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Mantilla Valdivieso EF, Ross EM, Raza A, Nguyen L, Hayes BJ, Jonsson NN, James P, Tabor AE. Expression network analysis of bovine skin infested with Rhipicephalus australis identifies pro-inflammatory genes contributing to tick susceptibility. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4419. [PMID: 38388834 PMCID: PMC10884027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54577-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The skin is the primary feeding site of ticks that infest livestock animals such as cattle. The highly specialised functions of skin at the molecular level may be a factor contributing to variation in susceptibility to tick infestation; but these remain to be well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the bovine skin transcriptomic profiles of tick-naïve and tick-infested cattle and to uncover the gene expression networks that influence contrasting phenotypes of host resistance to ticks. RNA-Seq data was obtained from skin of Brangus cattle with high (n = 5) and low (n = 6) host resistance at 0 and 12 weeks following artificial tick challenge with Rhipicephalus australis larvae. No differentially expressed genes were detected pre-infestation between high and low resistance groups, but at 12-weeks there were 229 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; FDR < 0.05), of which 212 were the target of at least 1866 transcription factors (TFs) expressed in skin. Regulatory impact factor (RIF) analysis identified 158 significant TFs (P < 0.05) of which GRHL3, and DTX1 were also DEGs in the experiment. Gene term enrichment showed the significant TFs and DEGs were enriched in processes related to immune response and biological pathways related to host response to infectious diseases. Interferon Type 1-stimulated genes, including MX2, ISG15, MX1, OAS2 were upregulated in low host resistance steers after repeated tick challenge, suggesting dysregulated wound healing and chronic inflammatory skin processes contributing to host susceptibility to ticks. The present study provides an assessment of the bovine skin transcriptome before and after repeated tick challenge and shows that the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes is a prominent feature in the skin of tick-susceptible animals. In addition, the identification of transcription factors with high regulatory impact provides insights into the potentially meaningful gene-gene interactions involved in the variation of phenotypes of bovine host resistance to ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Mantilla Valdivieso
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Ross
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Ali Raza
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Loan Nguyen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ben J Hayes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Peter James
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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de Aquino LM, Zapa DMB, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Ferreira LL, Barufi F, de Amaral HOA, de Borges FDA, Gallina T, de Mendonça RP, Soares VE, Monteiro CMO, Lopes WDZ. Two protocols using fluralaner for Rhipicephalus microplus strategic control on taurine cattle in a tropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:15. [PMID: 38191412 PMCID: PMC10775593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different treatment strategies using a new commercial formulation containing pour-on fluralaner on Rhipicephalus microplus infestation in cattle and in pastures in a tropical climate region where up to five generations of this tick species can occur per year. METHODS Forty-five naturally infested cattle were divided into three experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on every 42 days; T02, the cattle received the first treatment with fluralaner on Day 0 but the next treatment involved a weekly visual evaluation; T03, control, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of female R. microplus were performed weekly until day 343, and larval counts on pasture were performed on Days 0, 30, and 60 and every 30 days until Day 330. RESULTS Using fluralaner, six applications were performed in Group T01, and four were performed in Group T02. In the control group (T03), it was necessary to perform eight palliative acaricide treatments with the spray formulation. The animals in T01 and T02 showed lower mean tick counts (p ≤ 0.05) than the control group (T03) on 28 and 27 of the 49 evaluated dates, respectively. In the paddock where the animals were kept as controls, the R. microplus larvae counts increased to 1458. In the paddocks where the animals were treated with fluralaner, the number was ≤ 19 per paddock during the study. CONCLUSIONS The different strategic treatment protocols performed with pour-on fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) over a year in taurine cattle in a tropical region with a history of up to five annual generations of cattle ticks were effective, maintaining levels of R. microplus infestations in animals and in pastures close to zero in most of the study. Depending on the retreatment criterion adopted, the number of applications per year may be lower, resulting in a reduction in the mean cost of acaricide treatment per year and lower exposure of R. microplus populations to the active ingredient, resulting in lower resistance and selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida de Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- University of Brazil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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3
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Ngetich C, Kamau L, Simbauni J, Mwendia C, Owido M, Kiio I, Matika O, Foster S, Birkett M, Djikeng A, Watson KA, Githaka N. The potential for use of haematological and anti-IgE humoral responses as phenotypic markers for tick resistance in cattle. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 5:100159. [PMID: 38179546 PMCID: PMC10764256 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 80% of the global cattle population is at risk of infestation and infection by ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs). The economic losses from animal mortality, reduced production, vector control costs and animal treatment are very substantial, hence there is an urgent need to develop and deploy alternative vector control strategies. Breeding for host tick resistance has the potential for sustainable large-scale TTBD control especially in cattle. The gold standard method for phenotyping tick resistance in cattle is by counting ticks on the body but is very laborious and subjective. Better methods for phenotyping tick resistance more objectively, faster and at scale, are essential for selecting host genetic resistance to ticks. This study investigated the correlation between haematological cellular profiles and immunological responses (immunoglobulin E, IgE) and full body tick counts in herds of Bos indicus and Bos taurus following artificial tick challenge with Rhipicephalus decoloratus larvae. Fifty-four Friesian and Ayrshire (Bos taurus) and 52 East African Zebu (Bos indicus) calves were each infested with ∼2500 larvae. Near-replete adult female ticks (≥ 4.5 mm) were counted daily from Day 20-25. Blood and serum samples were obtained from each animal on Days 0 and 23 for cellular blood and IgE titre analysis, respectively. The indicine cattle were refractory to R. decoloratus infestation in comparison with the taurine breed (P < 0.0001). Repeated measurements of blood components pre-infestation revealed a significant (P < 0.05) association with tick count in IgE and red blood cells, haematocrit, and haemoglobin post-infestation. There was also a strong positive correlation between the tick counts and red blood cell numbers, haemoglobin, haematocrit, and IgE concentration (P < 0.0001) following tick challenge. The application of this approach to phenotype host resistance needs to be assessed using higher cattle numbers and with different tick species or genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Ngetich
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Zoological Sciences and Animal Sciences Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Lucy Kamau
- Zoological Sciences and Animal Sciences Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Jemimah Simbauni
- Zoological Sciences and Animal Sciences Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Charles Mwendia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Milton Owido
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Irene Kiio
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Oswald Matika
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Foster
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Michael Birkett
- Protecting Crops and the Environment, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kellie Anne Watson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Naftaly Githaka
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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4
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Raza A, Schulz BL, Nouwens A, Naseem MN, Kamran M, Mantilla Valdivieso EF, Kerr ED, Constantinoiu C, Jonsson NN, James P, Tabor AE. Application of quantitative proteomics to discover biomarkers for tick resistance in cattle. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091066. [PMID: 36793724 PMCID: PMC9924087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Breeding for tick resistance is a sustainable alternative to control cattle ticks due to widespread resistance to acaricidal drugs and the lack of a protective vaccine. The most accurate method used to characterise the phenotype for tick resistance in field studies is the standard tick count, but this is labour-intensive and can be hazardous to the operator. Efficient genetic selection requires reliable phenotyping or biomarker(s) for accurately identifying tick-resistant cattle. Although breed-specific genes associated with tick resistance have been identified, the mechanisms behind tick resistance have not yet been fully characterised. Methods This study applied quantitative proteomics to examine the differential abundance of serum and skin proteins using samples from naïve tick-resistant and -susceptible Brangus cattle at two-time points following tick exposure. The proteins were digested into peptides, followed by identification and quantification using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry. Results Resistant naïve cattle had a suite of proteins associated with immune response, blood coagulation and wound healing that were significantly (adjusted P < 10- 5) more abundant compared with susceptible naïve cattle. These proteins included complement factors (C3, C4, C4a), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), beta-2-glycoprotein-1, keratins (KRT1 & KRT3) and fibrinogens (alpha & beta). The mass spectrometry findings were validated by identifying differences in the relative abundance of selected serum proteins with ELISA. The proteins showing a significantly different abundance in resistant cattle following early and prolonged tick exposures (compared to resistant naïve) were associated with immune response, blood coagulation, homeostasis, and wound healing. In contrast, susceptible cattle developed some of these responses only after prolonged tick exposure. Discussion Resistant cattle were able to transmigrate immune-response related proteins towards the tick bite sites, which may prevent tick feeding. Significantly differentially abundant proteins identified in this research in resistant naïve cattle may provide a rapid and efficient protective response to tick infestation. Physical barrier (skin integrity and wound healing) mechanisms and systemic immune responses were key contributors to resistance. Immune response-related proteins such as C4, C4a, AGP and CGN1 (naïve samples), CD14, GC and AGP (post-infestation) should be further investigated as potential biomarkers for tick resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Muhammad Noman Naseem
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Emily F Mantilla Valdivieso
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Edward D Kerr
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Constantin Constantinoiu
- College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Peter James
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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5
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de Melo Júnior¹ RD, Ferreira LL, Zapa¹ DMB, Heller¹ LM, Iuasse¹ HV, Naves¹ RB, Trindade ASN, Gontijo LMDA, Scarpa³ AB, Rodrigues DS, Soares VE, Monteiro CMDO, Lopes WDZ. Population dynamics of Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cattle: influence of the animal categories and correlation with milk production. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:539-557. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Mantilla Valdivieso EF, Ross EM, Raza A, Naseem MN, Kamran M, Hayes BJ, Jonsson NN, James P, Tabor AE. Transcriptional changes in the peripheral blood leukocytes from Brangus cattle before and after tick challenge with Rhipicephalus australis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:454. [PMID: 35725367 PMCID: PMC9208207 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disease emergence and production loss caused by cattle tick infestations have focused attention on genetic selection strategies to breed beef cattle with increased tick resistance. However, the mechanisms behind host responses to tick infestation have not been fully characterised. Hence, this study examined gene expression profiles of peripheral blood leukocytes from tick-naive Brangus steers (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) at 0, 3, and 12 weeks following artificial tick challenge experiments with Rhipicephalus australis larvae. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of tick infestation on host leukocyte response to explore genes associated with the expression of high and low host resistance to ticks. Results Animals with high (HR, n = 5) and low (LR, n = 5) host resistance were identified after repeated tick challenge. A total of 3644 unique differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) were identified in the comparison of tick-exposed (both HR and LR) and tick-naive steers for the 3-week and 12-week infestation period. Enrichment analyses showed genes were involved in leukocyte chemotaxis, coagulation, and inflammatory response. The IL-17 signalling, and cytokine-cytokine interactions pathways appeared to be relevant in protection and immunopathology to tick challenge. Comparison of HR and LR phenotypes at timepoints of weeks 0, 3, and 12 showed there were 69, 8, and 4 differentially expressed genes, respectively. Most of these genes were related to immune, tissue remodelling, and angiogenesis functions, suggesting this is relevant in the development of resistance or susceptibility to tick challenge. Conclusions This study showed the effect of tick infestation on Brangus cattle with variable phenotypes of host resistance to R. australis ticks. Steers responded to infestation by expressing leukocyte genes related to chemotaxis, cytokine secretion, and inflammatory response. The altered expression of genes from the bovine MHC complex in highly resistant animals at pre- and post- infestation stages also supports the relevance of this genomic region for disease resilience. Overall, this study offers a resource of leukocyte gene expression data on matched tick-naive and tick-infested steers relevant for the improvement of tick resistance in composite cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08686-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Mantilla Valdivieso
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth M Ross
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ali Raza
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad Noman Naseem
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ben J Hayes
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Peter James
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ala E Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia. .,The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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7
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Kitsou C, Fikrig E, Pal U. Tick host immunity: vector immunomodulation and acquired tick resistance. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:554-574. [PMID: 34074602 PMCID: PMC10089699 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ticks have an unparalleled ability to parasitize diverse land vertebrates. Their natural persistence and vector competence are supported by the evolution of sophisticated hematophagy and remarkable host immune-evasion activities. We analyze the immunomodulatory roles of tick saliva which facilitates their acquisition of a blood meal from natural hosts and allows pathogen transmission. We also discuss the contrasting immunological events of tick-host associations in non-reservoir or incidental hosts, in which the development of acquired tick resistance can deter tick attachment. A critical appraisal of the intricate immunobiology of tick-host associations can plant new seeds of innovative research and contribute to the development of novel preventive strategies against ticks and tick-transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Kitsou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Utpal Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, USA.
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8
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Raza A, Schulz BL, Nouwens A, Jackson LA, Piper EK, James P, Jonsson NN, Tabor AE. Serum proteomes of Santa Gertrudis cattle before and after infestation with Rhipicephalus australis ticks. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12836. [PMID: 33843060 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have applied genomics and transcriptomics to identify immune and genetic markers as key indicator traits for cattle tick susceptibility/resistance; however, results differed between breeds, and there is lack of information on the use of host proteomics. Serum samples from Santa Gertrudis cattle (naïve and phenotyped over 105 days as tick-resistant [TR] or tick-susceptible [TS]) were used to conduct differential abundance analyses of protein profiles. Serum proteins were digested into peptides followed by identification and quantification using sequential window acquisition of all instances of theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry. Before tick infestation, abundance of 28 proteins differed significantly (adjusted P < 10-5 ) between TR and TS. These differences were also observed following tick infestation (TR vs TS) with a further eight differentially abundant proteins in TR cattle, suggesting possible roles in adaptive responses. The intragroup comparisons (TS-0 vs TS and TR-0 vs TR) showed that tick infestation elicited quite similar responses in both groups of cattle, but with relatively stronger responses in TR cattle. Many of the significantly differentially abundant proteins in TR Santa Gertrudis cattle (before and after tick infestation) were associated with immune responses including complement factors, chemotaxis for immune cells and acute-phase responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Lousie A Jackson
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Emily K Piper
- Global Genetics Laboratory Operations and Customer Support, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Peter James
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- The University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ala E Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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9
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Cavani L, Braz CU, Giglioti R, Okino CH, Gulias-Gomes CC, Caetano AR, Oliveira MCDS, Cardoso FF, de Oliveira HN. Genomic Study of Babesia bovis Infection Level and Its Association With Tick Count in Hereford and Braford Cattle. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1905. [PMID: 33013839 PMCID: PMC7493685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa and leads to substantial economic losses for the livestock industry throughout the world. Babesia bovis is considered the most pathogenic species, which causes bovine babesiosis in Brazil. Genomic data could be used to evaluate the viability of improving resistance against B. bovis infection level (IB) through genomic selection, and, for that, knowledge of genetic parameters is needed. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) could be conducted to provide a better understanding of the genetic basis of the host response to B. bovis infection. No previous work in quantitative genetics of B. bovis infection was found. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic correlation between IB and tick count (TC), evaluate predictive ability and applicability of genomic selection, and perform GWAS in Hereford and Braford cattle. The single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction method was used, which allows the estimation of both breeding values and marker effects. Standard phenotyping was conducted for both traits. IB quantifications from the blood of 1,858 animals were carried using quantitative PCR assays. For TC, one to three subsequent tick counts were performed by manually counting adult female ticks on one side of each animal's body that was naturally exposed to ticks. Animals were genotyped using the Illumina BovineSNP50 panel. The posterior mean of IB heritability, estimated by the Bayesian animal model in a bivariate analysis, was low (0.10), and the estimations of genetic correlation between IB and TC were also low (0.15). The cross-validation genomic prediction accuracy for IB ranged from 0.18 to 0.35 and from 0.29 to 0.32 using k-means and random clustering, respectively, suggesting that genomic predictions could be used as a tool to improve genetics for IB, especially if a larger training population is developed. The top 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms from the GWAS explained 5.04% of total genetic variance for IB, which were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 12, 17, 18, 16, 24, and 26. Some candidate genes participate in immunity system pathways indicating that those genes are involved in resistance to B. bovis in cattle. Although the genetic correlation between IB and TC was weak, some candidate genes for IB were also reported in tick infestation studies, and they were also involved in biological resistance processes. This study contributes to improving genetic knowledge regarding infection by B. bovis in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Cavani
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Camila Urbano Braz
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Giglioti
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cintia Hiromi Okino
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, Brazil
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Obregón Alvarez D, Corona-González B, Rodríguez-Mallón A, Rodríguez Gonzalez I, Alfonso P, Noda Ramos AA, Díaz-Sánchez AA, González Navarrete M, Rodríguez Fernández R, Méndez Mellor L, Catanese HN, Peláez M, Alemán Gainza Y, Marrero-Perera R, Roblejo-Arias L, Lobo-Rivero E, Silva CB, Fonseca AH, Roque López E, Cabezas-Cruz A. Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Cuba, Half a Century of Scientific Research. Pathogens 2020; 9:E616. [PMID: 32731487 PMCID: PMC7459505 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and the vast array of pathogens they transmit, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths, constitute a growing burden for human and animal health worldwide. In Cuba, the major tropical island in the Caribbean, ticks are an important cause of vector-borne diseases affecting livestock production, pet animal health and, to a lesser extent, human health. The higher number of tick species in the country belong to the Argasidae family and, probably less known, is the presence of an autochthonous tick species in the island, Ixodes capromydis. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting animal and human health in Cuba. The review covers research results including ecophysiology of ticks, the epidemiology of TBPs, and the diagnostic tools used currently in the country for the surveillance of TBPs. We also introduce the programs implemented in the country for tick control and the biotechnology research applied to the development of anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel Obregón Alvarez
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Belkis Corona-González
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Alina Rodríguez-Mallón
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Avenue 31 between 158 and 190, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Islay Rodríguez Gonzalez
- Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba; (I.R.G.); (A.A.N.R.)
| | - Pastor Alfonso
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Angel A. Noda Ramos
- Department of Mycology-Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Apartado Postal 601, Marianao 13, Havana 17100, Cuba; (I.R.G.); (A.A.N.R.)
| | - Adrian A. Díaz-Sánchez
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada;
| | - Maylin González Navarrete
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23½, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (M.G.N.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Rafmary Rodríguez Fernández
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Baños, Km 1½, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa 38100, Cuba; (R.R.F.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Luis Méndez Mellor
- National Laboratory of Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Autopista San Antonio de los Baños, Km 1½, San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa 38100, Cuba; (R.R.F.); (L.M.M.)
| | - Helen N. Catanese
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State, University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Manuel Peláez
- Direction of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Ave. Boyeros y Conill, Plaza, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Campus Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil;
| | - Roxana Marrero-Perera
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Lisset Roblejo-Arias
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Evelyn Lobo-Rivero
- Direction of Animal Health, National Center for Animal and Plant Health, Carretera de Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Apartado postal 10, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (B.C.-G.); (P.A.); (R.M.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (E.L.-R.)
| | - Claudia B. Silva
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil;
| | - Adivaldo H. Fonseca
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR 465, Km 7, Seropedica, RJ 23890000, Brazil;
| | - Eugenio Roque López
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Agrarian University of Havana, Carretera Tapaste y Autopista Nacional, Km 23½, Mayabeque 32700, Cuba; (M.G.N.); (E.R.L.)
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- UMR BIPAR, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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11
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Patarroyo S JH, de Sousa Neves E, Fidelis CF, Tafur-Gómez GA, de Araujo L, Vargas MI, Sossai S, Prates-Patarroyo PA. Bovine immunisation with a recombinant peptide derived from synthetic SBm7462® (Bm86 epitope construct) immunogen for Rhipicephalus microplus control. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101461. [PMID: 32723656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS: is the most important ectoparasite of livestock in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Research focused on developing an efficient vaccine for cattle tick control is a high priority. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rSBm7462® peptide (Bm86-B and T cell epitopes) regarding its properties of immunogenicity, protective effect in cattle and efficacy against R. microplus. This peptide was produced by a fermentative process in the yeast culture system of Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris strain Km 71. The vaccination assay was conducted in a tick-free area using non-splenectomised Holstein Friesian calves, separated into immunisation and control groups. These animals individually received the recombinant peptide and the inoculum without peptide using saponin as an adjuvant at three time points. The calves were challenged 21 days after the last immunisation using 4500 larvae per animal. An indirect ELISA was used to identify the IgG kinetics of serum samples from the calves studied. The qPCR was performed to determine the cytokine gene expression from the total RNA of the cultured PBMCs. Histomorphometry of the germinal centres (GCs) was performed measuring slides with haematoxylin-eosin staining of surgically removed lymph nodes from immunised calves. The antibody response showed a significant induction of high-affinity IgGs in calves immunised with the recombinant peptide in comparison to the controls. The kinetics of antibodies in immunised calves showed a significant increase during the experiment. This increase in high-affinity IgGs correlated with a gradual increase of the GC diameter following each peptide vaccination. Cytokine expression profiles demonstrating an adaptive immune response in calves immunised with rSBm7462® confirmed the T-dependent response. Vaccine efficacy was calculated at 72.4 % following the analysis and fecundity of collected adult female ticks, compared between control and vaccinated groups. These findings demonstrate that this new recombinant peptide is an option for control of R. microplus infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín H Patarroyo S
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil.
| | - Elisangela de Sousa Neves
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Cintia Fernandes Fidelis
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | | | - Leandro de Araujo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Marlene I Vargas
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Sidimar Sossai
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
| | - Pablo A Prates-Patarroyo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária - BIOAGRO, Viçosa - MG, CEP 36570-900, Brasil
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12
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Efficient Transovarial Transmission of Babesia Spp. in Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks Fed on Water Buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040280. [PMID: 32290468 PMCID: PMC7238136 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Water buffaloes can be infected by tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) in endemic areas where cattle and buffalo coexist. Among TBPs affecting buffaloes is the Apicomplexan hemoparasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, transmitted by Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. However, little empirical evidence exists on whether buffalo can support TBPs’ infection and transmission. A cohort study was designed to measure the infestation levels of R. microplus in buffaloes as well as the ability of buffalo-fed ticks to transmit B. bovis and B. bigemina to their offspring. Tick infestation of different life stages was quantified in cattle and buffalo kept in field conditions in western Cuba. Engorged adult female ticks were allowed to lay eggs in controlled conditions of humidity and temperature, and reproductive parameters were measured and analyzed. Hosts and tick larvae were tested for the presence of Babesia spp. using species-specific qPCR assays. Tick infestation was not observed in adult buffaloes. However, buffalo and cattle calves were equally infested, although the larval survival rate was higher in cattle calves than in buffalo calves. All larval pools (31) obtained from the adult female ticks were positive for B. bovis, whereas only 68% (21/31) was positive for B. bigemina. Among the 10 larval pools negative for B. bigemina, three proceeded from adult females fed on Babesia-negative buffaloes. The other seven pools were from Babesia-positive animals, three from cattle and four from buffalo calves. Babesia infection levels in tick larvae, quantified by qPCR, were similar in female ticks fed on buffalo and bovine calves. We conclude that water buffalo can sustain tick vector populations and support Babesia infection in levels high enough as to be infective for ticks. Our results also validated the hypothesis that adult female ticks fed on buffalo can transmit the pathogens B. bovis and B. bigemina to their offspring. Nevertheless, further laboratory studies are needed to address the question of whether the transovarial transmission of Babesia occurs in the following settings: (1) When adult females are infected previous to the feeding on the buffalo or/and (2) when the adult females acquire the infection while feeding on the buffalo.
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13
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Marima JK, Nel CL, Marufu MC, Jonsson NN, Dube B, Dzama K. A genetic and immunological comparison of tick-resistance in beef cattle following artificial infestation with Rhipicephalus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 80:569-590. [PMID: 32185559 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Host resistance to ticks can be explored as a possible approach of combating tick infestations to complement the existing unsustainable tick control methods. Thirty-six beef cattle animals were used, consisting of Angus, Brahman and Nguni breeds, with each breed contributing 12 animals. Half of the animals per breed were artificially challenged with Rhipicephalus microplus and the other half with R. decoloratus unfed larvae per animal. Skin biopsies and blood samples were collected pre-infestation and 12 h post-infestation from the feeding sites of visibly engorging ticks. The success rate of the ticks was high and had an influence even at the early time point. Increased lymphocytes and blood urea nitrogen levels as well as decreased levels of segmented neutrophils were observed in the Angus, which were the opposite of those in the Brahman and Nguni. The increase in cholesterol, which was highest in the Angus and lowest in the Nguni, may be due to altered protein metabolism. The expression profiles of genes TRAF6, TBP, LUM and B2M were significantly different among breeds. Five genes (CCR1, TLR5, TRAF6, TBP, BDA20) had increased or constant expression post-infestation, whereas the expression of CXCL8, IL-10 and TNF-α decreased or remained the same after tick challenge. Genes that showed variation are involved in discouraging long-term supply of blood meal to the tick and those associated with immune responses. The gene LUM is a potential biomarker for tick resistance in cattle. The response to infestation by the breeds was consistent across the tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Marima
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - C L Nel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - M C Marufu
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - N N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, G61 1QH, UK
| | - B Dube
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Agricultural Research Council - Animal Production, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa
| | - K Dzama
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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14
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Moré DD, Cardoso FF, Mudadu MA, Malagó-Jr W, Gulias-Gomes CC, Sollero BP, Ibelli AMG, Coutinho LL, Regitano LCA. Network analysis uncovers putative genes affecting resistance to tick infestation in Braford cattle skin. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:998. [PMID: 31856720 PMCID: PMC6923859 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic resistance in cattle is considered a suitable way to control tick burden and its consequent losses for livestock production. Exploring tick-resistant (R) and tick-susceptible (S) hosts, we investigated the genetic mechanisms underlying the variation of Braford resistance to tick infestation. Skin biopsies from four-times-artificially infested R (n = 20) and S (n = 19) hosts, obtained before the first and 24 h after the fourth tick infestation were submitted to RNA-Sequencing. Differential gene expression, functional enrichment, and network analysis were performed to identify genetic pathways and transcription factors (TFs) affecting host resistance. Results Intergroup comparisons of hosts before (Rpre vs. Spre) and after (Rpost vs. Spost) tick infestation found 51 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which almost all presented high variation (TopDEGs), and 38 were redundant genes. Gene expression was consistently different between R and S hosts, suggesting the existence of specific anti-tick mechanisms. In the intragroup comparisons, Rpost vs. Rpre and Spost vs. Spre, we found more than two thousand DEGs in response to tick infestation in both resistance groups. Redundant and non-redundant TopDEGs with potential anti-tick functions suggested a role in the development of different levels of resistance within the same breed. Leukocyte chemotaxis was over-represented in both hosts, whereas skin degradation and remodeling were only found in TopDEGs from R hosts. Also, these genes indicated the participation of cytokines, such as IL6 and IL22, and the activation of Wingless (WNT)-signaling pathway. A central gene of this pathway, WNT7A, was consistently modulated when hosts were compared. Moreover, the findings based on a genome-wide association study (GWAS) corroborate the prediction of the WNT-signaling pathway as a candidate mechanism of resistance. The regulation of immune response was the most relevant pathway predicted for S hosts. Members of Ap1 and NF-kB families were the most relevant TFs predicted for R and S, respectively. Conclusion This work provides indications of genetic mechanisms presented by Braford cattle with different levels of resistance in response to tick infestation, contributing to the search of candidate genes for tick resistance in bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando F Cardoso
- EMBRAPA Pecuária Sul, Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Federal University of Pelotas, Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luiz L Coutinho
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Maruyama SR, Carvalho B, González-Porta M, Rung J, Brazma A, Gustavo Gardinassi L, Ferreira BR, Banin TM, Veríssimo CJ, Katiki LM, de Miranda-Santos IKF. Blood transcriptome profile induced by an efficacious vaccine formulated with salivary antigens from cattle ticks. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:53. [PMID: 31871773 PMCID: PMC6920353 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks cause massive damage to livestock and vaccines are one sustainable alternative for the acaricide poisons currently heavily used to control infestations. An experimental vaccine adjuvanted with alum and composed by four recombinant salivary antigens mined with reverse vaccinology from a transcriptome of salivary glands from Rhipicephalus microplus ticks was previously shown to present an overall efficacy of 73.2% and cause a significant decrease of tick loads in artificially tick-infested, immunized heifers; this decrease was accompanied by increased levels of antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, which were boosted during a challenge infestation. In order to gain insights into the systemic effects induced by the vaccine and by the tick challenge we now report the gene expression profile of these hosts' whole-blood leukocytes with RNA-seq followed by functional analyses. These analyses show that vaccination induced unique responses to infestations; genes upregulated in the comparisons were enriched for processes associated with chemotaxis, cell adhesion, T-cell responses and wound repair. Blood transcriptional modules were enriched for activation of dendritic cells, cell cycle, phosphatidylinositol signaling, and platelets. Together, the results indicate that by neutralizing the tick's salivary mediators of parasitism with vaccine-induced antibodies, the bovine host is able to mount normal homeostatic responses that hinder tick attachment and haematophagy and that the tick otherwise suppresses with its saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R. Maruyama
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
- Present Address: Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Mar González-Porta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Hinxton, UK
- Present Address: Illumina Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johan Rung
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Hinxton, UK
- Present Address: Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alvis Brazma
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Hinxton, UK
| | - Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Beatriz R. Ferreira
- Ribeirão Preto School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Tamy M. Banin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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16
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Utsunomiya YT, Milanesi M, Fortes MRS, Porto-Neto LR, Utsunomiya ATH, Silva MVGB, Garcia JF, Ajmone-Marsan P. Genomic clues of the evolutionary history of Bos indicus cattle. Anim Genet 2019; 50:557-568. [PMID: 31475748 DOI: 10.1111/age.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Together with their sister subspecies Bos taurus, zebu cattle (Bos indicus) have contributed to important socioeconomic changes that have shaped modern civilizations. Zebu cattle were domesticated in the Indus Valley 8000 years before present (YBP). From the domestication site, they expanded to Africa, East Asia, southwestern Asia and Europe between 4000 and 1300 YBP, intercrossing with B. taurus to form clinal variations of zebu ancestry across the landmass of Afro-Eurasia. In the past 150 years, zebu cattle reached the Americas and Oceania, where they have contributed to the prosperity of emerging economies. The zebu genome is characterized by two mitochondrial haplogroups (I1 and I2), one Y chromosome haplogroup (Y3) and three major autosomal ancestral groups (Indian-Pakistani, African and Chinese). Phenotypically, zebu animals are recognized by their hump, large ears and excess skin. They are rustic, resilient to parasites and capable of bearing the hot and humid climates of the tropics. Many resources are available to study the zebu genome, including commercial arrays of SNP, reference assemblies and publicly available genotypes and whole-genome sequences. Nevertheless, many of these resources were initially developed to support research and subsidize industrial applications in B. taurus, and therefore they can produce bias in data analysis. The combination of genomics with precision agriculture holds great promise for the identification of genetic variants affecting economically important traits such as tick resistance and heat tolerance, which were naturally selected for millennia and played a major role in the evolution of B. indicus cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Utsunomiya
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.,International Atomic Energy Agency, Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - M Milanesi
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.,International Atomic Energy Agency, Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - M R S Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Chemistry Bld, 68 Cooper Rd, Brisbane, 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - L R Porto-Neto
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia QLD, Brisbane, 4067, Qld, Australia
| | - A T H Utsunomiya
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.,International Atomic Energy Agency, Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - M V G B Silva
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, 360381330, Brazil
| | - J F Garcia
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.,International Atomic Energy Agency, Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, 16050-680 R. Clovis Pestana 793-Dona Amelia, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - P Ajmone-Marsan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, della Nutrizione e degli Alimenti-DIANA and BioDNA, Centro di Ricerca sulla Biodiversità e sul DNA Antico, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, Piacenza, 29122, Italy
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17
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de Araújo FF, Ronda JB, Bittar ER, Venturini GC, Garcia GC, Martins-Filho OA, Silva Araújo MS, Figueiredo Bittar JF. Distinct immune response profile during rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus infestations of guzerat dairy herd according to the maternal lineage ancestry (mitochondrial DNA). Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:36-44. [PMID: 31442891 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks cause major constraints to public and livestock health, and serious economic losses. It is well known that the immune response to infestations with cattle ticks is influenced by the host genetic background leading to distinct immunological profiles between bovine hosts genetically susceptible and resistant. The influence of Bos indicus (Bi) and Bos taurus (Bt) maternal lineage ancestry of mitochondrial DNA in the profile of the immune response of Zebu cattle to ticks remains unknown. The present work evaluated the hematological parameters and the immune response profile in the peripheral blood of a Guzerat dairy herd, further categorized into two maternal lineage ancestry subgroups (Bi-mtDNA and Bt-mtDNA) after experimental infestation with larvae of R. microplus. Our data demonstrated that although hematological and erythrogram analysis showed a similar profile throughout, some cell populations present a distinct profile between the groups. Especially MON, CD335+ and CD8+ T-cells are predominant in Bi-mtDNA. Moreover, an overall picture of R. microplus infestation demonstrated that Bi-mtDNA presented a more efficient and earlier innate immune response. Bi-mtDNA showed a greater number of connections with R. microplus counts and also with the CD25+ activation marker of the immune response. Bi-mtDNA showed greater number of connections, with an important participation of the innate immune while Bt-mtDNA showed a delay in the immune response. Elucidating the mechanisms by which resistant animals prevent heavy tick infestation is a crucial step in the development of predictive biomarkers for tick resistance for use in selective breeding programs, and is also potentially useful for the development of anti-tick vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Fortes de Araújo
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bergamo Ronda
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Eustáquio Resende Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Costa Venturini
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Caetano Garcia
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Joely Ferreira Figueiredo Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nene Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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Robbertse L, Richards SA, Clift SJ, Barnard AC, Leisewitz A, Crafford JE, Maritz-Olivier C. Comparison of the differential regulation of T and B-lymphocyte subsets in the skin and lymph nodes amongst three cattle breeds as potential mediators of immune-resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:976-987. [PMID: 29622516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although varying natural resistance to ticks between highly resistant Brahman (Bos taurus indicus), resistant Bonsmara (5/8 B. t. indicus x 3/8 B. t. taurus) and susceptible Holstein-Friesian (B. t. taurus) breeds is documented in skin and blood, little information is available describing draining lymph nodes. To elucidate the cellular dynamics during Rhipicephalus microplus induced immune responses, this study analysed immune factors from these cattle breeds using histology, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Following the collection of skin and lymph node samples before artificial tick infestation, cattle were infested with R. microplus larvae. Subsequent sampling coincided with the tick larvae and adult developmental stages. A significant influx of CD20+ B-lymphocytes in the dermis all cattle breeds was observed while CD3+ T-lymphocytes were significantly increased for more tick resistant breeds. Eosinophil infiltration in germinal centres of lymph nodes was significant for all cattle breeds while tingible body macrophages were significantly increased for adult infested Brahman animals. A negligible fluctuation in CD20+ and CD79α+ B-lymphocyte numbers was present in the lymph node of more resistant cattle breeds, while susceptible animals showed a decrease in B-lymphocytes after infestation, followed by an increase between larvae to adult infested time points. Increased variability of γd T-lymphocyte populations in lymph nodes was correlated with tick susceptibility. In addition, a more stable T helper lymphocyte population was identified in the lymph nodes for the Brahman cattle breed. Results suggest the association of tick susceptibility with differential B-lymphocyte regulation in lymph node tissues, increased variability of WC1+ γδ T-lymphocyte populations in the lymph node as well as a decrease in T helper lymphocytes in the lymph node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luïse Robbertse
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sabine Annette Richards
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sarah Jane Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Annette-Christi Barnard
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew Leisewitz
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan Ernst Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
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Constantinoiu CC, Lew-Tabor A, Jackson LA, Jorgensen WK, Piper EK, Mayer DG, Johnson L, Venus B, Jonsson NN. Local immune response to larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus in Santa Gertrudis cattle. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:e12515. [PMID: 29314141 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the local immune response at larval attachment sites in Santa Gertrudis cattle with low and high levels of tick resistance. Skin samples with tick larvae attached were collected from Santa Gertrudis cattle at the end of a period of 25 weekly infestations, when the animals manifested highly divergent tick-resistant phenotypes. There was a tendency for more CD3+ , CD4+ , CD8+ , CD25+ , γδ T cells and neutrophils to concentrate at larval tick attachment site in susceptible cattle than in resistant cattle but the differences were significant only for γδ T cells and CD4+ cells. Most of the cattle developed intra-epidermal vesicles at the larval attachment site but the predominant cell within or around the vesicles was the neutrophil in susceptible animals and eosinophil in the resistant animals. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for CD45 and CD45 RO antigens reacted with skin leucocytes from a higher number of susceptible cattle than resistant cattle. Our data suggest that some of the cellular responses mounted at larval attachment site are not involved in tick protection. The mAbs specific for CD45 and CD45 RO directly, or a test for CD45 genotype might be developed as markers of tick susceptibility or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Constantinoiu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - A Lew-Tabor
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - L A Jackson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - W K Jorgensen
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - E K Piper
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - D G Mayer
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - L Johnson
- College of Public Health, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - B Venus
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld, Australia
| | - N N Jonsson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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20
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Robbertse L, Richards SA, Maritz-Olivier C. Bovine Immune Factors Underlying Tick Resistance: Integration and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:522. [PMID: 29312898 PMCID: PMC5742187 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying tick resistance within and between cattle breeds have been studied for decades. Several previous papers on bovine immune parameters contributing to tick resistance discussed findings across DNA, RNA, protein, cellular, and tissue levels. However, the differences between bovine host species, tick species and the experimental layouts were not always taken into account. This review aims to (a) give a comprehensive summary of studies investigating immune marker differences between cattle breeds with varying degrees of tick resistance, and (b) to integrate key findings and suggest hypotheses on likely immune-regulated pathways driving resistance. Experimental issues, which may have skewed conclusions, are highlighted. In future, improved experimental strategies will enable more focused studies to identify and integrate immune markers and/or pathways. Most conclusive thus far is the involvement of histamine, granulocytes and their associated pathways in the tick-resistance mechanism. Interestingly, different immune markers might be involved in the mechanisms within a single host breed in contrast to between breeds. Also, differences are evident at each tick life stage, limiting the level to which datasets can be compared. Future studies to further elucidate immune molecule dynamics across the entire tick life cycle and in-depth investigation of promising markers and pathways on both molecular and cellular level are in dire need to obtain a scientifically sound hypothesis on the drivers of tick resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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21
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Tabor AE, Ali A, Rehman G, Rocha Garcia G, Zangirolamo AF, Malardo T, Jonsson NN. Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus-Host Interface: A Review of Resistant and Susceptible Host Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:506. [PMID: 29322033 PMCID: PMC5732177 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are able to transmit tick-borne infectious agents to vertebrate hosts which cause major constraints to public and livestock health. The costs associated with mortality, relapse, treatments, and decreased production yields are economically significant. Ticks adapted to a hematophagous existence after the vertebrate hemostatic system evolved into a multi-layered defense system against foreign invasion (pathogens and ectoparasites), blood loss, and immune responses. Subsequently, ticks evolved by developing an ability to suppress the vertebrate host immune system with a devastating impact particularly for exotic and crossbred cattle. Host genetics defines the immune responsiveness against ticks and tick-borne pathogens. To gain an insight into the naturally acquired resistant and susceptible cattle breed against ticks, studies have been conducted comparing the incidence of tick infestation on bovine hosts from divergent genetic backgrounds. It is well-documented that purebred and crossbred Bos taurus indicus cattle are more resistant to ticks and tick-borne pathogens compared to purebred European Bos taurus taurus cattle. Genetic studies identifying Quantitative Trait Loci markers using microsatellites and SNPs have been inconsistent with very low percentages relating phenotypic variation with tick infestation. Several skin gene expression and immunological studies have been undertaken using different breeds, different samples (peripheral blood, skin with tick feeding), infestation protocols and geographic environments. Susceptible breeds were commonly found to be associated with the increased expression of toll like receptors, MHC Class II, calcium binding proteins, and complement factors with an increased presence of neutrophils in the skin following tick feeding. Resistant breeds had higher levels of T cells present in the skin prior to tick infestation and thus seem to respond to ticks more efficiently. The skin of resistant breeds also contained higher numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and basophils with up-regulated proteases, cathepsins, keratins, collagens and extracellular matrix proteins in response to feeding ticks. Here we review immunological and molecular determinants that explore the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus-host resistance phenomenon as well as contemplating new insights and future directions to study tick resistance and susceptibility, in order to facilitate interventions for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala E Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.,Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Malardo
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Nicholas N Jonsson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, The University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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22
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Garcia GR, Maruyama SR, Nelson KT, Ribeiro JMC, Gardinassi LG, Maia AAM, Ferreira BR, Kooyman FNJ, de Miranda Santos IKF. Immune recognition of salivary proteins from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus differs according to the genotype of the bovine host. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:144. [PMID: 28288696 PMCID: PMC5348738 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Males of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus produce salivary immunoglobulin-binding proteins and allotypic variations in IgG are associated with tick loads in bovines. These findings indicate that antibody responses may be essential to control tick infestations. Infestation loads with cattle ticks are heritable: some breeds carry high loads of reproductively successful ticks, in others, few ticks feed and they reproduce inefficiently. Different patterns of humoral immunity against tick salivary proteins may explain these phenotypes. Methods We describe the profiles of humoral responses against tick salivary proteins elicited during repeated artificial infestations of bovines of a tick-resistant (Nelore) and a tick-susceptible (Holstein) breed. We measured serum levels of total IgG1, IgG2 and IgE immunoglobulins and of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies specific for tick salivary proteins. With liquid chromatography followed by mass spectrometry we identified tick salivary proteins that were differentially recognized by serum antibodies from tick-resistant and tick-susceptible bovines in immunoblots of tick salivary proteins separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Results Baseline levels of total IgG1 and IgG2 were significantly higher in tick-susceptible Holsteins compared with resistant Nelores. Significant increases in levels of total IgG1, but not of IgG2 accompanied successive infestations in both breeds. Resistant Nelores presented with significantly higher levels of salivary-specific antibodies before and at the first challenge with tick larvae; however, by the third challenge, tick-susceptible Holsteins presented with significantly higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2 tick salivary protein-specific antibodies. Importantly, sera from tick-resistant Nelores reacted with 39 tick salivary proteins in immunoblots of salivary proteins separated in two dimensions by electrophoresis versus only 21 spots reacting with sera from tick-susceptible Holsteins. Conclusions Levels of tick saliva-specific antibodies were not directly correlated with infestation phenotypes. However, in spite of receiving apparently lower amounts of tick saliva, tick-resistant bovines recognized more tick salivary proteins. These reactive salivary proteins are putatively involved in several functions of parasitism and blood-feeding. Our results indicate that neutralization by host antibodies of tick salivary proteins involved in parasitism is essential to control tick infestations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2077-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristina T Nelson
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Luiz Gustavo Gardinassi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Augusto Mendes Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Rossetti Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Ribeirão Preto School of Nursing, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Frans N J Kooyman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel K F de Miranda Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Franzin AM, Maruyama SR, Garcia GR, Oliveira RP, Ribeiro JMC, Bishop R, Maia AAM, Moré DD, Ferreira BR, Santos IKFDM. Immune and biochemical responses in skin differ between bovine hosts genetically susceptible and resistant to the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:51. [PMID: 28143523 PMCID: PMC5282843 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks attach to and penetrate their hosts’ skin and inactivate multiple components of host responses in order to acquire a blood meal. Infestation loads with the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, are heritable: some breeds carry high loads of reproductively successful ticks, whereas in others, few ticks feed and reproduce efficiently. Methods In order to elucidate the mechanisms that result in the different outcomes of infestations with cattle ticks, we examined global gene expression and inflammation induced by tick bites in skins from one resistant and one susceptible breed of cattle that underwent primary infestations with larvae and nymphs of R. microplus. We also examined the expression profiles of genes encoding secreted tick proteins that mediate parasitism in larvae and nymphs feeding on these breeds. Results Functional analyses of differentially expressed genes in the skin suggest that allergic contact-like dermatitis develops with ensuing production of IL-6, CXCL-8 and CCL-2 and is sustained by HMGB1, ISG15 and PKR, leading to expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit granulocytes and T lymphocytes. Importantly, this response is delayed in susceptible hosts. Histopathological analyses of infested skins showed inflammatory reactions surrounding tick cement cones that enable attachment in both breeds, but in genetically tick-resistant bovines they destabilized the cone. The transcription data provided insights into tick-mediated activation of basophils, which have previously been shown to be a key to host resistance in model systems. Skin from tick-susceptible bovines expressed more transcripts encoding enzymes that detoxify tissues. Interestingly, these enzymes also produce volatile odoriferous compounds and, accordingly, skin rubbings from tick-susceptible bovines attracted significantly more tick larvae than rubbings from resistant hosts. Moreover, transcripts encoding secreted modulatory molecules by the tick were significantly more abundant in larval and in nymphal salivary glands from ticks feeding on susceptible bovines. Conclusions Compared with tick-susceptible hosts, genes encoding enzymes producing volatile compounds exhibit significantly lower expression in resistant hosts, which may render them less attractive to larvae; resistant hosts expose ticks to an earlier inflammatory response, which in ticks is associated with significantly lower expression of genes encoding salivary proteins that suppress host immunity, inflammation and coagulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1945-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mara Franzin
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rocha Garcia
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane Pereira Oliveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Integrative Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Mendes Maia
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dantas Moré
- Departament of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
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Pazinatto Boito J, Santos RC, Vaucher RA, Raffin R, Machado G, Tonin AA, Da Silva AS. Evaluation of tea tree oil for controlling Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:70-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Constantinoiu CC, Goullet MS, Constantinoiu EC, Scott JL. Mucosal tolerance of the hookwormAncylostoma caninumin the gut of naturally infected wild dogs. Parasite Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. C. Constantinoiu
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
| | | | - E. C. Constantinoiu
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
| | - J. L. Scott
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Qld Australia
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Role of Rhipicephalus microplus cheliceral receptors in gustation and host differentiation. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:228-33. [PMID: 25616714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is considered the most economically important ectoparasite of cattle worldwide. It is known that zebuine breeds of cattle are less susceptible to tick infestation than taurine breeds. Contact chemoreceptors in the cheliceral pit sensilla of ticks respond selectively to phagostimulant compounds, however their role in blood feeding relative to host susceptibility to infestation remains to be fully understood. We addressed this topic by conducting taste electrophysiology experiments with cheliceral pit sensilla preparations of R. microplus females. Solutions of five known ixodid tick phagostimulants were tested at different concentrations: sodium (NaCl), and potassium chloride (KCl) (10(-3)-10(-1)M); glucose (10(-4)-10(-1)M); adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (10(-6)-10(-2)M); and reduced l-glutathione (GSH) (10(-6)-10(-2)M). Serum samples from six susceptible animals of the Girolando breed (5/8 Bos indicus×3/8 B. taurus) and six resistant Nelore bovines (pure B. indicus) were also tested. A dose-dependent response of gustatory neurons associated with the chelicerae sensillum to NaCl, glucose, GSH, and ATP were observed. Responses by the cheliceral inner digit pit sensilla of R. microplus to KCl and glucose were also observed and they are reported here for the first time. In addition to an electrophysiological response to known phagostimulants, chemoreceptors in the chelicera of R. microplus responded differently to serum from cattle susceptible and resistant to infestation. The cheliceral pit neurons were more responsive to serum of R. microplus resistant bovines with a higher mean spike frequency (53.5±2spikess(-1)) than to serum samples from susceptible cattle (40.3±2spikess(-1)). The implications of chemosensation during tick blood feeding are discussed.
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Rodriguez-Valle M, Xu T, Kurscheid S, Lew-Tabor AE. Rhipicephalus microplus serine protease inhibitor family: annotation, expression and functional characterisation assessment. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:7. [PMID: 25564202 PMCID: PMC4322644 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus evades the host's haemostatic system through a complex protein array secreted into tick saliva. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) conform an important component of saliva which are represented by a large protease inhibitor family in Ixodidae. These secreted and non-secreted inhibitors modulate diverse and essential proteases involved in different physiological processes. METHODS The identification of R. microplus serpin sequences was performed through a web-based bioinformatics environment called Yabi. The database search was conducted on BmiGi V1, BmiGi V2.1, five SSH libraries, Australian tick transcriptome libraries and RmiTR V1 using bioinformatics methods. Semi quantitative PCR was carried out using different adult tissues and tick development stages. The cDNA of four identified R. microplus serpins were cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris in order to determine biological targets of these serpins utilising protease inhibition assays. RESULTS A total of four out of twenty-two serpins identified in our analysis are new R. microplus serpins which were named as RmS-19 to RmS-22. The analyses of DNA and predicted amino acid sequences showed high conservation of the R. microplus serpin sequences. The expression data suggested ubiquitous expression of RmS except for RmS-6 and RmS-14 that were expressed only in nymphs and adult female ovaries, respectively. RmS-19, and -20 were expressed in all tissues samples analysed showing their important role in both parasitic and non-parasitic stages of R. microplus development. RmS-21 was not detected in ovaries and RmS-22 was not identified in ovary and nymph samples but were expressed in the rest of the samples analysed. A total of four expressed recombinant serpins showed protease specific inhibition for Chymotrypsin (RmS-1 and RmS-6), Chymotrypsin / Elastase (RmS-3) and Thrombin (RmS-15). CONCLUSION This study constitutes an important contribution and improvement to the knowledge about the physiologic role of R. microplus serpins during the host-tick interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodriguez-Valle
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St. Lucia Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - Tao Xu
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St. Lucia Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | | | - Ala E Lew-Tabor
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, Queensland Biosciences Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St. Lucia Qld, 4072, Australia. .,Murdoch University, Centre for Comparative Genomics, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
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Jonsson NN, Piper EK, Constantinoiu CC. Host resistance in cattle to infestation with the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:553-9. [PMID: 25313455 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Rhipicephalus microplus infestation in cattle has many effector mechanisms, each of which is likely to be modulated by complex, interacting factors. Some of the mechanisms of host resistance and their modulating factors have been identified and quantified, although much remains to be explained. The variation in resistance to tick infestation is most marked between Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle, taurine cattle given the same exposure carrying between five and 10 times as many ticks as indicine cattle. Tick resistance is mostly manifest against attaching larvae, which attempt to feed often and without success, death occurring mostly within 24 h of finding a host. There is evidence of innate and adaptive immune response to tick infestation, and it appears that the relative importance of each differs between indicine and taurine cattle. There is conflicting information regarding the role of humoral immunity in tick resistance, and recent studies indicate that strong IgG responses to tick antigens are not protective. A strong T-cell-mediated response directed against larval stages, as mounted by indicine cattle, seems to be protective. Variation in the extracellular matrix of skin (epidermal growth factors, collagens and other matrix components such as lumican) also contributes to variation in host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Jonsson
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Mapholi NO, Marufu MC, Maiwashe A, Banga CB, Muchenje V, MacNeil MD, Chimonyo M, Dzama K. Towards a genomics approach to tick (Acari: Ixodidae) control in cattle: A review. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2014; 5:475-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Microarray analysis of tick-infested skin in resistant and susceptible cattle confirms the role of inflammatory pathways in immune activation and larval rejection. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:307-17. [PMID: 25108850 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tick bites promote activation of an inflammatory process that is influenced by bovine genetic composition and its history of previous exposure. Taurine and indicine breeds are known to differ on its immune response development against Rhipicephalus microplus. Nevertheless, further investigation about the complex molecular pathways involved in the development of immune response to tick infestation in cattle presenting the same genetic background is mandatory. The aim of this work was to access the early immune response triggered by R. microplus larvae attachment in previously selected resistant and susceptible animals in a bovine F2 population derived from Gyr (Bos indicus)×Holstein (Bos taurus) crosses. Microarray data analysis of RNA samples from tick infested skin was used to evaluate the gene expression at 0, 24 and 48h after R. microplus larvae attachment. Our experimental design allowed us to deeply explore the immune response related to R. microplus infestation avoiding the innate differences between these breeds. The differentially expressed genes found reveal networks and pathways that suggest a key role of lipid metabolism in inflammation control and impairment of tick infestation in resistant animals. Acute phase response also seems to be impaired in susceptible animals. These results provide new insights about early immune response against ticks and raise the possibility of using immunomodulation processes to improve and develop novel tools for tick control.
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31
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Pazinato R, Klauck V, Volpato A, Tonin AA, Santos RC, de Souza ME, Vaucher RA, Raffin R, Gomes P, Felippi CC, Stefani LM, Da Silva AS. Influence of tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 63:77-83. [PMID: 24368704 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the influence of tea tree oil (TTO) (Melaleuca alternifolia) tested in its pure and nanostructured (TTO nanoparticles) forms on the reproduction of female Rhipicephalus microplus. For our purpose, female ticks were collected from naturally infected animals and treated in vitro with TTO (1, 5, and 10 %) and TTO nanoparticles (0.075, 0.375, and 0.75 %). In order to validate the tests, they were performed in triplicate using positive (amitraz) and negative (untreated) controls. It was possible to observe that pure TTO (5 and 10 %) and TTO nanoparticles (0.375 and 0.75 %) showed 100 % reproductive inhibition on female ticks. Additionally, pure TTO (1 %) also showed an acaricide effect (70 %), similarly to the positive control (78.3 %). This is the first study demonstrating the activity of pure TTO and TTO nanoparticles on female ticks. Therefore, based on these results, we were able to show that both forms and all concentrations of M. alternifolia affected tick reproduction by inhibiting egg laying and hatching. We were also able to show that TTO nanoparticles potentiated the inhibitor effect of pure TTO on the reproduction of R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pazinato
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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Marufu MC, Dzama K, Chimonyo M. Cellular responses to Rhipicephalus microplus infestations in pre-sensitised cattle with differing phenotypes of infestation. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 62:241-252. [PMID: 24057115 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The blue tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, threatens cattle production in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Delayed skin hypersensitivity reactions are thought to cause Nguni cattle to be more resistant to R. microplus than Bonsmara cattle yet the cellular mechanisms responsible for these differences have not been classified. Tick counts and inflammatory cell infiltrates in skin biopsies from feeding sites of adult R. microplus ticks were determined in 9-month-old Nguni and Bonsmara heifers to determine the cellular mechanisms responsible for tick immunity. Nguni heifers (1.7 ± 0.03) had lower (P < 0.05) tick counts than the Bonsmaras (2.0 ± 0.03). Parasitized sites in Nguni heifers had higher counts of basophils, mast and mononuclear cells than those in the Bonsmara heifers. Conversely, parasitized sites in Nguni heifers had lower neutrophil and eosinophil counts than those in the Bonsmara heifers. Tick count was negatively correlated with basophil and mast cell counts and positively correlated with eosinophil counts in both breeds. In the Bonsmara breed, tick count was positively correlated with mononuclear cell counts. Cellular responses to adult R. microplus infestations were different and correlated with differences in tick resistance in Nguni and Bonsmara cattle breeds. It is essential to further characterise the molecular composition of the inflammatory infiltrate elicited by adult R. microplus infestation to fully comprehend immunity to ticks in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munyaradzi C Marufu
- Discipline of Animal and Poultry Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P. Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201, South Africa
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Comparison of tick resistance of crossbred Senepol × Limousin to purebred Limousin cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:447-53. [PMID: 24366717 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The comparison of resistance to natural tick infestation by Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) of crossbred Senepol × Limousin and purebred Limousin cattle was investigated. The Senepol breed, originated from St Croix Island in the Caribbean is considered as a Bos taurus breed adapted to tropical conditions. Despite its B. taurus genetic background, it is believed to have a good tick resistance, but this resistance has never been assessed previously. Tick counts under natural infestation were carried out to investigate the difference of susceptibility between crossbred Senepol × Limousin and purebred Limousin cattle. Mixed-effect models were used to assess the effect of the breed on the number of ticks. Results show that Senepol × Limousin are five times less infested by ticks than purebred Limousin. These results underline the opportunity to use Senepol cattle for crossing with susceptible B. taurus breeds in tick infested areas, to combine tick resistance with beef production abilities.
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Constantinoiu CC, Jonsson NN, Jorgensen WK, Jackson LA, Piper EK, Lew-Tabor AE. Immuno-fluorescence staining patterns of leukocyte subsets in the skin of taurine and indicine cattle. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:854-60. [PMID: 24011596 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The immuno-staining patterns of skin leukocytes were investigated in three breeds of cattle: Holstein-Friesian, Brahman and Santa Gertrudis of similar age before and after tick infestation. The antibodies specific for CD45 and CD45RO reacted with cells in the skin of all Holstein-Friesian cattle but did not react with cells in the skin of any Brahman cattle. The same antibodies reacted with cells from the skin of four (CD45) and seven (CD45RO) of twelve Santa Gertrudis cattle. The antibodies specific for T cells and γδ subset of T cells recognized cells from all three breeds of cattle. The antibody specific for MHC class II molecules labelled cells of mostly irregular shape, presumably dermal dendritic cells and/or macrophages and Langerhans cells. The antibody specific for granulocytes (mAb CH138) reacted with cells only in sections cut from skin with lesions. The antibody specific for CD25(+) cells labelled regularly shaped cells that showed a wide range of intensities of staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Constantinoiu
- Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale 2351, Australia; Queensland Government, Department of Employment Economic Development and Innovation (DEEDI) Yeerongpilly, Queensland 4105, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Rhipicephalus microplus lipocalins (LRMs): Genomic identification and analysis of the bovine immune response using in silico predicted B and T cell epitopes. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:739-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Léger E, Vourc'h G, Vial L, Chevillon C, McCoy KD. Changing distributions of ticks: causes and consequences. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2013; 59:219-244. [PMID: 23015121 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Today, we are witnessing changes in the spatial distribution and abundance of many species, including ticks and their associated pathogens. Evidence that these changes are primarily due to climate change, habitat modifications, and the globalisation of human activities are accumulating. Changes in the distribution of ticks and their invasion into new regions can have numerous consequences including modifications in their ecological characteristics and those of endemic species, impacts on the dynamics of local host populations and the emergence of human and livestock disease. Here, we review the principal causes for distributional shifts in tick populations and their consequences in terms of the ecological attributes of the species in question (i.e. phenotypic and genetic responses), pathogen transmission and disease epidemiology. We also describe different methodological approaches currently used to assess and predict such changes and their consequences. We finish with a discussion of new research avenues to develop in order to improve our understanding of these host-vector-pathogen interactions in the context of a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Léger
- MIVEGEC (UMR UM2-UM1-CNRS 5290, UR IRD 224), Centre IRD, BP 64501, 911 avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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da Silva JB, Rangel CP, de Azevedo Baêta B, da Fonseca AH. Influence of the physiological state on infestation by Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cows. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 4:52-6. [PMID: 23238247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of physiological state, season, breed, number of lactations, dairy productivity, and stocking rate on infestation by Rhipicephalus microplus in dairy cows. Two hundred cows were selected through proportional representative sampling at the Seropédica Experimental Station (Pesagro-Rio), Brazil. Fully or partially engorged R. microplus females measuring between 4.5 and 8.0mm were counted on the right side of each animal. The tick infestation prevalence data were analyzed in relation to the risk factors, using multiple logistic regression. Associations between prevalence and its possible influencing determinants were measured using odds ratios. The average tick count of cows during the peripartum and lactation periods was significantly higher (p<0.05; OR=4.82) than the count in dry cows. Taurine animals showed significantly higher infestation (p<0.05; OR=3.28) than pure zebuine animals. Among cross-bred animals, the infestation was higher (p<0.05) in F1 animals (1/2 taurine×1/2 zebuine) than in Girolando animals (5/8 zebuine×3/8 taurine). Primiparous cows (p<0.05) had significantly heavier infestations than multiparous cows. Dairy production showed a positive correlation with tick infestation (p<0.03; OR=2.94), such that the most productive animals were the most parasitized ones. Animals kept at high densities were significantly more heavily infested (p<0.05, OR=6.32) than animals kept at low density. First-lactation and high-productivity taurine animals were more vulnerable to R. microplus, thus comprising a high-risk group in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenevaldo Barbosa da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP, Rod. Carlos Tonanni, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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The RIPK2 gene: a positional candidate for tick burden supported by genetic associations in cattle and immunological response of knockout mouse. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:379-88. [PMID: 22314416 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases have a detrimental impact on livestock production causing estimated losses of around $200 million per year in Australia alone. Host resistance to ticks is heritable, within-breed heritability estimates being around 0.35, and with large differences between breeds. Previously a QTL for tick burden was detected on BTA14 at ~72 Mb distal to the centromere, near the gene receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2). To identify polymorphisms in this region, we sequenced all exons of the RIPK2 gene, identifying 46 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Using SNP from RIPK2 as well as SNP from the bovine genome sequence, we genotyped two samples, one of 1,122 taurine dairy cattle and one of 761 zebu and zebu composite beef cattle. We confirmed that SNP and haplotypes from this region, including from RIPK2, were associated with tick burden in both dairy and beef cattle. To determine whether RIPK2 influences response to tick salivary gland extract (SGE), an immunisation experiment with tick SGE in a RIPK2 knockout (RIPK2 −/−) mouse strain was conducted. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in IgG production in the RIPK2 −/− mouse in response to the SGE compared to its background strain C57BL/ 6 as well as the outbred CD1 mouse strain. In addition, antibodies generated by RIPK2 −/− mice recognised a different set of antigens within SGE when compared to parental-derived antibodies. In summary, the SNP association with tick burden at BTA14 was confirmed and quantitative and qualitative differences in antibody production were observed between RIPK2 −/− and wild-type mice.
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