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Balakrishnan P, Gopi S. Revolutionizing transdermal drug delivery: unveiling the potential of cubosomes and ethosomes. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4335-4360. [PMID: 38619889 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The area of drug delivery systems has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, with a particular focus on improving efficacy, stability, and patient compliance. Transdermal drug delivery offers numerous benefits compared to conventional methods of drug administration through the skin. It helps in avoiding gastric irritation, hepatic first-pass metabolism, and gastric degradation of the drug. It bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, eliminating the risk of first-pass metabolism and allowing drugs to be administered without being affected by pH, enzymes, or intestinal bacteria. Additionally, it allows for sustained release of the drug, is noninvasive, and enhances patient adherence to the treatment regimen. The transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) can serve as an alternative route for drug administration in individuals who cannot tolerate oral medications, experience nausea, or are unconscious. When compared to intravenous, hypodermic, and other parenteral routes, TDDS stands out due to its ability to eliminate pain, reduce the risk of infection, and prevent disease transmission associated with needle reuse. Consequently, the overall patient compliance is significantly improved with the utilization of TDDS. Among the noteworthy developments are cubosomes and ethosomes, two distinct yet promising carriers that have garnered attention for their unique properties. In conclusion, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on cubosomes and ethosomes, shedding light on their individual strengths and potential synergies. The exploration of their application in various therapeutic areas underscores their versatility and establishes them as key players in the evolving landscape of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Balakrishnan
- Molecules Biolabs Private Limited, First Floor, 3/634, Commercial Building Kinfra Konoor Road, Muringur, Vadakkummuri, Thrissur, Kerala Kinfra Park Koratti Mukundapuram, Thrissur, KL 680309, India.
| | - Sreerag Gopi
- Molecules Biolabs Private Limited, First Floor, 3/634, Commercial Building Kinfra Konoor Road, Muringur, Vadakkummuri, Thrissur, Kerala Kinfra Park Koratti Mukundapuram, Thrissur, KL 680309, India.
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2
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de Oliveira Pereira VH, Barros W. Detachment forces during parallel-plate gap separation mediated by a simple yield-stress fluid. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2024; 47:7. [PMID: 38261239 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this work we have monitored the multiple stages of the normal traction force response of a yield-stress fluid confined between two circular parallel plates that are separated at constant velocity. At narrow initial gaps, the air-fluid interface suffers from the Saffman-Taylor instability, confirmed by visual inspection of fingering patterns imprinted on the fluid. At larger initial gaps, the fluid preserves the initially imposed circular symmetry of the confining plates, indicating the absence of instability. Due to the system characteristics and experimental environment, the multiple traction force contributions occurred in cascade, permitting us to isolate the adhesion responses associated with viscosity, capillarity, and yield stress. Employing a standard Herschel-Bulkley model, we assessed the scaling of the traction force in multiple regimes-specifically, evaluating the dependencies of the fingering to yield-stress transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Hugo de Oliveira Pereira
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Wilson Barros
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Cidade Universitária, 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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3
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Shan S, Hu J, Zheng Z, Gui S, Long Y, Wu D, He N. Development and Assessment of Acyclovir Gel Plaster Containing Sponge Spicules. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2879-2890. [PMID: 37331627 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir is an acyclic purine nucleoside analog that is highly effective in inhibiting the herpes simplex virus. However, topical acyclovir has poor efficacy because of its low skin permeability. This study aimed to develop an acyclovir gel plaster containing sponge spicules (AGP-SS) to achieve synergistic improvements in skin absorption and deposition of acyclovir. The process of preparing the gel plaster was optimized by orthogonal experiments, while the composition of the formulation was optimized using the Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken experimental designs. The selected formula was tested for physical properties, in vitro release, stability, ex vivo permeation, skin irritation, and pharmacokinetics. The optimized formulation exhibited good physical characteristics. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies showed that acyclovir release from AGP-SS was dominated by diffusion with significantly higher skin permeation (20.00 ± 1.07 μg/cm2) than that of the controls (p < 0.05). Dermatopharmacokinetic analyses revealed that the maximum concentration (78.74 ± 11.12 μg/g), area under the curve (1091.81 ± 29.05 μg/g/h) and relative bioavailability (197.12) of AGP-SS were higher than those of the controls. Therefore, gel plaster containing sponge spicules show potential for development as transdermal delivery systems to achieve higher skin absorption and deposition of acyclovir, especially in deep skin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuangying Gui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Long
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Danqing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China; Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Pharmaceutical Preparation, Anhui Province, Hefei 230012, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Antosik AK, Mozelewska K, Musik M, Miądlicki P. Influence of diatomite and its base modifications on the self-adhesive properties of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13691. [PMID: 37608088 PMCID: PMC10444820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study examined how diatomite and its modifications affected the self-adhesive ability of silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives. To create adhesive composition for testing, fillers were added to a commercial silicone resin, which were then used to create new modified pressure-sensitive tapes. The resulting tapes were tested to determine their adhesion, tack, cohesion at room and elevated temperature, SAFT test (Shear Adhesive Failure Temperature), pot-life (viscosity) and shrinkage. The results obtained were compared with those of the unmodified tapes. The tests resulted in higher thermal resistance (225 °C) and lower shrinkage (0.1%). As a result, we can conclude that materials with thermal resistance with a slight decrease in other parameters were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Krzysztof Antosik
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Pulaskiego 10, 70-322, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Mozelewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Pulaskiego 10, 70-322, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marlena Musik
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Pulaskiego 10, 70-322, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Miądlicki
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Engineering of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials Department, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland
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5
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Antosik AK, Musik M, Miądlicki P, Weisbrodt M, Wilpiszewska K. Influence of Acid-Modified Clinoptilolite on the Self-Adhesive Properties of Silicone Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030707. [PMID: 36772008 PMCID: PMC9920780 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of a new "eternally alive adhesive" based on silicone pressure-sensitive adhesives with clinoptilolite is presented. Neat and acid-modified (i.e., treated with sulfuric acid (VI)) clinoptilolite was used. The effect of clinoptilolite acid treatment on the adhesive properties of pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes was tested. The obtained tapes exhibited increased thermal resistance when compared to the reference tapes. Despite introducing the filler, the pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes maintained good functional properties. The new self-adhesive materials show promising implementation potential where increased thermal resistance is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Krzysztof Antosik
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Marlena Musik
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Miądlicki
- Department of Engineering of Catalytic and Sorbent Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Weisbrodt
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wilpiszewska
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Pułaskiego 10, 70-322 Szczecin, Poland
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6
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Zhang Y, Ma M, Chen L, Du X, Meng Z, Zhang H, Zheng Z, Chen J, Meng Q. A Biocompatible Liquid Pillar[n]arene-Based Drug Reservoir for Topical Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122621. [PMID: 36559115 PMCID: PMC9783689 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced external preparations that possess a sustained-release effect and integrate few irritant elements are urgently needed to satisfy the special requirements of topical administration in the clinic. Here, a series of liquid pillar[n]arene-bearing varying-length oligoethylene oxide chains (OEPns) were designed and synthesized. Following rheological property and biocompatibility investigations, pillar[6]arene with triethylene oxide substituents (TEP6) with satisfactory cavity size were screened as optimal candidate compounds. Then, a supramolecular liquid reservoir was constructed from host-guest complexes between TEP6 and econazole nitrate (ECN), an external antimicrobial agent without additional solvents. In vitro drug-release studies revealed that complexation by TEP6 could regulate the release rate of ECN and afford effective cumulative amounts. In vivo pharmacodynamic studies confirmed the formation of a supramolecular liquid reservoir contributed to the accelerated healing rate of a S. aureus-infected mouse wound model. Overall, these findings have provided the first insights into the construction of a supramolecular liquid reservoir for topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mengke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Longming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xinbei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhibing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (Q.M.)
| | - Junyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Functional Material Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (Q.M.)
| | - Qingbin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.C.); (Q.M.)
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7
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Dermatocosmetic Emulsions Based on Resveratrol, Ferulic Acid and Saffron (Crocus sativus) Extract to Combat Skin Oxidative Stress-Trigger Factor of Some Potential Malignant Effects: Stability Studies and Rheological Properties. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112376. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of skin diseases, against the background of increased pollution, urbanism, poor habits in lifestyle, work, rest, diet and general medication, led to the development of products with a protective effect. These new types of dermatocosmetic preparations ensure maximum benefits with minimal formulation. Antioxidants are, nowadays, ingredients that stand out with a proven role in skin protection from oxidative stress and its effects. Thus, research has shown that light-textured formulas, quickly absorbed into the skin, with optimum hydration and protection against excessive free radicals, uphold the skin integrity and appearance. This article aims to evaluate essential criteria for a newly marketed product: stability, rheological properties and microbiological characteristics of oil-in-water emulsions based on a mixture of 3% resveratrol 0.5% ferulic acid and 1mL alcoholic extract of Saffron. The tests led to the conclusion that O / W dermatocosmetic emulsions, based on 3% resveratrol and 0.5% ferulic acid, or also 1mL alcoholic extract of Saffron, show resistance to microbiological contamination, good rheological properties (viscoelastic behavior, structural stability, acceptable shearing behavior) that reveal satisfactory texture and high physical stability during storage. These results encourage the transition to dermatological testing as the final stage in considering a new commercial product.
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8
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Mozelewska K, Antosik AK. Influence of Silicone Additives on the Properties of Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15165713. [PMID: 36013849 PMCID: PMC9414800 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Research was carried out on the influence of various silicone compounds on the properties of pressure-sensitive adhesives. Silicone-based pressure-sensitive adhesives have good self-adhesive properties and are used in many different industries. However, their thermal resistance is relatively low. In order to improve this property, modifications were made to these adhesives. Compositions were tested, such as viscosity or thermogravimetric analysis, as well as tests of finished products in the form of self-adhesive tapes, i.e., peel adhesion, tack, cohesion at room and elevated temperature, SAFT test (Shear Adhesive Failure Temperature), pot-live (viscosity) and shrinkage. During the tests, an increase in thermal resistance (225 °C), lower shrinkage (0.08%), and lower viscosity was achieved (16.5 Pas), which is a positive phenomenon in the technology of pressure-sensitive adhesives. Thanks to this research, the properties of silicone self-adhesive adhesives have been significantly improved.
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9
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Mahmood S, Almurisi SH, AL-Japairai K, Hilles AR, Alelwani W, Bannunah AM, Alshammari F, Alheibshy F. Ibuprofen-Loaded Chitosan-Lipid Nanoconjugate Hydrogel with Gum Arabic: Green Synthesis, Characterisation, In Vitro Kinetics Mechanistic Release Study and PGE2 Production Test. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040254. [PMID: 34940313 PMCID: PMC8701348 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) medicine that is often used to treat inflammation in general. When given orally, it produces gastrointestinal issues which lead to lower patient compliance. Ibuprofen transdermal administration improves both patient compliance and the efficacy of the drug. Nanoconjugation hydrogels were proposed as a controlled transdermal delivery tool for ibuprofen. Six formulations were prepared using different compositions including chitosan, lipids, gum arabic, and polyvinyl alcohol, through ionic interaction, maturation, and freeze–thaw methods. The formulations were characterised by size, drug conjugation efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further analysis of optimised hydrogels was performed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), rheology, gel fraction and swelling ability, in vitro drug release, and in vitro macrophage prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production testing. The effects of ibuprofen’s electrostatic interaction with a lipid or polymer on the physicochemical and dissolution characterisation of ibuprofen hydrogels were evaluated. The results showed that the S3 (with lipid conjugation) hydrogel provided higher conjugation efficiency and prolonged drug release compared with the S6 hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Centre for Natural Products Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Samah Hamed Almurisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Khater AL-Japairai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia;
| | - Ayah Rebhi Hilles
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia;
| | - Walla Alelwani
- Department of Biochemistry, Collage of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21577, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Azzah M. Bannunah
- Department of Basic Sciences, Common First Year Deanship, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2240, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Fawaz Alheibshy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 2240, Saudi Arabia; (F.A.); (F.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Aden University, Aden 6075, Yemen
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10
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Kim EJ, Choi DH. Quality by design approach to the development of transdermal patch systems and regulatory perspective. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Bae JH, Won JC, Lim WB, Kim BJ, Lee JH, Min JG, Seo MJ, Mo YH, Huh P. Tacky-Free Polyurethanes Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives by Molecular-Weight and HDI Trimer Design. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2164. [PMID: 33922818 PMCID: PMC8123004 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethane pressure-sensitive adhesives (PU-PSAs) with satisfactory tack, cohesion, and removability were newly developed through the synthetic process by reacting methylene diisocyanate, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and a 1,4-butanediol chain extender based on the different HDI/HDI trimer ratios. The sticking properties of PU-PSAs depended on both the HDI/HDI trimer ratio and crosslinking-agent composition in the formulation. The molecular weight (MW) dependence of adhesion in PU-PSA was observed in the range of 1000 < Mn < 3000, suggesting that the increase in MW limits the pressure-sensitive adhesion of these samples. The differences in the crosslinking-density significantly affected the cohesion, adhesion, and tack in PU-PSA. The formulation of 50 wt.% 600PEG and 50 wt.% crosslinking-agent and an HDI/HDI trimer ratio of 1.0 led to the optimal balance between the adhesion and cohesion properties owing to the sufficient tack, high 180-peel strength, and good cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - PilHo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea; (J.-H.B.); (J.C.W.); (W.B.L.); (B.J.K.); (J.H.L.); (J.G.M.); (M.J.S.); (Y.H.M.)
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12
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Effect of rosin on the antibacterial activity against S.aureus and adhesion properties of UV-curable polyurethane/polysiloxane pressure-sensitive adhesive. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Lee K, Tiu BDB, Martchenko V, Mai K, Lee G, Gerst M, Messersmith PB. A Modular Strategy for Functional Pressure Sensitive Adhesives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:3161-3165. [PMID: 33401911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A modular approach to synthesizing functional pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) was introduced, wherein a modifiable acrylic PSA copolymer was synthesized by copolymerizing common PSA monomers with 6 mol % glycidyl methacrylate, allowing for subsequent functional group modification via the pendant epoxide functionality. This postmodification technique has the advantage of allowing the installation of a variety of functional groups relevant to adhesion, without variation of molecular weight. Because comparisons of cohesive and adhesive performance of candidate PSAs can be complicated by molecular weight differences, this strategy simplifies direct comparisons of the effects of functional groups on performance. As a proof of concept, a mussel-inspired catecholic PSA was synthesized by postreaction of the epoxide scaffold polymer with a thiol-modified catechol, allowing the effect of catechol on underlying structure-property relationships to be determined without variation in molecular weight. The mechanical performance of catecholic PSA was compared to relevant control PSAs by using industry-standard 180° peel and static shear tests, revealing an increase in peel strength achieved through catechol modification. Moreover, we observed an unexpected enhancement in PSA cohesive strength attributed to oxidation of catechol, which cannot be attributed to differences in molecular weight, a common source of changes in PSA cohesive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyueui Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brylee David B Tiu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Valentin Martchenko
- Department of Chemical Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristene Mai
- Department of Chemical Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Goun Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthias Gerst
- Polymers for Adhesives, BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Phillip B Messersmith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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Peñas MI, Calafel MI, Aguirresarobe RH, Tierno M, Conde JI, Pascual B, Santamaría A. How Is Rheology Involved in 3D Printing of Phase-Separated PVC-Acrylate Copolymers Obtained by Free Radical Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092070. [PMID: 32932625 PMCID: PMC7569851 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New auto-plasticised copolymers of poly(vinyl chloride)-r-(acrylate) and polyvinylchloride, obtained by radical polymerization, are investigated to analyse their capacity to be processed by 3D printing. The specific microstructure of the copolymers gives rise to a phase-separated morphology constituted by poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) domains dispersed in a continuous phase of acrylate-vinyl chloride copolymer. The analysis of the rheological results allows the suitability of these copolymers to be assessed for use in a screw-driven 3D printer, but not by the fused filament fabrication method. This is due to the high melt elasticity of the copolymers, caused by interfacial tension between phases. A relationship between the relaxation modulus of the copolymers and the interlayer adhesion is established. Under adequate 3D-printing conditions, flexible and ductile samples with good dimensional stability and cohesion are obtained, as is proven by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile stress-strain tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Iván Peñas
- POLYMAT and Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.I.P.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Miren Itxaso Calafel
- POLYMAT and Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.I.P.); (R.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Roberto Hernández Aguirresarobe
- POLYMAT and Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.I.P.); (R.H.A.)
| | - Manuel Tierno
- ERCROS S.A., Innovation and Technology Department, Chlorine Derivatives Division, Diagonal 595, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (M.T.); (J.I.C.); (B.P.)
| | - José Ignacio Conde
- ERCROS S.A., Innovation and Technology Department, Chlorine Derivatives Division, Diagonal 595, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (M.T.); (J.I.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Belén Pascual
- ERCROS S.A., Innovation and Technology Department, Chlorine Derivatives Division, Diagonal 595, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (M.T.); (J.I.C.); (B.P.)
| | - Antxon Santamaría
- POLYMAT and Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain; (M.I.P.); (R.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.I.C.); (A.S.)
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Liu J, Fang L, Liu C. Investigating the influences of intermolecular interactions on viscoelastic performance of pressure-sensitive adhesive by FT-IR spectroscopy and molecular modeling. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:1005-1014. [PMID: 32366133 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1764026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This study was to clarify the molecular mechanism of viscoelastic performance variations of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) with the addition of drugs by FT-IR spectroscopy and molecular modeling.Significance: Viscoelastic performance of PSA was frequently changed by the addition of drugs in drug-in-adhesive (DIA) patches. It may cause decrease of the physical stability and drug bio-adhesion issues for the development of DIA patch. But, the molecular details of drug-PSA interaction are not clarified.Methods: Model drugs including propranolol (PRO), oxybutynin (OXY), and escitalopram were added into patch with hydroxyl PSA (10%, w/w). Rheological study and thermal analysis were used to characterize the viscoelastic performance and free volume of PSA, respectively. 1H NMR was used to determine the quantity of hydroxyl group in the PSA. FT-IR study and molecular modeling were conducted to describe the types and interaction sites between drug and PSA molecule.Results: The results demonstrated that PRO interacted with -OH and -COOR groups of PSA, which interrupted the interaction between the PSA molecules, resulting in a plasticizing phenomenon of PSA. Escitalopram mainly interacted with -OH of PSA and decreased the rigidity of the drug-loaded PSA only in the high-frequency region. No obvious interaction was found between OXY and PSA, and the viscoelastic performance of PSA did not change significantly.Conclusion: The present study described the molecular mechanism of viscoelastic performance variation, especially the plasticizing effect. These results were essential for the design and development of transdermal patches from the viewpoint of viscoelastic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Searching for Rheological Conditions for FFF 3D Printing with PVC Based Flexible Compounds. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13010178. [PMID: 31906393 PMCID: PMC6981631 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rheology is proposed as a tool to explore plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations to be used in the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process and so manufactures flexible and ductile objects by this technique. The viscoelastic origin of success/failure in FFF of these materials is investigated. The analysis of buckling of the filament is based on the ratio between compression modulus and viscosity, but for a correct approach the viscosity should be obtained under the conditions established in the nozzle. As demonstrated by small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) measurements, PVC formulations have a crystallites network that provokes clogging in the nozzle. This network restricts printing conditions, because only vanishes at high temperatures, at which thermal degradation is triggered. It is observed that the analysis of the relaxation modulus G(t) is more performing than the G″/G' ratio to get conclusions on the quality of layers welding. Models printed according to the established conditions show an excellent appearance and flexibility, marking a milestone in the route to obtain flexible objects by FFF.
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Abstract
As the popularity of a cosmetic product on the market extensively depends on consumers’ perception, it is important for the sensory evaluation to be accurate during the product developmental stage. The focus of this study was to develop a generic method for the quantitative assessment of the sensory attributes of cosmetic creams. Four 100 g oil-in-water (O/W) model creams, containing loaded niosomes and their baselines (without niosomes), were formulated. Quantitative sensory evaluation of the formulated oil-in-water products were performed in three different stages: (a) appearance—pourability (b) pick-up—firmness and elasticity/stretchability (c) rub-out—spreadability and stickiness, using rheological measurements. All measurements were carried out at skin temperature, 32 ± 1 °C, and a relative humidity (RH) of 33%. The quantitative analysis showed all cream models exhibited shear-thinning, non-Newtonian behavior. Rheological parameters from the yield stress, amplitude sweep and frequency sweep tests were found to provide realistic correlations for the sensory characteristics of pourability and spreadability, firmness, elasticity/stretchability and stickiness, respectively. This novel quantitative assessment method of the sensory characteristics of a cream proved to be highly effective and can be universally applied.
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Fuensanta M, Vallino-Moyano MA, Martín-Martínez JM. Balanced Viscoelastic Properties of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives Made with Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101608. [PMID: 31623318 PMCID: PMC6835935 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure sensitive adhesives made with blends of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs PSAs) with satisfactory tack, cohesion, and adhesion have been developed. A simple procedure consisting of the physical blending of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) solutions of two thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with very different properties—TPU1 and TPU2—was used, and two different blending procedures have been employed. The TPUs were characterized by infra-red spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-IR spectroscopy), differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and plate-plate rheology (temperature and frequency sweeps). The TPUs PSAs were characterized by tack measurement, creep test, and the 180° peel test at 25 °C. The procedure for preparing the blends of the TPUs determined differently their viscoelastic properties, and the properties of the TPUs PSAs as well, the blending of separate MEK solutions of the two TPUs imparted higher tack and 180° peel strength than the blending of the two TPUs in MEK. TPU1 + TPU2 blends showed somewhat similar contributions of the free and hydrogen-bonded urethane groups and they had an almost similar degree of phase separation, irrespective of the composition of the blend. Two main thermal decompositions at 308–317 °C due to the urethane hard domains and another at 363–373 °C due to the soft domains could be distinguished in the TPU1 + TPU2 blends, the weight loss of the hard domains increased and the one of the soft domains decreased by increasing the amount of TPU2 in the blends. The storage moduli of the TPU1 + TPU2 blends were similar for temperatures lower than 20 °C and the moduli at the cross over of the moduli were lower than in the parent TPUs. The improved properties of the TPU1 + TPU2 blends derived from the creation of a higher number of hydrogen bonds upon removal of the MEK solvent, which lead to a lower degree of phase separation between the soft and the hard domains than in the parent TPUs. As a consequence, the properties of the TPU1 + TPU2 PSAs were improved because good tack, high 180° peel strength, and sufficient cohesion were obtained, particularly in 70 wt% TPU1 + 30 wt% TPU2 PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Fuensanta
- Adhesion and Adhesives Laboratory, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Development and in vitro evaluation of pressure sensitive adhesive patch for the transdermal delivery of galantamine: Effect of penetration enhancers and crystallization inhibition. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 139:262-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Wang Y, Weng F, Li J, Lai L, Yu W, Severtson SJ, Wang WJ. Influence of Phase Separation on Performance of Graft Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives with Various Copolyester Side Chains. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6945-6954. [PMID: 31458860 PMCID: PMC6644624 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives with various polyester side-chain lengths were synthesized to investigate the effect of branching on phase separation and polymer mechanical performance. The polyester macromonomers (MMs) were produced through ring-opening co-polymerizations of l-lactide (l-LA) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) initiated with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), which provides the polyester chains with terminal vinyl groups. By varying the HEMA content, a range of MM chain lengths constructed from L10C4 (five l-LA and four ε-CL units) to L100C40 were obtained at a constant monomer mole ratio. Copolymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and acrylic acid with these MMs at constant mass composition provided a series of comb copolymers consisting of acrylic backbones with polyester branches of various chain lengths. Characterization of thin films cast from the polymers using thermal analysis and scanning probe microscopy showed a transition from a homogeneous phase to the formation of distinct microphases with increasing branching chain lengths. Rheological analysis of the linear viscoelastic responses was also used through small-amplitude oscillatory shear, and dynamic master curves were constructed by time-temperature superposition. The rheological data were also consistent with phase separation for the longer side-chain lengths of L50C20 and L100C40. The extra elastic contribution at low frequency and the temperature dependence of a T both show obviously effect of separated phases. Performance testing of polymer films showed that the chain extension resulted in a significant increase in both peel strength and shear resistance, which was accompanied by a modest decrease in film tackiness. The results demonstrate that tailoring branch chain structures provide a promising means for controlling the properties of the high-biomass content adhesive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Feiyin Weng
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jiaxu Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Lei Lai
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Advanced
Rheology Institute, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Steven John Severtson
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, 2004 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Wen-Jun Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Liu L, Kuffel K, Scott DK, Constantinescu G, Chung HJ, Rieger J. Silicone-based adhesives for long-term skin application: cleaning protocols and their effect on peel strength. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aa91fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Construction and adhesion performance of biomass tetrahydro-geraniol-based sustainable/transparent pressure sensitive adhesives. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mechanistic insights of the enhancement effect of sorbitan monooleate on olanzapine transdermal patch both in release and percutaneous absorption processes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Baek SS, Jang SH, Hwang SH. Sustainable isosorbide-based transparent pressure-sensitive adhesives for optically clear adhesive and their adhesion performance. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Suk Baek
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry and Engineering Laboratory; Dankook University; Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Su-Hee Jang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry and Engineering Laboratory; Dankook University; Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hwang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Materials Chemistry and Engineering Laboratory; Dankook University; Gyeonggi Korea
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Baek SS, Hwang SH. Preparation of biomass-based transparent pressure sensitive adhesives for optically clear adhesive and their adhesion performance. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhao C, Quan P, Liu C, Li Q, Fang L. Effect of isopropyl myristate on the viscoelasticity and drug release of a drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch containing blonanserinEffect of isopropyl myristate on the viscoelasticity and drug release of a drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch containing blonanserinretain-->. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:623-628. [PMID: 27818930 PMCID: PMC5071634 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of isopropyl myristate (IPM), a penetration enhancer, on the viscoelasticity and drug release of a drug-in-adhesive transdermal patch containing blonanserin. The patches were prepared with DURO-TAK® 87-2287 as a pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) containing 5% (w/w) of blonanserin and different concentrations of IPM. An in vitro release experiment was performed and the adhesive performance of the drug-in-adhesive patches with different concentrations of IPM was evaluated by a rolling ball tack test and a shear-adhesion test. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and rheological parameters of the drug-in-adhesive layers were determined to study the effect of IPM on the mechanical properties of the PSA. The results of the in vitro release experiment showed that the release rate of blonanserin increased with an increasing concentration of IPM. The rolling ball tack test and shear-adhesion test showed decreasing values with increasing IPM concentration. The results were interpreted on the basis of the IPM-induced plasticization of the PSA, as evidenced by a depression of the glass transition temperature and a decrease in the elastic modulus. In conclusion, IPM acted as a plasticizer on DURO-TAK® 87-2287, and it increased the release of blonanserin and affected the adhesive properties of the PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liang Fang
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +86 24 23986330.
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28
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Wong RSH, Ashton M, Dodou K. Effect of Crosslinking Agent Concentration on the Properties of Unmedicated Hydrogels. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:305-19. [PMID: 26371031 PMCID: PMC4588202 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7030305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polyethylene oxide (PEO) hydrogel films were synthesized via UV crosslinking with varying concentrations of pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate (PETRA) as crosslinking agent. The aim was to study the effects of the crosslinking agent on the material properties of hydrogel films intended for dermatological applications. Fabricated film samples were characterized using swelling studies, scanning electron microscopy, tensile testing and rheometry. Films showed rapid swelling and high elasticity. The increase of PETRA concentration resulted in significant increase in the gel fraction and crosslinking density (ρc), while causing a significant decrease in the equilibrium water content (EWC), average molecular weight between crosslinks (M¯c), and mesh size (ζ) of films. From the scanning electron microscopy, cross-linked PEO hydrogel network appeared as cross-linked mesh-like structure with interconnected micropores. Rheological studies showed PEO films required a minimum of 2.5% w/w PETRA to form stable viscoelastic solid gels. Preliminary studies concluded that a minimum of 2.5% w/w PETRA is required to yield films with desirable properties for skin application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Shet Hui Wong
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Science Complex, Wharncliffe Street, SR1 3SD Sunderland, UK.
| | - Mark Ashton
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Science Complex, Wharncliffe Street, SR1 3SD Sunderland, UK.
| | - Kalliopi Dodou
- Department of Pharmacy Health and Wellbeing, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sunderland, Science Complex, Wharncliffe Street, SR1 3SD Sunderland, UK.
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29
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Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Jamrógiewicz M, Żebrowska M, Mikolaszek B, Sznitowska M. Double layer adhesive silicone dressing as a potential dermal drug delivery film in scar treatment. Int J Pharm 2015; 481:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang J, Zhang H, An D, Yu J, Li W, Shen T, Wang J. Rheological characterization of cataplasm bases composed of cross-linked partially neutralized polyacrylate hydrogel. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1149-54. [PMID: 24865937 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelasticity is a useful parameter for characterizing the intrinsic properties of the cross-linked polyacrylate hydrogel used in cataplasm bases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various formulation parameters on the rheological characteristics of polyacrylate hydrogel. The hydrogel layers were formed using a partially neutralized polyacrylate (Viscomate(™)), which contained acrylic acid and sodium acrylate in different copolymerization ratios, as the cross-linked gel framework. Dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate (DAAA), which produces aluminum ions, was used as the cross-linking agent. Rheological analyses were performed using a "stress amplitude sweep" and a "frequency sweep". The results showed that greater amounts of acrylic acid in the structure of Viscomate as well as higher concentrations of DAAA and Viscomate led to an increase in the elastic modulus (G'). However, greater amounts of acrylic acid in the structure of Viscomate and higher concentrations of DAAA had an opposite on the viscous modulus (G″); this might be owing to higher steric hindrance. The results of this study can serve as guidelines for the optimization of formulations for cataplasms.
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Investigations on the viscoelastic performance of pressure sensitive adhesives in drug-in-adhesive type transdermal films. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2186-202. [PMID: 24599801 PMCID: PMC4153978 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to investigate the effect of solubility parameter and drug concentration on the rheological behaviour of drug-in-adhesive films intended for transdermal application. Methods Films were prepared over a range of drug concentrations (5%, 10% and 20% w/w) using ibuprofen, benzoic acid, nicotinic acid and lidocaine as model drugs in acrylic (Duro-Tak 87-4287 and Duro-Tak 87900A) or silicone (Bio-PSA 7-4301 and Bio-PSA 7-4302) pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). Saturation status of films was determined using light microscopy. Viscoelastic parameters were measured in rheology tests at 32°C. Results Subsaturated films had lower viscoelastic moduli whereas saturated films had higher moduli than the placebo films and/or a concentration-dependent increase in their modulus. Saturation concentration of each drug in the films was reflected by decreasing/increasing viscoelastic patterns. The viscoelastic windows (VWs) of the adhesive and drug-in-adhesive films clearly depicted the effect of solubility parameter differences, molar concentration of drug in the adhesive film and differences in PSA chemistry. Conclusions Drug solubility parameters and molar drug concentrations have an impact on rheological patterns and thus on the adhesive performance of tested pressure sensitive adhesives intended for use in transdermal drug delivery systems. Use of the Flory equation in its limiting form was appropriate to predict drug solubility in the tested formulations.
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Tolia G, Li SK. Silicone adhesive matrix of verapamil hydrochloride to provide pH-independent sustained release. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:1-10. [PMID: 24022347 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing pH-independent oral release of weakly basic drugs with conventional matrix tablets can be challenging because of the pH-dependent solubility characteristics of the drugs and the changing pH environment along the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to use a hydrophobic polymer to overcome the issue of pH-dependent release of weakly basic model drug verapamil hydrochloride from matrix tablets without the use of organic buffers in the matrix formulations. Silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) polymer was evaluated because of its unique properties of low surface energy, hydrophobicity, low glass transition temperature, high electrical resistance, and barrier to hydrogen ion diffusion. Drug release, hydrogen ion diffusion, tablet contact angle, and internal tablet microenvironment pH with matrix tablets prepared using PSA were compared with those using water-insoluble ethyl cellulose (EC). Silicone PSA films showed higher resistance to hydrogen ion diffusion compared with EC films. Verapamil hydrochloride tablets prepared using silicone PSA showed higher hydrophobicity and lower water uptake than EC tablets. Silicone PSA tablets also showed pH-independent release of verapamil and decreased in dimensions during drug dissolution. By contrast, verapamil hydrochloride tablets prepared using EC did not achieve pH-independent release.
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Effect of permeation enhancers on dynamic mechanical properties of acrylate pressure sensitive adhesives. Int J Pharm 2013; 458:141-7. [PMID: 24120455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties of permeation enhancers like molecular weight/size, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, co-solvency, etc. are necessary during their selection for pharmaceutical product development. Chemical permeation enhancers modulate the viscoelastic properties of pressure sensitive adhesives. The extent of this modulation depends upon the molecular size and branching of the polymeric chains. The functional nature of this branching additionally changes the peel and tack properties of PSA's. Chemical permeation enhancers alone are not able to modify viscoelastic properties of aqueous based PSA's as compared with their solvent based counterparts. These modulated mechanical aspects need to be maintained throughout development of transdermal patch along with other pharmaceutical aspects like drug release and drug stability.
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Shi Y, Xu S, Dong A, Zhang J. Design and in vitro evaluation of transdermal patches based on ibuprofen-loaded electrospun fiber mats. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2013; 24:333-341. [PMID: 23138838 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4805-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To improve the poor compatibility among different components of Drug-in-adhesive type patch, two novel plasters (Drug-in-fiber and Drug-in-adhesive/fiber) were developed based on ibuprofen (IBU)-loaded fiber mats. These fibrous mats were fabricated via electrospinning of cellulose acetate/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) composites in a binary solvent of N,N-dimethyl acetamide/acetone. Physical status studies suggested that Drug-in-fiber could inhibit IBU re-crystallization, but the active ingredients were released at a relatively slow rate due to the dual-resistance of fiber mat and adhesive matrix. To overcome this shortcoming, Drug-in-adhesive/fiber was designed by coupling medicated hydrophilic pressure sensitive adhesive and IBU-loaded fiber mat. This method endowed Drug-in-adhesive/fiber a fast IBU release rate and high permeated drug amount though simulative skins. This design separated enhancer from adhesive matrix, which guaranteed Drug-in-adhesive/fiber excellent adhesion forces. Hence, the plasters based on medicated fiber mats improved the compatibility among patch components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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35
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Wang C, Ma J, Liu R, Han W, Tang X. A thermoplastic elastomer patch matrix for traditional Chinese medicine: design and evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:211-21. [PMID: 23327358 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.755191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To design and evaluate a novel pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) patch containing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) using styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) copolymer. METHOD A mixture D-optimal design with ternary response surface diagram was employed in the optimization process. The proportions of SIS copolymer, tackifying resin and plasticizer were selected as the independent variables while tack force, peel strength of the patch and skin penetrability of methyl salicylate were selected as the dependent variables. The optimized patch was then evaluated including in vivo absorption, pharmacological activities and skin irritation, by comparing with a commercial patch based on natural rubber. RESULTS The optimized patch, which comprised 30.0% SIS copolymer, 26.6% tackifying resin and 43.4% plasticizer, was superior to commercial patch in skin permeation, pharmacological activities and skin biocompatibility. CONCLUSION SIS copolymer was a suitable substitute to natural rubber in producing patches containing TCM formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
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Wang C, Liu R, Tang X, Han W. A drug-in-adhesive matrix based on thermoplastic elastomer: evaluation of percutaneous absorption, adhesion, and skin irritation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1179-89. [PMID: 22961413 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel drug-in-adhesive matrix was designed and prepared. A thermoplastic elastomer, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) block copolymer, in combination with tackifying resin and plasticizer, was employed to compose the matrix. Capsaicin was selected as the model drug. The drug percutaneous absorption, adhesion properties, and skin irritation were investigated. The results suggested that the diffusion through SIS matrix was the rate-limiting step of capsaicin percutaneous absorption. [SI] content in SIS and SIS proportions put important effects on drug penetration and adhesion properties. The chemical enhancers had strong interactions with the matrix and gave small effect on enhancement of drug skin permeation. The in vivo absorption of samples showed low drug plasma peaks and a steady and constant plasma level for a long period. These results suggested that the possible side effects of drug were attenuated, and the pharmacological effects were enhanced with an extended therapeutic period after application of SIS matrix. The significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters produced by different formulations demonstrated the influences of SIS copolymer on drug penetrability. Furthermore, the result of skin toxicity test showed that no skin irritation occurred in guinea pig skin after transdermal administration of formulations.
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Tolia G, Li SK. Study of drug release and tablet characteristics of silicone adhesive matrix tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 82:518-25. [PMID: 22820648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix tablets of a model drug acetaminophen (APAP) were prepared using a highly compressible low glass transition temperature (T(g)) polymer silicone pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) at various binary mixtures of silicone PSA/APAP ratios. Matrix tablets of a rigid high T(g) matrix forming polymer ethyl cellulose (EC) were the reference for comparison. Drug release study was carried out using USP Apparatus 1 (basket), and the relationship between the release kinetic parameters of APAP and polymer/APAP ratio was determined to estimate the excipient percolation threshold. The critical points attributed to both silicone PSA and EC tablet percolation thresholds were found to be between 2.5% and 5% w/w. For silicone PSA tablets, satisfactory mechanical properties were obtained above the polymer percolation threshold; no cracking or chipping of the tablet was observed above this threshold. Rigid EC APAP tablets showed low tensile strength and high friability. These results suggest that silicone PSA could eliminate issues related to drug compressibility in the formulation of directly compressed oral controlled release tablets of poorly compressible drug powder such as APAP. No routinely used excipients such as binders, granulating agents, glidants, or lubricants were required for making an acceptable tablet matrix of APAP using silicone PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Tolia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267-0004, USA.
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Wang C, Han W, Tang X, Zhang H. Evaluation of drug release profile from patches based on styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer: the effect of block structure and plasticizer. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:556-67. [PMID: 22476973 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) patches based on styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) thermoplastic elastomer using hot-melt coating method. The liquid paraffine is added in the PSA matrices as a plasticizer to moderate the PSA properties. Three drugs, methyl salicylate, capsaicin, and diphenhydramine hydrochloride are selected as model drugs. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry test, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction test indicate a good compatibility between drugs and matrices. Peppas equation is used to describe drug release profile. Different drug-matrix absorption, as indicative of drug-matrix interaction, accounts for the variation in release profiles of different drugs. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy and rheological studies of the PSA samples are performed to investigate the effect of SIS structure and plasticizer of PSA on drug release behaviors. For methyl salicylate and capsaicin, drug diffusion in the PSA matrices is the main factor controlled by the release kinetic constant k. The high [SI] diblock content and high plasticizer amount in matrix provide the PSA with a homogeneous and soften microstructure, resulting in a high diffusion rate. But for water-soluble drugs such as diphenhydramine hydrochloride, the release rate is governed by water penetration with the competition from diffusion mechanisms.
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Zhang J, Deng L, Zhao H, Liu M, Jin H, Li J, Dong A. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Properties of Poly(N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone)/D,L-Lactic Acid Oligomer/Glycerol/Water Blends for TDDS. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 21:1-15. [DOI: 10.1163/156856209x410111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Liandong Deng
- b School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hujia Zhao
- c School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- d School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Jin
- e School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jingqing Li
- f School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Anjie Dong
- g School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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Cilurzo F, Gennari CGM, Minghetti P. Adhesive properties: a critical issue in transdermal patch development. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 9:33-45. [PMID: 22171789 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.637107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal patches and medicated plasters (patch) represent well-established prolonged release dosage forms. Even if satisfactory adhesion to the skin is strictly linked to the efficacy and safety of the therapeutic treatment, nowadays numerous reports of in vivo 'adhesion lacking' are still addressed to regulatory agencies. The adhesive properties of a patch should be characterized considering i) the ability to form a bond with the surface of another material on brief contact and under light pressure (tack); ii) the resistance of the adhesive to flow (shear adhesion); and iii) the force required to peel away a patch from a surface (peel adhesion). AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, the most widely used methods to measure adhesive properties during development studies are described, along with the quality control of patches. The influence of formulative variables on patch adhesive properties, and their possible relationship with the in vivo adhesion performances, is also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The Pharmacopoeias should consider the opportunity of introducing compendial testing to assay the quality of adhesive patch properties, and regulatory agencies should issue proper guidelines to evaluate these features during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cilurzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Via G. Colombo, 71-20131, Milano, Italy.
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Liu J, Wang Z, Liu C, Xi H, Li C, Chen Y, Sun L, Mu L, Fang L. Silicone adhesive, a better matrix for tolterodine patches—a research based onin vitro/in vivostudies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:1008-14. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.637049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Guo R, Du X, Zhang R, Deng L, Dong A, Zhang J. Bioadhesive film formed from a novel organic-inorganic hybrid gel for transdermal drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:574-83. [PMID: 21723945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel organic-inorganic hybrid film-forming agent for TDDS was developed by a modified poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gel using γ-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) as an inorganic-modifying agent, poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as a tackifier and glycerol (GLY) as a plasticizer. The prepared gels can be applied to the skin by a coating method and in situ form very thin and transparent films with good performance, comfortable feel and cosmetic attractiveness. The key properties of the bioadhesive films produced from the hybrid gels were investigated and the results showed that the incorporation of appropriate GPTMS (GPTMS/(PVA+GPTMS) in the range of 20-30%) into the PVA matrix not only can significantly enhance mechanical strength and skin adhesion properties of the resultant film, but also can decrease the crystalline regions of PVA and hence facilitate the diffusion of water vapor and drug. Furthermore, the investigations into in vivo skin irritation suggested the films caused non-irritation to skin after topical application for 120 h. In conclusion, the bioadhesive films formed from organic-inorganic hybrid gels possessed very good qualities for application on the skin and may provide a promising formulation for TDDS, especially when the patient acceptability from an aesthetic perspective of the dosage form is a prime consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwei Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Dodou K, Saddique W. Effect of manufacturing method on thein vitrodrug release and adhesive performance of drug-in-adhesive films containing binary mixtures of ibuprofen with poloxamer 188. Pharm Dev Technol 2011; 17:552-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.550687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Taghizadeh SM, Ghasemi D. Rheological and adhesion properties of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Subedi RK, Oh SY, Chun MK, Choi HK. Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:339-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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A Novel Hydrophilic Adhesive Matrix with Self-Enhancement for Drug Percutaneous Permeation Through Rat Skin. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1398-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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