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Yang X, Zhang X, Shu X, Gong J, Yang J, Li B, Lin J, Chai Y, Liu J. The effects of polyethylene microplastics on the growth, reproduction, metabolic enzymes, and metabolomics of earthworms Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115390. [PMID: 37619398 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The existing data regarding the effects of polyethylene (PE) microplastics (MPs) smaller than 5 mm in size on earthworms are insufficient to fully comprehend their toxicity. In this study, earthworms Eisenia fetida were exposed to artificially added PE at a concentration ranging from 0.05 to 20 g/kg soil (0.005%-2%) for 60 days to determine the concentration range causing negative effects on earthworms and to uncover the potential toxic mechanisms. The individual growth, reproduction, and metabolic enzyme activities, including phase I enzymes (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, and 3A4), and phase II metabolic enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione sulfotransferase (GST)), and metabolomics were measured. The observed variations in responses of multiple cross-scale endpoints indicated that individual indices are less responsive to PE MPs than metabolic enzymes or metabolomics. Despite the absence of significant alterations in growth inhibition based on body weight, PE MPs at concentrations equal to or exceeding 2.5 g/kg were found to exert a toxic effect on earthworms, which was evidenced by significant changes in metabolic enzyme activities (CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C9, and 3A4, SOD, CAT, and GST) and important small molecule metabolites screened based on metabolomics, likely due to the bioaccumulation of PE. The toxicity of PE MPs to earthworms is inferred to be associated with neurotoxicity, oxidative damage, decreased detoxification capacity, energy metabolism imbalance, and impaired amino acid and purine metabolism due to bioaccumulation. The findings of this study will enhance our understanding of the molecular toxicity mechanisms of PE MPs and contribute to a more accurate assessment of the ecological risks posed by PE MPs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Shu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuping Gong
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Junying Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Biquan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Lin
- Key Laboratory of Water, Environment, Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chai
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfei Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 401329, People's Republic of China
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Saganuwan SA. Biomedical Applications of Polyurethane Hydrogels, Polyurethane Aerogels and Polyurethane-Graphene Nanocomposite Materials. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2022; 22:79-87. [PMID: 35507789 DOI: 10.2174/1871524922666220429115124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing new emerging ill-healths have posed therapeutic challenges in modern medicine. Hence polyurethane hydrogels that comprise polyol, copolymer and extender could be prepared from diverse chemical compounds with adjuvants such as ascorbic acid, sorbitol among others. Their mechano-physicochemical properties are functions of their biological activities. Therefore there is need to assess their therapeutic potentials. METHODS literature were searched on synthesis and medical uses of polyurethane - hydrogels, polyurethane - aerogels and polyurethane - graphene nanocomposite materials, with a view to identifying their sources, synthesis, mechanical and physiochemical properties, biomedical applications, chirality, and the relevance of Lipinski's rule of five in the synthesis of oral polyurethane nanocomposite materials. RESULTS The prepared hydrogels and aerogels could be used as polymer carriers for intradermal, cutaneous and intranasal drugs. They can be fabricated and used as prosthetics. In addition the strength modulus (tensile stress-tensile strain ratio), biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxic effects of the polyurethane hydrogels and aerogels are the highly desirable properties. However, body and environmental temperatures may contribute to their instability, hence there is need to improve on the synthesis of aerogels and hydrogels of polyurethane that can last for many years. Alcoholism, diabetes, pyrogenic diseases, mechanical and physical forces, and physiological variability may also reduce the life span of polyurethane aerogels and hydrogels. CONCLUSION Synthesis of polyurethane hydrogel-aerogel complex that can be used in complex, rare biomedical cases is of paramount importance. These hydrogels and aerogels may be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, aerophobic-aerophilic or amphiphilic and sometimes lipophilic depending on structural components and the intended biomedical uses. Polyurethane graphene nanocomposite materials are used in the treatment of a myriad of diseases including cancer and bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan
- Department Of Veterinary Pharmacology And Toxicology, College Of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University Of Agriculture P.M.B 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
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Inhibition of Cytochrome P450s by Strobilanthes crispus Sub-Fraction (F3): Implication for Herb-Drug Interaction. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2022; 47:431-440. [PMID: 35146636 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-022-00754-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Strobilanthes crispus Blume sub-fraction (F3) has been reported to be cytotoxic against cancer cells and to cause murine mammary tumor regression. Potential utilization of F3 as an adjuvant in breast cancer treatment to alleviate chemotherapeutic drug resistance is currently hampered by potential cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated herb-drug interactions (HDIs). The current study assessed the inhibitory potency of F3 towards five CYP enzymes involved in tamoxifen metabolism. METHODS Potential CYP inhibition by F3 was first determined using fluorescence assays, using known CYP inhibitors as reference. To further ascertain the inhibitory potency and mode of inhibition, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis of specific metabolites of a CYP probe substrate was conducted. RESULTS The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values indicate that F3 exhibited relatively weak inhibition on CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4. Highest susceptibility to inhibition by F3 was observed for CYP2C9, where the IC50 value from fluorescence-based assay was 35-fold higher than control. Further analysis by HPLC-MS/MS revealed relatively weak mixed-type inhibition of F3 on CYP2C9, as indicated by IC50 and inhibition constant (KI) values. The risk of clinically significant CYP2C9 inhibition by F3 was then predicted based on the attained KI value and the presumed amount of F3 absorbed from S. crispus leaves following consumption. The calculated maximum plasma concentration to inhibition constant Cmax/KI) ratio suggests that F3 consumption could potentially result in clinically significant drug interactions with medications metabolized by CYP2C9. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results revealed a low probability of inhibition by F3 on CYP enzymes involved in tamoxifen metabolism. However, further in vivo investigation is necessary for potential F3 interaction with CYP2C9. The utility of a preliminary in vitro approach in the assessment of potential HDI was demonstrated in this study.
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Zhao L, Ciallella HL, Aleksunes LM, Zhu H. Advancing computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) by big data and data-driven machine learning modeling. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1624-1638. [PMID: 32663517 PMCID: PMC7572559 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advancing a new drug to market requires substantial investments in time as well as financial resources. Crucial bioactivities for drug candidates, including their efficacy, pharmacokinetics (PK), and adverse effects, need to be investigated during drug development. With advancements in chemical synthesis and biological screening technologies over the past decade, a large amount of biological data points for millions of small molecules have been generated and are stored in various databases. These accumulated data, combined with new machine learning (ML) approaches, such as deep learning, have shown great potential to provide insights into relevant chemical structures to predict in vitro, in vivo, and clinical outcomes, thereby advancing drug discovery and development in the big data era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Heather L Ciallella
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA.
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Lu C, Di L. In vitro
and
in vivo
methods to assess pharmacokinetic drug– drug interactions in drug discovery and development. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2020; 41:3-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lu
- Department of DMPKSanofi Company Waltham MA 02451
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and MetabolismPfizer Worldwide Research & Development Groton CT 06340
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Dunkoksung W, Vardhanabhuti N, Siripong P, Jianmongkol S. Rhinacanthin-C Mediated Herb-Drug Interactions with Drug Transporters and Phase I Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1040-1049. [PMID: 31399508 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinacanthin-C is a major active constituent in Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, a plant widely used in herbal remedies. Its potential for pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction may exist with drug transporters and drug metabolizing enzymes. This study assessed the possibility for rhinacanthin-C-mediated drug interaction by determining its inhibitory effects against major human efflux and influx drug transporters as well as various human cytochrome P450(CYP) isoforms. Rhinacanthin-C demonstrated a moderate permeability through the Caco-2 monolayers [Papp (AP-to-BL) = 1.26 × 10-6 cm/s]. It significantly inhibited transport mediated by both P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (IC50 = 5.20 µM) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) (IC50 = 0.83 µM) across Caco-2 and BCRP-overexpressing Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells (MDCKII) cells. This compound also strongly inhibited uptake mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) (IC50 = 0.70 µM) and OATP1B3 (IC50 = 3.95 µM) in OATP1B-overexpressing HEK cells. In addition to its inhibitory effect on these drug transporters, rhinacanthin-C significantly inhibited multiple human CYP isoforms including CYP2C8 (IC50 = 4.56 µM), 2C9 (IC50 = 1.52 µM), 2C19 (IC50 = 28.40 µM), and 3A4/5 (IC50 = 53 µM for midazolam and IC50 = 81.20 µM for testosterone), but not CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2D6, and 2E1. These results strongly support a high propensity for rhinacanthin-C as a perpetrator of clinical herb-drug interaction via inhibiting various influx and efflux drug transporters (i.e., P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3) and CYP isoforms (i.e., CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19). Thus, the potential for significant pharmacokinetic herb-drug interaction should be addressed when herbal products containing rhinacanthin-C are to be used in conjunction with other prescription drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilasinee Dunkoksung
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
| | - Nontima Vardhanabhuti
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
| | - Pongpun Siripong
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
| | - Suree Jianmongkol
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology (W.D., S.J.) and Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy (N.V.), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; and National Cancer Institute, Bangkok, Thailand (P.S.)
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Kim HJ, Lee H, Ji HK, Lee T, Liu KH. Screening of ten cytochrome P450 enzyme activities with 12 probe substrates in human liver microsomes using cocktail incubation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2019; 40:101-111. [PMID: 30730576 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Testing for potential drug interactions of new chemical entities is essential when developing a novel drug. In this study, an assay was designed to evaluate drug interactions with 10 major human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes incubated in liver microsomes, involving 12 probe substrates with two cocktail incubation sets used in a single liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) run. The P450 substrate composition in each cocktail set was optimized to minimize solvent effects and mutual drug interactions among substrates as follows: cocktail A was composed of phenacetin for CYP1A2, bupropion for CYP2B6, amodiaquine for CYP2C8, diclofenac for CYP2C9, S-mephenytoin for CYP2C19, and dextromethorphan for CYP2D6; cocktail B was composed of coumarin for CYP2A6, chlorzoxazone for CYP2E1, astemizole for CYP2J2, and midazolam, nifedipine, and testosterone for CYP3A. Multiple probe substrates were used for CYP3A owing to the multiple substrate-binding sites and substrate-dependent inhibition. After incubation in human liver microsomes, each incubation mixture was pooled and all probe metabolites were simultaneously analysed in a single LC-MS/MS run. Polarity switching was used to acquire the negative-ion mode for hydroxychlorzoxazone and positive-ion mode for the remaining analytes. The method was validated by comparing the inhibition data obtained from incubation of each individual probe substrate alone and with the substrate cocktails. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration values obtained from the cocktail and individual incubations were well correlated and in agreement with previously reported values. This new method will be useful in assessing the drug interaction potential of new chemical entities during new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Kyeong Ji
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
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Yamamoto R, Muroi K, Imaishi H. Serum derived from ulcerative colitis mouse changes the metabolism of the fluorescent substrate by P450 depending on the degree of disease progression. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 290:88-98. [PMID: 29842871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by erosions of the intestinal mucosa. The number of patients with UC has recently been increasing rapidly. Since the diagnosis of UC is complex and difficult, a simple, rapid, noninvasive technique for diagnosing UC is needed urgently. The expression of cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) species in mouse liver is known to be changed dependent on the disease. Various components such as P450 substrates and P450 metabolites in the blood may possibly change with the UC-specific way in mouse. In this study, in order to evaluate UC-specific components in UC mouse serum, we analyzed the influence of serum derived from UC mice on the results of fluorescent P450 inhibition assays based on 12 human P450 enzymes, such as CYP1A1, CYP2C8, CYP2E1,CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2A13, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, and CYP3A5. At first, in order to induce UC, mice received 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-sulfonic acid (DSS) dissolved in their drinking water for 7 days. Next, these 12 human P450 enzymes were expressed in E. coli cells. Then, P450 fluorescent competition reaction was performed using these P450 enzymes and serum of UC mice. We found that the metabolism of fluorescent substrates by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP1A1 in the presence of serum obtained from DSS-treated mice was activated by 42%, 37%, 37%, and 23%, respectively, relative to that associated with sera from control mice. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out with the 31 samples of UC mice and healthy mice. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) value was calculated from ROC curve. AUC value of CYP2E1 and CYP2C19 showed 0.921 and 0.892, respectively. Therefore, it was shown that CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 could be used as biomarkers for evaluating ulcerative colitis. From these results, it is suggested that these simple fluorescent P450 inhibition assays have potential as a new diagnostic procedure for UC in mouse. This study is the first report on a simple non-invasive method for evaluating UC using P450 enzyme and serum interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Kouhei Muroi
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Imaishi
- Laboratory of Response to Environmental Materials, Division of Signal Responses, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Japan.
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Khatri Y, Ringle. M, Lisurek M, von Kries JP, Zapp J, Bernhardt R. Substrate Hunting for the Myxobacterial CYP260A1 Revealed New 1α-Hydroxylated Products from C-19 Steroids. Chembiochem 2015; 17:90-101. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yogan Khatri
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Ringle.
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Michael Lisurek
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Jens Peter von Kries
- Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie; Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10 13125 Berlin Germany
| | - Josef Zapp
- Universität des Saarlandes; Pharmazeutische Biologie; Campus C2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Universität des Saarlandes; Biochemie; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Lopez-Tapia F, Walker KAM, Brotherton-Pleiss C, Caroon J, Nitzan D, Lowrie L, Gleason S, Zhao SH, Berger J, Cockayne D, Phippard D, Suttmann R, Fitch WL, Bourdet D, Rege P, Huang X, Broadbent S, Dvorak C, Zhu J, Wagner P, Padilla F, Loe B, Jahangir A, Alker A. Novel Series of Dihydropyridinone P2X7 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8413-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lopez-Tapia
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Keith A. M. Walker
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | | | - Joanie Caroon
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Dov Nitzan
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Lee Lowrie
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Shelley Gleason
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Shu-Hai Zhao
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Jacob Berger
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Debra Cockayne
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Deborah Phippard
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Rebecca Suttmann
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - William L. Fitch
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - David Bourdet
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Pankaj Rege
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Scott Broadbent
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Charles Dvorak
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Paul Wagner
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Fernando Padilla
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Brad Loe
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - Alam Jahangir
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
| | - André Alker
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, New Jersey 07110, United States
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11
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Dahlinger D, Duechting S, Nuecken D, Sydow K, Fuhr U, Frechen S. Development and validation of an in vitro, seven-in-one human cytochrome P450 assay for evaluation of both direct and time-dependent inhibition. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 77:66-75. [PMID: 26528794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) raises drug safety concerns and has major implications in drug development. This study describes the development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based screening tool to simultaneously assess both the direct and the time-dependent inhibitory potential of xenobiotics on the seven major CYPs using a two-step approach. METHODS The in vitro cocktail of FDA recognized model substrates was incubated with human liver microsomes (HLM) and consisted of caffeine (CYP1A2), bupropion (CYP2B6), rosiglitazone (CYP2C8), tolbutamide (CYP2C9), omeprazole (CYP2C19), dextromethorphan (CYP2D6) and midazolam (CYP3A4). Direct and time-dependent inhibitory profiles of direct and time-dependent reference inhibitors for each CYP were studied. For validation, the results were compared to those obtained with the traditional single substrate approach. Statistical uncertainty was quantified using the bootstrap method. RESULTS The direct inhibition assay showed an acceptable fold bias of 1.35 (geometric mean fold absolute deviation, range 1.01-2.61) in the IC50 values for the cocktail assay compared to the single substrate results with no trend for under- or overestimation. Using a single point inactivation assay to assess TDI, we were able to identify all seven tested time-dependent reference inhibitors, without any false negatives. DISCUSSION The presented design enhances throughput by assessing the seven major CYPs simultaneously and allows for detection of and discrimination between direct and time-dependent CYP inhibition via IC50 and single point inactivation experiments. For the latter, a threshold of 10% TDI is proposed for carrying out more detailed inactivation kinetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dahlinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Duechting
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Nuecken
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konrad Sydow
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Fuhr
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Frechen
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology, Cologne University Hospital, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Ogiyama T, Yonezawa K, Inoue M, Watanabe T, Sugano Y, Gotoh T, Kiso T, Koakutsu A, Kakimoto S, Shishikura JI. Discovery of a 1-isopropyltetrahydroisoquinoline derivative as an orally active N-type calcium channel blocker for neuropathic pain. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4624-4637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Oda K, Yamano K, Otsuka Y. In vitro-in vivoextrapolations to evaluate the effect of concomitant drugs on tacrolimus (FK506) exposure. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:265-74. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Oda
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Yodogawa-ku Osaka 532-8514 Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamano
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Yodogawa-ku Osaka 532-8514 Japan
| | - Yukio Otsuka
- Analysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Yodogawa-ku Osaka 532-8514 Japan
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14
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A cocktail approach for assessing the in vitro activity of human cytochrome P450s: An overview of current methodologies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:221-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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Phenotyping of CYP450 in human liver microsomes using the cocktail approach. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4875-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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16
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Carosati E. Modelling cytochromes P450 binding modes to predict P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e167-75. [PMID: 24050246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cytochromes P450 (P450) superfamily is a diverse group of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, whose orientations within the catalytic site can lead to different binding modes, namely productive, nonproductive, and inhibitory. This article collects the most recent approaches that individually study P450- ligand interactions, including a novel in silico technology, developed in the framework of the Human Cytochrome P450 Consortium initiative, that provides reliable in silico predictions of P450 inhibition, metabolic stability and isoform selectivity.
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17
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Qin CZ, Ren X, Tan ZR, Chen Y, Yin JY, Yu J, Qu J, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ. A high-throughput inhibition screening of major human cytochrome P450 enzymes using anin vitrococktail and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:197-203. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhen Qin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Ren
- Shanghai Green Valley Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; Shanghai 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics; Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine; Changsha Hunan 410078 People's Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
It is a constant challenge to provide timely bioanalytical support for the evaluation of drug-like properties and PK/PD profiles for the ever-increasing numbers of new chemical entities in a cost-effective manner. While technological advancement in various aspects of LC–MS/MS analysis has significantly improved bioanalytical efficiency, a number of simple sample reduction strategies can be employed to reduce the number of samples requiring analysis, and as a result increase the bioanalytical productivity without deploying additional instruments. In this review, advantages and precautions of common sample reduction strategies, such as sample pooling and cassette dosing, are discussed. In addition, other approaches such as reducing calibration standards and eliminating over-the-curve sample reanalysis will also be discussed. Taken together, these approaches can significantly increase the capacity and throughput of discovery bioanalysis without adding instruments, and are viable means to enhance the overall productivity of the bioanalytical laboratory.
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19
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Cheng Q, Guengerich FP. High-throughput fluorescence assay of cytochrome P450 3A4. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 987:157-162. [PMID: 23475676 PMCID: PMC4024206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-321-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microtiter plate-based fluorescence assays allow rapid measurement of the catalytic activities of cytochrome P450 oxygenases (P450s). We describe a high-throughput fluorescence assay of P450 3A4, one of the key enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism. The assay involves the oxidative debenzylation of 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin, producing an increase in fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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20
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Lim KB, Ozbal CC, Kassel DB. High-throughput mass spectrometric cytochrome P450 inhibition screening. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 987:25-50. [PMID: 23475665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-321-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe here a high-throughput assay to support rapid evaluation of drug discovery compounds for possible drug-drug interaction (DDI). Each compound is evaluated for its DDI potential by incubating over a range of eight concentrations and against a panel of six cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes: 1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. The method utilizes automated liquid handling for sample preparation, and online solid-phase extraction/tandem mass spectrometry (SPE/MS/MS) for sample analyses. The system is capable of generating two 96-well assay plates in 30 min, and completes the data acquisition and analysis of both plates in about 30 min. Many laboratories that perform the CYP inhibition screening automate only part of the processes leaving a throughput bottleneck within the workflow. The protocols described in this chapter are aimed to streamline the entire process from assay to data acquisition and processing by incorporating automation and utilizing high-precision instrument to maximize throughput and minimize bottleneck.
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21
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Pérez J, Díaz C, Salado IG, Pérez DI, Peláez F, Genilloud O, Vicente F. Evaluation of the effect of compound aqueous solubility in cytochrome P450 inhibition assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.45083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Moskaleva NE, Zgoda VG. [Current methods of cytochrome p450 analysis]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2012; 58:617-634. [PMID: 23350195 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125806617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Current review describes recent approaches of cytochrome P450 concentration and activity evaluation. Special attention paid to modem methods of proteomic analysis such as electrophoresis and chromato-mass-spectrometry. Methods of targeted proteomic applicable for quantitative and qualitative study of P450s in biological samples as well as methods for the enzyme activity measurements are reviewed. Finally, data on correlation between certain P450 isoform content and its specific enzymatic activities were described and discussed in the review.
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23
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Zanaletti R, Bettinetti L, Castaldo C, Cocconcelli G, Comery T, Dunlop J, Gaviraghi G, Ghiron C, Haydar SN, Jow F, Maccari L, Micco I, Nencini A, Scali C, Turlizzi E, Valacchi M. Discovery of a novel alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist series and characterization of the potent, selective, and orally efficacious agonist 5-(4-acetyl[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)pentanoic acid [5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl] amide (SEN15924, WAY-361789). J Med Chem 2012; 55:4806-23. [PMID: 22468936 DOI: 10.1021/jm300247y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR) are implicated in the modulation of many cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, and episodic memory. For this reason, α7 nAChR agonists represent promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. A medicinal chemistry effort, around our previously reported chemical series, permitted the discovery of a novel class of α7 nAChR agonists with improved selectivity, in particular against the α3 receptor subtype and better ADME profile. The exploration of this series led to the identification of 5-(4-acetyl[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)pentanoic acid [5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl] amide (25, SEN15924, WAY-361789), a novel, full agonist of the α7 nAChR that was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Compound 25 proved to be potent and selective, and it demonstrated a fair pharmacokinetic profile accompanied by efficacy in rodent behavioral cognition models (novel object recognition and auditory sensory gating).
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zanaletti
- Siena Biotech SpA , Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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24
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Wu X, Wang J, Tan L, Bui J, Gjerstad E, McMillan K, Zhang W. In vitro ADME profiling using high-throughput rapidfire mass spectrometry: cytochrome p450 inhibition and metabolic stability assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:761-72. [PMID: 22460176 DOI: 10.1177/1087057112441013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties of drug candidates has become an essential component of modern drug discovery. ADME characterization is important in identifying compounds early that are likely to fail in later clinical development because of suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties or undesirable drug-drug interactions. Proper utilization of ADME results, meanwhile, can prioritize candidates that are more likely to have good pharmacokinetic properties and also minimize potential drug-drug interactions. By integrating a RapidFire system with an API4000 mass spectrometer (RF-MS), we have established a high-throughput capability to profile compounds (>100 compounds/wk) in a panel of ADME assays in parallel with biochemical and cellular characterizations. Cytochrome P450 inhibition and time-dependent inhibition assays and microsomal stability assays were developed and fully optimized on the system. Compared with the classic liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method, the RF-MS system generates consistent data with approximately 20-fold increase in throughput. The lack of chromatographic separation of compounds, substrates, and metabolites can complicate data interpretation, but this occurs in a small number of cases that are readily identifiable. Overall, this system has enabled a real-time and quantitative measurement of a large number of ADME samples, providing a rapid evaluation of clinically important drug-drug interaction potential and drug metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- New Lead Discovery, Exelixis, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Kozakai K, Yamada Y, Oshikata M, Kawase T, Suzuki E, Haramaki Y, Taniguchi H. Reliable High-throughput Method for Inhibition Assay of 8 Cytochrome P450 Isoforms Using Cocktail of Probe Substrates and Stable Isotope-labeled Internal Standards. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 27:520-9. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-rg-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Brizzi A, Cascio MG, Frosini M, Ligresti A, Aiello F, Biotti I, Brizzi V, Pertwee RG, Corelli F, Di Marzo V. Resorcinol-sn-Glycerol Derivatives: Novel 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Mimetics Endowed with High Affinity and Selectivity for Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8278-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200529h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Brizzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico
Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cascio
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Maria Frosini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze,
Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Aiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze
Farmaceutiche, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Irene Biotti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze,
Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vittorio Brizzi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico
Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roger Guy Pertwee
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Federico Corelli
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico
Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. De Gasperi 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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27
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Moskaleva NE, Zgoda VG, Archakov AI. [Mass-spectrometric measurements of P450 isoform specific content and corresponding enzyme activities]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:149-64. [PMID: 21721249 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mouse cytochrome P450 subfamily 1A, 3A, 1E, 2C, 2D isoenzyme activities and corresponding contents were measured by means of triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in Multiple Reaction Monitoring mode (MRM). The technique was developed and tested on microsomes from control mouse and after induction with phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene. MRM allowed us to measure the content of individual P450 isoforms without using isotopic-labeled peptides or derivatization reagent. The results of modifying the content of certain P450 isoforms correlated with the change of enzymatic activity, defined by marker substrates.
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28
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Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Leonard SK, Gilbert A, Dollings P, Smith DL, Zhang MY, Di L, Platt BJ, Neal S, Dwyer JM, Bender CN, Zhang J, Lock T, Kowal D, Kramer A, Randall A, Huselton C, Vishwanathan K, Tse SY, Butera J, Ring RH, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Hughes ZA, Dunlop J. The metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 allosteric modulator AMN082: a monoaminergic agent in disguise? J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:345-52. [PMID: 21508084 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.177378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) remains the most elusive of the eight known mGluRs primarily because of the limited availability of tool compounds to interrogate its potential therapeutic utility. The discovery of N,N'-dibenzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine dihydrochloride (AMN082) as the first orally active, brain-penetrable, mGluR7-selective allosteric agonist by Mitsukawa and colleagues (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:18712-18717, 2005) provides a means to investigate this receptor system directly. AMN082 demonstrates mGluR7 agonist activity in vitro and interestingly has a behavioral profile that supports utility across a broad spectrum of psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. The present studies were conducted to extend the in vitro and in vivo characterization of AMN082 by evaluating its pharmacokinetic and metabolite profile. Profiling of AMN082 in rat liver microsomes revealed rapid metabolism (t(1/2) < 1 min) to a major metabolite, N-benzhydrylethane-1,2-diamine (Met-1). In vitro selectivity profiling of Met-1 demonstrated physiologically relevant transporter binding affinity at serotonin transporter (SERT), dopamine transporter (DAT), and norepinephrine transporter (NET) (323, 3020, and 3410 nM, respectively); whereas the parent compound AMN082 had appreciable affinity at NET (1385 nM). AMN082 produced antidepressant-like activity and receptor occupancy at SERT up to 4 h postdose, a time point at which AMN082 is significantly reduced in brain and plasma while the concentration of Met-1 continues to increase in brain. Acute Met-1 administration produced antidepressant-like activity as would be expected from its in vitro profile as a mixed SERT, NET, DAT inhibitor. Taken together, these data suggest that the reported in vivo actions of AMN082 should be interpreted with caution, because they may involve other mechanisms in addition to mGluR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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29
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Chemical inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isoforms in human liver microsomes: a re-evaluation of P450 isoform selectivity. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 36:1-16. [PMID: 21336516 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The majority of marketed small-molecule drugs undergo metabolism by hepatic Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (Rendic 2002). Since these enzymes metabolize a structurally diverse number of drugs, metabolism-based drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can potentially occur when multiple drugs are coadministered to patients. Thus, a careful in vitro assessment of the contribution of various CYP isoforms to the total metabolism is important for predicting whether such DDIs might take place. One method of CYP phenotyping involves the use of potent and selective chemical inhibitors in human liver microsomal incubations in the presence of a test compound. The selectivity of such inhibitors plays a critical role in deciphering the involvement of specific CYP isoforms. Here, we review published data on the potency and selectivity of chemical inhibitors of the major human hepatic CYP isoforms. The most selective inhibitors available are furafylline (in co-incubation and pre-incubation conditions) for CYP1A2, 2-phenyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)propane (PPP) for CYP2B6, montelukast for CYP2C8, sulfaphenazole for CYP2C9, (-)-N-3-benzyl-phenobarbital for CYP2C19 and quinidine for CYP2D6. As for CYP2A6, tranylcypromine is the most widely used inhibitor, but on the basis of initial studies, either 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)methanamine (PPM) and 3-(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)pyridine (MIP) can replace tranylcypromine as the most selective CYP2A6 inhibitor. For CYP3A4, ketoconazole is widely used in phenotyping studies, although azamulin is a far more selective CYP3A inhibitor. Most of the phenotyping studies do not include CYP2E1, mostly because of the limited number of new drug candidates that are metabolized by this enzyme. Among the inhibitors for this enzyme, 4-methylpyrazole appears to be selective.
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30
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Yamazaki H, Nakamoto M, Shimizu M, Murayama N, Niwa T. Potential impact of cytochrome P450 3A5 in human liver on drug interactions with triazoles. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 69:593-7. [PMID: 20565450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A is the main enzyme subfamily involved in the metabolism of a variety of marketed medicines. It is generally believed that the substrate specificity of polymorphic P450 3A5 is similar to that of the predominant P450 3A4 isoform, although some differences in catalytic properties have been found. It has been hypothesized that individuals with CYP3A5 1 (P450 3A5 expresser) might clear the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir, administered by mouth, more rapidly than subjects lacking functional CYP3A5 alleles. Enhanced midazolam hydroxylation and cyclosporin metabolism occur in an in vitro P450 3A5 system and in liver microsomes expressing P450 3A5 in the presence of thalidomide. However, inhibition constants (K(i)) of three triazole anti-fungal drugs (itraconazole, fluconazole, and voriconazole) for liver microsomal P450 3A5 are higher than for liver microsomal P450 3A4. To predict drug interactions in vivo, we estimated increases of areas under the curves (AUC) dependent on polymorphic P450 3A5 expression, using both 1 +[Inhibitor] / K(i) (recommended in US FDA guidance), and 1 +[Inhibitor](unbound) / K(i) (as recommended by Japanese MHLW Notice). Voriconazole would be expected to cause approximately a three-fold higher increase in AUC in subjects with CYP3A5 3/3 than in those with CYP3A5 1/3, especially when estimated using the FDA guidance. We conclude that drug interactions between marketed drugs may differ substantially between individuals with genetically distinct P450 3A5 catalytic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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31
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Huang A, Moretto A, Janz K, Lowe M, Bedard PW, Tam S, Di L, Clerin V, Sushkova N, Tchernychev B, Tsao DHH, Keith JC, Shaw GD, Schaub RG, Wang Q, Kaila N. Discovery of 2-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclopropyl]-3-hydroxy-8-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline-4-carboxylic acid (PSI-421), a P-selectin inhibitor with improved pharmacokinetic properties and oral efficacy in models of vascular injury. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6003-17. [PMID: 20718494 DOI: 10.1021/jm9013696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported the discovery of PSI-697 (1a), a C-2 benzyl substituted quinoline salicylic acid-based P-selectin inhibitor. It is active in a variety of animal models of cardiovascular disease. Compound 1a has also been shown to be well tolerated and safe in healthy volunteers at doses of up to 1200 mg in a phase 1 single ascending dose study. However, its oral bioavailability was low. Our goal was to identify a back up compound with equal potency, increased solubility, and increased exposure. We expanded our structure-activity studies in this series by branching at the alpha position of the C-2 benzyl side chain and through modification of substituents on the carboxylic A-ring of the quinoline. This resulted in discovery of PSI-421 with marked improvement in aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic properties. This compound has shown oral efficacy in animal models of arterial and venous injury and was selected as a preclinical development compound for potential treatment of such diseases as atherosclerosis and deep vein thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Huang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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32
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Dasgupta M, Tang W, Caldwell GW, Yan Z. Use of stable isotope labeled probes to facilitate liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry based high-throughput screening of time-dependent CYP inhibitors. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2177-2185. [PMID: 20583325 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition curve shift is a commonly used approach for screening of time-dependent CYP inhibitors which requires parallel paired incubations to obtain two inhibition curves for comparison. For the control incubation, a test compound is co-incubated with a probe substrate in human liver microsomes (HLM) fortified with NADPH; for the time-dependent incubation (TDI), the test compound is pre-incubated with NADPH-fortified HLM followed by a secondary incubation with a probe substrate. For both incubations, enzyme activity is measured respectively by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis of the CYP-specific metabolite, and a TDI inhibitor can be readily identified by inhibition curve shifting as a result of CYP inactivation by the test compound during the pre-incubation. In the present study, we describe an alternative approach to facilitate TDI screening in which stable isotope labeled CYP-specific probes are used for the TDI, and non-labeled substrates are included in the control incubation. Because CYP-specific metabolites produced in the TDI are stable isotope labeled, two sets of incubation samples can be combined and then simultaneously analyzed by LC/MS/MS in the same batch run to reduce the run time. This new method has been extensively validated using both a number of known competitive and TDI inhibitors specific to five most common CYPs such as 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. The assay is performed in a 96-well format and can be fully automated. Compared to the traditional method, this approach in combination with sample pooling and a short LC/MS/MS gradient significantly enhances the throughput of TDI screening and thus can be easily implemented in drug discovery to evaluate a large number of compounds without adding additional resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Dasgupta
- Division of Drug Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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Ghiron C, Haydar SN, Aschmies S, Bothmann H, Castaldo C, Cocconcelli G, Comery TA, Di L, Dunlop J, Lock T, Kramer A, Kowal D, Jow F, Grauer S, Harrison B, La Rosa S, Maccari L, Marquis KL, Micco I, Nencini A, Quinn J, Robichaud AJ, Roncarati R, Scali C, Terstappen GC, Turlizzi E, Valacchi M, Varrone M, Zanaletti R, Zanelli U. Novel Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists Containing a Urea Moiety: Identification and Characterization of the Potent, Selective, and Orally Efficacious Agonist 1-[6-(4-Fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-piperidin-1-ylbutyl) Urea (SEN34625/WYE-103914). J Med Chem 2010; 53:4379-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901692q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ghiron
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simon N. Haydar
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Suzan Aschmies
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Hendrick Bothmann
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Castaldo
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Thomas A. Comery
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Li Di
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - John Dunlop
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Tim Lock
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Angela Kramer
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Dianne Kowal
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Flora Jow
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Steve Grauer
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Boyd Harrison
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Salvatore La Rosa
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Maccari
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Karen L. Marquis
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Iolanda Micco
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Nencini
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Joanna Quinn
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Albert J. Robichaud
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Renza Roncarati
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Scali
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Georg C. Terstappen
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Turlizzi
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michela Valacchi
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Varrone
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanaletti
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ugo Zanelli
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
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A review of LC–MS techniques and high-throughput approaches used to investigate drug metabolism by cytochrome P450s. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1326-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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35
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Alden PG, Plumb RS, Jones MD, Rainville PD, Shave D. A rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric methodology for the in vitro analysis of Pooled and Cocktail cytochrome P450 assays. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:147-154. [PMID: 19960506 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interaction evaluations of new pharmaceutical candidates are critical to preventing drug withdrawal and are routinely determined through the use of cytochrome P450 assays. The measurement of the effect of test compounds on the metabolism of known substrates allows for the determination of specific CYP450 isoenzyme inhibition and calculation of IC50 values. A sensitive, high-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC/MS/MS) method is presented for the evaluation of CYP450 inhibition. The assay was performed using a cocktail of probe substrates and the results were compared to those obtained with the more time-consuming methodology utilizing individual substrates. The use of a high-resolution, sub-2 microm particle, LC system allowed for a high-throughput assay of just 1 min. The extra resolution of the UPLC/MS/MS system allowed for the complete resolution of the analytes, with a fast switching MS for comprehensive data collection. The CYP450 inhibition results obtained using the substrate cocktail approach were found to be essentially identical to those obtained using individual substrates.
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36
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Blass BE, Fensome A, Trybulski E, Magolda R, Gardell SJ, Liu K, Samuel M, Feingold I, Huselton C, Jackson CM, Djandjighian L, Ho D, Hennan J, Janusz JM. Selective Kv1.5 Blockers: Development of (R)-1-(Methylsulfonylamino)-3-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-imidazolidinone (KVI-020/WYE-160020) as a Potential Treatment for Atrial Arrhythmia. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6531-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901042m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Douglas Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Krippendorff BF, Neuhaus R, Lienau P, Reichel A, Huisinga W. Mechanism-Based Inhibition: Deriving KI and kinact Directly from Time-Dependent IC50 Values. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:913-23. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057109336751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of enzyme inhibition of a drug is frequently quantified in terms of IC50 values. Although this is a suitable quantity for reversible inhibitors, concerns arise when dealing with irreversible or mechanism-based inhibitors (MBIs). IC50 values of MBIs are time dependent, causing serious problems when aiming at ranking different compounds with respect to their inhibitory potential. As a consequence, most studies and ranking schemes related to MBIs rely on the inhibition constant (KI) and the rate of enzyme inactivation (kinact) rather than on IC50 values. In this article, the authors derive a novel relation between potentially time-dependent IC 50 values and KI, kinact parameters for different types of inhibition. This allows for direct estimation of KI and kinact values from time-dependent IC50 values, even without the need of additional preincubation experiments. The application of this approach is illustrated using a fluorimetric assay to access the drug-drug interaction potential associated with new chemical entities. The approach can easily be implemented using standard software tools (e.g., XLfit) and may also be suitable for applications where mechanism-based inhibition is a desired mode of action (e.g., at particular pharmacological drug targets). ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2009:913-923)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff
- Hamilton Institute, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland, and International Max-Planck Research School for Computational Biology and Scientific Computing, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Neuhaus
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Department of Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Lienau
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Department of Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichel
- Bayer Schering Pharma AG, Department of Research Pharmacokinetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Huisinga
- Hamilton Institute, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Ireland, and International Max-Planck Research School for Computational Biology and Scientific Computing, Berlin, Germany,
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38
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Sukumaran SM, Potsaid B, Lee MY, Clark DS, Dordick JS. Development of a fluorescence-based, ultra high-throughput screening platform for nanoliter-scale cytochrome p450 microarrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:668-78. [PMID: 19525490 DOI: 10.1177/1087057109336592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP450s) assays are critical enzymes in early-stage lead discovery and optimization in drug development. Currently available fluorescence-based reaction assays provide a rapid and reliable method for monitoring CYP450 enzyme activity but are confined to medium-throughput well-plate systems. The authors present a high-throughput, integrated screening platform for CYP450 assays combining enzyme encapsulation techniques, microarraying methods, and wide-field imaging. Alginate-containing microarrays consisting of up to 1134 CYP450 reaction elements were fabricated on functionalized glass slides (reaction volumes 20 to 80 nL, total enzyme content in pg) and imaged to yield endpoint activity, stability, and kinetic data. A charge-coupled device imager acquired quantitative, high-resolution images of a 20x20 mm area/snapshot using custom-built wide-field optics with telecentric lenses and easily interchangeable filter sets. The imaging system offered a broad dynamic intensity range (linear over 3 orders of magnitude) and sensitivity down to fluorochrome quantities of <5 fmols, with read accuracy similar to a laser scanner or a fluorescence plate reader but with higher throughput. Rapid image acquisition enabled analysis of CYP450 kinetics. Fluorogenic assays with CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 on the alginate microarrays exhibited Z' factors ranging from 0.75 to 0.85, sensitive detection of inhibitory compounds, and reactivity comparable to that in solution, thereby demonstrating the reliability and accuracy of the microarray platform. This system enables for the first time a significant miniaturization of CYP enzyme assays with significant conservation of assay reagents, greatly increased throughput, and no apparent loss of enzyme activity or assay sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra M Sukumaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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39
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Lovering F, Kirincich S, Wang W, Combs K, Resnick L, Sabalski JE, Butera J, Liu J, Parris K, Telliez J. Identification and SAR of squarate inhibitors of mitogen activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK-2). Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3342-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Sekiguchi N, Higashida A, Kato M, Nabuchi Y, Mitsui T, Takanashi K, Aso Y, Ishigai M. Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions based on Time-Dependent Inhibition from High Throughput Screening of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibition. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:500-10. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Jones BC, Middleton DS, Youdim K. 6 Cytochrome P450 Metabolism and Inhibition: Analysis for Drug Discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009; 47:239-63. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)00206-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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42
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N-((8-hydroxy-5-substituted-quinolin-7-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-phenyloxy/amino-acetamide inhibitors of ADAMTS-5 (Aggrecanase-2). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6454-7. [PMID: 18974001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-((8-Hydroxy-5-substituted-quinolin-7-yl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-phenyloxy/amino-acetamide inhibitors of ADAMTS-5 (Aggrecanase-2) have been prepared. Selected compounds 10, 14, 25, and 53 show sub-microM ADAMTS-5 potency and good selectivity over the related metalloproteases ADAMTS-4 (Aggrecanase-1), MMP-13, and MMP-12. Compound 53 shows a good balance of potent ADAMTS-5 inhibition, moderate CYP3A4 inhibition and good rat liver microsome stability. This series of compounds represents progress towards selective ADAMTS-5 inhibitors as disease modifying osteoarthritis agents.
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43
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Castell JV, Donato MT. An update on metabolism studies using human hepatocytes in primary culture. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:837-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.7.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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44
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Fowler S, Zhang H. In vitro evaluation of reversible and irreversible cytochrome P450 inhibition: current status on methodologies and their utility for predicting drug-drug interactions. AAPS J 2008; 10:410-24. [PMID: 18686042 PMCID: PMC2751392 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that today's practice of polypharmacy inevitably increases the incidence of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Serious DDI is a major liability for any new chemical entity (NCE) entering the pharmaceutical market. As such, pharmaceutical companies employ various strategies to avoid problematic compounds for clinical development. A key cause for DDIs is the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) that are responsible for metabolic clearance of many drugs. Screening for inhibition potency of CYPs by NCEs has therefore become a routine practice during the drug discovery stage. However, in order to make proper use of DDI data, an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the various experimental systems in current use is required. An illustrated review of experimental practices is presented with discussion of likely future developments. The combination of high quality in vitro data generation and the application of in vivo CYP inhibition modelling approaches should allow more informed decisions to be made in the search for drug molecules with acceptable DDI characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fowler
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, F. Hoffmann La-Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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45
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An automated, high-throughput, 384 well Cytochrome P450 cocktail IC50 assay using a rapid resolution LC-MS/MS end-point. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:92-9. [PMID: 18584988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study focused on the development of an automated IC50 cocktail assay in a miniaturized 384 well assay format. This was developed in combination with a significantly shorter high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) run-time; than those currently reported in the literature. The 384-well assay used human liver microsomes in conjunction with a cocktail of probe substrates metabolized by the five major CYPs (tacrine for CYP1A2, diclofenac for CYP2C9, (S)-mephenytoin for CYP2C19, dextromethorphan for CYP2D6 and midazolam for CYP3A4). To validate the usefulness of the automated and analytical methodologies, IC50 determinations were performed for a series of test compounds known to exhibit inhibition across these five major P450s. Eight compounds (sertraline, disulfuram, ticlopidine fluconazole, fluvoxamine, ketoconazole, miconazole, paroxetine, flunitrazepam) were studied as part of a cocktail assay, and against each CYPs individually. The data showed that the IC50s generated with cocktail incubations did not differ to a great extent from those obtained in the single probe experiments and hence unlikely to significantly influence the predicted clinical DDI risk. In addition the present method offered a significant advantage over some of the existing cocktail analytical methodology in that separation can be achieved with run times as short as 1 min without compromising data integrity. Although numerous studies have been reported to measure CYP inhibition in a cocktail format the need to support growing discovery libraries not only relies on higher throughput assays but quicker analytical run times. The current study reports a miniaturized high-throughput cocktail IC50 assay, in conjunction with a robust, rapid resolution LC-MS/MS end-point offered increased sample throughput without compromising analytical sensitivity or analyte resolution.
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46
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Ackermann BL, Berna MJ, Eckstein JA, Ott LW, Chaudhary AK. Current applications of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical discovery after a decade of innovation. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2008; 1:357-396. [PMID: 20636083 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.1.031207.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Current drug discovery involves a highly iterative process pertaining to three core disciplines: biology, chemistry, and drug disposition. For most pharmaceutical companies the path to a drug candidate comprises similar stages: target identification, biological screening, lead generation, lead optimization, and candidate selection. Over the past decade, the overall efficiency of drug discovery has been greatly improved by a single instrumental technique, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Transformed by the commercial introduction of the atmospheric pressure ionization interface in the mid-1990s, LC/MS has expanded into almost every area of drug discovery. In many cases, drug discovery workflow has been changed owing to vastly improved efficiency. This review examines recent trends for these three core disciplines and presents seminal examples where LC/MS has altered the current approach to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Ackermann
- Eli Lilly and Company, Greenfield Laboratories, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA.
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47
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Di Giovanni S, Borloz A, Urbain A, Marston A, Hostettmann K, Carrupt PA, Reist M. In vitro screening assays to identify natural or synthetic acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: thin layer chromatography versus microplate methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 33:109-19. [PMID: 18082383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) are currently still the best available pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer patients. Successful screening for new AChEI relies on effective and fast assays. Two colorimetric screening assays frequently used to search for new AChEI, namely a thin layer chromatography (TLC) assay with Fast Blue B salt as reagent and a 96-well plate assay based on Ellman's method, were compared. For the majority (83%) of the 138 test compounds of natural and synthetic origin, the results obtained with the two assays converged and both screening assays were considered suitable for the generation of new hits. Fifteen percent of investigated compounds were classified as active with the microplate assay but were shown to be inactive by TLC and about 2% were measured active by TLC but showed to be inactive with the microplate assay. These divergences were not due to the main differences between the experimental protocols of the two screening assays, namely the different colorimetric methods and pre-incubation of test compounds with acetylcholinesterase (AChE). They might be explained by the interaction of either AChE or test compounds with the silica of the TLC plates, resulting in an altered affinity of the enzyme for the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saviana Di Giovanni
- LCT-Pharmacochimie, Ecole de Pharmacie Genève-Lausanne, Section des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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