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Misawa N, Honda S. Increased sodium fluorescein transport by corticosteroids is inhibited by a LAT-1 specific inhibitor in retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22981. [PMID: 38151501 PMCID: PMC10752866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether aldosterone (ALD) and hydrocortisone (HC) change the gene expression of SLC7A5, which encodes the large neutral amino acid transporter small subunit 1 (LAT1), and the transport activity of LAT1 in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in vitro. ARPE-19 cells were grown to confluence. After withdrawing the serum, ALD or HC was added with several doses and incubated, and SLC7A5 gene expression was measured. The influx and efflux transport of sodium fluorescein (Na-F) were evaluated using the Transwell culture system. SLC7A5 gene expression was upregulated by ALD and downregulated by HC in a dose-dependent manner. Both ALD and HC significantly increased the influx and efflux Na-F transport of RPE cells at a dose that did not change the expression of SLC7A5. JPH203, a specific inhibitor of LAT1, significantly reduced accelerated Na-F transport. Both ALD and HC increased the gene expression of zonula occludin-1 (ZO-1) although they did not change the immunoreactivity of ZO-1 in RPE cells. LAT1 may play an important role in increasing Na-F transport associated with ALD and HC administration. A specific LAT1 inhibitor may effectively regulate the increased material transport of RPE induced by ALD and HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Misawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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2
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Puris E, Gynther M, Auriola S, Huttunen KM. L-Type amino acid transporter 1 as a target for drug delivery. Pharm Res 2020; 37:88. [PMID: 32377929 PMCID: PMC7203094 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our growing understanding of membrane transporters and their substrate specificity has opened a new avenue in the field of targeted drug delivery. The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been one of the most extensively investigated transporters for delivering drugs across biological barriers. The transporter is predominantly expressed in cerebral cortex, blood-brain barrier, blood-retina barrier, testis, placenta, bone marrow and several types of cancer. Its physiological function is to mediate Na+ and pH independent exchange of essential amino acids: leucine, phenylalanine, etc. Several drugs and prodrugs designed as LAT1 substrates have been developed to improve targeted delivery into the brain and cancer cells. Thus, the anti-parkinsonian drug, L-Dopa, the anti-cancer drug, melphalan and the anti-epileptic drug gabapentin, all used in clinical practice, utilize LAT1 to reach their target site. These examples provide supporting evidence for the utility of the LAT1-mediated targeted delivery of the (pro)drug. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in LAT1-mediated targeted drug delivery. In addition, the use of LAT1 is critically evaluated and limitations of the approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Liu X, Pan G. Roles of Drug Transporters in Blood-Retinal Barrier. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:467-504. [PMID: 31571172 PMCID: PMC7120327 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) includes inner BRB (iBRB) and outer BRB (oBRB), which are formed by retinal capillary endothelial (RCEC) cells and by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in collaboration with Bruch's membrane and the choriocapillaris, respectively. Functions of the BRB are to regulate fluids and molecular movement between the ocular vascular beds and retinal tissues and to prevent leakage of macromolecules and other potentially harmful agents into the retina, keeping the microenvironment of the retina and retinal neurons. These functions are mainly attributed to absent fenestrations of RCECs, tight junctions, expression of a great diversity of transporters, and coverage of pericytes and glial cells. BRB existence also becomes a reason that systemic administration for some drugs is not suitable for the treatment of retinal diseases. Some diseases (such as diabetes and ischemia-reperfusion) impair BRB function via altering tight junctions, RCEC death, and transporter expression. This chapter will illustrate function of BRB, expressions and functions of these transporters, and their clinical significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- grid.254147.10000 0000 9776 7793School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, Shanghai China
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Martis RM, Donaldson PJ, Li B, Middleditch M, Kallingappa PK, Lim JC. Mapping of the cystine-glutamate exchanger in the mouse eye: a role for xCT in controlling extracellular redox balance. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:293-310. [PMID: 31396687 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cystine-glutamate exchanger (system xc-) is responsible for the exchange of extracellular cystine for intracellular glutamate. In this study, we mapped the expression of xCT, the light chain subunit of system xc- in the different tissues of 3-6-week-old mouse (C57BL/6J) eye and have used an xCT knockout mouse to verify labelling specificity. Moreover, using the xCT knockout mouse, we investigated whether xCT was involved in maintaining extracellular redox balance in the eye. xCT transcript and protein were present in the cornea, lens and retina of wild-type mice, but not knockout mice. xCT was localised to the corneal epithelium, and the lens epithelium and cortical fibre cells but was absent in the iris. xCT localisation could not be determined in the ciliary body or retina, since xCT labelling was also detected in the knockout indicating a lack of specificity of the xCT antibody in tissues of a neural origin. Intracellular cysteine and cystine concentrations were similar in the wild-type and xCT knockout mouse for the cornea, lens, and retina. While extracellular cysteine levels were similar between the plasma, aqueous humour, and vitreous humour of the wild-type and xCT knockout mouse, extracellular cystine levels in the plasma and aqueous were significantly elevated in the xCT knockout mouse relative to the wild type. This suggests that loss of xCT results in an increased oxidative environment, particularly within the anterior chamber of the eye in which the aqueous humour resides. How this oxidative shift impacts ocular tissues that interface with the aqueous humour over time will be the focus of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renita M Martis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,NZ National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul J Donaldson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,NZ National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,NZ National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Middleditch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Prasanna K Kallingappa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Julie C Lim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand. .,School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. .,NZ National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Miki A, Sakurada Y, Tanaka K, Semba K, Mitamura Y, Yuzawa M, Tajima A, Nakatochi M, Yamamoto K, Matsuo K, Imoto I, Honda S. Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify a New Susceptibility Locus for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in the Japanese Population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:5542-5547. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakurada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Semba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mitamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Yuzawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- Statistical Analysis Section, Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Patel M, Dalvi P, Gokulgandhi M, Kesh S, Kohli T, Pal D, Mitra AK. Functional characterization and molecular expression of large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2012; 443:245-53. [PMID: 23270998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to functionally characterize and provide molecular evidence of large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) in human derived prostate cancer cells (PC-3). We carried out the uptake of [3H]-tyrosine to assess the functional activity of LAT1. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis is carried out to confirm the molecular expression of LAT1. [3H]-tyrosine uptake is found to be time dependent and linear up to 60 min. The uptake process does not exhibit any dependence on sodium ions, pH and energy. However, it is temperature dependent and found maximal at physiological temperature. The uptake of [3H]-tyrosine demonstrates saturable kinetics with K(m) and V(max) values of 34 ± 3 μM and 0.70 ± 0.02 nanomoles/min/mg protein, respectively. It is strongly inhibited by large neutral (phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine) and small neutral (alanine, serine, cysteine) but not by basic (lysine and arginine) and acidic (aspartic and glutamic acid) amino acids. Isoleucine-quinidine (Ile-quinidine) prodrug generates a significant inhibitory effect on [3H]-tyrosine uptake suggesting that it is recognized by LAT1. RT-PCR analysis provided a product band at 658 and 840 bp, specific to LAT1 and LAT2, respectively. For the first time, this study demonstrates that LAT1, primarily responsible for the uptake of large neutral amino acids, is functionally active in PC-3 cells. Significant increase in the uptake generated by Ile-quinidine relative to quinidine suggests that LAT1 can be utilized for enhancing the cellular permeation of poor cell permeable anticancer drugs. Furthermore, this cell line can be utilized as an excellent in vitro model for studying the interaction of large neutral amino acid conjugated drugs with LAT1 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitesh Patel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Haghjou N, Abdekhodaie MJ, Cheng YL. Retina-choroid-sclera permeability for ophthalmic drugs in the vitreous to blood direction: quantitative assessment. Pharm Res 2012; 30:41-59. [PMID: 23054085 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the outward permeability of retina-choroid-sclera (RCS) layer for different ophthalmic drugs and to develop correlations between drug physicochemical properties and RCS permeability. METHODS A finite volume model was developed to simulate pharmacokinetics in the eye following drug administration by intravitreal injection. The RCS permeability was determined for 32 compounds by best fitting the drug concentration-time profile obtained by simulation with previously reported experimental data. Multiple linear regression was then used to develop correlations between best fit RCS permeability and drugs physicochemical properties. RESULTS The RCS drug permeabilities had values that ranged over 3 × 10(-6) m/s. Regression analysis for hydrophilic compounds showed that more than 92% of the variation in permeability values can be explained by correlative models of drug properties that include logarithm of the octanol-water partition coefficient (LogP), protein binding (PB), number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), hydrogen bond donors (HBD), polar surface area (PSA) and dissociation constant (pKa) as independent variables. Regression analysis for lipophilic compounds showed that no significant correlation can be found between just physicochemical properties and RCS permeability. CONCLUSION Using the RCS permeability obtained from this study for different drugs, one can predict pharmacokinetics of intravitreal drug delivery systems such as solid implants or colloidal systems. Furthermore, the developed correlations between RCS permeability and physicochemical properties of drugs are useful in early drug development by predicting RCS permeability and drug concentration in the vitreous without experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Haghjou
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Wilson CG, Tan LE, Mains J. Principles of Retinal Drug Delivery from Within the Vitreous. DRUG PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT FOR THE BACK OF THE EYE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9920-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Capelo LP, Beber EH, Fonseca TL, Gouveia CHA. The monocarboxylate transporter 8 and L-type amino acid transporters 1 and 2 are expressed in mouse skeletons and in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Thyroid 2009; 19:171-80. [PMID: 19133747 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2008.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several plasma membrane transporters have been shown to mediate the cellular influx and/or efflux of iodothyronines, including the sodium-independent organic anion co-transporting polypeptide 1 (OATP1), the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and 2 (LAT2), and the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). The aim of this study was to investigate if the mRNAs of these transporters were expressed and regulated by thyroid hormone (TH) in mouse calvaria-derived osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and in the fetal and postnatal bones of mice. METHODS The mRNA expression of the iodothyronine transporters was investigated with real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis in euthyroid and hypothyroid fetuses and litters of mice and in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with increasing doses of triiodothyronine (T(3); 10(-10) to 10(-6) M) or with 10(-8) M T(3) for 1-9 days. RESULTS MCT8, LAT1, and LAT2 mRNAs were detected in fetal and postnatal femurs and in MC3T3-E1 cells, while OATP1 and NTCP mRNAs were not. LAT1 and LAT2 mRNAs were not affected by TH status in vivo or in vitro or by the stage of bone development or osteoblast maturation (analyzed by the expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase, which are key markers of osteoblastic differentiation). In contrast, the femoral mRNA expression of MCT8 decreased significantly during post-natal development, whereas MCT8 mRNA expression increased as MC3T3-E1 cells differentiated. We also showed that MCT8 mRNA was up-regulated in the femur of hypothyroid animals, and that it was down-regulated by treatment with T(3) in MC3T3-E1 cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate the mRNA expression of LAT1, LAT2, and MCT8 in the bone tissue of mice and in osteoblast-like cells. In addition, the pattern of MCT8 expression observed in vivo and in vitro suggests that MCT8 may be important to modulate TH effects on osteoblast differentiation and on bone development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane P Capelo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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