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Velázquez-Brito A, García-Prieto L, Garduño-Montes de Oca U, Sosa-Jiménez VM, Vera-Chávez MC, León-Règagnon V. Serpentirhabdias mexicanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), a parasitic lungworm of the nauyaca viper Bothrops asper (Serpentes: Viperidae) in the Mexican Neotropics. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:19. [PMID: 38316647 PMCID: PMC10844354 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Serpentirhabdias mexicanus n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) is described from the lung of the nauyaca viper Bothrops asper in Puebla State, central Mexico. This new species is the fifth of the genus described having onchia. Among the species included in this group, the new species is morphologically closest to S. viperidicus and S. atroxi. However, it differs from both species mainly by having only one excretory gland (compared to two present in S. viperidicus and S. atroxi). In addition, S. mexicanus n. sp. can be separated of S. viperidicus by tail length, shape of vulval lips, geographic distribution and host species and from S. atroxi by body length, number of papillae in the cephalic region, as well as the host species and geographic distribution. In the present study, we propose the new species based on morphological, host spectrum and genetic evidence. Phylogenetic analysis indicated Serpentirhabdias as a monophyletic group, with two subgroups that are congruent with the presence/absence of onchia in the esophagostome, host association and other relevant morphological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Velázquez-Brito
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Luis García-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Uriel Garduño-Montes de Oca
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 70-153, CP 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Sosa-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 70-153, CP 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mirna Crizel Vera-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Herpetología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado 70-153, CP 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Virginia León-Règagnon
- Laboratorio de Helmintología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico, Mexico.
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Svitin R, Kuzmin Y, Harnoster F, Nel T, du Preez L. Cosmocerca goroensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) from South Africa and its phylogenetic relationships with other cosmocercids based on partial 28S sequences. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:601-610. [PMID: 37656267 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes of the genus Cosmocerca are commonly found in various amphibians in South Africa and in most cases are identified as C. ornata. However, after detailed morphological studies and molecular approaches, three new species of the genus were recently described from three different frogs in South Africa. In present study, we describe another new species - Cosmocerca goroensis parasitising the Northern Pygmy Toad Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti in Soutpansberg mountains, Limpopo province, South Africa. The new species is characterised by prominent sex dimorphism, wide lateral alae, numerous somatic papillae in both sexes, and wide triangularly shaped gubernaculum and simple prominent spicules in males. Cosmocerca goroensis n. sp. distinguished from congeners, previously reported in Southern Africa by the shape of the gubernaculum and arrangement of somatic papillae in males. Morphological differences were confirmed by molecular analysis based on fragments of the 28S gene. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 28S gene fragments, including C. goroensis n. sp. and newly obtained sequence of C. ornata from Pelophylax lessonae from Ukraine, supported previously known data of closer relationships between species of Cosmocerca and Aplectana and more distant with Cosmocercoides spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svitin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine.
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Educational and Scientific Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 4G Hlushkova Avenue, Kyiv, 03022, Ukraine.
| | - Yuriy Kuzmin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Florence Harnoster
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Teneal Nel
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Louis du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
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Integrative taxonomy in the genus Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 from anuran in Brazil, description of two new species and phylogenetic analyses. Parasitol Int 2023; 93:102714. [PMID: 36462634 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
About 20 valid species of the genus Rhabdias are known in the Neotropical region. The present study aimed to describe two new species of Rhabdias parasitizing the lungs of Leptodactylus macrosternum and Leptodactylus podicipinus from Brazil. Distinctive characteristics between these species are numerous and based on body size, size of the buccal capsule, shape and size of the oesophagus, and position of the vulva. Molecular data based on ribosomal genes 28S and ITS region and mitochondrial COI of the two species are presented. Molecular analysis and comparison of the partial mitochondrial COI sequence of Rhabdias matogrossensis n. sp. and Rhabdias guaianensis n. sp. revealed a genetic divergence between these new species and the sequences of Rhabdias spp. previously deposited in GenBank. In the phylogenetic analysis, R. matogrossensis n. sp. was grouped with R. breviensis species complex, and R. guaianensis n. sp. was grouped as a sister group of R. cf. stenochepala. This study contributes to improving the diversity of known species of Rhabdias described in Brazilian anurans.
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Müller MI, Morais DH, da Costa LFST, de Vasconcelos Melo FT, Giese EG, Ávila RW, da Silva RJ. Revisiting the taxonomy of Rhabdias fuelleborni Travassos, 1928 (Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae) with approaches to delimitation of species and notes on molecular phylogeny. Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mondino A, Crovadore J, Lefort F, Ursenbacher S. Impact of invading species on biodiversity: Diet study of the green whip snake’s (Hierophis viridiflavus, L. 1789) in Switzerland. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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PARASITOLOGIC AND PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF FREE-RANGING SOUTH AMERICAN RATTLESNAKES ( CROTALUS DURISSUS TERRIFICUS) IN BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:515-527. [DOI: 10.1638/2021-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Three new species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) parasitic in Ptychadena spp. (Amphibia: Anura: Ptychadenidae) and an identification key to Rhabdias spp. from Afrotropical anurans. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102649. [PMID: 35988899 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three new species of lung-dwelling nematodes are described from the frogs Ptychadena anchietae (Bocage), P. oxyrhynchus (Smith), and P. uzungwensis (Loveridge) in southern Africa. All three species are medium-sized species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905, with the thick-walled buccal capsules measuring 11-13 μm × 6-11 μm, consisting of longer anterior and shorter posterior parts. Rhabdias athos n. sp. and R. porthos n. sp. are characterised by the rounded anterior end of the body and the presence of short dilatation of the oesophagus at its mid-length. Rhabdias porthos n. sp. has distinct excretory glands which are absent in two other species. Rhabdias aramis n. sp. is characterised by the truncated anterior end and the slight constriction of the oesophagus at the level of its mid-length. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS-28S rDNA sequences placed R. aramis n. sp. in the clade consisting of R. engelbrechti Kuzmin et al., 2017 from South Africa and Eurasian Rhabdias spp., while R. athos n. sp. and R. porthos n. sp. formed a sister group to that clade. Identification key to 14 Rhabdias spp. parasitic in anuran amphibians from the Afrotropical Realm is provided.
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Marcaida AJB, Nakao M, Fukutani K, Nishikawa K, Urabe M. Phylogeography of Rhabdias spp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) collected from Bufo species in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan including possible cryptic species. Parasitol Int 2022; 90:102612. [PMID: 35752226 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genus Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905 comprises lung parasites of amphibians and reptiles worldwide. In Japan, 9 species have been recorded, including Rhabdias incerta Wilkie, 1930 which has been reported only in Bufo species. In this study, to assess the diversity of R. incerta, we performed molecular analyses of Rhabdias species sampled from three species/subspecies of Japanese toads namely Bufo japonicus, B. japonicus formosus, and B. torrenticola, collected in various regions of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan. DNA sequence divergence was compared using mtDNA (COI) and nuclear DNA (28S) to identify possible cryptic species. Morphological analysis was performed through light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that Bufo spp. serve as hosts for at least three Rhabdias species. Morphologically, most samples were identified as R. incerta but with a longer body and larger buccal cavity than originally described. Rhabdias incerta appears to be specific to the genus Bufo and is further subdivided into two or three phylogroups based on subspecies divisions and biogeography of their host. Some Rhabdias specimens collected in this study resemble R. tokyoensis Wilkie, 1930, parasitic in hosts from the order Caudata, which suggests host switching. Both molecular and morphological analyses suggested the presence of undescribed and cryptic Rhabdias species within toads collected in Japan. This study was the first to molecularly characterize Rhabdias species in Japan, including novel sequences of R. incerta and two undescribed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Jet B Marcaida
- Department of Environmental Dynamics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Minoru Nakao
- Department of Parasitology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazumi Fukutani
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Global Environmental Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Misako Urabe
- Department of Ecosystem Studies, Faculty of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga, Japan
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Harnoster F, du Preez LH, Svitin R. Three new species of Cosmocerca Diesing, 1861 (Nematoda: Cosmocercidae) parasitising frogs Cacosternum boettgeri Boulenger, 1882, Kassina senegalensis Dumeril and Bibron, 1841 and Phrynomantis bifasciatus Smith, 1847 from South Africa. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:563-571. [PMID: 35043259 PMCID: PMC8800902 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cosmocercid nematodes have been documented with much criticism due to the numerous inaccurate descriptions, redescriptions and synonymisation of found species. This is due to indistinguishable characters of females and the lack of male specimens found. Consequently, the species C. ornata is the most commonly found species worldwide and the only species of the genus reported in South Africa. In the present study, we found Cosmocerca in three different amphibian species, namely Cacosternum boettgeri, Kassina senegalensis and Phrynomantis bifasciatus. Based on differences in the shape of the gubernaculum and number of papillae, the found nematodes were assigned to three new species namely C. daly n. sp., C. monicae n. sp. and C. makhadoensis n. sp. Descriptions of species are followed by pairwise and phylogenetic analysis of partial ITS-28S sequences. All three species were found only in their host types from distant localities. Therefore, we hypothesise that host specificity of Cosmocerca from South African amphibians might be rather high and that the presence of C. ornata throughout South Africa is rather doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Harnoster
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - L H du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - R Svitin
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Department of Invertebrate Fauna and Systematics, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
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Tavares-Costa LFS, Rebêlo GL, Müller MI, Jesus RF, Nandyara B, Silva LMO, Costa-Campos CE, Dos Santos JN, Melo FTDV. A new species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), a lung parasite of Pristimantis chiastonotus (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Brazilian Amazon: description and phylogenetic analyses. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:155-166. [PMID: 34993630 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07396-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdias Stiles and Hassal, 1905 comprises approximately 90 species of parasitic lung nematodes of amphibians and reptiles that have a wide distribution, with 21 species occurring in the Neotropics. In the present study, we describe Rhabdias waiapi n. sp. found parasitizing the lungs of the anuran species Pristimantis chiastonotus from the Amazon Biome in the Amapá State, Northern Brazil. The new species is characterized by having an elongated body, expansions of the cuticular inflation in the anterior end that become more discrete along the body, an anterior end with a slight constriction at the level of the esophageal apex with four rounded subapical elevations of the body wall, six lips, four near the edge of the oral opening and two more distant lateral ones, and a gradually tapering elongated tail. In addition, molecular analyses and phylogenetic reconstructions were made, with sequences from the coding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Those results strongly support the status of the new taxon, which formed a poorly supported clade with Rhabdias sp. 5 from Anolis brasiliensis from Northeast Brazil. Rhabdias waiapi n. sp. is the 19th species of the genus described in the Neotropics for amphibians, the 10th in Brazil, the second described from hosts of the family Strabomantidae from the Neotropical region, and the first amphibian nematode species described in the Amapá State.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Freitas Souza Tavares-Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lima Rebêlo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Müller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Professor Arthur Riedel, 275, Jardim Eldorado, Diadema, São Paulo, 09972-270, Brazil
| | - Ronald Ferreira Jesus
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Bianca Nandyara
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Leandro Mauricio Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Costa-Campos
- Laboratory of Herpetology, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Jardim Marco Zero, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, km 02, Macapá, Amapá, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Jeannie Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology and Helminthology "Profa. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Av. Augusto Correa 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil.
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Sata N, Nakano T. Insights into the phylogenetic position and phylogeography of the monospecific skink-parasite genus. INVERTEBR SYST 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/is21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neoentomelas asatoi Hasegawa, 1989 is a parasitic nematode that infests only the scincid lizard Ateuchosaurus pellopleurus (Hallowell, 1861) that inhabits the forest floor in the Northern and Central Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. As a member of Rhabdiasidae, the reproductive mode of N. asatoi is characterised by the alternation of the protandrous hermaphroditic mode and gonochoristic mode throughout the life cycle. The intrafamily phylogenetic position and intraspecific diversity of this nematode species were inferred by molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results revealed the phylogenetic distinctiveness of Neoentomelas Hasegawa, 1989 in Rhabdiasidae that supports the unique generic status of Neoentomelas within the family. The intraspecific phylogenetic analyses of N. asatoi revealed a minor concordant phylogenetic pattern with the host and mosaic geographic arrangement of the major clades that was discordant with the host. The analyses and distribution pattern of subclades suggested that this geographic arrangement can be explained by at least three dispersal events and subsequent switching to indigenous host populations. Colonisation events might be promoted by the high establishment rate of new populations stemming from the parthenogenesis-like reproduction mode of N. asatoi. This study demonstrated that reproductive modes can affect the intraspecific genetic diversity of parasites.
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Nel T, du Preez L, Netherlands E, Syrota Y, Svitin R. Spiroxys ankarafantsika Roca et Garcia, 2008 (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) and Other Nematodes Parasitising Pelusios spp. (Testudines: Pelomedusidae) from South Africa and Mozambique. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:954-961. [PMID: 33725280 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nematode Spiroxys ankarafantsika was described parasitising freshwater turtles Pelusios castanoides and Pelomedusa subrufra from Madagascar. During parasitological surveys at different localities in Mozambique and South Africa the species was recovered from the digestive tract of Pelusios sinuatus, P. subniger and P. castanoides. METHODS The species were identified based on the morphology of the anterior extremity (absence of additional teeth on pseudolabia) and the male caudal end (number and arrangement of caudal papillae, size and shape of spicules). Molecular data included a 720 bp sequence fragment of 18S rDNA, the entire internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S rRNA, and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS), flanked by a 288 bp 18S rDNA sequence and about 1000 bp 28S rDNA sequence, and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene marker obtained in the present study. RESULTS All specimen recovered were identical, based on morphological and molecular data, with the exception of two specimens showing an intraspecific divergence of 9% based on a 694 bp sequence fragment of the cox1 gene. Additionally, a Contracaecum sp. third stage larva and an unidentified larva with mushroom-shaped anterior extremity were found. Descriptions of S. ankarafantsika and the two above-mentioned larval stages, supported by photomicrographs and molecular data 18S rDNA, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-28S and cox1 gene fragments are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneal Nel
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Louis du Preez
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Edward Netherlands
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Yaroslav Syrota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Svitin
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine.
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Flowers JR, Beane JC. Helminths of the Eastern Rat Snake, Pantherophis alleghaniensis Holbrook (Squamata: Colubridae), from North Carolina, U.S.A. COMP PARASITOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1654/copa-d-21-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Flowers
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, U.S.A. (e-mail: )
| | - Jeffrey C. Beane
- North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences, 1626 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1626, U.S.A. (e-mail: )
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A new species of Serpentirhabdias Tkach, Kuzmin et Snyder, 2014 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) parasitic in the herald snake, Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Laurenti) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Colubridae) in South Africa. Syst Parasitol 2021; 98:477-485. [PMID: 34228275 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-021-09990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Serpentirhabdias mamlambo n. sp. is described from the lung of the herald snake, Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia (Laurenti) in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The new species is characterised by the small lips, the absence of the buccal capsule, the large excretory glands (1.5-2.3 times longer than the oesophagus), and the numerous eggs in uteri. Serpentirhabdias mamlambo n. sp. differs from other Serpentirhabdias spp. in the presence of M-shaped cuticular folds on dorsal and ventral sides of apical surface, the eye-shaped internal labial papillae, and the distinct dilatation of the oesophagus at its mid-length. Morphological differentiation of S. mamlambo n. sp. from its congeners is supported by molecular evidence based on cox1 mitochondrial gene, and ITS and partial 28S region of nuclear rDNA. Serpentirhabdias mamlambo n. sp. is the first species of the genus Serpentirhabdias described from the Afrotropical Realm.
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Do host habitat use and cospeciation matter in the evolution of Oswaldocruzia (Nematoda, Molineidae) from neotropical amphibians? J Helminthol 2021; 95:e33. [PMID: 34227463 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The genus Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 includes approximately 90 species that are parasitic on amphibians and reptiles around the world, of which 43 occur in the neotropical region. However, molecular data supporting the taxonomic status of most species of the genus are scarce, and their phylogenetic relationships remain unknown. Using specimens of four molineid taxa (Oswaldocruzia belenensis Santos, Giese, Maldonado Jr. and Lanfredi, 2008; Oswaldocruzia chabaudi Ben Slimane & Durette-Desset, 1996, Oswaldocruzia chambrieri Ben Slimane & Durette-Desset, 1996 and Kentropyxia hylae Feitosa, Furtado, Santos and Melo, 2015) from amphibian hosts collected in different regions of Pará, Brazil, we conducted morphological studies, molecular analyses and phylogenies (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) using the cytochrome c oxidase subunity I (Cox1) gene. The newly generated sequences were compared with those of ten publicly available Cox1 sequences of Oswaldocruzia from Mexico. Our findings demonstrated significant differences between the sequences of amazonian specimens and sequences from specimens collected in Mexico, and we suggest that host-parasite cospeciation or habitat use might be related to molineid evolution in amphibian hosts. Additionally, this work presents new hosts and new geographical records for species of Oswaldocruzia from the neotropics.
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Campos IHMP, Oliveira CN, Araújo-Neto JV, Brito SV, Guarnieri MC, Ribeiro SC. Helminth fauna of Norops fuscoauratus (D'Orbigny, 1837) (Squamata: Dactyloidae) in the Atlantic Forest, northeastern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e241819. [PMID: 34161426 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.241819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of macro endoparasites associated with the lizard Norops fuscoauratus (Squamata) was analysed in two localities in the Atlantic Forest on the northeast of Brazil between December 2012 and July 2015. 74 specimens of N. fuscoauratus were examined and five species of helminths were reported, being: (a) for the population of Pernambuco: Cystacanth (Prevalence=37.5%), Physaloptera retusa Rudolphi, 1819 (Prevalence=4.16%), larva of flatworm (Prevalence=2.08%), Rhabdias sp. (Prevalence=2.08%) and Strongyluris oscari Travassos, 1923 (Prevalence=2.08%), and (b) of Alagoas: S. oscari (Prevalence=17.85%) and Rhabdias sp. (Prevalence=3.57%). The differences in the composition of endoparasites in the two populations are attributed to individualities of environments occupied by the lizards. The collection period does not influence the abundance of parasites, but when associated with sex, there was a positive correlation with the abundance of helminths, with more females than males being infected with parasites in the rainy season.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H M P Campos
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - C N Oliveira
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - J V Araújo-Neto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil.,Setor de Zoologia, Museu de História Natural, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - S V Brito
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, Chapadinha, MA, Brasil
| | - M C Guarnieri
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - S C Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia e Ecologia de Animais Silvestres - LABEAS, Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Universidade Federal do Cariri - UFCA, Brejo Santo, CE, Brasil
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17
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New records of Amphibiophilus spp. (Nematoda: Amphibiophilidae) parasitic in Strongylopus grayii (Smith) and Amietia delalandii (Duméril & Bibron) (Amphibia: Anura: Pyxicephalidae) in South Africa, with a description of Amphibiophilus bialatus n. sp. Syst Parasitol 2020; 97:713-725. [PMID: 33145657 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-020-09947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes of the genus Amphibiophilus Skrjabin, 1916 are a small group of parasites restricted to pyxicephalid frogs in southern Africa. In the present study, the new species A. bialatus parasitising the clicking stream frog Strongylopus grayii (Smith) as well as two forms parasitising the common river frog Amietia delalandii (Duméril & Bibron) from two distant localities are described. Amphibiophilus bialatus n. sp. clearly differs from the remaining species of the genus by having wide cervical alae, the dorsal oesophageal tooth not reaching the oral opening, and the presence of extra processes on the spicules. Specimens parasitising Am. delalandii in Mpumalanga Province and Limpopo Province, South Africa, differed from other species and from each other in the shape of the gubernaculum, though were almost identical in other characters. Based on morphological and molecular data, specimens from two localities were assigned to Amphibiophilus sp. 1 and Amphibiophilus sp. 2. Pairwise analyses of ITS-28S and cox1 gene fragments are presented for four Amphibiophilus spp.
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A new species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), a lung parasite of Pseudopaludicola pocoto (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from north-eastern Brazil: description and phylogenetic analyses. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e209. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Rhabdias pocoto n. sp. is herein described from the lungs of the swamp frog Pseudopaludicola pocoto Magalhães, Loebmann, Nogueira, Kokubum, Baptista, Haddad & Garda, 2014, from the Caatinga biome in the state of Ceará, in north-eastern Brazil. The new species is characterized by a body that dilates posteriorly, six small lips (protuberances) and two rounded lateral expansions of cuticular inflation on the anterior end, each containing an amorphous gland-like structure inside and a short and conical tail. Additionally, molecular analysis and comparison of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I sequence of R. pocoto n. sp. revealed genetic divergence between the new species and the sequences of Rhabdias spp. previously deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the new taxon into the R. pseudosphaerocephala species complex + R. glaurungi clade. The new discovery represents the 19th species of Rhabdias spp. described in the Neotropical region, the ninth in Brazil and the first species of Rhabdias found parasitizing South American frogs of the genus Pseudopaludicola, as well as the first Caatinga biome species of Rhabdias.
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Karadjian G, Kaestner C, Laboutière L, Adicéam E, Wagner T, Johne A, Thomas M, Polack B, Mayer-Scholl A, Vallée I. A two-step morphology-PCR strategy for the identification of nematode larvae recovered from muscles after artificial digestion at meat inspection. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:4113-4122. [PMID: 32979104 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To ensure that meat from livestock and game is safe for human consumption, European legislation lays down rules for mandatory testing. Helminth larvae are a category of zoonotic foodborne pathogens that can contaminate meat. Among helminths, the only zoonotic nematode regulated in Europe regarding meat inspection is Trichinella spp.. It is precisely during Trichinella testing that other potentially zoonotic larvae can be found. Due to current lack of tools, their identification is often very complicated. Nematode larvae other than Trichinella, recovered from artificial digestions of pig and wild boar muscles from France and Germany, were subjected to a newly developed two-step identification scheme, which includes both morphological examination and molecular assays. The first step is a general orientation towards a broad taxonomic group; the second step consists of targeted identification based on the results of first step. Different parasites were identified, some of which were not zoonotic such as Metastrongylus spp. and Angiostrongylus vasorum, but others are known to be zoonotic such as Toxocara cati, Ascaris suum, and Uncinaria stenocephala. The strategy is efficient for the identification of nematode larvae recovered from muscles but could also be applied for larvae from other sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Karadjian
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Carolyn Kaestner
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Laboutière
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Adicéam
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Tom Wagner
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Johne
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriam Thomas
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Polack
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Vallée
- JRU BIPAR, ANSES, INRAE, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR Bipar, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Kuzmin Y, Svitin R, Harnoster F, du Preez L. Description and molecular characterisation of a new nematode species parasitic in the lungs of Strongylopus grayii (Smith) (Anura: Pyxicephalidae) in South Africa. Syst Parasitol 2020; 97:369-378. [PMID: 32562125 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-020-09917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdias delangei n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) is described from the lungs of the clicking stream frog Strongylopus grayii (Smith) in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The new species is characterised by the nerve-ring being located just posterior to the mid-length of the oesophagus, a pre-equatorial vulva, as well as a thin-walled and apparently underdeveloped rectum. Pairwise analyses based on ITS-28S and partial cox1 gene fragments showed significant differences between R. delangei n. sp. and its congeners from the Afrotropical Realm. Rhabdias delangei n. sp. is the 12th species of Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905 recorded in Afrotropical amphibians and the second species of the genus found in pyxicephalid hosts. Our phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS-28S region showed that the new species is closely related to the European species R. rubrovenosa (Schneider, 1866). Furthermore, both species are similar with respect to the underdeveloped rectum and pre-equatorial position of vulva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Kuzmin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine.,African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Roman Svitin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine. .,African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. .,South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
| | - Florence Harnoster
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Louis du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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21
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Description, molecular characterization and life cycle of Serpentirhabdias mussuranae n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Clelia clelia (Reptilia: Colubroidea) in Brazil. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e55. [PMID: 31203823 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Serpentirhabdias mussuranae n. sp. is described from the lungs of the mussurana, Clelia clelia (Daudin, 1803), from vicinities of Lábrea, Amazonas State, Brazil. The species is characterized by the triangular oral opening, the presence of teeth (onchia) in the oesophastome, the excretory glands longer than the oesophagus and the tail abruptly narrowing in its anterior half and gradually tapering in posterior half. Among the Neotropical representatives of the genus, three species are known to possess the onchia in the oesophastome: S. atroxi, S. moi and S. viperidicus. Serpentirhabdias mussuranae n. sp. differs from S. atroxi and S. viperidicus by its triangular shape of the oral opening and the oesophastome in apical view, vs. round in the latter two congeners. Additionally, S. viperidicus has a larger oesophastome, 13-22 micrometers wide and 13-23 micrometers deep. The new species has relatively longer excretory glands than S. moi. The new species is morphologically and genetically close to S. atroxi, S. moi and S. viperidicus, all parasitic in Brazilian snakes, based on the presence of onchia and the comparison of nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial cox1 gene (differences varied between 3.8% and 7.1%). Data on the life cycle of S. mussuranae n. sp. is provided, and the life cycle is typical of the genus Serpentirhabdias, with the combination of direct development and heterogony. Free-living larval stages and the adults of amphimictic free-living generation are described. The results of molecular phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) + partial 28S region and partial mitochondrial cox1 gene are provided.
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Silva CDS, Ávila RW, Morais DH. Helminth Community Dynamics in a Population of Pseudopaludicola Pocoto (Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) from Northeast-Brazilian. Helminthologia 2018; 55:292-305. [PMID: 31662661 PMCID: PMC6662005 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2018-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic variation in low latitudes influences the dynamics and structure of parasite communities. Environmental changes caused by dry and rainy seasons alter prevalence and abundance of endoparasite communities. In addition to providing a list of the helminth species associated with the swamp frog Pseudopaludicola pocoto, this study aimed to investigate the effects of rainfall and temperature on parasitological descriptors of helminths associated with P. pocoto in an area of the semiarid zone. A total of 817 swamp frog specimens were collected between 2013 and 2017, with four sampling expeditions during the dry season and four during the rainy season. Environmental parameters of temperature and rainfall were compared to the parasitological descriptors of prevalence, abundance and mean infection intensity of the parasite community using a multivariate linear regression. A richness of eight parasite species was identified, including Nematoda (Rhabdias sp., Cosmocerca parva, Oxyascaris oxyascaris, Physaloptera sp., Brevimulticaecum sp., Spiroxys sp. and unidentified nematode) and Acanthocephala (cystacanths). Rainfall levels had a significant effect on the infection intensity of Rhabdias sp. being the presence of this species higher during the rainy season, whereas no influence of temperature was observed on the helminth community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. De S. Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - R. W. Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
| | - D. H. Morais
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA), Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz Pimenta 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, Ceará, Brazil
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, km 13, zona Rural. CEP 68515-000, Parauapebas, Pará, Brazil
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Morsy K, Mohamed SA, Abdel-Ghaffar F, El-Fayoumi H, Abdel-Haleem H. Rhabdias bufonis (Rhabdiasidae) from the lung of the African common toad, Amietophrynus regularis (Bufonidae) in Egypt: new data on the basis of light and scanning electron microscopic study. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5328. [PMID: 30042901 PMCID: PMC6055686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Rhabdias sp. (Rhabdiasidae) is a nematode parasite of family Rhabdiasidae infecting the lung of amphibians. The present study provides new morphological details for Rhabdias bufonis isolated from the lungs of the African common toad, Amietophrynus regularis based on observations of light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methods Forty specimens were collected from its natural habitat: the damp, moist fields and gardens at Giza governorate, Egypt. Worms were isolated from the lungs, fixed and then preserved. They were examined using light and SEM with further line drawings. Results Fourteen specimens (35%) were found to harbor Rhabdias with an intensity of three to five worms per host. Bodies of the gravid females were elongated, slender, measured 3.22–9.86 (5.64 ± 0.03) long and 0.09–0.48 (0.23 ± 0.02) wide at mid-length. Buccal capsule was with cylindrical lumen and sclerotized walls. Ovaries were almost straight. The uteri were located anterior and posterior to the vulva. Uterus were filled with a large number of eggs (17–42). Eggs were oval in shape and some of them were with fully developed larvae inside. The tail was comparatively short, gradually tapered. SEM showed that worms possessed an oval anterior end with a simple, slit like oral opening. The lipless edges of the mouth opening were bordered with tiny cuticular elevations, radiated outwards. Two pairs of submedian cephalic papillae were observed around the oral opening as well as two amphids. Conclusion The current study presents new morphological details for R. bufonis isolated from the African common toad. Also, the morphology of the slit-like mouth opening, the two pairs of cephalic papillae, two amphids and the three pairs of cuticular elevations supporting the area around mouth opening were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Ali Mohamed
- Departement of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Hoda El-Fayoumi
- Departement of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba Abdel-Haleem
- Departement of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
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Müller MI, Morais DH, Costa-Silva GJ, Aguiar A, Ávila RW, da Silva RJ. Diversity in the genusRhabdias(Nematoda, Rhabdiasidae): Evidence for cryptic speciation. ZOOL SCR 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Müller
- Department of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Drausio H. Morais
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA); Parauapebas Pará Brazil
| | - Guilherme J. Costa-Silva
- Department of Morphology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
- Universidade Santo Amaro, Rua Prof. Enéas de Siqueira Neto, Jardim das Imbuias; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aline Aguiar
- Department of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Robson W. Ávila
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratório de Herpetologia; Universidade Regional do Cariri (URCA); Crato Ceará Brazil
| | - Reinaldo J. da Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Rua Professor Doutor Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
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Emmerich E, Morais DH, da Silva RJ. High Infection Level of a Snake, Xenodon merremii (Wagler in Spix, 1824) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), with Serpentirhabdias cf. vellardi (Pereira, 1928) (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) in Brazil. COMP PARASITOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1654/1525-2647-85.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Emmerich
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/nº, Distrito de Rubião Junior, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Drausio Honorio Morais
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), PA 275, Km 13, Zona Rural, CEP 68.515-000, Parauapebas, Pará State, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/nº, Distrito de Rubião Junior, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Machado SA, Kuzmin Y, Tkach VV, Dos Santos JN, Gonçalves EC, de Vasconcelos Melo FT. Description, biology and molecular characterisation of Serpentirhabdias moi n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Chironius exoletus (Serpentes: Colubridae) in Brazil. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:829-837. [PMID: 29753096 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A new species of the genus Serpentirhabdias Tkach, Kuzmin et Snyder, 2014, S. moi n. sp., is described from a colubroid snake Chironius exoletus from Caxiuanã National Forest, State of Pará, Brazil. The species is characterised by having a triangular oral opening, absence of the buccal capsule, presence of six minute onchia in the oesophastome, and excretory glands of approximately the same length as the oesophagus. These qualitative morphological characters, as well as some measurements, differentiate the new species from other Neotropical and Nearctic Serpentirhabdias spp. The morphological description of parasitic adults of S. moi n. sp. is complemented by the description of free-living stages including males, females, and infective larvae. Comparative analysis of partial sequences of cox1 and 12S mitochondrial genes strongly supported the status of S. moi n. sp. as a new species. Molecular phylogeny based on sequences of the nuclear DNA region spanning the 3' end of the 18S nuclear rRNA gene, ITS region (ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2) and 5' end of the 28S gene supported monophyly of all rhabdiasid genera included in the analysis and placed the new species into the Serpentirhabdias clade as sister taxon to S. fuscovenosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya A Machado
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Yuriy Kuzmin
- Department of Parasitology, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine, 15 Bogdan Khmelnytskyi Street, Kyiv 01030, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, USA.
| | - Jeannie Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Evonnildo Costa Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Technology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Correa s/n, 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil
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Allopatric speciation of Meteterakis (Heterakoidea: Heterakidae), a highly dispersible parasitic nematode, in the East Asian islands. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:493-500. [PMID: 29702259 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify how the species diversity of highly dispersible parasites has developed, molecular phylogenetic analyses of Meteterakis spp., multi-host endoparasitic nematodes of reptiles and amphibians from the East Asian islands, were conducted. The results demonstrated the existence of two major clades, the J- and A-groups, with exclusive geographic ranges that are discordant with the host faunal province. However, diversification within the J-group was concordant with the host biogeography and suggested co-divergence of this group with vicariance of the host fauna. In contrast, the phylogenetic pattern within the A-group was discordant with host biogeography and implied diversification by repeated colonization. In addition, the mosaic distribution pattern of a J-group and an A-group species in the Japanese Archipelago, along with comparison of population genetic parameters and the genetic distance from their closest relatives, suggested the initial occurrence of a J-group lineage followed by exclusion in the western part of this region caused by invasion of an A-group lineage. Thus, the present study suggested that the species diversity of highly dispersible parasites including Meteterakis is formed not only by co-divergence with host faunal vicariance but also by peripatric speciation and exclusive interactions between species.
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Johnson PTJ, Calhoun DM, Stokes AN, Susbilla CB, McDevitt-Galles T, Briggs CJ, Hoverman JT, Tkach VV, de Roode JC. Of poisons and parasites-the defensive role of tetrodotoxin against infections in newts. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1192-1204. [PMID: 29476541 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Classical research on animal toxicity has focused on the role of toxins in protection against predators, but recent studies suggest these same compounds can offer a powerful defense against parasites and infectious diseases. Newts in the genus Taricha are brightly coloured and contain the potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX), which is hypothesized to have evolved as a defense against vertebrate predators such as garter snakes. However, newt populations often vary dramatically in toxicity, which is only partially explained by predation pressure. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between TTX concentration and infection by parasites. By systematically assessing micro- and macroparasite infections among 345 adult newts (sympatric populations of Taricha granulosa and T. torosa), we detected 18 unique taxa of helminths, fungi, viruses and protozoans. For both newt species, per-host concentrations of TTX, which varied from undetectable to >60 μg/cm2 skin, negatively predicted overall parasite richness as well as the likelihood of infection by the chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, and ranavirus. No such effect was found on infection load among infected hosts. Despite commonly occurring at the same wetlands, T. torosa supported higher parasite richness and average infection load than T. granulosa. Host body size and sex (females > males) tended to positively predict infection levels in both species. For hosts in which we quantified leucocyte profiles, total white blood cell count correlated positively with both parasite richness and total infection load. By coupling data on host toxicity and infection by a broad range of micro- and macroparasites, these results suggest that-alongside its effects on predators-tetrodotoxin may help protect newts against parasitic infections, highlighting the importance of integrative research on animal chemistry, immunological defenses and natural enemy ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dana M Calhoun
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Amber N Stokes
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Calvin B Susbilla
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Travis McDevitt-Galles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Cheryl J Briggs
- Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jason T Hoverman
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Svitin R, Schoeman AL, du Preez LH. New information on morphology and molecular data of camallanid nematodes parasitising Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) in South Africa. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2018; 65. [PMID: 29611533 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2018.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three species of nematodes from the Camallanidae that are known to infect Xenopus laevis Daudin (Anura: Pipidae) were collected from several localities across South Africa. New data on morphology, partial 28S and cox1 genes, infection levels and distribution are presented herein. The most common species, Batrachocamallanus slomei Southwell et Kirshner, 1937, from the stomach and less often oesophagus, was found in eight localities. Camallanus kaapstaadi Southwell et Kirshner, 1937, also from the oesophagus, was found in two localities and C. xenopodis Jackson et Tinsley, 1995, from the intestine, at a single locality. New localities for both C. kaapstaadi and C. xenopodis provide a geographical range extension. Males of C. xenopodis are described for the first time herein. The existence of a left spicule in the males of both the species of Camallanus Railliet and Henry, 1915 is confirmed and measurements are provided. Although C. xenopodis is distinguished from C. mazabukae Kung, 1948 in the present study, we suggest greater sampling effort in other African amphibians to confirm the species status of the latter taxon. Finally, the new molecular data showed distant relationships between collected species of Camallanus and species parasitising fish and freshwater turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Svitin
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Department of Invertebrate Fauna and Systematics, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Anneke L Schoeman
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Unit for Environmental Science and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Louis H du Preez
- African Amphibian Conservation Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.,South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Quirino TF, Ferreira AJMG, Silva MC, Silva RJ, Morais DH, Ávila RW. New records of Helminths in Reptiles from five states of Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2018; 78:750-754. [PMID: 29489929 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.175745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty five specimens representing nine species of reptile (Salvator merianae, Enyalius bilineatus, Amphisbaena alba, Xenopholis undulatus, Chironius fuscus, Helicops angulatus, Chironius flavolineatus, Erythrolamprus viridis and Crotalus durissus) collected in five Brazilian states were examined for helminths. Twelve helminth species were found as follow: nine Nematoda (Physaloptera tupinambae, Strongyluris oscari, Paracapillaria sp., Dracunculus brasiliensis, Physaloptera liophis, Serpentirhabias sp. 1, Serpentirhabias sp. 2, Serpentirhabias sp. 3 and Aplectana sp.), one Cestoda (Semenoviella amphisbaenia), one Trematoda (Paracotyletrema sp.), and one Acantocephala (Centrorhynchus sp.). Ten new host records and seven new locality records were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Quirino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - A J M G Ferreira
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antonio Luiz, 1161, Bairro do Pimenta, CEP 63105-100, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - M C Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - R J Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, Avenida Bento Lopes, s/n, Distrito de Rubião Junior, CEP 18080-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - D H Morais
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - R W Ávila
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioprospecção Molecular, Departamento de Química Biológica, Universidade Regional do Cariri - URCA, Rua Cel. Antônio Luiz, 1161, Campus do Pimenta, CEP 63105-000, Crato, CE, Brazil
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31
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Spatial and genetic structure of directly-transmitted parasites reflects the distribution of their specific amphibian hosts. POPUL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-018-0605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Kuzmin Y, Halajian A, Tavakol S, Luus-Powell WJ, Tkach VV. Description and phylogenetic position of a new species of Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the banded rubber frog, Phrynomantis bifasciatus (Smith) (Amphibia: Microhylidae), in South Africa. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cao YF, Shang GZ, Yang YB, Zhang X, Duzynski DW, Zhang TZ, Zhu YH, Bian JH. Parasites of the Plateau Brown Frog, Rana kukunoris Nikolsky, 1918 (Anura: Ranidae) from the Northeast of the Qing-Tibetan Plateau, with the Description of a New Species of Isospora (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae). COMP PARASITOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1654/1525-2647-84.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
| | - Guo-Zhen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
| | - Yan-Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
| | - Donald W. Duzynski
- Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, U.S.A (e-mail: )
| | - Tong-Zuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
| | - Ya-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
| | - Jiang-Hui Bian
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
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Morphometric and phylogenetic analyses of Serpentirhabdias viperidicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the lancehead snake Bothrops moojeni Hoge, 1966 (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) in Brazil. J Helminthol 2016; 91:360-370. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSerpentirhabdias viperidicus n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) is described from the lungs of the ‘Brazilian lancehead’ Bothrops moojeni (Hoge, 1966) from the savannah in São Paulo State, Brazil. The new species is the eighth species of Serpentirhabdias described in the Neotropical region, and differs from other species mainly by a combination of characters: lips slightly notable, presence of fine striations at posterior ends, presence of two parallel lines with intercalated pores, a pore-shaped phasmid situated at the level of the anal aperture and another two in the posterior half of the tail. It is the first species of Serpentirhabdias reported in this snake host and the second species of this genus found parasitizing South American viperidian snakes. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal (ITS and 28S partial) genes confirms Serpentirhabdias viperidicus n. sp. as a new species that clustered in the Serpentirhabdias clade, sister taxon to Serpentirhabdias fuscovenosa and Serpentirhabdias elaphe. This is the first description of Serpentirhabdias species from Brazil using molecular approaches and morphological characters to confirm the monophyly of this recent genus.
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35
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Phenotypic plasticity and developmental innovations in nematodes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2016; 39:8-13. [PMID: 27314167 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity has been implicated as a facilitator for phenotypic diversification, but the molecular mechanisms controlling it are largely unknown. We review recent comparative analyses in non-Caenorhabditis nematodes that display polyphenisms in larval development, mouth morphology and reproductive mode. Some of the challenges ahead will be to connect how these phenotypic traits are linked to each other at the molecular level, and at the ecological level. This will require sampling of several nematode species, the characterization of their ecology and the employment of both classical genetics and recently developed technological advances, such as genome editing.
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Santos JND, da Silva DCB, Feitosa LADN, Furtado AP, Giese EG, de Vasconcelos Melo FT. Rhinella marina (Amphibia: Bufonidae) Versus Rhabdias paraensis (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae): Expanding the View on a Natural Infection. J Parasitol 2016; 102:349-55. [PMID: 26959813 DOI: 10.1645/15-944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian and reptile lungs are frequently infected with Rhabdias parasites, and this condition ultimately leads to reduced survival, performance, and growth because of granulomatous inflammation, nodule formation, and nematodal pneumonia onset. Here we investigate the histopathological features of naturally infected Rhinella marina by the lung nematode Rhabdias paraensis. A total of 10 host animals were captured in peridomiciliar areas in the eastern Brazilian Amazon, and anatomic-histological analyses were performed on both the infected and non-infected lungs of these amphibians. Helminths were usually found within the secondary and primary septa of infected lungs whereas parasites were not detected within vessels or adhering to tissues. In addition, we observed discrete erythrocytes, diapedesis foci, few granulocytes and erythrocytes in the interseptal spaces, discrete cell infiltration, and a small number of melanomacrophages, and no granulomas or cysts were observed. New aspects related to changes in tissue and helminth-host interactions are discussed for the relationship of R. paraensis × Rhi. marina from the Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie Nascimento Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi," Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém-Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Djane Clarys Baia da Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi," Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém-Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Lucas Aristóteles das Neves Feitosa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi," Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém-Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Adriano Penha Furtado
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi," Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém-Pará 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Elane Guerreiro Giese
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dra. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi," Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém-Pará 66075-110, Brazil
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Description of Serpentirhabdias atroxi n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), a parasite of Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) in Brazilian Amazonia. Syst Parasitol 2016; 93:37-45. [PMID: 26739285 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-015-9603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new lung-dwelling nematode species is described from the common lancehead Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. The species is assigned to the genus Serpentirhabdias Tkach, Kuzmin & Snyder, 2014 based on the presence of six lips arranged in two lateral groups, the absence of prominent cuticular inflations, and lung parasitism in snakes. Serpentirhabdias atroxi n. sp. differs from other species of the genus mainly by details of the morphology of the anterior end: cuticularised ring surrounding the anterior part of the buccal cavity and six minute onchia present in the oesophastome. Serpentirhabdias atroxi n. sp. is the seventh species of the genus known from the Neotropical Realm and the second species described from viperid snakes.
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Herczeg D, Vörös J, Végvári Z, Kuzmin Y, Brooks DR. Helminth Parasites of the Pelophylax esculentus Complex (Anura: Ranidae) in Hortobágy National Park (Hungary). COMP PARASITOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1654/1525-2647-83.1.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Herczeg
- MTA-DE “Lendület” Behavioural Ecology Research Group, University of Debrecen, 1 Egyetem-tér, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary (e-mail: )
| | - Judit Vörös
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, 13 Baross utca, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary (e-mail: )
| | - Zsolt Végvári
- Department of Conservation Zoology, University of Debrecen – Hortobágy National Park Directorate, 2 Sumen Street, Debrecen, H-4024, Hungary (e-mail: )
| | - Yuriy Kuzmin
- Department of Parasitology, I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky Street, Kyiv-30 01601 Ukraine (e-mail: )
| | - Daniel R. Brooks
- H. W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum of Natural History, University of Nebraska, W 529 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514, U.S.A. (e-mail: )
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39
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Mating dynamics in a nematode with three sexes and its evolutionary implications. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17676. [PMID: 26631423 PMCID: PMC4668576 DOI: 10.1038/srep17676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematodes have diverse reproductive strategies, which make them ideal subjects for comparative studies to address how mating systems evolve. Here we present the sex ratios and mating dynamics of the free-living nematode Rhabditis sp. SB347, in which males, females and hermaphrodites co-exist. The three sexes are produced by both selfing and outcrossing, and females tend to appear early in a mother’s progeny. Males prefer mating with females over hermaphrodites, which our results suggest is related to the female-specific production of the sex pheromones ascr#1 and ascr#9. We discuss the parallels between this system and that of parasitic nematodes that exhibit alternation between uniparental and biparental reproduction.
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Draghi R, Lunaschi LI, Drago FB. First report of helminth parasitizing Trachycephalus typhonius (Anura: Hylidae) from northeastern Argentina. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.7550/rmb.47677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hausmann JC, Mans C, Dreyfus J, Reavill DR, Lucio-Forster A, Bowman DD. Subspectacular nematodiasis caused by a novel Serpentirhabdias species in ball pythons (Python regius). J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:260-4. [PMID: 25670672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Subspectacular nematodiasis was diagnosed in three captive-bred juvenile ball pythons (Python regius) from two unrelated facilities within a 6-month period. The snakes were presented with similar lesions, including swelling of facial, periocular and oral tissues. Bilaterally, the subspectacular spaces were distended and filled with an opaque fluid, which contained nematodes and eggs. Histopathology showed nematodes throughout the periocular tissue, subspectacular space and subcutaneous tissue of the head. The nematodes from both facilities were morphologically indistinguishable and most closely resembled Serpentirhabdias species. Morphological characterization and genetic sequencing indicate this is a previously undescribed rhabdiasid nematode.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hausmann
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - C Mans
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - J Dreyfus
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D R Reavill
- Zoo and Exotic Pathology Service, 2825 KOVR Drive, West Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - A Lucio-Forster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D D Bowman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Kuzmin Y, du Preez LH, Junker K. Some nematodes of the genus Rhabdias Stiles et Hassall, 1905 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) parasitising amphibians in French Guiana. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2015; 62. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2015.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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43
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Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Rishniw M, Bowman DD. Serpentirhabdias dubielzigin. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Captive-Bred Ball Pythons,Python regius(Serpentes: Pythonidae) in the United States. COMP PARASITOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1654/4732rr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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A new species of Serpentirhabdias Tkach, Kuzmin & Snyder, 2014 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) parasitic in the brown ground snake Atractus major Boulenger (Reptilia: Serpentes: Dipsadidae) in Brazil. Syst Parasitol 2014; 89:101-6. [PMID: 25204597 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-014-9520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Serpentirhabdias atracti n. sp. is described based on specimens discovered in the lung of Atractus major Boulenger from Caxiuanã National Forest, Pará, Brazil. The new species is assigned to Serpentirhabdias Tkach, Kuzmin & Snyder, 2014 based on morphological characters (comparatively thin body cuticle without prominent inflations, arrangement of circumoral papillae in two lateral groups, pre-equatorial position of vulva, eggs in uteri at early cleavage stages), as well as because of its parasitism in snakes. The new species is most similar to S. vellardi (Pereira, 1928) due to the absence of lips and buccal capsule, similar body dimensions, and the specificity to dipsadid snakes in Brazil. The two species differ in the shape of the tail (bulbous dilatation in the posterior part followed by a thread-like tail tip present in S. atracti n. sp.), the width of the oesophagus, and the size of the excretory glands. Serpentirhabdias atracti n. sp. is the sixth species of this genus found in the Neotropical Region.
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Phylogenetic affinities and systematic position of Entomelas sylvestris Baker, 1982 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae), a parasite of Breviceps sylvestris FitzSimons (Amphibia: Brevicipitidae) in South Africa. Syst Parasitol 2014; 87:293-8. [PMID: 24563145 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-014-9469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus Entomelas Travassos, 1930 currently includes nine species of rhabdiasid nematodes, eight of them parasitic in lizards and only one, Entomelas sylvestris Baker, 1982, parasitic in amphibians. Entomelas sylvestris was originally described from the Forest Rain Frog Breviceps sylvestris FitzSimons in South Africa and was not reported since. It was placed in the genus Entomelas without any specific arguments for this taxonomic decision, presumably mainly based on details of the buccal capsule morphology. We have found this species in the same host in Limpopo province, South Africa. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the newly-obtained sequence of complete ITS region and partial nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S) gene of E. sylvestris and previously published sequences of a variety of other rhabdiasid taxa, has convincingly demonstrated that this species does not belong in Entomelas. Instead, it clustered together with the members of Rhabdias Stiles & Hassall, 1905 from amphibian hosts. Therefore, we transfer E. sylvestris into Rhabdias as Rhabdias sylvestris (Baker, 1982) n. comb. In our analysis E. sylvestris appears, albeit with weak support, as a basal/sister taxon to the rest of Rhabdias spp. which explains to some extent the differences in the buccal capsule morphology between this species and other Rhabdias spp.
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