a pseudotestcross, we characterized linkage groups and estimated genetic distances between markers to generate a chromosome-scale F1 genetic map. We exploited this map to reveal the recombination landscape, the first for any helminth species, demonstrating extensive variation in recombination rate within and between chromosomes. Analyses of these data also revealed the extent of polyandry, whereby at least eight males were found to have contributed to the genetic variation of the progeny analyzed. Triploid offspring were also identified, which we hypothesize are the result of nondisjunction during female meiosis or polyspermy. These results expand our knowledge of the genetics of parasitic helminths and the unusual life-history of H. contortus, and enhance ongoing efforts to understand the genetic basis of resistance to the drugs used to control these worms and for related species that infect livestock and humans throughout the world. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using whole-genome resequencing data to directly construct a genetic map in a single generation cross from a noninbred nonmodel organism with a complex lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Doyle
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Collette Britton
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara K Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alison A Morrison
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Tracey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ljungström S, Melville L, Skuce PJ, Höglund J. Comparison of Four Diagnostic Methods for Detection and Relative Quantification of Haemonchus contortus Eggs in Feces Samples. Front Vet Sci 2018; 4:239. [PMID: 29417052 PMCID: PMC5787577 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared four methods for identification of Haemonchus contortus eggs. With increased trade in animals within and between countries and continents, it has become important to correctly identify H. contortus eggs in fecal samples. To validate the outcome of diagnostic tests, sheep feces (n = 38) were collected from naturally infected flocks in Sweden. Subsamples were analyzed with (a) McMaster egg counting; (b) differential counting of eggs after staining with peanut agglutinin (PNA); (c) detection of DNA following amplification by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); and (d) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Differences between similar tests (microscopic and molecular) and SD (±SD) were analyzed with Bland-Altman plots and Spearman rank correlation. Strongylid egg counts ranged from 200 to 12,100 eggs per gram (epg) (mean epg ± SD = 1,278 ± 2,049). Microscopy showed presence of H. contortus eggs in 27 (73%) unstained samples and in 28 (76%) samples stained with PNA, whereas 29 samples (78%) tested positive in LAMP and 34 (91%) in qPCR analysis. The cycle threshold (Ct) values with LAMP ranged between 13 and 38 (mean ± SD = 21 ± 7), and those in qPCR between 25 and 49 (mean ± SD = 33 ± 6). In the LAMP and qPCR analyses, seven (19%) and three (8%) samples, respectively, had a cycle threshold (Ct) >35, whereas no reactions were observed in eight (22%) and three (8%) samples, respectively. There was good agreement between the diagnostic tests based on microscopic examination and DNA detection, although the molecular tests were more sensitive. The bias between the microscopy methods (-4.2 ± 11) was smaller than for the molecular tests (-9.8 ± 10). The observed ranking in terms of test sensitivity was: McMaster counting by conventional microscopy < PNA < LAMP < qPCR. In conclusion, H. contortus can be identified by McMaster counting, without major mistakes regarding false positive results. However, molecular methods provide the capacity to diagnose H. contortus eggs with increased accuracy. This is essential when animals are investigated in quarantine or in studies evaluating anthelmintic treatment efficacy. These methods could also be applied to fecal samples from wildlife to investigate nematode transmission between wildlife and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ljungström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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A method for single pair mating in an obligate parasitic nematode. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:159-165. [PMID: 29111440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematode species have extremely high levels of genetic diversity, presenting a number of experimental challenges for genomic and genetic work. Consequently, there is a need to develop inbred laboratory strains with reduced levels of polymorphism. The most efficient approach to inbred line development is single pair mating, but this is challenging for obligate parasites where the adult sexual reproductive stages are inside the host, and thus difficult to experimentally manipulate. This paper describes a successful approach to single pair mating of a parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus. The method allows for polyandrous mating behaviour and involves the surgical transplantation of a single adult male worm with multiple immature adult females directly into the sheep abomasum. We used a panel of microsatellite markers to monitor and validate the single pair mating crosses and to ensure that the genotypes of progeny and subsequent filial generations were consistent with those expected from a mating between a single female parent of known genotype and a single male parent of unknown genotype. We have established two inbred lines that both show a significant overall reduction in genetic diversity based on microsatellite genotyping and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism. There was an approximately 50% reduction in heterozygous SNP sites across the genome in the MHco3.N1 line compared with the MoHco3(ISE) parental strain. The MHco3.N1 inbred line has subsequently been used to provide DNA template for whole genome sequencing of H. contortus. This work provides proof of concept and methodologies for forward genetic analysis of obligate parasitic nematodes.
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Santos MC, Redman E, Amarante MRV, Gilleard JS, Amarante AFT. A panel of microsatellite markers to discriminate and study interactions between Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei. Vet Parasitol 2017; 244:71-75. [PMID: 28917321 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei are two closely related economically important parasites of ruminants. Their close morphological similarity, common occurrence as co-infections and ability to hybridize makes definitive diagnosis and epidemiological studies in field populations challenging. In this paper, we describe the development of a panel of microsatellite markers that can be used to discriminate and study the genetics of these two parasite species in co-infections and mixed field populations. We have identified two additional microsatellites (Hp52 and Hp53), in addition to three previously reported microsatellites (Hcms3561, Hcms53265 and Hcms36) that have a discrete set of alleles between the two species. Multilocus genotyping of worms with this 5 marker panel from 3 geographically diverse H. placei isolates and 4 geographically diverse H. contortus populations allows unambiguous species assignment of individual worms. This panel of markers should provide a valuable resource in studying the biology and epidemiology of these important ruminant parasite species in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências; Botucatu - SP, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- University of Calgary, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mônica R V Amarante
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências; Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - John S Gilleard
- University of Calgary, Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alessandro F T Amarante
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências; Botucatu - SP, Brazil
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Rabelo ÉML, Miranda RRCD, Furtado LFV, Redondo RAF, Tennessen JA, Blouin MS. Development of new microsatellites for the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum and analysis of genetic diversity in Brazilian populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:24-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yin F, Gasser RB, Li F, Bao M, Huang W, Zou F, Zhao G, Wang C, Yang X, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fang R, Hu M. Population structure of Haemonchus contortus from seven geographical regions in China, determined on the basis of microsatellite markers. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:586. [PMID: 27846862 PMCID: PMC5111246 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1864-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studying genetic variation within and among Haemonchus contortus populations can inform some aspects of this parasite’s population genetics and epidemiology. However, almost nothing is known about such variation in China. Methods Adult males of H. contortus (n = 184) representing seven distinct populations in China were collected, and genetic variation within and among these populations was explored using eight distinct microsatellite markers. Results Genetic parameters, such as heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient (FIS) indicated that all eight microsatellites were highly polymorphic. Various analyses (AMOVA, FST, phylogenetic, structure, mantel test and population dynamics) revealed high within-population variation, low population genetic differentiation and high gene flow for H. contortus in China. Conclusions This study provides a first snapshot of the genetic substructuring of H. contortus populations in China using polymorphic markers, and might provide a starting point for assessing genetic changes over space and time during or following the implementation of particular treatment or control strategies, or changes as a consequence of environmental, management and climatic factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1864-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Facai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Bao
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoling Medical College, Jingzhou, 121000, Liaoling Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengcai Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Emery DL, Hunt PW, Le Jambre LF. Haemonchus contortus: the then and now, and where to from here? Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:755-769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Implications of between-isolate variation for climate change impact modelling of Haemonchus contortus populations. Vet Parasitol 2016; 229:144-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Keys to solving health problems in small ruminants: Anthelmintic resistance as a threat to sustainable nematode control. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Chaudhry U, Redman EM, Ashraf K, Shabbir MZ, Rashid MI, Ashraf S, Gilleard JS. Microsatellite marker analysis of Haemonchus contortus populations from Pakistan suggests that frequent benzimidazole drug treatment does not result in a reduction of overall genetic diversity. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:349. [PMID: 27316714 PMCID: PMC4912736 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of drug selection pressure on the overall genetic diversity of parasitic nematode populations in the field is poorly understood. In this study, we address this issue for the small ruminant parasite Haemonchus contortus in the Punjab, Pakistan. This region provides an opportunity to compare H. contortus populations that have been subjected to a prolonged period of frequent benzimidazole drug treatments on government farms with parasite populations that have been exposed to little or no drug treatment in neighbouring pastoral herds. Methods Adult H. contortus worms were collected from the abomasa of small ruminants from three government farms frequently using benzimidazole drugs, and closed to animal movement, for over 30 years and also from from eighteen pastoral herds subject to minimal drug selection. The frequency of three known benzimidazole resistance associated mutations was determined in each parasite population. For the seven parasite populations in which resistance mutations were found, the diversity, geographical distribution and phylogenetic relationships of isotype-1 β-tubulin benzimidazole resistance haplotypes were determined. In addition, the genetic diversity of the parasite populations on the three government farms were compared with those from four pastoral herds. Results The F200Y (TAC) resistance mutation was present at a very high frequency in H. contortus populations from government herds, but not from pastoral herds, consistent with their respective drug selection histories. Population genetic analysis, using a panel of microsatellite markers, revealed that there was little genetic differentiation among the parasite populations with no significant difference in the overall genetic diversity between government and pastoral herds. In addition, sequence analysis of the isotype-1 β-tubulin locus revealed multiple F200Y (TAC) haplotypes demonstrating soft selective sweeps even in government herds with little or no contemporary parasite migration. Conclusions The results suggest that, although the frequent drug treatment used on government farms has selected for a high frequency of benzimidazole resistance mutations, there has been little or no reduction in the overall genetic diversity of the selected parasite populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1624-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Chaudhry
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta, Calgary, Canada.,Present Address: Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - E M Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary Alberta, Calgary, Canada.
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Rezansoff AM, Laing R, Gilleard JS. Evidence from two independent backcross experiments supports genetic linkage of microsatellite Hcms8a20, but not other candidate loci, to a major ivermectin resistance locus in Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:653-61. [PMID: 27216082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is the leading parasitic nematode species used to study anthelmintic drug resistance. A variety of candidate loci have been implicated as being associated with ivermectin resistance in this parasite but definitive evidence of their importance is still lacking. We have previously performed two independent serial backcross experiments to introgress ivermectin resistance loci from two H. contortus ivermectin-resistant strains - MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR) - into the genetic background of the ivermectin-susceptible genome reference strain MHco3(ISE). We have interrogated a number of candidate ivermectin resistance loci in the resulting backcross populations and assessed the evidence for their genetic linkage to an ivermectin resistance locus. These include the microsatellite marker Hcms8a20 and six candidate genes Hco-glc-5, Hco-avr-14, Hco-lgc-37 (previously designated Hco-hg-1), Hco-pgp-9 (previously designated Hco-pgp-1), Hco-pgp-2 and Hco-dyf-7. We have sampled the haplotype diversity of amplicon markers within, or adjacent to, each of these loci in the parental strains and fourth generation backcross populations to assess the evidence for haplotype introgression from the resistant parental strain into the genomic background of the susceptible parental strain in each backcross. The microsatellite Hcms8a20 locus showed strong evidence of such introgression in both independent backcrosses, suggesting it is linked to an important ivermectin resistance mutation in both the MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR) strains. In contrast, Hco-glc-5, Hco-avr-14, Hco-pgp-9 and Hco-dyf-7 showed no evidence of introgression in either backcross. Hco-lgc-37 and Hco-pgp-2 showed only weak evidence of introgression in the MHco3/4 backcross but not in the MHco3/10 backcross. Overall, these results suggest that microsatellite marker Hcms8a20, but not the other candidate genes tested, is linked to a major ivermectin resistance locus in the MHco4(WRS) and MHco10(CAVR) strains. This work also emphasises the need for genome-wide approaches to identify mutations responsible for the ivermectin resistance in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Rezansoff
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Laing R, Maitland K, Lecová L, Skuce PJ, Tait A, Devaney E. Analysis of putative resistance gene loci in UK field populations of Haemonchus contortus after 6years of macrocyclic lactone use. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:621-30. [PMID: 27179994 PMCID: PMC5011429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sheep farmers in the UK rely on strategic anthelmintic use to treat and control gastrointestinal roundworms in their flocks. However, resistance to these drugs is now widespread and threatens the sustainability of sheep production. The mechanisms underlying resistance to the most commonly used class, the macrocyclic lactones, are not known and sensitive diagnostic tools based on molecular markers are not currently available. This prohibits accurate surveillance of resistance or assessment of strategies aimed at controlling its spread. In this study, we examined four UK field populations of Haemonchus contortus, differing in macrocyclic lactone treatment history, for evidence of selection at 'candidate gene' loci identified as determining macrocyclic lactone resistance in previously published research. Individual worms were genotyped at Hc-lgc-37, Hc-glc-5, Hc-avr-14 and Hc-dyf-7, and four microsatellite loci. High levels of polymorphism were identified at the first three candidate gene loci with remarkably little polymorphism at Hc-dyf-7. While some between-population comparisons of individual farms with and without long-term macrocyclic lactone use identified statistically significant differences in allele frequency and/or fixation index at the Hc-lgc-37, Hc-glc-5 or Hc-avr-14 loci, we found no consistent evidence of selection in other equivalent comparisons. While it is possible that different mechanisms are important in different populations or that resistance may be conferred by small changes at multiple loci, our findings suggest that these are unlikely to be major loci conferring macrocyclic lactone resistance on UK farms or suitable for diagnostic marker development. More powerful approaches, using genome-wide or whole genome sequencing, may be required to define macrocyclic lactone resistance loci in such genetically variable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Kirsty Maitland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Lenka Lecová
- Department of Tropical Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, UK
| | - Andy Tait
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Eileen Devaney
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is one of the most successful and problematic livestock parasites worldwide. From its apparent evolutionary origins in sub-Saharan Africa, it is now found in small ruminants in almost all regions of the globe, and can infect a range of different domestic and wildlife artiodactyl hosts. It has a remarkably high propensity to develop resistance to anthelmintic drugs, making control increasingly difficult. The success of this parasite is, at least in part, due to its extremely high levels of genetic diversity that, in turn, provide a high adaptive capacity. Understanding this genetic diversity is important for many areas of research including anthelmintic resistance, epidemiology, control, drug/vaccine development and molecular diagnostics. In this article, we review the current knowledge of H. contortus genetic diversity and population structure for both field isolates and laboratory strains. We highlight the practical relevance of this knowledge with a particular emphasis on anthelmintic resistance research.
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Haemonchus contortus: Genome Structure, Organization and Comparative Genomics. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:569-98. [PMID: 27238013 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the first genome sequencing projects for a parasitic nematode was that for Haemonchus contortus. The open access data from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute provided a valuable early resource for the research community, particularly for the identification of specific genes and genetic markers. Later, a second sequencing project was initiated by the University of Melbourne, and the two draft genome sequences for H. contortus were published back-to-back in 2013. There is a pressing need for long-range genomic information for genetic mapping, population genetics and functional genomic studies, so we are continuing to improve the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute assembly to provide a finished reference genome for H. contortus. This review describes this process, compares the H. contortus genome assemblies with draft genomes from other members of the strongylid group and discusses future directions for parasite genomics using the H. contortus model.
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Gasser RB, Schwarz EM, Korhonen PK, Young ND. Understanding Haemonchus contortus Better Through Genomics and Transcriptomics. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:519-67. [PMID: 27238012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) cause substantial mortality and morbidity in animals globally. The barber's pole worm, Haemonchus contortus, is one of the most economically significant parasitic nematodes of small ruminants worldwide. Although this and related nematodes can be controlled relatively well using anthelmintics, resistance against most drugs in common use has become a major problem. Until recently, almost nothing was known about the molecular biology of H. contortus on a global scale. This chapter gives a brief background on H. contortus and haemonchosis, immune responses, vaccine research, chemotherapeutics and current problems associated with drug resistance. It also describes progress in transcriptomics before the availability of H. contortus genomes and the challenges associated with such work. It then reviews major progress on the two draft genomes and developmental transcriptomes of H. contortus, and summarizes their implications for the molecular biology of this worm in both the free-living and the parasitic stages of its life cycle. The chapter concludes by considering how genomics and transcriptomics can accelerate research on Haemonchus and related parasites, and can enable the development of new interventions against haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Gasser
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - E M Schwarz
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - P K Korhonen
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - N D Young
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Sarkissian CA, Campbell SK, Dharmarajan G, Jacquot J, Page LK, Graham DH. Microgeographic Population Genetic Structure of Baylisascaris procyonis (Nematoda: Ascaroidae) in Western Michigan Indicates the Grand River Is a Barrier to Gene Flow. J Parasitol 2015; 101:671-6. [DOI: 10.1645/15-767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas H. Graham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Dr., Allendale, Michigan 49401. Correspondence should be sent to:
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Chaudhry U, Redman EM, Raman M, Gilleard JS. Genetic evidence for the spread of a benzimidazole resistance mutation across southern India from a single origin in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:721-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lecová L, Růžičková M, Laing R, Vogel H, Szotáková B, Prchal L, Lamka J, Vokřál I, Skálová L, Matoušková P. Reliable reference gene selection for quantitative real time PCR in Haemonchus contortus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 201:123-7. [PMID: 26255779 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify reliable reference genes for expression studies in adult Haemonchus contortus. Eleven candidate genes were identified and the stability of their expression was assessed in adult males and females of two genetically divergent H. contortus isolates: drug-susceptible (ISE) and multi-drug-resistant (WR). Five genes with the most stable expression patterns were further assessed for suitability as reference genes in anthelmintic-treated H. contortus adults versus non-treated controls. We identified important differences in the expression of a number of candidate genes in anthelmintic-treated samples, confirming the need for careful validation of control genes for such experiments. We propose the use of multiple reference genes for expression studies in this species and found gpd, ama and far most suitable for adult H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Lecová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Růžičková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Roz Laing
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Heiko Vogel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena D-07745, Germany
| | - Barbora Szotáková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Prchal
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Lamka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Vokřál
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Skálová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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45
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Burns AR, Luciani GM, Musso G, Bagg R, Yeo M, Zhang Y, Rajendran L, Glavin J, Hunter R, Redman E, Stasiuk S, Schertzberg M, Angus McQuibban G, Caffrey CR, Cutler SR, Tyers M, Giaever G, Nislow C, Fraser AG, MacRae CA, Gilleard J, Roy PJ. Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful model for anthelmintic discovery. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7485. [PMID: 26108372 PMCID: PMC4491176 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect one quarter of the world's population and impact all humans through widespread infection of crops and livestock. Resistance to current anthelmintics has prompted the search for new drugs. Traditional screens that rely on parasitic worms are costly and labour intensive and target-based approaches have failed to yield novel anthelmintics. Here, we present our screen of 67,012 compounds to identify those that kill the non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We then rescreen our hits in two parasitic nematode species and two vertebrate models (HEK293 cells and zebrafish), and identify 30 structurally distinct anthelmintic lead molecules. Genetic screens of 19 million C. elegans mutants reveal those nematicides for which the generation of resistance is and is not likely. We identify the target of one lead with nematode specificity and nanomolar potency as complex II of the electron transport chain. This work establishes C. elegans as an effective and cost-efficient model system for anthelmintic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Burns
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Genna M. Luciani
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Gabriel Musso
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rachel Bagg
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - May Yeo
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Yuqian Zhang
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Luckshika Rajendran
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - John Glavin
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Robert Hunter
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Elizabeth Redman
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Susan Stasiuk
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Michael Schertzberg
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - G. Angus McQuibban
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Sean R. Cutler
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1J4
| | - Guri Giaever
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Corey Nislow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Andy G. Fraser
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Calum A. MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - John Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4Z6
| | - Peter J. Roy
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E1
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
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46
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Blanton RE, Barbosa LM, Reis EA, Carmo TM, dos Santos CRA, Costa JM, Aminu PT, Blank WA, Reis RB, Guimarães IC, Silva LK, Reis MG. The relative contribution of immigration or local increase for persistence of urban schistosomiasis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003521. [PMID: 25775457 PMCID: PMC4361398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is increasing across the globe, and diseases once considered rural can now be found in urban areas due to the migration of populations from rural endemic areas, local transmission within the city, or a combination of factors. We investigated the epidemiologic characteristics of urban immigrants and natives living in a neighborhood of Salvador, Brazil where there is a focus of transmission of Schistosoma mansoni. In a cross-sectional study, all inhabitants from 3 sections of the community were interviewed and examined. In order to determine the degree of parasite differentiation between immigrants and the native born, S. mansoni eggs from stools were genotyped for 15 microsatellite markers. The area received migrants from all over the state, but most infected children had never been outside of the city, and infected snails were present at water contact sites. Other epidemiologic features suggested immigration contributed little to the presence of infection. The intensity and prevalence of infection were the same for immigrants and natives when adjusted for age, and length of immigrant residence in the community was positively associated with prevalence of infection. The population structure of the parasites also supported that the contribution from immigration was small, since the host-to-host differentiation was no greater in the urban parasite population than a rural population with little distant immigration, and there had been little differentiation in the urban population over the past 7 years. Public health efforts should focus on eliminating local transmission, and once eliminated, reintroduction from distant migration is unlikely. Urban transmission of schistosomiasis is becoming more recognized as rural disease is becoming less common and urbanization increases. Characteristics of infection of the immigrant population to cities and genetic characteristics of the parasite population itself indicate local transmission is the most important factor for the presence of the parasite rather than arrival of infected immigrants. While there is 70% coverage of adequate sanitation, this was insufficient to interrupt transmission. If eliminated, this focus is unlikely to readily reappear due to immigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E. Blanton
- Case Western Reserve University, Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lúcio M. Barbosa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eliana A. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Theomira M. Carmo
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jackson M. Costa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Peace T. Aminu
- Case Western Reserve University, Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Walter A. Blank
- Case Western Reserve University, Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Renato Barbosa Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Regional and Urban Development, UNIFACS (Universidade Salvador), Imbuí, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Isabel C. Guimarães
- Center for Control of Zoonoses, Municipal Secretariat of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano K. Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia Faculty of Medicine, Sede Mater Praça XV de novembro, s/n—Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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47
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The emergence of resistance to the benzimidazole anthlemintics in parasitic nematodes of livestock is characterised by multiple independent hard and soft selective sweeps. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003494. [PMID: 25658086 PMCID: PMC4319741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance is a major problem for the control of parasitic nematodes of livestock and of growing concern for human parasite control. However, there is little understanding of how resistance arises and spreads or of the "genetic signature" of selection for this group of important pathogens. We have investigated these questions in the system for which anthelmintic resistance is most advanced; benzimidazole resistance in the sheep parasites Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta. Population genetic analysis with neutral microsatellite markers reveals that T. circumcincta has higher genetic diversity but lower genetic differentiation between farms than H. contortus in the UK. We propose that this is due to epidemiological differences between the two parasites resulting in greater seasonal bottlenecking of H. contortus. There is a remarkably high level of resistance haplotype diversity in both parasites compared with drug resistance studies in other eukaryotic systems. Our analysis suggests a minimum of four independent origins of resistance mutations on just seven farms for H. contortus, and even more for T. circumincta. Both hard and soft selective sweeps have occurred with striking differences between individual farms. The sweeps are generally softer for T. circumcincta than H. contortus, consistent with its higher level of genetic diversity and consequent greater availability of new mutations. We propose a model in which multiple independent resistance mutations recurrently arise and spread by migration to explain the widespread occurrence of resistance in these parasites. Finally, in spite of the complex haplotypic diversity, we show that selection can be detected at the target locus using simple measures of genetic diversity and departures from neutrality. This work has important implications for the application of genome-wide approaches to identify new anthelmintic resistance loci and the likelihood of anthelmintic resistance emerging as selection pressure is increased in human soil-transmitted nematodes by community wide treatment programs.
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Chaudhry U, Redman EM, Abbas M, Muthusamy R, Ashraf K, Gilleard JS. Genetic evidence for hybridisation between Haemonchus contortus and Haemonchus placei in natural field populations and its implications for interspecies transmission of anthelmintic resistance. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:149-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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A new enabling proteomics methodology to investigate membrane associated proteins from parasitic nematodes: case study using ivermectin resistant and ivermectin susceptible isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:266-75. [PMID: 25537855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in anthelmintic resistance (AR) are complex but a greater understanding of AR management is essential for effective and sustainable control of parasitic helminth worms in livestock. Current tests to measure AR are time consuming and can be technically problematic, gold standard diagnostics are therefore urgently required to assist in combatting the threat from drug resistant parasites. For anthelmintics such as ivermectin (IVM), target proteins may be present in the cellular membrane. As proteins usually act in complexes and not in isolation, AR may develop and be measurable in the target associated proteins present in the parasite membrane. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used to develop a sub-proteomic assay to measure protein expression differences, between IVM resistant and IVM susceptible isolates in the presence and absence of drug challenge. Evaluation of detergents including CHAPS, ASB-14, C7BzO, Triton ×100 and TBP (tributyl phosphine) determined optimal conditions for the resolution of membrane proteins in Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (2DE). These sub-proteomic methodologies were then translated and evaluated using IVM-susceptible and IVM-resistant Haemonchus contortus; a pathogenic blood feeding parasitic nematode which is of global importance in livestock health, welfare and productivity. We have demonstrated the successful resolution of membrane associated proteins from both C. elegans and H. contortus isolates, using a combination of CHAPS and the zwitterionic amphiphilic surfactant ASB-14 to further support the detection of markers for AR.
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50
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Kotze AC, Hunt PW, Skuce P, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Martin RJ, Sager H, Krücken J, Hodgkinson J, Lespine A, Jex AR, Gilleard JS, Beech RN, Wolstenholme AJ, Demeler J, Robertson AP, Charvet CL, Neveu C, Kaminsky R, Rufener L, Alberich M, Menez C, Prichard RK. Recent advances in candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to the discovery of anthelmintic resistance markers and the description of drug/receptor interactions. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2014; 4:164-84. [PMID: 25516826 PMCID: PMC4266812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance has a great impact on livestock production systems worldwide, is an emerging concern in companion animal medicine, and represents a threat to our ongoing ability to control human soil-transmitted helminths. The Consortium for Anthelmintic Resistance and Susceptibility (CARS) provides a forum for scientists to meet and discuss the latest developments in the search for molecular markers of anthelmintic resistance. Such markers are important for detecting drug resistant worm populations, and indicating the likely impact of the resistance on drug efficacy. The molecular basis of resistance is also important for understanding how anthelmintics work, and how drug resistant populations arise. Changes to target receptors, drug efflux and other biological processes can be involved. This paper reports on the CARS group meeting held in August 2013 in Perth, Australia. The latest knowledge on the development of molecular markers for resistance to each of the principal classes of anthelmintics is reviewed. The molecular basis of resistance is best understood for the benzimidazole group of compounds, and we examine recent work to translate this knowledge into useful diagnostics for field use. We examine recent candidate-gene and whole-genome approaches to understanding anthelmintic resistance and identify markers. We also look at drug transporters in terms of providing both useful markers for resistance, as well as opportunities to overcome resistance through the targeting of the transporters themselves with inhibitors. Finally, we describe the tools available for the application of the newest high-throughput sequencing technologies to the study of anthelmintic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Kotze
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter W. Hunt
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Skuce
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Heinz Sager
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Krücken
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jane Hodgkinson
- Veterinary Parasitology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anne Lespine
- INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John S. Gilleard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Robin N. Beech
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Adrian J. Wolstenholme
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alan P. Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Claude L. Charvet
- INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Cedric Neveu
- INRA, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Nouzilly, France
- Université François Rabelais de Tours, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Tours, France
| | - Ronald Kaminsky
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Rufener
- Novartis Centre de Recherche Sante Animale, St. Aubin, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Alberich
- INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
| | - Cecile Menez
- INRA, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
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