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Kruk K, Szekalska M, Basa A, Winnicka K. The Impact of Hypromellose on Pharmaceutical Properties of Alginate Microparticles as Novel Drug Carriers for Posaconazole. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10793. [PMID: 37445975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are a group of diseases which are challenging to treat because of drug-resistant fungi species, drug toxicity, and often severe patient conditions. Hence, research into new treatments, including new therapeutic substances and novel drug delivery systems, is being performed. Mucoadhesive dosage forms are beneficial to improving drug bioavailability by prolonging the residence time at the site of application. Sodium alginate is a natural polymer with favorable mucoadhesive and gelling properties, although its precipitation in acidic pH significantly disrupts the process of drug release in gastric conditions. Hypromellose is a hydrophilic, semi-synthetic cellulose derivative with mucoadhesive properties, which is widely used as a control release agent in pharmaceutical technology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of hypromellose on alginate microparticles with posaconazole, designed to modify drug release and to improve their mucoadhesive properties for both oral or vaginal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kruk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marta Szekalska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Basa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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Nambiar AG, Singh M, Mali AR, Serrano DR, Kumar R, Healy AM, Agrawal AK, Kumar D. Continuous Manufacturing and Molecular Modeling of Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:249. [PMID: 36056225 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions enhance solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The escalating number of drugs with poor aqueous solubility, poor dissolution, and poor oral bioavailability is an unresolved problem that requires adequate interventions. This review article highlights recent solubility and bioavailability enhancement advances using amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). The review also highlights the mechanism of enhanced dissolution and the challenges faced by ASD-based products, such as stability and scale-up. The role of process analytical technology (PAT) supporting continuous manufacturing is highlighted. Accurately predicting interactions between the drug and polymeric carrier requires long experimental screening methods, and this is a space where computational tools hold significant potential. Recent advancements in data science, computational tools, and easy access to high-end computation power are set to accelerate ASD-based research. Hence, particular emphasis has been given to molecular modeling techniques that can address some of the unsolved questions related to ASDs. With the advancement in PAT tools and artificial intelligence, there is an increasing interest in the continuous manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. ASDs are a suitable option for continuous manufacturing, as production of a drug product from an ASD by direct compression is a reality, where the addition of multiple excipients is easy to avoid. Significant attention is necessary for ongoing clinical studies based on ASDs, which is paving the way for the approval of many new ASDs and their introduction into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritha G Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Maan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Abhishek R Mali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Gupta A, Paudwal G, Dolkar R, Lewis S, Gupta PN. Recent advances in the surfactant and controlled release polymer-based solid dispersion. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1643-1659. [PMID: 35209818 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220223095417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the most preferred delivery route for drug administration due to its advantages such as lower cost, improved patient compliance, no need for trained personnel and the drug reactions are generally less severe. The major problem with new molecules in the drug discovery pipeline is poor solubility and dissolution rate that ultimately results in low oral bioavailability. Numerous techniques are available for solubility and bioavailability (BA) enhancement, but out of all, solid dispersion (SD) is proven to be the most feasible due to the least issues in manufacturing, processing, storage, and transportation. In the past few years, SD had been extensively applied to reinforce the common issues of insoluble drugs. Currently, many hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers are used to prepare either immediate release or controlled release SDs. Therefore, the biological behavior of the SDs is contingent upon the use of appropriate polymeric carriers and methods of preparation. The exploration of novel carriers and methodologies in SD technology leads to improved BA and therapeutic effectiveness. Moreover, the clinical applicability of SD-based formulations has been increased with the discovery of novel polymeric carriers. In this review, emphasis is laid down on the present status of recent generations of SDs (i.e., surfactant and controlled release polymer-based SD) and their application in modifying the physical properties of the drug and modulation of pharmacological response in different ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal-576104, India
| | - Gourav Paudwal
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rigzin Dolkar
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MAHE, Manipal-576104, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180002, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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Sharma PK, Shukla VK, Kumar A. Physical Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation of Dissolution Rate from Cefpodoxime Proxetil Loaded Self Solidifying Solid SNEDDS. Curr Drug Deliv 2022; 19:395-406. [PMID: 34353259 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210805153859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cefpodoxime Proxetil (CPD) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin indicated in respiratory and urinary tract infections. CPD is a BCS class IV drug with pH-dependent solubility and has poor bioavailability. This study investigated the challenges of developing ternary components based on solid SNEDDS of CPD for in vitro dissolution rate enhancement and self-solidifying behaviour. METHODS Tween 80, Transcutol and PEG6000 were employed as surfactants, solvents and solidifiers for a base of ternary components to develop self-solidifying solid SNEDDS, respectively. Ternary phase diagrams were used to characterize solidifying behaviour of ternary components in different proportions. S-SNEDDS formulations were drawn on the solidification areas available in the phase diagram and characterized for IR, XRD, DSC and in vitro drug release in various pH media. RESULTS Ternary components for the preparation of self-solidifying solid SNEDDS were selected based on drug solubility. FTIR and DSC characterization studies ruled out any drug interaction between CPD and components chosen to prepare S-SNEDDS. CPD was transformed from a crystalline into an amorphous state in ternary dispersions as revealed from XRD data. Optimized formulation (S-S 1) demonstrated more than 95% of drug release irrespective of the pH environments of the medium. Calculation of dissolution efficiency and similarity factors indicate that S SNEDDS resulted in a higher drug dissolution rate over binary dispersion (p<0.01). The stability studies showed that the S SNEDDS were stable in performances and CPD assay. CONCLUSION The present investigation provides an alternative approach for enhancing the CPD dissolution rate using self-solidifying solid SNEDDS exhibited solidification behaviour at ambient temperature conditions and drug loading, which could be exploited over conventional dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikesh Kumar Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, India
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The Film-Forming Characterization and Structural Analysis of Pectin from Sunflower Heads. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/8859108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural low-methoxyl pectin (termed AHP,
) was extracted from dried heads of sunflower and showed better film-forming performance blended with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The solutions and films of different HPMC/AHP blends were characterized by viscosity, transparency, mechanical properties, loss on drying, water drop penetration time (WDPT), disintegration and SEM. In order to analyze the structure-property relationship of film forming, AHP was separated by ion-exchange chromatography and characterized. The results showed that the blends were immiscible, but the formation of AHP gel would give the blended film better mechanical properties. AHP was fractionated into one neutral fraction and two acidic fractions (AHPA-1 and AHPA-2). The analytical results showed that AHPA-1 and AHPA-2 were identified to be homogalacturonan- (HG-) rich pectins with low DM, and the molecular weights of them were estimated to be 106 kDa and 226 kDa, respectively. Due to the high content of the HG domain, low DM and high molecular weights, AHP had excellent gelling properties induced by Ca2+ and was added to improve the film-forming properties of HPMC and to develop plant hollow capsules.
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Insoluble Polymers in Solid Dispersions for Improving Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081679. [PMID: 32731391 PMCID: PMC7466147 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, solid dispersions have been demonstrated as an effective approach for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, as have solid dispersion techniques that include the application of nanotechnology. Many studies have reported on the ability to change drug crystallinity and molecular interactions to enhance the dissolution rate of solid dispersions using hydrophilic carriers. However, numerous studies have indicated that insoluble carriers are also promising excipients in solid dispersions. In this report, an overview of solid dispersion strategies involving insoluble carriers has been provided. In addition to the role of solubility and dissolution enhancement, the perspectives of the use of these polymers in controlled release solid dispersions have been classified and discussed. Moreover, the compatibility between methods and carriers and between drug and carrier is mentioned. In general, this report on solid dispersions using insoluble carriers could provide a specific approach and/or a selection of these polymers for further formulation development and clinical applications.
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Liu X, Ji Z, Peng W, Chen M, Yu L, Zhu F. Chemical mapping analysis of compatibility in gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose blend films. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Szafraniec J, Antosik A, Knapik-Kowalczuk J, Chmiel K, Kurek M, Gawlak K, Odrobińska J, Paluch M, Jachowicz R. The Self-Assembly Phenomenon of Poloxamers and Its Effect on the Dissolution of a Poorly Soluble Drug from Solid Dispersions Obtained by Solvent Methods. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E130. [PMID: 30893859 PMCID: PMC6470807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly phenomenon of amphiphiles has attracted particular attention in recent years due to its wide range of applications. The formation of nanoassemblies able to solubilize sparingly water-soluble drugs was found to be a strategy to solve the problem of poor solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Binary and ternary solid dispersions containing Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II drug bicalutamide and either Poloxamer®188 or Poloxamer®407 as the surface active agents were obtained by either spray drying or solvent evaporation under reduced pressure. Both processes led to morphological changes and a reduction of particle size, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and laser diffraction measurements. The increase in powder wettability was confirmed by means of contact angle measurements. The effect of an alteration of the crystal structure was followed by powder X-ray diffractometry while thermal properties were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. Interestingly, bicalutamide exhibited a polymorph transition after spray drying with the poloxamer and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), while the poloxamer underwent partial amorphization. Moreover, due to the surface activity of the carrier, the solid dispersions formed nanoaggregates in water, as confirmed using dynamic light scattering measurements. The aggregates measuring 200⁻300 nm in diameter were able to solubilize bicalutamide inside the hydrophobic inner parts. The self-assembly of binary systems was found to improve the amount of dissolved bicalutamide by 4- to 8-fold in comparison to untreated drug. The improvement in drug dissolution was correlated with the solubilization of poorly soluble molecules by macromolecules, as assessed using emission spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szafraniec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Agata Antosik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Knapik-Kowalczuk
- Division of Biophysics and Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Chmiel
- Division of Biophysics and Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Kurek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Karolina Gawlak
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Odrobińska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marian Paluch
- Division of Biophysics and Molecular Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Renata Jachowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
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Kwak SS, Lee ES, Yoon HY, Kim CH, Goo YT, Kang MJ, Lee S, Lee BS, Jeon HR, Oh CH, Choi YW. Immediate release tablet formulation of varenicline salicylate and comparative pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers. Drug Des Devel Ther 2018; 12:3377-3392. [PMID: 30349192 PMCID: PMC6186768 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s178456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an immediate release-type tablet containing varenicline salicylate (VRC-S), a smoking cessation agent, formulation and stability studies were performed. The in vitro dissolution and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of the tablets were compared with those of the commercial product (Champix) as a reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS The characteristics of the powder were investigated by particle morphology, size distribution, solubility, hygroscopicity, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction. Based on the drug-excipient compatibility test, different VRC-S tablets were prepared with the selected excipients through direct compression or wet granulation method and subjected to a dissolution test. The stability of the most promising VRC-S tablet (F4) was evaluated under accelerated conditions (40°C and 75% relative humidity). Further, the dissolution and human pharmacokinetic profiles of the F4 tablet and Champix were compared. RESULTS VRC-S showed a positively skewed unimodal size distribution with a specific surface area of 2.02 m2/g, single endothermic peak of 225.2°C in differential scanning calorimetry, crystalline internal structure in powder X-ray diffraction, aqueous solubility of 244.7 mg/mL, and hygroscopicity of 0.256 mg/g. The wet granulation method was preferred for tablet preparation and employed the following excipients: microcrystalline cellulose and anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate as diluents, croscarmellose sodium as a disintegrant, and colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate as lubricants. The F4 tablet was stable for 6 months under accelerated conditions. The dissolution of VRC was pH independent, revealing f 2 values of 76.49 and 68.38 at pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, respectively. After the oral administration of F4 tablet and Champix to healthy human volunteers, pharmacokinetic parameters, including time to reach the maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and area under the curve from 0 to infinity (AUCinf), were compared. The values of 90% CI were 0.972-1.035 for Cmax and 0.982-1.075 for AUCinf, which was indicative of the bioequivalence of both products. CONCLUSION VRC-S-containing F4 tablet might be a good candidate for smoking cessation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Shin Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,
| | - Eun Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,
| | - Ho Yub Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,
| | - Chang Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yoon Tae Goo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,
| | - Myung Joo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro, Dongnam-gu, CheonanChungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkil Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Sang Lee
- CTCBIO INC., Hyundaikia-ro, Paltan, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18576, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Ryeol Jeon
- CTCBIO INC., Hyundaikia-ro, Paltan, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi 18576, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Oh
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science & Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Heuksuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea,
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Ibrahim AH, Ibrahim HM, Ismael HR, Samy AM. Optimization and evaluation of lyophilized fenofibrate nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and efficacy. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:358-369. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1295065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem R. Ismael
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Development of novel prasugrel base microsphere-loaded tablet with enhanced stability: Physicochemical characterization and in vivo evaluation in beagle dogs. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:754-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kim DW, Kim YH, Yousaf AM, Kim DS, Kwon TK, Park JH, Kim YI, Park JH, Jin SG, Kim KS, Cho KH, Li DX, Kim JO, Yong CS, Woo JS, Choi HG. Novel montelukast sodium-loaded stable oral suspension bioequivalent to the commercial granules in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:539-546. [PMID: 26983932 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0664-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To develop a montelukast sodium-loaded stable oral suspension bioequivalent to the commercial granules in rats, several montelukast sodium-loaded suspensions were prepared with a suspending agent, stabilizers and anti-aggregation agents, and their stabilities were investigated by visually observing the sedimentation phenomenon and determining the concentration of the degradation product. Moreover, dissolution and pharmacokinetic studies of the optimized formulation were examined in rats compared to commercial montelukast sodium-loaded granules. Avicel RC-591 (Avicel), a suspending agent, prevented the sedimentation of these suspensions at >2.496 (w/v) per cent composition. Amongst the stabilizers tested, fumaric acid provided the lowest concentration of montelukast sulphoxide (a degradation product) in these suspensions at 40 °C, demonstrating its excellent stabilizing activity. Furthermore, as an anti-aggregation agent, glycerin gave lower amounts of degradation product than those with poloxamer 407 and Tween 80. In particular, montelukast-loaded oral suspension, an aqueous suspension containing montelukast sodium/Avicel/fumaric acid/glycerin at a concentration of 312/2496/15.6/62.4 (mg/100 ml), and the commercial granules exhibited similar dissolution profiles in 0.5% (w/v) aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulphate. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics in rats provided by this suspension was comparable to that of the commercial granules, suggesting that they were bioequivalent. In addition, it was physically and chemically stable at 40 °C for at least 6 months. Thus, this montelukast sodium-loaded oral suspension, with bioequivalence to the commercial granules and excellent stability, could be a prospective dosage form for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea
| | - Young Hun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea.,Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-Myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do, 445-913, South Korea
| | - Abid Mehmood Yousaf
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea
| | - Dong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea
| | - Taek Kwan Kwon
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-Myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do, 445-913, South Korea
| | - Jung Hee Park
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-Myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do, 445-913, South Korea
| | - Yong Il Kim
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-Myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do, 445-913, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Park
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-Myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do, 445-913, South Korea
| | - Sung Giu Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea
| | - Kyung Soo Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan, 712-749, South Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Inje-ro 197, Gimhae, 621-749, South Korea
| | - Dong Xun Li
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Centre for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan, 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jong Soo Woo
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-Myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do, 445-913, South Korea.
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-Gu, Ansan, 426-791, South Korea.
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13
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Preparation and characterization of solid dispersion using a novel amphiphilic copolymer to enhance dissolution and oral bioavailability of sorafenib. POWDER TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jung HJ, Han SD, Kang MJ. Enhanced Dissolution Rate of Dronedarone Hydrochloride via Preparation of Solid Dispersion using Vinylpyrrolidone-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer (Kollidone® VA 64). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuck Jun Jung
- College of Pharmacy; Dankook University; Chungnam 330-714 Korea
| | - Sang Duk Han
- Dong-A ST Research Institute; Pharmaceutical Product Research Laboratories; Giheung-gu, Yongin Gyeonggi 446-905 Korea
| | - Myung Joo Kang
- College of Pharmacy; Dankook University; Chungnam 330-714 Korea
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15
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Mishra DK, Dhote V, Bhargava A, Jain DK, Mishra PK. Amorphous solid dispersion technique for improved drug delivery: basics to clinical applications. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 5:552-65. [PMID: 26306524 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-015-0256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Kim KS, Jin SG, Mustapha O, Yousaf AM, Kim DW, Kim YH, Kim JO, Yong CS, Woo JS, Choi HG. Novel fenofibric acid-loaded controlled release pellet bioequivalent to choline fenofibrate-loaded commercial product in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2015; 490:273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Kim YH, Kim DW, Kwon MS, Kwon TK, Park JH, Jin SG, Kim KS, Kim YI, Park JH, Kim JO, Yong CS, Woo JS, Choi HG. Novel montelukast sodium-loaded clear oral solution prepared with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as a solubilizer and stabilizer: enhanced stability and bioequivalence to commercial granules in rats. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-015-0519-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Kim YH, Kim DW, Kwon MS, Cho KH, Kim JO, Yong CS, Choi HG. Clopidogrel Napadisilate Monohydrate Loaded Surface-Modified Solid Dispersion: Physicochemical Characterization and in Vivo Evaluation. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1033-40. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University
| | - Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University
| | - Min Seok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University
| | | | | | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University
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19
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Kim DW, Kwon MS, Yousaf AM, Balakrishnan P, Park JH, Kim DS, Lee BJ, Park YJ, Yong CS, Kim JO, Choi HG. Comparison of a solid SMEDDS and solid dispersion for enhanced stability and bioavailability of clopidogrel napadisilate. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:365-374. [PMID: 25263903 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intention of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties, stability and bioavailability of a clopidogrel napadisilate (CN)-loaded solid dispersion (SD) and solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (solid SMEDDS). SD was prepared by a surface attached method using different ratios of Cremophor RH60 (surfactant) and HPMC (polymer), optimized based on their drug solubility. Liquid SMEDDS was composed of oil (peceol), a surfactant (Cremophor RH60) and a co-surfactant (Transcutol HP). A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed to identify the emulsifying domain, and the optimized liquid SMEDDS was spray dried with an inert solid carrier (silicon dioxide), producing the solid SMEDDS. The physicochemical properties, solubility, dissolution, stability and pharmacokinetics were assessed and compared to clopidogrel napadisilate (CN) and bisulfate (CB) powders. In solid SMEDDS, liquid SMEDDS was absorbed or coated inside the pores of silicon dioxide. In SD, hydrophilic polymer and surfactants were adhered onto drug surface. The drug was in crystalline and molecularly dispersed form in SD and solid SMEDDS, respectively. Solid SMEDDS and SD greatly increased the solubility of CN but gave lower drug solubility compared to CB powder. These preparations significantly improved the dissolution of CN, but the latter more increased than the former. Stability under accelerated condition showed that they were more stable compared to CB powder, and SD was more stable than solid SMEDDS. They significantly increased the oral bioavailability of CN powder. Furthermore, SD showed significantly improved oral bioavailability compared to solid SMEDDS and CB powder. Thus, SD with excellent stability and bioavailability is recommended as an alternative for the clopidogrel-based oral formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Min Seok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Abid Mehmood Yousaf
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Prabagar Balakrishnan
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Jong Hyuck Park
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Dong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Young Joon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, 206, Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55, Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea.
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20
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Fan Y, Yang M, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Chen X, Shan L, Wei J, Gao C. Preformulation characterization andin vivoabsorption in beagle dogs of JFD, a novel anti-obesity drug for oral delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:801-11. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.903494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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21
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Cho JH, Kim YI, Kim DW, Yousaf AM, Kim JO, Woo JS, Yong CS, Choi HG. Development of novel fast-dissolving tacrolimus solid dispersion-loaded prolonged release tablet. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 54:1-7. [PMID: 24388864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to develop a novel prolonged release tablet bioequivalent to the commercial sustained release capsule. A number of tacrolimus-loaded fast-dissolving solid dispersions containing various amounts of DOSS were prepared using the spray drying technique. Their solubility, dissolution and pharmacokinetics in rats were studied. DOSS increased drug solubility and dissolution in the solid dispersions. Compared with the drug powder, the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of tacrolimus with the fast-dissolving solid dispersion containing tacrolimus/HP-β-CD/DOSS in the weight ratio of 5:40:4 were boosted by approximately 700-, 30- and 2-fold, respectively. Several tablet formulations were accomplished with this solid dispersion in combination with various ratios of HPMC/ethylcellulose. The release behaviour and pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs were assessed compared with the commercial prolonged release capsule. A decrease in HPMC/ethylcellulose ratios reduced the dissolution of tacrolimus from the tablets. Particularly, the tacrolimus-loaded prolonged release tablet consisting of fast-dissolving tacrolimus solid dispersion, HPMC, ethylcellulose and talc at the weight ratio of 20:66:112:2 exhibited a dissolution profile similar to that produced by the commercial prolonged release capsule. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the AUC, Cmax, Tmax and MRT values between them in beagle dogs. Consequently, this tacrolimus-loaded prolonged release tablet might be bioequivalent to the tacrolimus-loaded commercial capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Yong-Il Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea; Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do 445-913, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Abid Mehmood Yousaf
- College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Jong Soo Woo
- Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Paltan-myeon, 893-5, Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-Do 445-913, South Korea.
| | - Chul Soon Yong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea.
| | - Han-Gon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 214-1, Dae-Dong, Gyongsan 712-749, South Korea; College of Pharmacy & Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 426-791, South Korea.
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22
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Supersolubilization by Using Nonsalt-Forming Acid-Base Interaction. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1598-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Vo CLN, Park C, Lee BJ. Current trends and future perspectives of solid dispersions containing poorly water-soluble drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:799-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Choi JH, Lee K, Hong S, Lee SK, Oh YK, Choi SK, Choi HG. Effect of biocompatible polymers on the physicochemical and dissolution properties of fenofibrate in nanoparticle system. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-013-0100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Paudel A, Worku ZA, Meeus J, Guns S, Van den Mooter G. Manufacturing of solid dispersions of poorly water soluble drugs by spray drying: Formulation and process considerations. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:253-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Effect of excipients on dissolution enhancement of aceclofenac solid dispersions studied using response surface methodology: a technical note. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:340-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Oh DH, Yan YD, Kim DW, Kim JO, Yong CS, Choi HG. Development of flurbiprofen-loaded nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution using sucrose. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:172-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.752501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Doh HJ, Jung Y, Balakrishnan P, Cho HJ, Kim DD. A novel lipid nanoemulsion system for improved permeation of granisetron. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Cho KH, Choi HG. Development of novel bepotastine salicylate salt bioequivalent to the commercial bepotastine besilate in beagle dogs. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 39:901-8. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.717295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Characterization, stability, and pharmacokinetics of sibutramine/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. J IND ENG CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Kim DW, Kang JH, Oh DH, Yong CS, Choi HG. Development of novel flurbiprofen-loaded solid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system using gelatin as solid carrier. J Microencapsul 2012; 29:323-30. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.651497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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32
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New clopidogrel napadisilate salt and its solid dispersion with improved stability and bioequivalence to the commercial clopidogrel bisulphate salt in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2011; 415:129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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