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Tucker MS, O’Brien CN, Johnson AN, Dubey JP, Rosenthal BM, Jenkins MC. RNA-Seq of Phenotypically Distinct Eimeria maxima Strains Reveals Coordinated and Contrasting Maturation and Shared Sporogonic Biomarkers with Eimeria acervulina. Pathogens 2023; 13:2. [PMID: 38276148 PMCID: PMC10818985 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Strains of Eimeria maxima, an enteric parasite of poultry, vary in virulence. Here, we performed microscopy and RNA sequencing on oocysts of strains APU-1 (which exhibits more virulence) and APU-2. Although each underwent parallel development, APU-1 initially approached maturation more slowly. Each strain sporulated by hour 36; their gene expression diverged somewhat thereafter. Candidate biomarkers of viability included 58 genes contributing at least 1000 Transcripts Per Million throughout sporulation, such as cation-transporting ATPases and zinc finger domain-containing proteins. Many genes resemble constitutively expressed genes also important to Eimeria acervulina. Throughout sporulation, the expression of only a few genes differed between strains; these included cyclophilin A, EF-1α, and surface antigens (SAGs). Mature and immature oocysts uniquely differentially express certain genes, such as an X-Pro dipeptidyl-peptidase domain-containing protein in immature oocysts and a profilin in mature oocysts. The immature oocysts of each strain expressed more phosphoserine aminotransferase and the mature oocysts expressed more SAGs and microneme proteins. These data illuminate processes influencing sporulation in Eimeria and related genera, such as Cyclospora, and identify biological processes which may differentiate them. Drivers of development and senescence may provide tools to assess the viability of oocysts, which would greatly benefit the poultry industry and food safety applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Tucker
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (J.P.D.); (B.M.R.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Celia N. O’Brien
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (J.P.D.); (B.M.R.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Alexis N. Johnson
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (J.P.D.); (B.M.R.); (M.C.J.)
- Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, Washington, DC 20006, USA
| | - Jitender P. Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (J.P.D.); (B.M.R.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (J.P.D.); (B.M.R.); (M.C.J.)
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA (J.P.D.); (B.M.R.); (M.C.J.)
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Jia L, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Han H, Zhao H, Yu Y, Yang J, Dong H. Proteomic Analysis of Fractionated Eimeria tenella Sporulated Oocysts Reveals Involvement in Oocyst Wall Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17051. [PMID: 38069374 PMCID: PMC10707475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is the most pathogenic intracellular protozoan parasite of the Eimeria species. Eimeria oocyst wall biogenesis appears to play a central role in oocyst transmission. Proteome profiling offers insights into the mechanisms governing the molecular basis of oocyst wall formation and identifies targets for blocking parasite transmission. Tandem mass tags (TMT)-labeled quantitative proteomics was used to analyze the oocyst wall and sporocysts of E. tenella. A combined total of 2865 E. tenella proteins were identified in the oocyst wall and sporocyst fractions; among these, 401 DEPs were identified, of which 211 were upregulated and 190 were downregulated. The 211 up-regulated DEPs were involved in various biological processes, including DNA replication, fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and propanoate metabolism. Among these proteins, several are of interest for their likely role in oocyst wall formation, including two tyrosine-rich gametocyte proteins (EtGAM56, EtSWP1) and two cysteine-rich proteins (EtOWP2, EtOWP6). Concurrently, 96 uncharacterized proteins may also participate in oocyst wall formation. The present study significantly expands our knowledge of the proteome of the oocyst wall of E. tenella, thereby providing a theoretical basis for further understanding of the biosynthesis and resilience of the E. tenella oocyst wall.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, China; (L.J.); (Q.Z.); (S.Z.); (H.H.); (H.Z.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
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Gong Z, Qu Z, Yu Z, Li J, Liu B, Ma X, Cai J. Label-free quantitative detection and comparative analysis of lysine acetylation during the different life stages of Eimeria tenella. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:2785-2802. [PMID: 37562054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Proteome-wide lysine acetylation has been documented in apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we conducted the first lysine acetylome in unsporulated oocysts (USO), sporulated 7 h oocysts (SO 7h), sporulated oocysts (SO), sporozoites (S), and the second generation merozoites (SMG) of Eimeria tenella through a 4D label-free quantitative technique. Altogether, 8532 lysine acetylation sites on 2325 proteins were identified in E. tenella, among which 5445 sites on 1493 proteins were quantified. In addition, 557, 339, 478, 248, 241, and 424 differentially expressed proteins were identified in the comparisons SO7h vs USO, SO vs SO7h, SO vs USO, S vs SO, SMG vs S, and USO vs SMG, respectively. The bioinformatics analysis of the acetylome showed that the lysine acetylation is widespread on proteins of diverse functions. Moreover, the dynamic changes of lysine acetylome among E. tenella different life stages revealed significant regulation during the whole process of E. tenella growth and stage conversion. This study provides a beginning for the investigation of the regulate role of lysine acetylation in E. tenella and may provide new strategies for anticoccidiosis drug and vaccine development. Raw data are publicly available at iProX with the data set identifier PXD040368.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Innovation of Research Program of Gastrointestinal Infection and Mucosal Immunity of Poultry and Pig; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqing Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Innovation of Research Program of Gastrointestinal Infection and Mucosal Immunity of Poultry and Pig; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Innovation of Research Program of Gastrointestinal Infection and Mucosal Immunity of Poultry and Pig; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province; Innovation of Research Program of Gastrointestinal Infection and Mucosal Immunity of Poultry and Pig; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, People's Republic of China
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Ribeiro E. Silva A, Diallo MA, Sausset A, Robert T, Bach S, Bussière FI, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Silvestre A. Overexpression of Eimeria tenella Rhoptry Kinase 2 Induces Early Production of Schizonts. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0013723. [PMID: 37260371 PMCID: PMC10434272 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00137-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite responsible for avian coccidiosis. Like other apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, cell invasion and intracellular development rely on apical organelle content discharge, named micronemes and rhoptries. Some rhoptry (ROP) kinases (ROPK) are key virulence factors in T. gondii. To date, among the 28 ropk genes carried by E. tenella, only two to four were confirmed by proteomic analysis or immunostaining to be expressed at the sporozoite stage. We have previously shown that EtROP1 is implicated in the inhibition of host cell apoptosis by interacting with the cellular p53. This work functionally described the second ROP kinase expressed at the sporozoite stage in E. tenella. EtROP2 is an active kinase that phosphorylates cell substrates of approximately 50 kDa. Its overexpression leads to the shortening of the prepatent period and to the early development of first-generation schizonts. Conduction of RNA sequencing analysis and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on the host cell allowed us to identify the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the transcription factor cFos to be upregulated by EtROP2. We also showed by immunofluorescence assay that the active kinase EtROP2 is implicated in the p38 MAPK pathway activation. We established here that EtROP2 activates the p38 MAPK pathway through a direct or indirect phosphorylation, leading to the overexpression of the master transcription factor cFos known to be implicated in E. tenella development. IMPORTANCE Rhoptries are specialized secretory organelles found in zoite stages of apicomplexan parasites. In addition to well-conserved rhoptry neck proteins, their protein consists mostly of kinase proteins, highly divergent from eukaryotic kinases. Some of those kinases are described as major virulence factors in Toxoplasma gondii, secreted into the host cell to hijack signaling pathways. Most of those kinases remain to be characterized in Eimeria tenella. Deciphering their cellular function is a prerequisite to supporting their relevance as a druggable target in development of new means of Eimeria tenella control. Secreted divergent kinases that interact with host cell partners to modulate pathways are good candidates, as they coevolve with their host targets to ensure their function within the host and are less prone to mutations that would lead to drug resistance. The absence of any orthologous kinase in host cells makes these parasite kinases a promising drug target candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alix Sausset
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Thomas Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Plateforme de Criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, FR 2424, Plateforme de Criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening Facility), Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Zhang L, Chen L, Zhang H, Si H, Liu X, Suo X, Hu D. A comparative study of microRNAs in different stages of Eimeria tenella. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:954725. [PMID: 35937295 PMCID: PMC9353057 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.954725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites have divergent biogenesis machinery for small RNA generation. Analysis has shown that parasites in Plasmodium and Cryptosporidium as well as many species in Leishmania or Trypanosoma do not have a complete machinery in small RNA biogenesis. Recently, the miRNA-generating system of Toxoplasma has been identified as plant/fungal-like and its miRNAome has been elucidated. However, the microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles and their potential regulatory functions in different stages of Eimeria tenella remain largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the RNA silencing machinery of E. tenella and investigated the miRNA population distribution at different life stages by high-throughput sequencing. We characterized the expression of miRNAs in the unsporulated oocyst, sporulated oocyst and schizogony stages, obtaining a total of 392 miRNAs. We identified 58 differentially expressed miRNAs between USO (unsporulated oocysts) and SO (sporulated oocysts) that were significantly enriched for their potential target genes in the regulation of gene expression and chromatin binding, suggesting an epigenetic modulation of sporulating by these miRNAs. In comparing miRNA expression at endogenous and exogenous developmental stages, twenty-four miRNAs were identified differently expressed. Those were mainly associated with the regulation of genes with protein kinase activity, suggesting control of protein phosphorylation. This is the first study about the evolution of miRNA biogenesis system and miRNA control of gene expression in Eimeria species. Our data may lead to functional insights into of the regulation of gene expression during parasite life cycle in apicomplexan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Dandan Hu
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The transcriptome from asexual to sexual in vitro development of Cystoisospora suis (Apicomplexa: Coccidia). Sci Rep 2022; 12:5972. [PMID: 35396557 PMCID: PMC8993856 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Cystoisospora suis is an enteropathogen of suckling piglets with woldwide distribution. As with all coccidian parasites, its lifecycle is characterized by asexual multiplication followed by sexual development with two morphologically distinct cell types that presumably fuse to form a zygote from which the oocyst arises. However, knowledge of the sexual development of C. suis is still limited. To complement previous in vitro studies, we analysed transcriptional profiles at three different time points of development (corresponding to asexual, immature and mature sexual stages) in vitro via RNASeq. Overall, transcription of genes encoding proteins with important roles in gametes biology, oocyst wall biosynthesis, DNA replication and axonema formation as well as proteins with important roles in merozoite biology was identified. A homologue of an oocyst wall tyrosine rich protein of Toxoplasma gondii was expressed in macrogametes and oocysts of C. suis. We evaluated inhibition of sexual development in a host-free culture for C. suis by antiserum specific to this protein to evaluate whether it could be exploited as a candidate for control strategies against C. suis. Based on these data, targets can be defined for future strategies to interrupt parasite transmission during sexual development.
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Tucker MS, O’Brien CN, Jenkins MC, Rosenthal BM. Dynamically expressed genes provide candidate viability biomarkers in a model coccidian. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258157. [PMID: 34597342 PMCID: PMC8486141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria parasites cause enteric disease in livestock and the closely related Cyclosporacayetanensis causes human disease. Oocysts of these coccidian parasites undergo maturation (sporulation) before becoming infectious. Here, we assessed transcription in maturing oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, a widespread chicken parasite, predicted gene functions, and determined which of these genes also occur in C. cayetanensis. RNA-Sequencing yielded ~2 billion paired-end reads, 92% of which mapped to the E. acervulina genome. The ~6,900 annotated genes underwent temporally-coordinated patterns of gene expression. Fifty-three genes each contributed >1,000 transcripts per million (TPM) throughout the study interval, including cation-transporting ATPases, an oocyst wall protein, a palmitoyltransferase, membrane proteins, and hypothetical proteins. These genes were enriched for 285 gene ontology (GO) terms and 13 genes were ascribed to 17 KEGG pathways, defining housekeeping processes and functions important throughout sporulation. Expression differed in mature and immature oocysts for 40% (2,928) of all genes; of these, nearly two-thirds (1,843) increased their expression over time. Eight genes expressed most in immature oocysts, encoding proteins promoting oocyst maturation and development, were assigned to 37 GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways. Fifty-six genes underwent significant upregulation in mature oocysts, each contributing at least 1,000 TPM. Of these, 40 were annotated by 215 GO assignments and 9 were associated with 18 KEGG pathways, encoding products involved in respiration, carbon fixation, energy utilization, invasion, motility, and stress and detoxification responses. Sporulation orchestrates coordinated changes in the expression of many genes, most especially those governing metabolic activity. Establishing the long-term fate of these transcripts in sporulated oocysts and in senescent and deceased oocysts will further elucidate the biology of coccidian development, and may provide tools to assay infectiousness of parasite cohorts. Moreover, because many of these genes have homologues in C. cayetanensis, they may prove useful as biomarkers for risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Tucker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Celia N. O’Brien
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ribeiro E Silva A, Sausset A, Bussière FI, Laurent F, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Silvestre A. Genome-Wide Expression Patterns of Rhoptry Kinases during the Eimeria tenella Life-Cycle. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081621. [PMID: 34442701 PMCID: PMC8399136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinome from apicomplexan parasites is composed of eukaryotic protein kinases and Apicomplexa specific kinases, such as rhoptry kinases (ROPK). Ropk is a gene family that is known to play important roles in host–pathogen interaction in Toxoplasma gondii but is still poorly described in Eimeria tenella, the parasite responsible for avian coccidiosis worldwide. In the E. tenella genome, 28 ropk genes are predicted and could be classified as active (n = 7), inactive (incomplete catalytic triad, n = 12), and non-canonical kinases (active kinase with a modified catalytic triad, n = 9). We characterized the ropk gene expression patterns by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, normalized by parasite housekeeping genes, during the E. tenella life-cycle. Analyzed stages were: non-sporulated oocysts, sporulated oocysts, extracellular and intracellular sporozoites, immature and mature schizonts I, first- and second-generation merozoites, and gametes. Transcription of all those predicted ropk was confirmed. The mean intensity of transcription was higher in extracellular stages and 7–9 ropk were specifically transcribed in merozoites in comparison with sporozoites. Transcriptional profiles of intracellular stages were closely related to each other, suggesting a probable common role of ROPKs in hijacking signaling pathways and immune responses in infected cells. These results provide a solid basis for future functional analysis of ROPK from E. tenella.
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Xie Y, Xiao J, Zhou X, Gu X, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Global transcriptome landscape of the rabbit protozoan parasite Eimeria stiedae. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:308. [PMID: 34099031 PMCID: PMC8186055 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria stiedae is a widespread and economically significant disease of rabbits. The lack of studies on the life-cycle development and host interactions of E. stiedae at the molecular level has hampered our understanding of its pathogenesis. Methods In this study, we present a comprehensive transcriptome landscape of E. stiedae to illustrate its dynamic development from unsporulated oocysts to sporulated oocysts, merozoites, and gametocytes, and to identify genes related to parasite-host interactions during parasitism using combined PacBio single-molecule real-time and Illumina RNA sequencing followed by bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR validation. Results In total, 12,582 non-redundant full-length transcripts were generated with an average length of 1808 bp from the life-cycle stages of E. stiedae. Pairwise comparisons between stages revealed 8775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showing highly significant description changes, which compiled a snapshot of the mechanisms underlining asexual and sexual biology of E. stiedae including oocyst sporulation between unsporulated and sporulated oocysts; merozoite replication between sporulated oocysts and merozoites; and gametophyte development and gamete generation between merozoites and gametocytes. Further, 248 DEGs were grouped into nine series clusters and five groups by expression patterns, and showed that parasite–host interaction-related genes predominated in merozoites and gametocytes and were mostly involved in steroid biosynthesis and lipid metabolism and carboxylic acid. Additionally, co-expression analyses identified genes associated with development and host invasion in unsporulated and sporulated oocysts and immune interactions during gametocyte parasitism. Conclusions This is the first study, to our knowledge, to use the global transcriptome profiles to decipher molecular changes across the E. stiedae life cycle, and these results not only provide important information for the molecular characterization of E. stiedae, but also offer valuable resources to study other apicomplexan parasites with veterinary and public significance. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04811-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Anti-Coccidial Effect of Rumex Nervosus Leaf Powder on Broiler Chickens Infected with Eimeria Tenella Oocyst. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010167. [PMID: 33445749 PMCID: PMC7828199 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Eimeria tenella pathogens belong to the Eimeriidae family and the Apicomplexa phylum, which invades the cecal epithelium of birds, resulting in massive injury and economic loss. We evaluated the ameliorative effect of Rumex nervosus (RN) leaf powder against E. tenella-induced coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Chickens infected with E. tenella were treated with 1, 3, and 5 g/kg RN, respectively. Salinomycin sodium (Sacox®), an anti-coccidial agent, was used as a reference drug. Results have shown that RN contains Gallic acid and 13 phytochemicals, which require further investigation in vitro or in vivo to ascertain whether the anti-coccidial activity, if there, is a direct or indirect link to reduce the number of fecal oocysts in the bird. The lesion score and bloody diarrhea were also decreased after infection. Moreover, the coccidial challenge adversely affected (p < 0.05) the performance measurements in the RN- and Sacox-treated groups compared with the uninfected–unmedicated control (NC) group. Interestingly, these parameters were positively affected by natural and synthetic treatments compared with infected–unmedicated control (PC); however, the values were not significant. In conclusion, RN at the highest dose is a promising shrub with a moderate anti-coccidial activity when used to cure avian coccidiosis. Abstract Coccidiosis a huge economic burden in poultry farms where the pathogen Eimeria harms animal well-being and survival. Besides synthetic anti-coccidial drugs, natural herbs appear to be an alternative way to prevent avian coccidiosis. Rumex nervosus (RN), a phytogenic shrub, has received considerable attention in recent years due to its significant anti-microbial effects; however, limited knowledge exists about its potential anti-coccidial functions. This study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic activities of RN leaf powder in broilers infected with Eimeria tenella. Infected chickens received a commercial diet containing 1, 3, or 5 g RN powder/kg diet compared to infected broilers that treated with Sacox (PC) or compared to uninfected broilers that received a commercial diet alone (NC). Results showed that RN powder significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the lesion scores and suppressed the output of oocysts per gram (OPG) in chickens’ feces. Although RN was unable to minimize the weight gain loss due to emeriosis, RN at level 1 g improved the feed conversion ratio. Therefore, RN powder, at 5 g, possesses moderate anti-coccidial effects and hence could be used to treat avian coccidiosis in field conditions; however, further studies are required to investigate, in vitro or in vivo, the anti-coccidial potential of active ingredients.
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Wei W, Shen N, Xiao J, Tao Y, Luo Y, Angel C, Gu X, Xie Y, He R, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Expression Analysis and Serodiagnostic Potential of Microneme Proteins 1 and 3 in Eimeria stiedai. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11070725. [PMID: 32610686 PMCID: PMC7397282 DOI: 10.3390/genes11070725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria stiedai is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite that invades the liver and bile duct epithelial cells in rabbits and causes severe hepatic coccidiosis, resulting in significant economic losses in the domestic rabbit industry. Hepatic coccidiosis lacks the typical clinical symptoms and there is a lack of effective premortem tools to timely diagnose this disease. Therefore, in the present study we cloned and expressed the two microneme proteins i.e., microneme protein 1 (EsMIC1) and microneme protein 3 (EsMIC3) from E. stiedai and used them as recombinant antigens to develop a serodiagnostic method for an effective diagnosis of hepatic coccidiosis. The cDNAs encoding EsMIC1 and EsMIC3 were cloned and the mRNA expression levels of these two genes at different developmental stages of E. stiedai were determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR). The immunoreactivity of recombinant EsMIC1 (rEsMIC1) and EsMIC3 (rEsMIC3) proteins were detected by Western blotting, and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on these two recombinant antigens were established to evaluate their serodiagnostic potential. Our results showed that the proteins encoded by the ORFs of EsMIC1 (711 bp) and EsMIC3 (891 bp) were approximately 25.89 and 32.39 kDa in predicted molecular weight, respectively. Both EsMIC1 and EsMIC3 showed the highest mRNA expression levels in the merozoites stage of E. stiedai. Western blotting analysis revealed that both recombinant proteins were recognized by E. stiedai positive sera, and the indirect ELISAs using rEsMIC1 and rEsMIC3 were developed based on their good immunoreactivity, with 100% (48/48) sensitivity and 97.9% (47/48) specificity for rEsMIC1 with 100% (48/48) sensitivity and 100% (48/48) specificity for rEsMIC3, respectively. Moreover, rEsMIC1- and rEsMIC3-based indirect ELISA were able to detect corresponding antibodies in sera at days 6, 8, and 10 post E. stiedai infection, with the highest positive diagnostic rate (62.5% (30/48) for rEsMIC1 and 66.7% (32/48) for rEsMIC3) observed at day 10 post infection. Therefore, both EsMIC1 and EsMIC3 can be used as potential serodiagnostic candidate antigens for hepatic coccidiosis caused by E. stiedai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Wei
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Yuanyuan Tao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Yuejun Luo
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Christiana Angel
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China;
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, China; (W.W.); (N.S.); (J.X.); (Y.T.); (Y.L.); (C.A.); (X.G.); (Y.X.); (R.H.); (B.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Su S, Hou Z, Liu D, Jia C, Wang L, Xu J, Tao J. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Eimeria necatrix third-generation merozoites and gametocytes reveals genes involved in sexual differentiation and gametocyte development. Vet Parasitol 2018; 252:35-46. [PMID: 29559148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria necatrix is one of the most pathogenic parasites causing high mortality in chicken older than 8 weeks. Eimeria spp. possess a coccidian lifecycle including both sexual and asexual stages. Sexual differentiation and development occupies a central place in the life cycle of the Eimeria parasite. However, our knowledge of the sexual differentiation and gametocyte development of Eimeria is very limited. Here using RNA sequencing, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis between third-generation merozoites (MZ-3) and gametocytes (GAM) of E. necatrix to identify genes with functions related to sexual differentiation and gametocyte development. Approximately 4267 genes were differentially expressed between MZ-3 and GAM. Compared with MZ-3, 2789 genes were upregulated and 1478 genes were downregulated in GAM. Approximately 329 genes in MZ-3 and 1289 genes in GAM were further analyzed in the evaluation of stage-specific genes. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and KEGG analysis revealed that 953 upregulated gametocyte genes were annotated with 170 GO assignments, and 405 upregulated genes were associated with 231 signaling pathways. We also predicted a further 83 upregulated gametocyte genes, of which 53 were involved in the biosynthesis of the oocyst wall, and 30 were involved in microgametocyte development. This information offers insights into the mechanisms governing the sexual development of E. necatrix and may potentially allow the identification of targets for blocking parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaofeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chuanli Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinjun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Han H, Yan Y, Dong H, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Zhai Q, Huang B. Characterization and expression analysis of a new small heat shock protein Hsp20.4 from Eimeria tenella. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:13-22. [PMID: 29054823 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are ubiquitous and diverse molecular chaperones. Found in almost all organisms, they regulate protein refolding and protect cells from stress. Until now, no sHsp has been characterized in Eimeria tenella. In this study, the novel EtsHsp20.4 gene was cloned from E. tenella by rapid amplification of cDNA ends based on a previously identified expressed sequence tag. The full-length cDNA was 1019bp in length and contained an open reading frame of 558bp that encoded a 185-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 20.4 kDa. The EtsHsp20.4 protein contained a distinct HSP20/alpha-crystallin domain that is the key determinant of their function as molecular chaperones and belongs to the HSP20 protein family. EtsHsp20.4 mRNA levels were higher in sporulated oocysts than in sporozoites or second-generation merozoites by real-time quantitative PCR, the transcription of EtsHsp20.4 was barely detectable in unsporulated oocysts. Immunolocalization with EtsHsp20.4 antibody showed that EtsHsp20.4 was mainly located on the surface of sporozoites, first-generation merozoites and second-generation merozoites. Following the development of parasites in DF-1 cells, EtsHsp20.4 protein was uniformly dispersed in trophozoites, immature schizonts, and mature schizonts. Malate dehydrogenase thermal aggregation assays indicated that recombinant EtsHsp20.4 had molecular chaperone activity in vitro. These results suggested that EtsHsp20.4 might be involved in sporulation in external environments and intracellular growth of the parasite in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yan Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Qi Zhai
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Su S, Hou Z, Liu D, Jia C, Wang L, Xu J, Tao J. Comparative transcriptome analysis of second- and third-generation merozoites of Eimeria necatrix. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:388. [PMID: 28814335 PMCID: PMC5559809 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eimeria is a common genus of apicomplexan parasites that infect diverse vertebrates, most notably poultry, causing serious disease and economic losses. Eimeria species have complex life-cycles consisting of three developmental stages. However, the molecular basis of the Eimeria reproductive mode switch remains an enigma. Methods Total RNA extracted from second- (MZ-2) and third-generation merozoites (MZ-3) of Eimeria necatrix was subjected to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) followed by qRT-PCR validation. Results A total of 6977 and 6901 unigenes were obtained from MZ-2 and MZ-3, respectively. Approximately 2053 genes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between MZ-2 and MZ-3. Compared with MZ-2, 837 genes were upregulated and 1216 genes were downregulated in MZ-3. Approximately 95 genes in MZ-2 and 48 genes in MZ-3 were further identified to have stage-specific expression. Gene ontology category and KEGG analysis suggested that 216 upregulated genes in MZ-2 were annotated by 70 GO assignments, 242 upregulated genes were associated with 188 signal pathways, while 321 upregulated genes in MZ-3 were annotated by 56 GO assignments, 322 upregulated genes were associated with 168 signal pathways. The molecular functions of upregulated genes in MZ-2 were mainly enriched for protein degradation and amino acid metabolism. The molecular functions of upregulated genes in MZ-3 were mainly enriched for transcriptional activity, cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first RNA-seq data study of the MZ-2 and MZ-3 stages of E. necatrix; it demonstrates a high number of differentially expressed genes between the MZ-2 and MZ-3 of E. necatrix. This study forms a basis for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying the shift from the second to third generation schizogony in Eimeria. It also provides valuable resources for future studies on Eimeria, and provides insight into the understanding of reproductive mode plasticity in different Eimeria species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2325-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhaofeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chuanli Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jinjun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Chauhan S, Singh VS, Thakur V. Effect of Calotropis procera (madar) and amprolium supplementation on parasitological parameters of broilers during mixed Eimeria species infection. Vet World 2017; 10:864-868. [PMID: 29070931 PMCID: PMC5591470 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.864-868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM An experiment was conducted on day old 168 broiler chicks to study the effect of 0.4% as well as 0.2% Calotropis procera (madar) leaf powder and 0.0125% amprolium supplementation on parasitological parameters of broilers during mixed Eimeria species infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chicks were randomly divided into seven groups (I-VII) each with two replicates of 12 chicks. On 15th day of experiment, broilers of Group II, IV, VI, and VII were infected with 50,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species. To evaluate the anticoccidial effect of different feed supplements percent fecal score, percent survival, percent weight gain, performance index (PI), average oocyst production, and percent reduction in oocyst production were calculated. RESULTS It was observed that amprolium supplementation had maximum anticoccidial effect as it gave the best efficacy in terms of all parameters, whereas supplementation of 0.4% madar leaf powder showed nonsignificant difference with amprolium for some parameters such as percent survival, percent weight gain, and PI. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that madar (C. procera) leaf powder and amprolium had comparable activity against coccidiosis. Hence, madar leaf powder may be used for the prevention and control of mixed Eimeria spp. infection prevalent in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Chauhan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - V S Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263 145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vipul Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
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De Oliveira AL, Wollesen T, Kristof A, Scherholz M, Redl E, Todt C, Bleidorn C, Wanninger A. Comparative transcriptomics enlarges the toolkit of known developmental genes in mollusks. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:905. [PMID: 27832738 PMCID: PMC5103448 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mollusks display a striking morphological disparity, including, among others, worm-like animals (the aplacophorans), snails and slugs, bivalves, and cephalopods. This phenotypic diversity renders them ideal for studies into animal evolution. Despite being one of the most species-rich phyla, molecular and in silico studies concerning specific key developmental gene families are still scarce, thus hampering deeper insights into the molecular machinery that governs the development and evolution of the various molluscan class-level taxa. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing was used to retrieve transcriptomes of representatives of seven out of the eight recent class-level taxa of mollusks. Similarity searches, phylogenetic inferences, and a detailed manual curation were used to identify and confirm the orthology of numerous molluscan Hox and ParaHox genes, which resulted in a comprehensive catalog that highlights the evolution of these genes in Mollusca and other metazoans. The identification of a specific molluscan motif in the Hox paralog group 5 and a lophotrochozoan ParaHox motif in the Gsx gene is described. Functional analyses using KEGG and GO tools enabled a detailed description of key developmental genes expressed in important pathways such as Hedgehog, Wnt, and Notch during development of the respective species. The KEGG analysis revealed Wnt8, Wnt11, and Wnt16 as Wnt genes hitherto not reported for mollusks, thereby enlarging the known Wnt complement of the phylum. In addition, novel Hedgehog (Hh)-related genes were identified in the gastropod Lottia cf. kogamogai, demonstrating a more complex gene content in this species than in other mollusks. CONCLUSIONS The use of de novo transcriptome assembly and well-designed in silico protocols proved to be a robust approach for surveying and mining large sequence data in a wide range of non-model mollusks. The data presented herein constitute only a small fraction of the information retrieved from the analysed molluscan transcriptomes, which can be promptly employed in the identification of novel genes and gene families, phylogenetic inferences, and other studies using molecular tools. As such, our study provides an important framework for understanding some of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in molluscan body plan diversification and hints towards functions of key developmental genes in molluscan morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. De Oliveira
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - T. Wollesen
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - A. Kristof
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - M. Scherholz
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - E. Redl
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - C. Todt
- University of Bergen, University Museum, The Natural History Collections, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - C. Bleidorn
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006 Spain
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103 Germany
| | - A. Wanninger
- Department of Integrative Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, Vienna, 1090 Austria
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Matsubayashi M, Kawahara F, Hatta T, Yamagishi J, Miyoshi T, Anisuzzaman, Sasai K, Isobe T, Kita K, Tsuji N. Transcriptional profiles of virulent and precocious strains of Eimeria tenella at sporozoite stage; novel biological insight into attenuated asexual development. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 40:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vermeulen ET, Lott MJ, Eldridge MDB, Power ML. Evaluation of next generation sequencing for the analysis of Eimeria communities in wildlife. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 124:1-9. [PMID: 26944624 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques are well-established for studying bacterial communities but not yet for microbial eukaryotes. Parasite communities remain poorly studied, due in part to the lack of reliable and accessible molecular methods to analyse eukaryotic communities. We aimed to develop and evaluate a methodology to analyse communities of the protozoan parasite Eimeria from populations of the Australian marsupial Petrogale penicillata (brush-tailed rock-wallaby) using NGS. An oocyst purification method for small sample sizes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for the 18S rRNA locus targeting Eimeria was developed and optimised prior to sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. A data analysis approach was developed by modifying methods from bacterial metagenomics and utilising existing Eimeria sequences in GenBank. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU) assignment at a high similarity threshold (97%) was more accurate at assigning Eimeria contigs into Eimeria OTUs but at a lower threshold (95%) there was greater resolution between OTU consensus sequences. The assessment of two amplification PCR methods prior to Illumina MiSeq, single and nested PCR, determined that single PCR was more sensitive to Eimeria as more Eimeria OTUs were detected in single amplicons. We have developed a simple and cost-effective approach to a data analysis pipeline for community analysis of eukaryotic organisms using Eimeria communities as a model. The pipeline provides a basis for evaluation using other eukaryotic organisms and potential for diverse community analysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke T Vermeulen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Lott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark D B Eldridge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Michelle L Power
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Walker RA, Niepceron A, Ramakrishnan C, Sedano L, Hehl AB, Brossier F, Smith NC. Discovery of a tyrosine-rich sporocyst wall protein in Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:124. [PMID: 26935317 PMCID: PMC4776368 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1410-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Blake DP. Eimeria genomics: Where are we now and where are we going? Vet Parasitol 2015; 212:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jonscher E, Erdbeer A, Günther M, Kurth M. Two COWP-like cysteine rich proteins from Eimeria nieschulzi (coccidia, apicomplexa) are expressed during sporulation and involved in the sporocyst wall formation. Parasit Vectors 2015. [PMID: 26209229 PMCID: PMC4514997 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The family of cysteine rich proteins of the oocyst wall (COWPs) originally described in Cryptosporidium can also be found in Toxoplasma gondii (TgOWPs) localised to the oocyst wall as well. Genome sequence analysis of Eimeria suggests that these proteins may also exist in this genus and led us to the assumption that these proteins may also play a role in oocyst wall formation. Methods In this study, COWP-like encoding sequences had been identified in Eimeria nieschulzi. The predicted gene sequences were subsequently utilized in reporter gene assays to observe time of expression and localisation of the reporter protein in vivo. Results Both investigated proteins, EnOWP2 and EnOWP6, were expressed during sporulation. The EnOWP2-promoter driven mCherry was found in the cytoplasm and the EnOWP2, respectively EnOWP6, fused to mCherry was initially observed in the extracytoplasmatic space between sporoblast and oocyst wall. This, so far unnamed compartment was designated as circumplasm. Later, the mCherry reporter co-localised with the sporocyst wall of the sporulated oocysts. This observation had been confirmed by confocal microscopy, excystation experiments and IFA. Transcript analysis revealed the intron-exon structure of these genes and confirmed the expression of EnOWP2 and EnOWP6 during sporogony. Conclusions Our results allow us to assume a role, of both investigated EnOWP proteins, in the sporocyst wall formation of E. nieschulzi. Data mining and sequence comparisons to T. gondii and other Eimeria species allow us to hypothesise a conserved process within the coccidia. A role in oocyst wall formation had not been observed in E. nieschulzi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0982-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Walker RA, Sharman PA, Miller CM, Lippuner C, Okoniewski M, Eichenberger RM, Ramakrishnan C, Brossier F, Deplazes P, Hehl AB, Smith NC. RNA Seq analysis of the Eimeria tenella gametocyte transcriptome reveals clues about the molecular basis for sexual reproduction and oocyst biogenesis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:94. [PMID: 25765081 PMCID: PMC4345034 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The protozoan Eimeria tenella is a common parasite of chickens, causing avian coccidiosis, a disease of on-going concern to agricultural industries. The high prevalence of E. tenella can be attributed to the resilient oocyst stage, which is transmitted between hosts in the environment. As in related Coccidia, development of the eimerian oocyst appears to be dependent on completion of the parasite’s sexual cycle. RNA Seq transcriptome profiling offers insights into the mechanisms governing the biology of E. tenella sexual stages (gametocytes) and the potential to identify targets for blocking parasite transmission. Results Comparisons between the sequenced transcriptomes of E. tenella gametocytes and two asexual developmental stages, merozoites and sporozoites, revealed upregulated gametocyte transcription of 863 genes. Many of these genes code for proteins involved in coccidian sexual biology, such as oocyst wall biosynthesis and fertilisation, and some of these were characterised in more depth. Thus, macrogametocyte-specific expression and localisation was confirmed for two proteins destined for incorporation into the oocyst wall, as well as for a subtilisin protease and an oxidoreductase. Homologues of an oocyst wall protein and oxidoreductase were found in the related coccidian, Toxoplasma gondii, and shown to be macrogametocyte-specific. In addition, a microgametocyte gamete fusion protein, EtHAP2, was discovered. Conclusions The need for novel vaccine candidates capable of controlling coccidiosis is rising and this panel of gametocyte targets represents an invaluable resource for development of future strategies to interrupt parasite transmission, not just in Eimeria but in other Coccidia, including Toxoplasma, where transmission blocking is a relatively unexplored strategy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1298-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Walker
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia. .,Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Philippa A Sharman
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
| | - Catherine M Miller
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
| | - Christoph Lippuner
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland. .,Department of Farm Animal, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Michal Okoniewski
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ramon M Eichenberger
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Chandra Ramakrishnan
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Fabien Brossier
- Apicomplexes et Immunité Mucosale, INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380, Nouzilly, France. .,Université François Rabelais de Tours, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000, Tours, France.
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Nicholas C Smith
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Research Laboratory, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, McGregor Road, Smithfield, QLD, 4878, Australia.
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23
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Morin-Adeline V, Lomas R, O’Meally D, Stack C, Conesa A, Šlapeta J. Comparative transcriptomics reveals striking similarities between the bovine and feline isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus: consequences for in silico drug-target identification. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:955. [PMID: 25374366 PMCID: PMC4247702 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few, if any, protozoan parasites are reported to exhibit extreme organ tropism like the flagellate Tritrichomonas foetus. In cattle, T. foetus infects the reproductive system causing abortion, whereas the infection in cats results in chronic large bowel diarrhoea. In the absence of a T. foetus genome, we utilized a de novo approach to assemble the transcriptome of the bovine and feline genotype to identify host-specific adaptations and virulence factors specific to each genotype. Furthermore, a subset of orthologs was used to characterize putative druggable targets and expose complications of in silico drug target mining in species with indefinite host-ranges. RESULTS Illumina RNA-seq reads were assembled into two representative bovine and feline transcriptomes containing 42,363 and 36,559 contigs, respectively. Coding and non-coding regions of the genome libraries revealed striking similarities, with 24,620 shared homolog pairs reduced down to 7,547 coding orthologs between the two genotypes. The transcriptomes were near identical in functional category distribution; with no indication of selective pressure acting on orthologs despite differences in parasite origins/host. Orthologs formed a large proportion of highly expressed transcripts in both genotypes (bovine genotype: 76%, feline genotype: 56%). Mining the libraries for protease virulence factors revealed the cysteine proteases (CP) to be the most common. In total, 483 and 445 bovine and feline T. foetus transcripts were identified as putative proteases based on MEROPS database, with 9 hits to putative protease inhibitors. In bovine T. foetus, CP8 is the preferentially transcribed CP while in the feline genotype, transcription of CP7 showed higher abundance. In silico druggability analysis of the two genotypes revealed that when host sequences are taken into account, drug targets are genotype-specific. CONCLUSION Gene discovery analysis based on RNA-seq data analysis revealed prominent similarities between the bovine and feline T. foetus, suggesting recent adaptation to their respective host/niche. T. foetus represents a unique case of a mammalian protozoan expanding its parasitic grasp across distantly related host lineages. Consequences of the host-range for in silico drug targeting are exposed here, demonstrating that targets of the parasite in one host are not necessarily ideal for the same parasite in another host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Lomas
- />Genomics of Gene Expression Lab, Prince Felipe Research Centre, Valencia, Spain
| | - Denis O’Meally
- />Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006 Australia
| | - Colin Stack
- />School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751 Australia
| | - Ana Conesa
- />Genomics of Gene Expression Lab, Prince Felipe Research Centre, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- />Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006 Australia
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Bozkurt M, Giannenas I, Küçükyilmaz K, Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P. An update on approaches to controlling coccidia in poultry using botanical extracts. Br Poult Sci 2014; 54:713-27. [PMID: 24397508 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.849795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. This paper reviews the use of botanical extracts in the control of coccidial infection in poultry. 2. Some plants and their respective volatile oils and extracts have the potential to alleviate coccidiosis and reduce its severity. 3. Most plant bioactives improve some, but not all, aspects of coccidiosis with variable effectiveness against different species of Eimeria. 4. Difficulties in comparing research findings have arisen from the use of different experimental models, different active components and infectious dose of Eimeria. 5. Current knowledge of their potential anti-coccidial effects may provide guidance for the use of botanical extracts in the control of the coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bozkurt
- a Poultry Research Institute , Erbeyli , Aydın , Turkey
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25
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Reid AJ, Blake DP, Ansari HR, Billington K, Browne HP, Bryant J, Dunn M, Hung SS, Kawahara F, Miranda-Saavedra D, Malas TB, Mourier T, Naghra H, Nair M, Otto TD, Rawlings ND, Rivailler P, Sanchez-Flores A, Sanders M, Subramaniam C, Tay YL, Woo Y, Wu X, Barrell B, Dear PH, Doerig C, Gruber A, Ivens AC, Parkinson J, Rajandream MA, Shirley MW, Wan KL, Berriman M, Tomley FM, Pain A. Genomic analysis of the causative agents of coccidiosis in domestic chickens. Genome Res 2014; 24:1676-85. [PMID: 25015382 PMCID: PMC4199364 DOI: 10.1101/gr.168955.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Global production of chickens has trebled in the past two decades and they are now the most important source of dietary animal protein worldwide. Chickens are subject to many infectious diseases that reduce their performance and productivity. Coccidiosis, caused by apicomplexan protozoa of the genus Eimeria, is one of the most important poultry diseases. Understanding the biology of Eimeria parasites underpins development of new drugs and vaccines needed to improve global food security. We have produced annotated genome sequences of all seven species of Eimeria that infect domestic chickens, which reveal the full extent of previously described repeat-rich and repeat-poor regions and show that these parasites possess the most repeat-rich proteomes ever described. Furthermore, while no other apicomplexan has been found to possess retrotransposons, Eimeria is home to a family of chromoviruses. Analysis of Eimeria genes involved in basic biology and host-parasite interaction highlights adaptations to a relatively simple developmental life cycle and a complex array of co-expressed surface proteins involved in host cell binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Reid
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Hifzur R Ansari
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Karen Billington
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary P Browne
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Bryant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Dunn
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Stacy S Hung
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Fumiya Kawahara
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan
| | - Diego Miranda-Saavedra
- Fibrosis Laboratories, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Tareq B Malas
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tobias Mourier
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hardeep Naghra
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mridul Nair
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D Rawlings
- European Bioinformatics Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Rivailler
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom; Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Apoyo Bioinformático, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra Subramaniam
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yea-Ling Tay
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia; Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Yong Woo
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xikun Wu
- The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom; Amgen Limited, Uxbridge UB8 1DH, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Barrell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H Dear
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Arthur Gruber
- Departament of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alasdair C Ivens
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Ashworth Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
| | - John Parkinson
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Marie-Adèle Rajandream
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Martin W Shirley
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Kiew-Lian Wan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor DE, Malaysia; Malaysia Genome Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Tomley
- Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom; The Pirbright Institute, Compton Laboratory, Newbury, Berkshire RG20 7NN, United Kingdom;
| | - Arnab Pain
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia;
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26
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Chapman HD, Barta JR, Blake D, Gruber A, Jenkins M, Smith NC, Suo X, Tomley FM. A selective review of advances in coccidiosis research. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2014; 83:93-171. [PMID: 23876872 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407705-8.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease of livestock caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. This disease is worldwide in occurrence and costs the animal agricultural industry many millions of dollars to control. In recent years, the modern tools of molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology have been used to expand greatly our knowledge of these parasites and the disease they cause. Such studies are essential if we are to develop new means for the control of coccidiosis. In this chapter, selective aspects of the biology of these organisms, with emphasis on recent research in poultry, are reviewed. Topics considered include taxonomy, systematics, genetics, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, transfection, oocyst biogenesis, host cell invasion, immunobiology, diagnostics and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- H David Chapman
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA.
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27
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Matsubayashi M, Hatta T, Miyoshi T, Anisuzzaman, Sasai K, Shimura K, Isobe T, Kita K, Tsuji N. High-throughput RNA sequencing profiles and transcriptional evidence of aerobic respiratory enzymes in sporulating oocysts and sporozoites of Eimeria tenella. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:269-76. [PMID: 23770269 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Seven species of Eimeria are responsible for coccidiosis in chickens. Eimeria tenella is one of the most pathogenic parasites since it is associated with high mortality and great economic impact. The life cycle of the parasite includes development in the environment and in the intestinal tract. We conducted RNA sequencing using a next generation sequencer to obtain transcriptome information from the sporulating oocysts, and sporozoites. We collected 2.8 million 75 bp reads of a short-tag sequence, and 25,880 contigs were generated by the Oases assembler. A Blastx search of GenBank databases revealed that 7780 contigs (30.1%) had significant homology with deposited sequence data (E-value <1e-6); among these contigs, 6051 contigs were similar to those of Toxoplasma gondii while only 513 contigs (6.6%) were similar to those of E. tenella. After an orthological analysis conducted with the UniProt database of T. gondii, 6661 contigs were distributed within the categories of cellular components (1528 gene categories), biological processes (861 gene categories), and molecular functions (241 gene categories). The significantly matched contigs contained high numbers of enzymes associated with glycolysis, TCA, and the pentose-phosphate pathway. Most of the enzymes, measured by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, were up-regulated in sporulating stage. These results suggest that the intracellular carbohydrate amylopectin could be used as an energy source for ATP production including glycolysis and the pentose-phosphate pathway, which generates NADPH and pentoses. Our data also suggest that Eimeria might possess a partial or similar pathway to the TCA cycle essential for aerobic respiration. Furthermore, the newly annotated and non-annotated contigs might contain E. tenella-specific or novel sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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28
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Raj GD, Aarthi S, Selvabharathi R, Raman M, Blake DP, Tomley FM. Real-time PCR-based quantification of Eimeria genomes: a method to outweigh underestimation of genome numbers due to PCR inhibition. Avian Pathol 2013; 42:304-8. [PMID: 23656603 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2013.790531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria species parasites can cause the disease coccidiosis in all livestock species, most notably poultry. Traditional diagnostics such as faecal microscopy have now been supplemented by molecular assays including genus-specific and species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), although DNA extracted from faecal samples is commonly affected by PCR inhibition. This was confirmed when genomic DNA extracted from chicken faeces inhibited the threshold cycle value of internal positive control (IPC) DNA amplification by 15.33%. Hence, the objective of the present study was to use IPC qPCR to determine PCR inhibition in a series of experimental samples and use the increase in IPC qPCR threshold cycle value as an individual (sample-specific) correction factor for an established 5S rDNA qPCR used to estimate total Eimeria genome numbers. IPC-corrected genome counts were correlated with conventional oocyst per gram counts and compared with non-corrected counts, revealing a 0.1769 increase in correlation coefficient to outweigh underestimation of oocyst counts. Though the sample size used in this study is small, this limitation would be offset by the sample-specific correction factor determined using the IPC along with each sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600 007, India.
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29
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Rangel LT, Novaes J, Durham AM, Madeira AMBN, Gruber A. The Eimeria transcript DB: an integrated resource for annotated transcripts of protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2013; 2013:bat006. [PMID: 23411718 PMCID: PMC3572530 DOI: 10.1093/database/bat006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Eimeria infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including chickens. We have recently reported a comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima and Eimeria tenella, integrating ORESTES data produced by our group and publicly available Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs). All cDNA reads have been assembled, and the reconstructed transcripts have been submitted to a comprehensive functional annotation pipeline. Additional studies included orthology assignment across apicomplexan parasites and clustering analyses of gene expression profiles among different developmental stages of the parasites. To make all this body of information publicly available, we constructed the Eimeria Transcript Database (EimeriaTDB), a web repository that provides access to sequence data, annotation and comparative analyses. Here, we describe the web interface, available sequence data sets and query tools implemented on the site. The main goal of this work is to offer a public repository of sequence and functional annotation data of reconstructed transcripts of parasites of the genus Eimeria. We believe that EimeriaTDB will represent a valuable and complementary resource for the Eimeria scientific community and for those researchers interested in comparative genomics of apicomplexan parasites. Database URL:http://www.coccidia.icb.usp.br/eimeriatdb/
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Thibério Rangel
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil and Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, Bloco C, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jeniffer Novaes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil and Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, Bloco C, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alan M. Durham
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil and Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, Bloco C, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria B. N. Madeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil and Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, Bloco C, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Arthur Gruber
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil and Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1010, Bloco C, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +55 11 3091 7274; Fax: +55 11 3091 7417;
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30
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Synchronous development of Eimeria tenella in chicken caeca and utility of laser microdissection for purification of single stage schizont RNA. Parasitology 2012; 139:1553-61. [PMID: 22906745 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is recognized worldwide as a significant pathogen in the poultry industry. However, a lack of methods for isolating developing schizonts has hindered the use of transcriptome analyses to discover novel and developmentally regulated genes. In the present study, we characterized the long-term successive development of E. tenella in infected chicken caeca and assessed the utility of laser microdissection (LMD) for the isolation of schizont RNA. Developmental stages, including those of the first, second, and third-generation schizonts and gametocytes, were synchronous. Using LMD, only the mature second-generation schizonts were successfully excised from the lamina propria, and non-degraded RNA was purified from the schizonts. E. tenella-specific genes were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These results augment our understanding of the E. tenella life cycle, and reveal LMD as a potentially useful tool for gene expression analyses of the intracellular stages of E. tenella.
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