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Sawant-Basak A, Obach RS, Doran A, Lockwood P, Schildknegt K, Gao H, Mancuso J, Tse S, Comery TA. Metabolism of a 5HT 6 Antagonist, 2-Methyl-1-(Phenylsulfonyl)-4-(Piperazin-1-yl)-1H-Benzo[d]imidazole (SAM-760): Impact of Sulfonamide Metabolism on Diminution of a Ketoconazole-Mediated Clinical Drug-Drug Interaction. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:934-942. [PMID: 29695615 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SAM-760 [(2-methyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole)], a 5HT6 antagonist, was investigated in humans for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) isozymes, SAM-760 was predominantly metabolized by CYP3A (∼85%). Based on these observations and an expectation of a 5-fold magnitude of interaction with moderate to strong CYP3A inhibitors, a clinical DDI study was performed. In the presence of ketoconazole, the mean Cmax and area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinite time values of SAM-760 showed only a modest increase by 30% and 38%, respectively. In vitro investigation of this unexpectedly low interaction was undertaken using [14C]SAM-760. Radiometric profiling in human hepatocytes confirmed all oxidative metabolites previously observed with unlabeled SAM-760; however, the predominant radiometric peak was an unexpected polar metabolite that was insensitive to the pan-P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole. In human hepatocytes, radiometric integration attributed 43% of the total metabolism of SAM-760 to this non-P450 pathway. Using an authentic standard, this predominant metabolite was confirmed as benzenesulfinic acid. Additional investigation revealed that the benzenesulfinic acid metabolite may be a novel, nonenzymatic, thiol-mediated reductive cleavage of an aryl sulfonamide group of SAM-760. We also determined the relative contribution of P450 to the metabolism of SAM-760 in human hepatocytes by following the rate of formation of oxidative metabolites in the presence and absence of P450 isoform-specific inhibitors. The P450-mediated oxidative metabolism of SAM-760 was still primarily attributed to CYP3A (33%), with minor contributions from P450 isoforms CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Thus, the disposition of [14C]SAM-760 in human hepatocytes via novel sulfonamide metabolism and CYP3A verified the lower than expected clinical DDI when SAM-760 was coadministered with ketoconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Angela Doran
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Peter Lockwood
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Klaas Schildknegt
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Hongying Gao
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Jessica Mancuso
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Susanna Tse
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
| | - Thomas A Comery
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism (PDM), Groton, Connecticut (R.S.O., A.D., H.G., S.T.); Pfizer Global Product Development, Groton, Connecticut (P.L.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development Pharmaceutical Sciences Chemical Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (K.S.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Research Statistics, Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.M.); and Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts (T.A.C.)
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2
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Liu J, Ogden A, Comery TA, Spiros A, Roberts P, Geerts H. Prediction of Efficacy of Vabicaserin, a 5-HT2C Agonist, for the Treatment of Schizophrenia Using a Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2014; 3:e111. [PMID: 24759548 PMCID: PMC4011163 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative systems pharmacology model that combines in vitro/preclinical neurophysiology data, human imaging data, and patient disease information was used to blindly predict steady-state clinical efficacy of vabicaserin, a 5-HT2C full agonist, in monotherapy and, subsequently, to assess adjunctive therapy in schizophrenia. The model predicted a concentration-dependent improvement of positive and negative syndrome scales (PANSS) in schizophrenia monotherapy with vabicaserin. At the exposures of 100 and 200 mg b.i.d., the predicted improvements on PANSS in virtual patient trials were 5.12 (2.20, 8.56) and 6.37 (2.27, 10.40) (mean (95% confidence interval)), respectively, which are comparable to the observed phase IIa results. At the current clinical exposure limit of vabicaserin, the model predicted an ~9-point PANSS improvement in monotherapy, and <4-point PANSS improvement adjunctive with various antipsychotics, suggesting limited clinical benefit of vabicaserin in schizophrenia treatment. In conclusion, the updated quantitative systems pharmacology model of PANSS informed the clinical development decision of vabicaserin in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - A Ogden
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - T A Comery
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A Spiros
- In Silico Biosciences, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Roberts
- 1] In Silico Biosciences, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA [2] Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - H Geerts
- 1] In Silico Biosciences, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA [2] Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Nencini A, Castaldo C, Comery TA, Dunlop J, Genesio E, Ghiron C, Haydar S, Maccari L, Micco I, Turlizzi E, Zanaletti R, Zhang J. Design and synthesis of a hybrid series of potent and selective agonists of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 78:401-18. [PMID: 24704613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists are promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cognitive impairment. As a follow up of our internal medicinal chemistry program we investigated a novel series of α7 nAChR agonists. Starting from molecular docking studies on two series of molecules recently developed in our laboratories, an alternative scaffold was designed attempting to combine the optimal features of these previously identified urea and pyrazole compounds. Based on our previous SAR knowledge and on predicted drug-like properties, a small library was synthesized in parallel manner, affording compounds with excellent α7 nAChR activity, selectivity and preliminary ADME profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Nencini
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Castaldo
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Thomas A Comery
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - John Dunlop
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Eva Genesio
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Ghiron
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simon Haydar
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Laura Maccari
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Iolanda Micco
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Turlizzi
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanaletti
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Jean Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States
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4
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Stephenson D, Aviles E, Bain LJ, Brumfield M, Carrillo M, Comery TA, Compton C, Corrigan B, Gordon MF, Jack CR, Katz R, Logovinsky V, Satlin A, Marek K, Nicholas T, Polhamus D, Angersbach BS, Raghavan N, Romano G, Romero K, Shaw L, Woodcock J, Vradenburg G, Isaac M. Coalition Against Major Diseases: Precompetitive Collaborations and Regulatory Paths to Accelerating Drug Development for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2013; 47:632-638. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479013498386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Zanaletti R, Bettinetti L, Castaldo C, Ceccarelli I, Cocconcelli G, Comery TA, Dunlop J, Genesio E, Ghiron C, Haydar SN, Jow F, Maccari L, Micco I, Nencini A, Pratelli C, Scali C, Turlizzi E, Valacchi M. N-[5-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-4-piperidin-1-ylbutyramide (SEN78702, WYE-308775): a medicinal chemistry effort toward an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist preclinical candidate. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10277-81. [PMID: 23083093 DOI: 10.1021/jm3013568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α7 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR) represent promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. A medicinal chemistry effort around previously reported compound 1 (SEN15924, WAY-361789) led to the identification of 12 (SEN78702, WYE-308775) a potent and selective full agonist of the α7 nAChR that demonstrated improved plasma stability, brain levels, and efficacy in behavioral cognition models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zanaletti
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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6
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Zhou D, Gross JL, Adedoyin AB, Aschmies SB, Brennan J, Bowlby M, Di L, Kubek K, Platt BJ, Wang Z, Zhang G, Brandon N, Comery TA, Robichaud AJ. 2-(Pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-one Derivatives as Potent and Selective Histamine-3 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2452-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300011d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Zhou
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Gross
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Adedayo B. Adedoyin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Suzan B. Aschmies
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Julie Brennan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Mark Bowlby
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Katie Kubek
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Brian J. Platt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Zheng Wang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicholas Brandon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas A. Comery
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton,
Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Albert J. Robichaud
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey
08543, United States
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7
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Abstract
The 5-HT(2C) receptor is a highly complex, highly regulated receptor which is widely distributed throughout the brain. The 5-HT(2C) receptor couples to multiple signal transduction pathways leading to engagement of a number of intracellular signaling molecules. Moreover, there are multiple allelic variants of the 5-HT(2C) receptor and the receptor is subject to RNA editing in the coding regions. The complexity of this receptor is further emphasized by the studies suggesting the utility of either agonists or antagonists in the treatment of schizophrenia. While several 5-HT(2C) agonists have demonstrated clinical efficacy in obesity (lorcaserin, PRX-000933), the focus of this review is on the therapeutic potential of 5-HT(2C) agonists in schizophrenia. To this end, the preclinical profile of 5-HT(2C) agonists from a neurochemical, electrophysiological, and a behavioral perspective is indicative of antipsychotic-like efficacy without extrapyramidal symptoms or weight gain. Recently, the selective 5-HT(2C) agonist vabicaserin demonstrated clinical efficacy in a Phase II trial in schizophrenia patients without weight gain and with low EPS liability. These data are highly encouraging and suggest that 5-HT(2C) agonists are potential therapeutics for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.
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8
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Marquis KL, Comery TA, Jow F, Navarra RL, Grauer SM, Pulicicchio C, Kelley C, Brennan JA, Roncarati R, Scali C, Haydar S, Ghiron C, Terstappen GC, Dunlop J. Preclinical assessment of an adjunctive treatment approach for cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia using the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist WYE-103914/SEN34625. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2011; 218:635-47. [PMID: 21643676 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists are proposed as candidate agents for the adjunctive treatment of cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia. Despite the pursuit of such an approach clinically, it is surprising that the preclinical profile of pro-cognitive agents in conjunction with antipsychotic drugs is currently unexplored. OBJECTIVES We determined if the memory-enhancing effects of the selective α7 nAChR agonist WYE-103914 were preserved in the presence of the atypical antipsychotic drug risperidone, and if the antipsychotic-like profile of risperidone was preserved in the presence of WYE-103914. METHODS Using the rat novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm, the maintenance of memory-enhancing activity of the α7 nAChR agonist WYE-103914 in the presence of risperidone was examined. Similarly, in the standard tests of antipsychotic-like activity, apomorphine-induced climbing (AIC) in mice and conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) in rats, the preservation of antipsychotic-like activity of risperidone was evaluated in the presence of WYE-103914. RESULTS WYE-103914 exhibited memory-enhancing activity in rat NOR, and this effect of WYE-103914 was retained in the presence of risperidone. In AIC, the atypical antipsychotic profile of risperidone was not significantly altered by WYE-103914. In contrast, WYE-103914 moderately potentiated the efficacy profile of risperidone in CAR, an effect that did not appear to be convincingly linked to a pharmacokinetic interaction. CONCLUSIONS These data underscore the value of a preclinical evaluation of the adjunctive profile of a memory-enhancing agent in combination with antipsychotics and provide further support to augmentation with α7 nAChR agonists to address the cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Marquis
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, MS8220-4220, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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9
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Zhou D, Gross JL, Sze JY, Adedoyin AB, Bowlby M, Di L, Platt BJ, Zhang G, Brandon N, Comery TA, Robichaud AJ. Pyrrolidin-3-yl-N-methylbenzamides as potent histamine 3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5957-60. [PMID: 21843941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the previously reported benzimidazole 1,3'-bipyrrolidine benzamides (1), a series of related pyrrolidin-3-yl-N-methylbenzamides were synthesized and evaluated as H(3) receptor antagonists. In particular, compound 32 exhibits potent H(3) receptor binding affinity, improved pharmaceutical properties and a favorable in vivo profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Zhou
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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10
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Liu KG, Robichaud AJ, Greenfield AA, Lo JR, Grosanu C, Mattes JF, Cai Y, Zhang GM, Zhang JY, Kowal DM, Smith DL, Di L, Kerns EH, Schechter LE, Comery TA. Identification of 3-sulfonylindazole derivatives as potent and selective 5-HT(6) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:650-62. [PMID: 21093272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
As part of our efforts to develop agents for cognitive enhancement, we have been focused on the 5-HT(6) receptor in order to identify potent and selective ligands for this purpose. Herein we report the identification of a novel series of 3-sulfonylindazole derivatives with acyclic amino side chains as potent and selective 5-HT(6) antagonists. The synthesis and detailed SAR of this class of compounds are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Liu
- Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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11
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Liu KG, Robichaud AJ, Bernotas RC, Yan Y, Lo JR, Zhang MY, Hughes ZA, Huselton C, Zhang GM, Zhang JY, Kowal DM, Smith DL, Schechter LE, Comery TA. 5-Piperazinyl-3-sulfonylindazoles as Potent and Selective 5-Hydroxytryptamine-6 Antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:7639-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1007825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine Huselton
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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12
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Childers WE, Havran LM, Asselin M, Bicksler JJ, Chong DC, Grosu GT, Shen Z, Abou-Gharbia MA, Bach AC, Harrison BL, Kagan N, Kleintop T, Magolda R, Marathias V, Robichaud AJ, Sabb AL, Zhang MY, Andree TH, Aschmies SH, Beyer C, Comery TA, Day M, Grauer SM, Hughes ZA, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Platt B, Pulicicchio C, Smith DE, Sukoff-Rizzo SJ, Sullivan KM, Adedoyin A, Huselton C, Hirst WD. The Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Quinolyl-piperazinyl Piperidines as Potent Serotonin 5-HT1AAntagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:4066-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Ghiron C, Haydar SN, Aschmies S, Bothmann H, Castaldo C, Cocconcelli G, Comery TA, Di L, Dunlop J, Lock T, Kramer A, Kowal D, Jow F, Grauer S, Harrison B, La Rosa S, Maccari L, Marquis KL, Micco I, Nencini A, Quinn J, Robichaud AJ, Roncarati R, Scali C, Terstappen GC, Turlizzi E, Valacchi M, Varrone M, Zanaletti R, Zanelli U. Novel Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists Containing a Urea Moiety: Identification and Characterization of the Potent, Selective, and Orally Efficacious Agonist 1-[6-(4-Fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-(4-piperidin-1-ylbutyl) Urea (SEN34625/WYE-103914). J Med Chem 2010; 53:4379-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901692q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ghiron
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simon N. Haydar
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Suzan Aschmies
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Hendrick Bothmann
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Castaldo
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Thomas A. Comery
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Li Di
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - John Dunlop
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Tim Lock
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Angela Kramer
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Dianne Kowal
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Flora Jow
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Steve Grauer
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Boyd Harrison
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Salvatore La Rosa
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Laura Maccari
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Karen L. Marquis
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Iolanda Micco
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Nencini
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Joanna Quinn
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Albert J. Robichaud
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-8000
| | - Renza Roncarati
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Scali
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Georg C. Terstappen
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Turlizzi
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Michela Valacchi
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Varrone
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanaletti
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ugo Zanelli
- Siena Biotech SpA, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
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14
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Monaghan MM, Leddy L, Sung MLA, Albinson K, Kubek K, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Zaleska MM, Comery TA. Social odor recognition: a novel behavioral model for cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2010; 7:153-9. [PMID: 20197696 DOI: 10.1159/000289227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by an increasing loss of dopaminergic neurons resulting in motor dysfunction. However, cognitive impairments in PD patients are a common clinical feature that has gained increased attention. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of an MPTP-induced dopaminergic lesion in mice on social odor recognition (SOR) memory. METHODS Mice were acutely treated with MPTP and evaluated for memory impairments in the SOR assay and characterized using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods approximately 2 weeks later. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that SOR memory is sensitive to MPTP treatment and that it correlates with multiple measures of nigrostriatal integrity. MPTP treatment of C57BL/6N mice produced a profound decrease in dopamine levels, dopamine transporter binding and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum. These impairments in stratial dopaminergic function were blocked by pretreatment with the MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl. Changes in the dopaminergic system parallel those observed in SOR with MPTP treatment impairing recognition memory in the absence of a deficit in odor discrimination during learning. Deprenyl pretreatment blocked the MPTP-induced impairment of SOR memory. CONCLUSION The use of the SOR memory model may provide a preclinical method for evaluating cognitive therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Monaghan
- Discovery Neuroscience, Pfizer Global Research and Development, CN8000, Princeton, NJ 08534, USA.
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15
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Haydar SN, Yun H, Andrae PM, Mattes J, Zhang J, Kramer A, Smith DL, Huselton C, Graf R, Aschmies S, Schechter LE, Comery TA, Robichaud AJ. 5-Cyclic Amine-3-arylsulfonylindazoles as Novel 5-HT6 Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2521-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine Huselton
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
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16
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Cole DC, Gross JL, Comery TA, Aschmies S, Hirst WD, Kelley C, Kim JI, Kubek K, Ning X, Platt BJ, Robichaud AJ, Solvibile WR, Stock JR, Tawa G, Williams MJ, Ellingboe JW. Benzimidazole- and indole-substituted 1,3′-bipyrrolidine benzamides as histamine H3 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1237-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Basi GS, Feinberg H, Oshidari F, Anderson J, Barbour R, Baker J, Comery TA, Diep L, Gill D, Johnson-Wood K, Goel A, Grantcharova K, Lee M, Li J, Partridge A, Griswold-Prenner I, Piot N, Walker D, Widom A, Pangalos MN, Seubert P, Jacobsen JS, Schenk D, Weis WI. Structural correlates of antibodies associated with acute reversal of amyloid beta-related behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:3417-27. [PMID: 19923222 PMCID: PMC2823416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.045187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease (AD) has been widely demonstrated to resolve amyloid deposition as well as associated neuronal, glial, and inflammatory pathologies. These successes have provided the basis for ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapy for treatment of AD in humans. Acute as well as chronic Abeta-targeted immunotherapy has also been demonstrated to reverse Abeta-related behavioral deficits assessing memory in AD transgenic mouse models. We observe that three antibodies targeting the same linear epitope of Abeta, Abeta(3-7), differ in their ability to reverse contextual fear deficits in Tg2576 mice in an acute testing paradigm. Reversal of contextual fear deficit by the antibodies does not correlate with in vitro recognition of Abeta in a consistent or correlative manner. To better define differences in antigen recognition at the atomic level, we determined crystal structures of Fab fragments in complex with Abeta. The conformation of the Abeta peptide recognized by all three antibodies was highly related and is also remarkably similar to that observed in independently reported Abeta:antibody crystal structures. Sequence and structural differences between the antibodies, particularly in CDR3 of the heavy chain variable region, are proposed to account for differing in vivo properties of the antibodies under study. These findings provide a structural basis for immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Abeta species postulated to underlie cognitive deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guriqbal S Basi
- Elan Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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18
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Grauer SM, Pulito VL, Navarra RL, Kelly MP, Kelley C, Graf R, Langen B, Logue S, Brennan J, Jiang L, Charych E, Egerland U, Liu F, Marquis KL, Malamas M, Hage T, Comery TA, Brandon NJ. Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor Activity in Preclinical Models of the Positive, Cognitive, and Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:574-90. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.155994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Leiser SC, Bowlby MR, Comery TA, Dunlop J. A cog in cognition: How the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is geared towards improving cognitive deficits. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Haydar SN, Ghiron C, Bettinetti L, Bothmann H, Comery TA, Dunlop J, La Rosa S, Micco I, Pollastrini M, Quinn J, Roncarati R, Scali C, Valacchi M, Varrone M, Zanaletti R. SAR and biological evaluation of SEN12333/WAY-317538: Novel alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5247-58. [PMID: 19515567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha(7) nAChR) agonists are promising therapeutic candidates for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with a variety of disorders including Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Alpha 7 nAChRs are expressed in brain regions associated with cognitive function, regulate cholinergic neurotransmission and have been shown to be down regulated in both schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Herein we report a novel, potent small molecule agonist of the alpha 7 nAChR, SEN12333/WAY-317538. This compound is a selective agonist of the alpha(7) nAChR with excellent in vitro and in vivo profiles, excellent brain penetration and oral bioavailability, and demonstrates in vivo efficacy in multiple behavioural cognition models. The SAR and biological evaluation of this series of compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Haydar
- Chemical Sciences and Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543-8000, USA.
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21
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Grauer SM, Graf R, Navarra R, Sung A, Logue SF, Stack G, Huselton C, Liu Z, Comery TA, Marquis KL, Rosenzweig-Lipson S. WAY-163909, a 5-HT2C agonist, enhances the preclinical potency of current antipsychotics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204:37-48. [PMID: 19107466 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1433-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-HT(2C) agonists, by decreasing mesolimbic dopamine without affecting nigrostriatal dopamine, are predicted to have antipsychotic efficacy with low extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). Combining 5-HT(2C) agonists with low doses of existing antipsychotics could increase treatment efficacy while reducing treatment liabilities such as EPS (typical antipsychotics), and the propensity for weight gain (atypical antipsychotics). OBJECTIVES The objectives of these studies were to combine WAY-163909, a selective 5-HT(2C) agonist, with either the typical antipsychotic haloperidol, or the atypical antipsychotic clozapine, at doses that were ineffective on their own, with the expectation that a shift in potency in several rodent behavior models predictive of antipsychotic activity would occur. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In mice, co-administration of either haloperidol, or clozapine, produced a significant leftward shift in the ability of WAY-163909 to block apomorphine-induced climbing behavior, without any affect on apomorphine-induced stereotypy or an increased propensity for catalepsy. In the rat-conditioned avoidance model, WAY-163909 was combined with either haloperidol or clozapine at doses that individually produced reductions in avoidance response on the order of 10%, while the combination of WAY-163909 and either of the antipsychotics resulted in a greater than 70% reduction in avoidance, with no evidence of response failures, or pharmacokinetic interaction. CONCLUSION Doses of either haloperidol or clozapine, that failed to antagonize an MK-801 induced deficit in prepulse inhibition, significantly attenuated the sensory gating deficit when combined with WAY-163909. Data support the notion that 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists, co-administered with other marketed antipsychotics, allow for dose sparing with a more favorable side-effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Grauer
- Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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22
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Kelly MP, Logue SF, Dwyer JM, Beyer CE, Majchrowski H, Cai Z, Liu Z, Adedoyin A, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Comery TA. The supra-additive hyperactivity caused by an amphetamine-chlordiazepoxide mixture exhibits an inverted-U dose response: negative implications for the use of a model in screening for mood stabilizers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92:649-54. [PMID: 19303035 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the few preclinical models used to identify mood stabilizers is an assay in which amphetamine-induced hyperactivity (AMPH) is potentiated by the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (CDP), an effect purportedly blocked by mood stabilizers. Our data here challenge this standard interpretation of the AMPH-CDP model. We show that the potentiating effects of AMPH-CDP are not explained by a pharmacokinetic interaction as both drugs have similar brain and plasma exposures whether administered alone or in combination. Of concern, however, we find that combining CDP (1-12 mg/kg) with AMPH (3 mg/kg) results in an inverted-U dose response in outbred CD-1 as well as inbred C57Bl/6N and 129S6 mice (peak hyperactivity at 3 mg/kg CDP+3 mg/kg AMPH). Such an inverted-U dose response complicates interpreting whether a reduction in hyperactivity produced by a mood stabilizer reflects a "blockade" or a "potentiation" of the mixture. In fact, we show that the prototypical mood stabilizer valproic acid augments the effects of CDP on hypolocomotion and anxiolytic-like behavior (increases punished crossings by Swiss-Webster mice in the four-plate test). We argue that these data, in addition to other practical and theoretical concerns surrounding the model, limit the utility of the AMPH-CDP mixture model in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele P Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, Discovery Research, Wyeth, Princeton, NJ 08852, USA.
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23
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Roncarati R, Scali C, Comery TA, Grauer SM, Aschmi S, Bothmann H, Jow B, Kowal D, Gianfriddo M, Kelley C, Zanelli U, Ghiron C, Haydar S, Dunlop J, Terstappen GC. Procognitive and neuroprotective activity of a novel alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist for treatment of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:459-68. [PMID: 19223665 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.150094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a promising target for treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Here, we report the pharmacological properties of 5-morpholin-4-yl-pentanoic acid (4-pyridin-3-yl-phenyl)-amide [SEN12333 (WAY-317538)], a novel selective agonist of alpha7 nAChR. SEN12333 shows high affinity for the rat alpha7 receptor expressed in GH4C1 cells (K(i) = 260 nM) and acts as full agonist in functional Ca(2+) flux studies (EC(50) = 1.6 microM). In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, SEN12333 activated peak currents and maximal total charges similar to acetylcholine (EC(50) = 12 microM). The compound did not show agonist activity at other nicotinic receptors tested and acted as a weak antagonist at alpha3-containing receptors. SEN12333 treatment (3 mg/kg i.p.) improved episodic memory in a novel object recognition task in rats in conditions of spontaneous forgetting as well as cognitive disruptions induced via glutamatergic [5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine (dizocilpine maleate); MK-801] or cholinergic (scopolamine) mechanisms. This improvement was blocked by the alpha7-selective antagonist methyllycaconitine, indicating that it is mediated by alpha7 activation. SEN12333 also prevented a scopolamine-induced deficit in a passive avoidance task. In models targeting other cognitive domains, including attention and perceptual processing, SEN12333 normalized the apomorphine-induced deficit of prepulse inhibition. Neuroprotection of SEN12333 was demonstrated in quisqualate-lesioned animals in which treatment with SEN12333 (3 mg/kg/day i.p.) resulted in a significant protection of choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in the lesioned hemisphere. Cumulatively, our results demonstrate that the novel alpha7 nAChR agonist SEN12333 has procognitive and neuroprotective properties, further demonstrating utility of alpha7 agonists for treatment of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders.
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24
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Liu KG, Lo JR, Comery TA, Zhang GM, Zhang JY, Kowal DM, Smith DL, Di L, Kerns EH, Schechter LE, Robichaud AJ. Identification of a series of benzoxazoles as potent 5-HT6 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1115-7. [PMID: 19152787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of our continuing efforts to identify therapeutics for CNS diseases such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD), we have been focused on the 5-HT(6) receptor in order to identify potent and selective ligands as a potential treatment for cognitive dysfunction. Herein we report the identification of a novel series of benzoxazole derivatives as potent 5-HT(6) ligands. The synthesis and detailed SAR of this class of compounds are reported. The compounds have been shown to be full antagonists in a cyclic AMP functional assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Liu
- Chemical & Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, CN 8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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25
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Cole DC, Stock JR, Kreft AF, Antane M, Aschmies SH, Atchison KP, Casebier DS, Comery TA, Diamantidis G, Ellingboe JW, Harrison BL, Hu Y, Jin M, Kubrak DM, Lu P, Mann CW, Martone RL, Moore WJ, Oganesian A, Riddell DR, Sonnenberg-Reines J, Sun SC, Wagner E, Wang Z, Woller KR, Xu Z, Zhou H, Jacobsen JS. (S)-N-(5-Chlorothiophene-2-sulfonyl)-beta,beta-diethylalaninol a Notch-1-sparing gamma-secretase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:926-9. [PMID: 19097890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta), produced by the proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta- and gamma-secretase, is widely believed to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Research around the high-throughput screening hit (S)-4-chlorophenylsulfonyl isoleucinol led to the identification of the Notch-1-sparing (9.5-fold) gamma-secretase inhibitor (S)-N-(5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonyl)-beta,beta-diethylalaninol 7.b.2 (Abeta(40/42) EC(50)=28 nM), which is efficacious in reduction of Abeta production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Cole
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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26
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Dunlop J, Lock T, Jow B, Sitzia F, Grauer S, Jow F, Kramer A, Bowlby MR, Randall A, Kowal D, Gilbert A, Comery TA, Larocque J, Soloveva V, Brown J, Roncarati R. Old and new pharmacology: positive allosteric modulation of the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by the 5-hydroxytryptamine(2B/C) receptor antagonist SB-206553 (3,5-dihydro-5-methyl-N-3-pyridinylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']di pyrrole-1(2H)-carboxamide). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:766-76. [PMID: 19050173 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.146514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, leading to efforts targeted toward discovering agonists and positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of this receptor. In a Ca2+ flux fluorometric imaging plate reader assay, SB-206553 (3,5-dihydro-5-methyl -N-3-pyridinylbenzo [1, 2-b:4,5 -b']-di pyrrole-1(2H)-carboxamide), a compound known as a 5-hydroxytryptamine(2B/2C) receptor antagonist, produced an 8-fold potentiation of the evoked calcium signal in the presence of an EC(20) concentration of nicotine and a corresponding EC(50) of 1.5 muM for potentiation of EC(20) nicotine responses in GH4C1 cells expressing the alpha7 receptor. SB-206553 was devoid of direct alpha7 receptor agonist activity and selective against other nicotinic receptors. Confirmation of the PAM activity of SB-206553 on the alpha7 nAChR was obtained in patch-clamp electrophysiological experiments in GH4C1 cells, where it failed to evoke any detectable currents when applied alone, yet dramatically potentiated the currents evoked by an EC(20) (17 microM) and EC(100) (124 microM) of acetylcholine (ACh). Native nicotinic receptors in CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons of rat hippocampal slices could also be activated by ACh (200 microM), an effect that was entirely blocked by the alpha7-selective antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). These ACh currents were potentiated by SB-206553, which increased the area of the current response significantly, resulting in a 40-fold enhancement at 100 microM. In behavioral experiments in rats, SB-206553 reversed an MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate)-induced deficit in the prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response, an effect attenuated in the presence of MLA. This latter observation provides further evidence in support of the potential therapeutic utility of alpha7 nAChR PAMs in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Dunlop
- Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN-8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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27
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Jiang Q, Lee CYD, Mandrekar S, Wilkinson B, Cramer P, Zelcer N, Mann K, Lamb B, Willson TM, Collins JL, Richardson JC, Smith JD, Comery TA, Riddell D, Holtzman DM, Tontonoz P, Landreth GE. ApoE promotes the proteolytic degradation of Abeta. Neuron 2008; 58:681-93. [PMID: 18549781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 652] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Revised: 01/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E is associated with age-related risk for Alzheimer's disease and plays critical roles in Abeta homeostasis. We report that ApoE plays a role in facilitating the proteolytic clearance of soluble Abeta from the brain. The endolytic degradation of Abeta peptides within microglia by neprilysin and related enzymes is dramatically enhanced by ApoE. Similarly, Abeta degradation extracellularly by insulin-degrading enzyme is facilitated by ApoE. The capacity of ApoE to promote Abeta degradation is dependent upon the ApoE isoform and its lipidation status. The enhanced expression of lipidated ApoE, through the activation of liver X receptors, stimulates Abeta degradation. Indeed, aged Tg2576 mice treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 exhibited a dramatic reduction in brain Abeta load. GW3965 treatment also reversed contextual memory deficits. These data demonstrate a mechanism through which ApoE facilitates the clearance of Abeta from the brain and suggest that LXR agonists may represent a novel therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Jiang
- Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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28
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Liu KG, Lo JR, Comery TA, Zhang GM, Zhang JY, Kowal DM, Smith DL, Di L, Kerns EH, Schechter LE, Robichaud AJ. A regiospecific synthesis of a series of 1-sulfonyl azepinoindoles as potent 5-HT6 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:3929-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hirst WD, Andree TH, Aschmies S, Childers WE, Comery TA, Dawson LA, Day M, Feingold IB, Grauer SM, Harrison BL, Hughes ZA, Kao J, Kelly MG, van der Lee H, Rosenzweig-Lipson S, Saab AL, Smith DL, Sullivan K, Rizzo SJS, Tio C, Zhang MY, Schechter LE. Correlating Efficacy in Rodent Cognition Models with in Vivo 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A Receptor Occupancy by a Novel Antagonist, (R)-N-(2-Methyl-(4-indolyl-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-N-(2-pyridinyl)-cyclohexane Carboxamide (WAY-101405). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:134-45. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.133082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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30
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Riddell DR, Zhou H, Comery TA, Kouranova E, Lo CF, Warwick HK, Ring RH, Kirksey Y, Aschmies S, Xu J, Kubek K, Hirst WD, Gonzales C, Chen Y, Murphy E, Leonard S, Vasylyev D, Oganesian A, Martone RL, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Jacobsen JS. The LXR agonist TO901317 selectively lowers hippocampal Abeta42 and improves memory in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:621-8. [PMID: 17336088 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that intracellular cholesterol levels can modulate the processing of amyloid precursor protein to Abeta peptide. Moreover, cholesterol-rich apoE-containing lipoproteins may also promote Abeta clearance. Agonists of the liver X receptor (LXR) transcriptionally induce genes involved in intracellular lipid efflux and transport, including apoE. Thus, LXR agonists have the potential to both inhibit APP processing and promote Abeta clearance. Here we show that LXR agonist, TO901317, increased hippocampal ABCA1 and apoE and decreased Abeta42 levels in APP transgenic mice. TO901317 had no significant effects on levels of Abeta40, full length APP, or the APP processing products. Next, we examined the effects of TO901317 in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm; TO901317 completely reversed the contextual memory deficit in these mice. These data demonstrate that LXR agonists do not directly inhibit APP processing but rather facilitate the clearance of Abeta42 and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Riddell
- Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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31
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Jacobsen JS, Wu CC, Redwine JM, Comery TA, Arias R, Bowlby M, Martone R, Morrison JH, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Bloom FE. Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:5161-6. [PMID: 16549764 PMCID: PMC1405622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0600948103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which numerous mouse models have been generated. In both AD patients and mouse models, there is increasing evidence that neuronal dysfunction occurs before the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta)-containing plaques and neurodegeneration. Characterization of the timing and nature of preplaque dysfunction is important for understanding the progression of this disease and to identify pathways and molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Hence, we have examined the progression of dysfunction at the morphological, functional, and behavioral levels in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. Our data show that decreased dendritic spine density, impaired long-term potentiation (LTP), and behavioral deficits occurred months before plaque deposition, which was first detectable at 18 months of age. We detected a decrease in spine density in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) beginning as early as 4 months of age. Furthermore, by 5 months, there was a decline in LTP in the DG after perforant path stimulation and impairment in contextual fear conditioning. Moreover, an increase in the Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio was first observed at these early ages. However, total amyloid levels did not significantly increase until approximately 18 months of age, at which time significant increases in reactive astrocytes and microglia could be observed. Overall, these data show that the perforant path input from the entorhinal cortex to the DG is compromised both structurally and functionally, and this pathology is manifested in memory defects long before significant plaque deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Steven Jacobsen
- *Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN-8000, Princeton, NJ 08543
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | | | | | - Thomas A. Comery
- *Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN-8000, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Robert Arias
- *Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN-8000, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Mark Bowlby
- *Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN-8000, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Robert Martone
- *Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN-8000, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - John H. Morrison
- Neurome, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- Kastor Neurobiology of Aging Laboratories and Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and
| | | | - Peter H. Reinhart
- *Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN-8000, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Floyd E. Bloom
- Neurome, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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32
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Comery TA, Martone RL, Aschmies S, Atchison KP, Diamantidis G, Gong X, Zhou H, Kreft AF, Pangalos MN, Sonnenberg-Reines J, Jacobsen JS, Marquis KL. Acute gamma-secretase inhibition improves contextual fear conditioning in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2006; 25:8898-902. [PMID: 16192379 PMCID: PMC6725598 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2693-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice (Tg2576) overexpressing the Swedish mutation of the human amyloid precursor protein display biochemical, pathological, and behavioral markers consistent with many aspects of Alzheimer's disease, including impaired hippocampal function. Impaired, hippocampal-dependent, contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is observed in mice as young as 20 weeks of age. This impairment can be attenuated after treatment before training with the phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor rolipram (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.). A rolipram-associated improvement is also observed in the littermate controls, suggesting that the effect of rolipram is independent of beta-amyloid. Acute treatment before training (but not after training or before testing) with the gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine-t-butylester (DAPT), at a dose that reduces brain concentrations of beta-amyloid (100 mg/kg), attenuates the impairment in 20- to 65-week-old Tg2576 mice. Importantly, DAPT had no effect on performance of control littermates. These data are supportive of a role of beta-amyloid in the impairment of CFC in Tg2576 mice. Furthermore, they suggest that acute treatment with GSI may provide improved cognitive functioning as well as disease-modifying effects in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Comery
- Discovery Neuroscience, Wyeth Research, CN8000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
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Weiler IJ, Irwin SA, Klintsova AY, Spencer CM, Brazelton AD, Miyashiro K, Comery TA, Patel B, Eberwine J, Greenough WT. Fragile X mental retardation protein is translated near synapses in response to neurotransmitter activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:5395-400. [PMID: 9144248 PMCID: PMC24689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local translation of proteins in distal dendrites is thought to support synaptic structural plasticity. We have previously shown that metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) stimulation initiates a phosphorylation cascade, triggering rapid association of some mRNAs with translation machinery near synapses, and leading to protein synthesis. To determine the identity of these mRNAs, a cDNA library produced from distal nerve processes was used to screen synaptic polyribosome-associated mRNA. We identified mRNA for the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in these processes by use of synaptic subcellular fractions, termed synaptoneurosomes. We found that this mRNA associates with translational complexes in synaptoneurosomes within 1-2 min after mGluR1 stimulation of this preparation, and we observed increased expression of FMRP after mGluR1 stimulation. In addition, we found that FMRP is associated with polyribosomal complexes in these fractions. In vivo, we observed FMRP immunoreactivity in spines, dendrites, and somata of the developing rat brain, but not in nuclei or axons. We suggest that rapid production of FMRP near synapses in response to activation may be important for normal maturation of synaptic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Weiler
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Comery TA, Harris JB, Willems PJ, Oostra BA, Irwin SA, Weiler IJ, Greenough WT. Abnormal dendritic spines in fragile X knockout mice: maturation and pruning deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:5401-4. [PMID: 9144249 PMCID: PMC24690 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.10.5401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 759] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/1997] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome arises from blocked expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Golgi-impregnated mature cerebral cortex from fragile X patients exhibits long, thin, tortuous postsynaptic spines resembling spines observed during normal early neocortical development. Here we describe dendritic spines in Golgi-impregnated cerebral cortex of transgenic fragile X gene (Fmr1) knockout mice that lack expression of the protein. Dendritic spines on apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal cells in occipital cortex of fragile X knockout mice were longer than those in wild-type mice and were often thin and tortuous, paralleling the human syndrome and suggesting that FMRP expression is required for normal spine morphological development. Moreover, spine density along the apical dendrite was greater in the knockout mice, which may reflect impaired developmental organizational processes of synapse stabilization and elimination or pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Comery
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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Comery TA, Stamoudis CX, Irwin SA, Greenough WT. Increased density of multiple-head dendritic spines on medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatum in rats reared in a complex environment. Neurobiol Learn Mem 1996; 66:93-6. [PMID: 8946401 DOI: 10.1006/nlme.1996.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has generally been assumed that new synapses added to various brain regions in response to experience are equivalent to those already in existence. Theorists have recently posited that synaptic configurations involving multiple associated contacts may facilitate plastic change. The number of multiple-headed dendritic spines on medium-sized spiny neurons in the rat dorsolateral corpus striatum was determined following rearing in environments differing in complexity. Postweaning rats were either housed as a group in a toy- and object-filled environment or housed individually in standard laboratory cages for 30 days. Dendritic segments of Golgi-Cox impregnated Type I spiny neurons of the complex environment housed rats had approximately 60% more multiple-head spines than those of the individually caged animals. Multiple-head spines may reflect parallel synaptic contacts that modify relative strengths of existing connections or connections with a novel presynaptic terminal that alter the neuron's pattern of connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Comery
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Kleim JA, Lussnig E, Schwarz ER, Comery TA, Greenough WT. Synaptogenesis and Fos expression in the motor cortex of the adult rat after motor skill learning. J Neurosci 1996; 16:4529-35. [PMID: 8699262 PMCID: PMC6578852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/1995] [Revised: 04/12/1996] [Accepted: 04/24/1996] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has suggested that changes in synapse number as well as changes in the expression of the Fos protein may occur within the motor cortex in association with motor learning. The number of synapses per neuron and the percentage of Fos-positive neurons within layer II/III of the rat motor cortex was measured after training on a complex motor learning task. Adult female rats were allocated randomly to either an acrobatic condition (AC), a motor control condition (MC), or an inactive control condition (IC). AC animals were trained to traverse a complex series of obstacles, and each AC animal was pair matched with an MC animal that traversed an obstacle-free runway. IC animals received no motor training. Animals from each condition were killed at various points during training, and unbiased stereological techniques were used to estimate the number of synapses per neuron and the percentage of Fos-positive cells within layer II/III of the motor cortex. AC animals exhibited an overall increase in the number of synapses per neuron in comparison to MC and IC animals at later stages of training. AC animals also had a significantly higher overall percentage of Fos-positive cells in comparison to both controls, with a trend for the increase to be greater during the acquisition versus the maintenance phase. These data suggest that Fos may be involved in the biochemical processes underlying skill acquisition and that motor learning, as opposed to motor activity, leads to increases in synapse number in the motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kleim
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Abstract
Effects of visual experience upon expression of a developmentally regulated microtubule-associated protein (MAP) were studied in the visual cortex of monocularly deprived rats. The antibody Drosophila MAP-45 (DMAP-45) recognizes proteins in the developing ventral nerve cord of Drosophila and in rat brain. Monocular deprivation from day 12, before eye opening, to day 80 reduced the number of DMAP-45 immunoreactive layer V pyramidal cell apical dendrites in the monocular segment (Oc1M) of the visual cortex contralateral to the deprived eye. No significant visual deprivation effects were seen in the binocular segment (Oc1B). Immunoreactivity was restored to control levels in Oc1M of rats in which the monocular sutures were removed at day 75, subsequently allowing 5 days of exposure to light. These results indicate potential involvement of this MAP in experience-dependent structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Werner
- Department of Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, USA
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Comery TA, Shah R, Greenough WT. Differential rearing alters spine density on medium-sized spiny neurons in the rat corpus striatum: evidence for association of morphological plasticity with early response gene expression. Neurobiol Learn Mem 1995; 63:217-9. [PMID: 7670834 DOI: 10.1006/nlme.1995.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Morphological plasticity of medium-sized spiny neurons of the striatum was examined in Long-Evans hooded rats reared in complex or individual cage environments. Rat pups, aged 28-32 days, were housed either individually in standard laboratory cages or as a group in a large toy- and object-filled environment for 30 days. The spine density on dendrites of medium-sized spiny neurons in the dorsolateral striatum was then examined using the Golgi-Cox method. Rats reared in the complex environment displayed an increase of approximately 30% in spine density relative to those reared individually. These results demonstrate experience-dependent changes in neural structure in the striatum and suggest that the mechanisms for information storage in response to experience may be more widespread in the forebrain than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Comery
- Department of Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Whishaw IQ, Dringenberg HC, Comery TA. Rats (Rattus norvegicus) modulate eating speed and vigilance to optimize food consumption: effects of cover, circadian rhythm, food deprivation, and individual differences. J Comp Psychol 1992; 106:411-9. [PMID: 1451425 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7036.106.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The eating behavior of rats (Rattus norvegicus) given food pellets of specified size was examined as a function of environmental, circadian, and experiential influences. Eating times were shorter in lighted, exposed environments than in dark, covered environments, even though in novel, exposed conditions the rats made many scanning movements as they ate. Eating time also varied as a function of the circadian cycle in that eating times were shorter in the night portion of the day-night cycle. Finally, eating times decreased if rats were food deprived, and deprivation had a small but enduring influence. Within the tests there were differences in the eating times of individual rats that were not attributable to the experimental manipulations. That rats can optimize food intake by varying eating speed is discussed in relation to physiological regulation of feeding and to optimal foraging theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Q Whishaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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