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Samy AM, Kandeil MA, Sabry D, Abdel-Ghany A, Mahmoud MO. From NAFLD to NASH: Understanding the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver diseases and their consequences. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30387. [PMID: 38737288 PMCID: PMC11088336 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most frequent chronic liver diseases worldwide in recent decades. Metabolic diseases like excessive blood glucose, central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and liver function abnormalities cause NAFLD. NAFLD significantly increases the likelihood of liver cancer, heart disease, and mortality, making it a leading cause of liver transplants. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a more advanced form of the disease that causes scarring and inflammation of the liver over time and can ultimately result in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this review, we briefly discuss NAFLD's pathogenic mechanisms, their progression into NASH and afterward to NASH-related cirrhosis. It also covers disease epidemiology, metabolic mechanisms, glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, macrophage dysfunction, bile acid toxicity, and liver stellate cell stimulation. Additionally, we consider the contribution of intestinal microbiota, genetics, epigenetics, and ecological factors to fibrosis progression and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in NAFLD and NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Samy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Kandeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - A.A. Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O. Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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Samy AM, Kandeil MA, Sabry D, Abdel-Ghany AA, Mahmoud MO. Exosomal miR-122, miR-128, miR-200, miR-298, and miR-342 as novel diagnostic biomarkers in NAFL/NASH: Impact of LPS/TLR-4/FoxO3 pathway. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300631. [PMID: 38574101 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common liver disorder affecting a quarter of the global residents. Progression of NAFL into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may cause cirrhosis, liver cancer, and failure. Gut microbiota imbalance causes microbial components translocation into the circulation, triggering liver inflammation and NASH-related fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression via repressing target genes. Exosomal miRNAs are diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for NAFL and NASH liver damage. Our work investigated the role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD pathogenesis via the lipopolysaccharide/toll-like receptor 4/Forkhead box protein O3 (LPS/TLR-4/FoxO3) pathway and certain miRNAs as noninvasive biomarkers for NAFL or its development to NASH. miRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in 50 NAFL patients, 50 NASH patients, and 50 normal controls. Plasma LPS, TLR-4, adiponectin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), and FoxO3 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In NAFL and NASH patients, miR-122, miR-128, FoxO3, TLR-4, LPS, and PPAR-γ were upregulated while miR-200, miR-298, miR-342, and adiponectin were downregulated compared with the normal control. The examined miRNAs might distinguish NAFL and NASH patients from the normal control using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Our study is the first to examine these miRNAs in NAFLD. Our findings imply that these are potentially promising biomarkers for noninvasive early NAFL diagnosis and NASH progression. Understanding the LPS/TLR-4/FoxO3 pathway involvement in NAFL/NASH pathogenesis may aid disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kandeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A A Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assuit branch, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Safari M, Mowafy HA, Samy AM. Evaluation and Characterization of Stabilized Drug, Formulated as Oro Dispersible Tablet Using Advanced Method. JPRI 2022. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2022/v34i35b36170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In a challenge to prepare a stable Oro-dispersible tablet (ODT) of Desloratadine, using dry resin was incorporated into a fast-disintegrating matrix to prepare an optimized ODT that achieved the desired criteria of stabilization and patient acceptance. In this study, the critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical material attributes (CMAs) were determined via risk assessment methods within the framework of Quality by Design (QbD). The results showed that resin (Amberlite IRP64®) can be used as a dry stabilizer and the selected variables in the optimization phase have a strong influence on the blend flowability, disintegration time, and wetting time of the ODTs. Furthermore, by comparing the optimized formula with the marketed one, the optimized formula showed a significantly lower disintegration, lower wetting time, and an almost similar dissolution profile.
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Abstract
Over many decades, total knee replacement (TKR) has become the ideal treatment option for advanced arthritis. Many designs were introduced to increase the stability of the tibial tray, hence the longevity of the prosthesis. This retrospective study was performed on 168 patients who received NexGen cemented primary total knee either with standard tibial tray (group A) or tibial tray with an intramedullary stem (group B) between May 2008 and May 2017. We reviewed all preoperative and postoperative clinical and radiological data retrospectively. In addition, a prospective clinical and radiological reassessment was done. Our aim was to answer the following questions: (1) Is there any difference between both groups in regard to clinical and radiological results? (2) Is there any difference in the revision rate? (3) Is there a role of using stemmed tibial tray in primary TKR? Better results were recorded in obese and severely obese patients having stemmed cemented tibial tray and so for patients with marked and severe preoperative varus angle. Our recommendations are to use cemented tibial tray with a stem in complicated primary surgery without fear of adverse effects on short and intermediate terms of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Wael Azzam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Okely M, Anan R, Gad-Allah S, Samy AM. Hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting domestic animals in Egypt: diagnostic characters and a taxonomic key to the collected species. Med Vet Entomol 2021; 35:333-351. [PMID: 33452827 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ticks are important vectors of emerging health problems in humans and animals. We conducted several field surveillances to investigate the fauna of hard ticks on domestic animals in seven governorates of Egypt during 2018-2019. A total of 3265 individual tick specimens were collected and identified to the species level; the specimens belong to 11 species within three genera (Amblyomma, Hyalomma, and Rhipicephalus). Tick infestation was highest in dromedary camels (70%), followed by dogs (52.5%), cattle (50%), buffaloes (38%), and horses (12%). Ten species were collected from dromedary camels, 2 from cattle, and one species from dogs, buffaloes, and horses. Diagnostic characters with high-quality photographic images of the 11 tick species were provided. New measurements of the body regions such as spiracles and body grooves were also obtained to provide further details on morphological variations among the diverse tick species. This study provided detailed descriptions of the genital apertures of five Hyalomma species. Morphological variations of male Hyalomma impeltatum, and genital apertures of female Hyalomma dromedarii and Hyalomma excavatum were also examined in this study. Finally, we provided additional details on local geographic distributions, hosts, endemicity status, and disease relationships of the eleven tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okely
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - R Anan
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Gad-Allah
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A M Samy
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Faris T, Harisa GI, Alanazi FK, Badran MM, Alotaibi AM, Almanea H, Alqahtani AS, Samy AM. Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Ultrafine Nanoshuttles on the MCF-7 Cell Line as a Surrogate Model for Breast Cancer. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 18:19-30. [PMID: 32682379 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200719005440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to explore an affordable technique for the fabrication of Chitosan Nanoshuttles (CSNS) at the ultrafine nanoscale less than 100 nm with improved physicochemical properties, and cytotoxicity on the MCF-7 cell line. BACKGROUND Despite several studies reported that the antitumor effect of CS and CSNS could achieve intracellular compartment target ability, no enough information is available about this issue and further studies are required to address this assumption. OBJECTIVES The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential processing variables for the production of ultrafine CSNS (less than; 100 nm) using Box-Behnken Design factorial design (BBD). This was achieved through a study of the effects of processing factors, such as CS concentration, CS/TPP ratio, and pH of the CS solution, on PS, PDI, and ZP. Moreover, the obtained CSNS was evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, morphology. In addition, hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity using Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and MCF-7 cell lines were investigated. METHODS Box-Behnken Design factorial design (BBD) was used in the analysis of different selected variables. The effects of CS concentration, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) ratio, and pH on particle size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), and Zeta Potential (ZP) were measured. Subsequently, the prepared CS nanoshuttles were exposed to stability studies, physicochemical characterization, hemocompatibility, and cytotoxicity using red blood cells and MCF-7 cell lines as surrogate models for in vivo study. RESULT The present results revealed that the optimized CSNS has ultrafine nanosize, (78.3 ± 0.22 nm), homogenous with PDI (0.131 ± 0.11), and ZP (31.9 ± 0.25 mV). Moreover, CSNS has a spherical shape, amorphous in structure, and physically stable. Moreover, CSNS has biological safety as indicated by a gentle effect on red blood cell hemolysis, besides, the obtained nanoshuttles decrease MCF-7 viability. CONCLUSION The present findings concluded that the developed ultrafine CSNS has unique properties with enhanced cytotoxicity, thus promising for use in intracellular organelles drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Faris
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamaleldin I Harisa
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Badran
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afraa Mohammad Alotaibi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafsa Almanea
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Ali S Alqahtani
- Medicinal, Aromatic, and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Elsayad MK, Mowafy HA, Zaky AA, Samy AM. Chitosan caged liposomes for improving oral bioavailability of rivaroxaban: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:316-327. [PMID: 33356742 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1870237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, chitosan (CS) caged classic liposomes (CLs) and flexible liposomes (FLs) were developed to enhance the oral bioavailability of rivaroxaban (RVX) in the fasted condition. The prepared formulations were subjected to physicochemical characterization included: FTIR, DSC, zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index, entrapment efficiency, in vitro dissolution, and transmission electron microscope imaging. The selected formulation (RVX-TFL2) composed of PL S100/Tween 80 (85/15% w/w) and coated with CS solution in the strength of (0.2% w/v) had a particle size of 105.67 nm, a zeta potential of +5.67 mV and EE of 96.07%. Compared to RXV suspension, the pharmacokinetic parameters (C max, AUC0-24, and AUC0-∞) of RVX-TFL2 showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the fasted and fed test animals. Besides, RVX bioavailability with RVX-TFL2 was improved by 59.66% and 26.97% in the fed and fasted states, respectively, compared to RVX suspension in the fed state. The result highlighted the efficacy of the prepared liquid formulation comprising CS coated liposomes in improving the oral bioavailability of RVX regardless of the fed state. Moreover, the studied liquid formulation could be utilized in developing a liquid dosage form that might be useful as a pediatric formulation of RVX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged K Elsayad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hammam A Mowafy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa A Zaky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Anwar W, Dawaba HM, Afouna MI, Samy AM, Rashed MH, Abdelaziz AE. Enhancing the Oral Bioavailability of Candesartan Cilexetil Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: In Vitro Characterization and Absorption in Rats after Oral Administration. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1047. [PMID: 33142816 PMCID: PMC7692391 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Candesartan Cilexetil (CC) is a prodrug widely used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, but it has some limitations, such as very poor aqueous solubility, high affinity to P-glycoprotein efflux mechanism, and hepatic first-pass metabolism. Therefore, it has very low oral bioavailability. In this study, glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and Capryol™ 90 were selected as solid and liquid lipids, respectively, to develop CC-NLC (nanostructured lipid carrier). CC was successfully encapsulated into NLP (CC-NLC) to enhance its oral bioavailability. CC-NLC was formulated using a hot homogenization-ultrasonication technique, and the physicochemical properties were characterized. The developed CC-NLC formulation was showed in nanometric size (121.6 ± 6.2 nm) with high encapsulation efficiency (96.23 ± 3.14%). Furthermore, it appeared almost spherical in morphology under a transmission electron microscope. The surgical experiment of the designed CC-NLC for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract revealed that CC-NLC absorption in the stomach was only 15.26% of that in the intestine. Otherwise, cellular uptake study exhibit that CC-NLCs should be internalized through the enterocytes after that transported through the systemic circulation. The pharmacokinetic results indicated that the oral bioavailability of CC was remarkably improved above 2-fold after encapsulation into nanostructured lipid carriers. These results ensured that nanostructured lipid carriers have a highly beneficial effect on improving the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, such as CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Anwar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11751, Cairo, Egypt or (H.M.D.); (M.I.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Hamdy M. Dawaba
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11751, Cairo, Egypt or (H.M.D.); (M.I.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Al Qantarah Sharq 41636, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Mohsen I. Afouna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11751, Cairo, Egypt or (H.M.D.); (M.I.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Ahmed M. Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11751, Cairo, Egypt or (H.M.D.); (M.I.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Mohammed H. Rashed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11751, Cairo, Egypt;
| | - Abdelaziz E. Abdelaziz
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelshiekh University, Kafrelshiekh 33516, Egypt;
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Mohammed AM, Osman SK, Saleh KI, Samy AM. In Vitro Release of 5-Fluorouracil and Methotrexate from Different Thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogel Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:131. [PMID: 32405869 PMCID: PMC7220897 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil is a member of cytotoxic drugs with poor selectivity to cancer cells. Currently, systemic administration of this anti-cancer drug (oral or injection) exposes normal tissues to the drug-induced toxicity. Nowadays, attention has been greatly directed towards in situ gel-forming systems that can be injected into the affected tissues in its sol form with a minimally invasive technique. More specifically, chitosan hydrogel systems were in focus due to their antibacterial effect as well as their biodegradable, biocompatible, and mucoadhesive properties. In the present work, 5-fluorouracil was loaded on various thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel systems cross linked with different linking agents like β-glycerophosphate, pluronic F127, and hydroxyapatite. Also, methotrexate was added to 5-fluorouracil in order to gain its previously reported synergistic effects. Firstly, a compatibility study was performed using UV-spectrophotometric, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques to exclude the possibility of any physical or chemical interactions between the selected drugs and excipients. The prepared hydrogel systems were characterized for their physicochemical properties including organoleptic, pH, syringeability and injectability, viscosity, and gelation temperature (Tgel) by various analysis techniques. Moreover, the in vitro release behavior of 5-fluorouracil and methotrexate was determined with a modified analytical method. The results indicated that chitosan hydrogel system cross-linked with a combination of β- glycerophosphate, and 10 % pluronicF127 (F4) showed the most suitable physicochemical properties and release profile. Accordingly, this formula can be considered as a missionary system for localized sustained delivery of cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Shaaban K Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khaled I Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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El-Sonbaty MM, Ismail HR, Kassem AA, Samy AM, Akl MA. Mucoadhesive thermoreversible formulation of metoclopramide for rectal administration: a promising strategy for potential management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Pharm Dev Technol 2020; 25:535-546. [PMID: 31903824 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1712419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of incorporation of metoclopramide hydrochloride (MCP HCl) in mucoadhesive thermoreversible liquid suppository (MCP HCl-LS) to bypass the first-pass metabolism and maximize its efficacy to be a promising substitute for parenteral therapy. MCP HCl-LS was formulated using Pluronic (PF127/PF68) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and in vitro evaluated through their gelation temperature, gel strength (GS), mucoadhesive force, and in vitro release studies. Also, the MCP HCl-LS was evaluated for its rheological behavior and examined for rectal mucosal integrity after administration. The results revealed that the MCP HCl-LS; composed of PF127/PF68/HPMC (20/7/0.5% w/w) was in the liquid state at room temperature, experienced gelation at 30.23 °C, with suitable GS of 28.66 s and rectal retention force of 43.03 × 102 dyne/cm2. The pharmacokinetic data showed that the MCP HCl-LS exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05) in AUC0-480 (219.688 vs 172.333 ng.h.mL-1 of the marketed) and 1.3-fold increase in relative bioavailability compared to Primperan® suppository, indicating that LS formula bypassed the first-pass metabolism. Moreover, MCP HCl-LS did not cause any morphological harm to the rectal tissues suggested that the developed formulation was safe and could be a potentially useful alternative drug carrier for rectal delivery of MCP HCl in patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M El-Sonbaty
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem R Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alaa A Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Akl
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Mohamed MS, Abdelhafez WA, Zayed G, Samy AM. Optimization, in-vitro Release and in-vivo Evaluation of Gliquidone Nanoparticles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 21:35. [PMID: 31879830 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work embarks upon increasing the dissolution rate and the bioavailability of model anti-diabetic drug, gliquidone, a sulfonylurea class drug used for treating diabetes mellitus type 2. The gliquidone nanoparticles were prepared by using anti-solvent precipitation technique in which, gliquidone solution in acetone was added at a controlled rate to an aqueous solution containing polyvinylpyrrolidone K25 (PVP K25) as stabilizer. The effect of drug concentration (X1), polymer concentration (X2) and solvent to anti-solvent ratio (X3) on particle size and dissolution was studied using Box-Behnken design. The results revealed that by decreasing the drug concentration and by increasing the stabilizer concentration and solvent/anti-solvent ratio, reduction in the size of the particles was observed. The mentioned parameters were optimised and particle of size about 175 nm was achieved. The relative dissolution rate of prepared gliquidone nanoparticles in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 was ~ 4.7 times faster than original drug at t = 45 min. Further, the gliquidone nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The particles revealed to be oval in shape with stabilizer molecules on surface and exhibited decreased crystalline nature when compared to free gliquidone. Finally, the in vivo studies using gliquidone nanoparticles revealed ~ 2.5-fold increase in Cmax when taken orally in the form of hard gelatin capsules in comparison to free gliquidone. Thus, overall investigation suggests that the developed strategy of gliquidone nanoparticles possess a keen potential for exhibiting anti-diabetic effect.
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Mohamed MS, Abdelhafez WA, Zayed G, Samy AM. In vitro and in vivo characterization of fast dissolving tablets containing gliquidone–pluronic solid dispersion. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1973-1981. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1689993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wael A. Abdelhafez
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Gamal Zayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
- Al-Azhar Centre of Nanosciences and Applications, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ibrahim AH, Smått JH, Govardhanam NP, Ibrahim HM, Ismael HR, Afouna MI, Samy AM, Rosenholm JM. Formulation and optimization of drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based tablets to improve the dissolution rate of the poorly water-soluble drug silymarin. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 142:105103. [PMID: 31648050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porous carriers have been put forward as a promising alternative for stabilizing the amorphous state of loaded drugs, and thus significantly improving the dissolution rate of poorly soluble compounds. The purpose of this study was to enhance the saturation solubility, dissolution rate and drug loading of the poorly water-soluble drug silymarin via incorporation into mesoporous silica nanospheres within a lyophilized tablet to obtain a unique formulation. 32 full factorial design was applied to study the effect of both independent variables, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer and binder and sucrose as cryoprotectant and disintegrant; and on the dependent variables that included the mean particle size (Y1), disintegration time (Y2), tablet strength (Y3) and % of drug release after 2 min, R2min,Y4. The drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanospheres and the optimized formula was evaluated by different characterization methods: scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; as well as drug content, saturation solubility and moisture content. The evaluation demonstrated that the loaded mesoporous silica nanospheres and the optimized formula are in amorphous state without any chemical interaction with the silica matrix or the stabilizer. Moreover, the drug was stably maintained in nanosize range with narrow particle size distribution. Furthermore, the optimized lyophilized tablets had highly porous structure, low friability (less than 1%), fast disintegration (less than 30 s), high tablet strength, low moisture content (less than 1%), remarkably increased dissolution rate and noticeable improvement in saturation solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jan-Henrik Smått
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3-5, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - N Prakirth Govardhanam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Hany M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem R Ismael
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohsen I Afouna
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jessica M Rosenholm
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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Akl M, Kartal-Hodzic A, Suutari T, Oksanen T, Montagner IM, Rosato A, Ismael HR, Afouna MI, Caliceti P, Yliperttula M, Samy AM, Mastrotto F, Salmaso S, Viitala T. Real-Time Label-Free Targeting Assessment and in Vitro Characterization of Curcumin-Loaded Poly-lactic- co-glycolic Acid Nanoparticles for Oral Colon Targeting. ACS Omega 2019; 4:16878-16890. [PMID: 31646234 PMCID: PMC6796886 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of curcumin for oral disease treatment is limited by its low solubility, poor bioavailability, and low stability. Surface-functionalized poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) have shown promising results to ameliorate selective delivery of drugs to the gastro-intestinal tract. In this study, curcumin-loaded PLGA NPs (C-PLGA NPs) of about 200 nm were surface-coated with chitosan (CS) for gastro-intestinal mucosa adhesion, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) for colon targeting or GE11 peptide for tumor colon targeting. Spectrometric and zeta potential analyses confirmed the successful functionalization of the C-PLGA NPs. Real-time label-free assessment of the cell membrane-NP interactions and NP cell uptake were performed by quartz crystal microbalance coupled with supported lipid bilayers and by surface plasmon resonance coupled with living cells. The study showed that CS-coated C-PLGA NPs interact with cells by the electrostatic mechanism, while both WGA- and GE11-coated C-PLGA NPs interact and are taken up by cells by specific active mechanisms. In vitro cell uptake studies corroborated the real-time label-free assessment by yielding a curcumin cell uptake of 7.3 ± 0.3, 13.5 ± 1.0, 27.3 ± 4.9, and 26.0 ± 1.3 μg per 104 HT-29 cells for noncoated, CS-, WGA-, and GE11-coated C-PLGA NPs, respectively. Finally, preliminary in vivo studies showed that the WGA-coated C-PLGA NPs efficiently accumulate in the colon after oral administration to healthy Balb/c mice. In summary, the WGA- and GE11-coated C-PLGA NPs displayed high potential for application as active targeted carriers for anticancer drug delivery to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed
A. Akl
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alma Kartal-Hodzic
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Suutari
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Oksanen
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Antonio Rosato
- Veneto
Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroentrology and Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, University of
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Hatem R. Ismael
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohsen I. Afouna
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroentrology and Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, University of
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroentrology and Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, University of
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ahmed M. Samy
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Francesca Mastrotto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroentrology and Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, University of
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroentrology and Department of Pharmaceutical and
Pharmacological Sciences, University of
Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- E-mail: . Phone: +358504154529
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Shalaby K, M. Samy A, Kassem A, F. Ibrahim M, K. Alruwaili N, M. Ali H, Elmowafy M. Formulation, in vitro and Bioavailability Assessments of Ranitidine Rectal Suppositories. JPRI 2019. [DOI: 10.9734/jpri/2019/v30i130262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current work was to develop and evaluate suppository dosage form in order to improve ranitidine bioavailability as a substitute to the oral administration. Suppocire (different grades), Witepsol W25 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as suppository bases and prepared by molding method. The prepared formulations were examined for hardness, disintegration time, melting point, content uniformity, drug release, stability and bioavailability. The hardness ranged from 3.82 to 12.53 kg and disintegration time from 13.32 to 28.22 min. The melting points of fatty bases had values from 33.94 to 36.82±0.36ºC while PEG based suppositories melting points were directly proportional chain length. Higher content uniformity was observed in PEG based suppositories due to easy incorporation of RT into water soluble base. Release was affected by hydroxyl value and molecular weight (in cases of fatty and PEG bases respectively). All formulations were relatively stable after 12 months. In vivo studies of all formulations exhibited double peak phenomena. PEG based formula (S8) showed significant higher Cmax (10.05±1 μg/ml) and AUC0-12 (58.313±3.9 µg.h/mL) than fatty bases and oral solution. In conclusion, rectal administration of S8 could be prepared as an alternative to the oral dosage form to improve bioavailability and overcome the first-pass metabolism.
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Ibrahim AH, Rosqvist E, Smått JH, Ibrahim HM, Ismael HR, Afouna MI, Samy AM, Rosenholm JM. Formulation and optimization of lyophilized nanosuspension tablets to improve the physicochemical properties and provide immediate release of silymarin. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:217-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Akl MA, Ismael HR, Abd Allah FI, Kassem AA, Samy AM. Tolmetin sodium-loaded thermosensitive mucoadhesive liquid suppositories for rectal delivery; strategy to overcome oral delivery drawbacks. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:252-264. [PMID: 30303407 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1534858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tolmetin sodium (TS) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indicated for treatment of musculoskeletal issues. As other NSAID, TS displays a marked side effects on the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract after oral administration. Traditional solid suppositories can cause pain and discomfort for patients, may reach the end of the colon; consequently, the drug can undergo the first-pass effect. TS liquid suppository (TS-LS) was developed to enhance patient compliance and rectal mucosal safety in high-risk patients receiving highly NSAID therapy. This work was conducted to optimize and evaluate Poloxamer P407/P188-based thermoresponsive TS-LS by using mucoadhesive polymers such as methylcellulose (MC). TS-LS was prepared by cold method and characterized their in vitro physicochemical properties as gelation temperature (GT), gel strength, bioadhesive properties, and in vitro release. The safety of the prepared suppository on rectum, stomach, and liver was evaluated histologically. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed to compare rectal TS-LS to orally Rhumtol® capsules. The results showed that the optimized TS-LS; composed of P407/P188/MC (21/9/0.5% w/w) displayed gelation at rectum temperature ∼32.90 °C, gel strength of 21.35 s and rectal retention force at the administration site of 24.25 × 102 dyne/cm2. Moreover, TS-LS did not cause any morphological damage to the rectal tissues. Pharmacokinetic parameters of optimized TS-LS formulation revealed 4.6 fold increase in bioavailability as compared to Rhumtol® capsules. Taken together, the results demonstrated that liquid suppository is a potential and physically safe rectal delivery carrier for improvement rectal bioavailability and in vivo safety of TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Akl
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Hatem R Ismael
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Fathy I Abd Allah
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Egyptian Russian University , Bader City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Alla A Kassem
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Samy
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City , Cairo , Egypt
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Kassem AM, Ibrahim HM, Samy AM. Development and optimisation of atorvastatin calcium loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for enhancing oral bioavailability: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:319-333. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1328464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam M. Kassem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Alsharif FM, Dave K, Samy AM, Saleh KI, Amin MA, Perumal O. Influence of Hydroalcoholic Vehicle on In Vitro Transport of 4-Hydroxy Tamoxifen Through the Mammary Papilla (Nipple). AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1366-1373. [PMID: 27506565 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Majority of breast cancers originate from epithelial cells in the duct and lobules in the breast. Current systemic treatments for breast cancer are associated with significant systemic side effects, thus warranting localized drug delivery approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hydroalcoholic vehicle on topical delivery of 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (4-HT) through the mammary papilla (nipple). The in vitro permeability of 4-HT through porcine mammary papilla was studied using different hydroalcoholic vehicles (0, 33.33, and 66.66% alcohol). Nile red was used as a model lipophilic dye to characterize the drug transport pathway in the mammary papilla. The penetration of 4-HT through the mammary papilla increased with increase in alcohol concentration in the vehicle. The solubility of 4-HT was enhanced by increasing alcohol concentration in the vehicle. On the other hand, the epidermis/vehicle partition coefficient decreased with increase in alcohol concentration. The mammary papilla served as a depot and slowly released 4-HT into the receptor medium. Highest drug penetration was observed with saturated drug solution in 66.66% alcohol, and 4-HT levels were comparable to IC50 value of 4-HT. Results from this study demonstrate the possibility of using mammary papilla as a potential route for direct delivery of 4-HT to the breast.
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Ibrahim AH, Ibrahim HM, Ismael HR, Samy AM. Optimization and evaluation of lyophilized fenofibrate nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and efficacy. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:358-369. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1295065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hatem R. Ismael
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Orthopedic, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ahmed M Samy, El Geesh Street, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt. E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a debilitating disease in orthopedics, frequently progressing to femoral head collapse and osteoarthritis. It is thought to be a multifactorial disease. ONFH ultimately results in femoral head collapse in 75-85% of untreated patients. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) yields satisfactory results in the treatment of the end stage of the disease. However, disease typically affects males between the ages of 20 and 40 years and joint replacement is not the ideal option for younger patients. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells and platelet rich plasma (PRP) have been used as an adjunct to core decompression to improve clinical success in the treatment of precollapse hips. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective study of 40 hips in 30 patients was done. There were 19 males and 11 females with a mean age 36.7 ± 6.93 years. The indication for the operation was restricted primarily to modified Ficat stages IIb and III. 16 hips (40%) had stage IIb and 24 hips (60%) had stage III ONFH. The period of follow up ranged between 36-50 months with a mean 41.4 ± 3.53 months. All patients were assessed clinically during pre- and post-operative period according to the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Visual Analog Score (VAS) and radiologically by X-rays. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done preoperatively to confirm the diagnosis and every 6 months postoperatively for assessment of healing. The operative procedure include removal of necrotic area with drilling then the cavity was filled with a composite of bone graft mixed with PRP. RESULTS The mean HHS improved from 46.0 ± 7.8 preoperatively to 90.28 ± 19 at the end of followup (P < 0.0001). The mean values of VAS were 78 ± 21 and 35 ± 19 at preoperatively period and final followup, respectively, with an average reduction of 43 points. CONCLUSION We found that the use of PRP with collagen sheet can increase the reparable capacity after drilling of necrotic segment in stage IIb and III ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Samy
- Department of Orthopedics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt,Address for correspondence: Dr. Ahmed M Samy, 150 Elgeesh Street, Gharbia, Tanta, Egypt. E-mail:
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Ahmed TA, Ibrahim HM, Samy AM, Kaseem A, Nutan MTH, Hussain MD. Biodegradable injectable in situ implants and microparticles for sustained release of montelukast: in vitro release, pharmacokinetics, and stability. AAPS PharmSciTech 2014; 15:772-80. [PMID: 24648158 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the sustained release of a hydrophilic drug, montelukast (MK), from two biodegradable polymeric drug delivery systems, in situ implant (ISI) and in situ microparticles (ISM). N-Methyl pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), triacetin, and ethyl acetate were selected as solvents. The release of 10% (w/v) MK from both systems containing poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as the biodegradable polymer was compared. Upon contact with the aqueous medium, the PLGA in ISI and ISM systems solidified resulting in implants and microparticles, respectively. The in vitro drug release from the ISI system showed marked difference from miscible solvents (NMP and DMSO) than the partially miscible ones (triacetin and ethyl acetate), and the drug release decreased with increased PLGA concentration. In the ISM system, the initial in vitro drug release decreased with decreased ratio of polymer phase to external oil phase. In vivo studies in rats showed that ISM had slower drug release than the drug release from ISI. Also, the ISM system when compared to ISI system had significantly reduced initial burst effect. In vitro as well as the in vivo studies for both ISI and ISM systems showed sustained release of MK. The ISM system is suitable for sustained release of MK over 4-week period with a lower initial burst compared to the ISI system. Stability studies of the ISI and ISM formulations showed that MK is stable in the formulations stored at 4°C for more than 2 years.
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Ibrahim HM, Ahmed TA, Hussain MD, Rahman Z, Samy AM, Kaseem AA, Nutan MTH. Development of meloxicam in situ implant formulation by quality by design principle. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:66-73. [PMID: 23298324 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.746360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The focus of this study was to develop and optimize in situ implant formulation of meloxicam by quality by design (QbD) principle for long-term management of musculoskeletal inflammatory disorders. METHODS The formulation was optimized by Box-Behnken design with polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) level (X1), N-methyl pyrrolidone level (X2) and PLGA intrinsic viscosity (X3) as the independent variables and initial burst release of drug (Y1), cumulative release (Y2), and dissolution efficiency (Y3) as the dependent variables. The formulation was physicochemically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Pharmacokinetic studies of the optimized formulation were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS Y1 was significantly affected by X2 and X3. Y2 was affected by X1 and X3 while Y3 was affected by all three independent variables employed in the formulations. Responses for the optimized formulation were in close agreement with the values predicted by the model. SEM photomicrographs indicated uniform gel formulation. No chemical interaction between the components of formulation was observed by FT-IR and meloxicam was found to be present in the amorphous form in the gel matrix as revealed by PXRD. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to achieve Cmax and area under plasma concentration curve were significantly different from those of the solution formulation used as the control. Plasma concentration of meloxicam was maintained above its IC50 concentration required for COX-2 inhibition for 23 days. CONCLUSION Meloxicam in situ implant may provide long-term management of inflammatory conditions with improved patient compliance and better therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University Health Science Center , Kingsville, TX , USA
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Ahmed TA, Ibrahim HM, Ibrahim F, Samy AM, Kaseem A, H. Nutan MT, Hussain MD. Development of biodegradable in situ implant and microparticle injectable formulations for sustained delivery of haloperidol. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3753-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ahmed TA, El-Say KM, Mahmoud MF, Samy AM, Badawi AA. Miconazole nitrate oral disintegrating tablets: in vivo performance and stability study. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:760-71. [PMID: 22585373 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9798-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in and need for formulating miconazole nitrate (MN), a broad-spectrum antifungal, as an oral disintegrating tablet for treatment of some forms of candidiasis have increased. Formulation of MN in this dosage form will be more advantageous, producing dual effect: local in the buccal cavity and systemic with rapid absorption. Four formulations were prepared utilizing the foam granulation technique. The prepared tablets were characterized by measuring the weight uniformity, thickness, tensile strength, friability, and drug content. In addition, tablet disintegration time, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo disintegration time were also evaluated. Stability testing for the prepared tablets under stress and accelerated conditions in two different packs were investigated. Each pack was incubated at two different elevated temperature and relative humidity (RH), namely 40 ± 2°C/75 ± 5% RH and 50 ± 2°C/75 ± 5% RH. The purpose of the study is to monitor any degradation reactions which will help to predict the shelf life of the product under the defined storage conditions. Finally, in vivo study was performed on the most stable formula to determine its pharmacokinetic parameters. The results revealed that all the prepared tablets showed acceptable tablet characteristics and were stable under the tested conditions. The most stable formula was that containing magnesium stearate as lubricant, hydrophobic Aerosil R972 as glidant, low urea content, mannitol/microcrystalline cellulose ratio 2:1, and 9% Plasdone XL100 as superdisintegrant. The in vivo results revealed that the tested formula showed rapid absorption compared to the physical blend (t (max) were 1 and 4 h, respectively), while the extent of absorption was almost the same.
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Marzouk MA, Kassem AA, Samy AM, Amer RI. Comparative evaluation of ketoconazole-β-cyclodextrin systems prepared by coprecipitation and kneading. Drug Discov Ther 2010; 4:380-387. [PMID: 22491243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ketoconazole (KZ), an imidazole antifungal, was formulated into inclusion complexes via coprecipitation and kneading with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a carrier in 1:1 and 1:2 drug to carrier ratios. The KZ-β-CD solid complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The diffraction pattern of the pure drug revealed the drug to be highly crystalline in nature, as indicated by numerous distinctive peaks. The lack of numerous distinctive peaks of the drug in KZ-β-CD complexes prepared by the two methods revealed that a large number of the drug molecules were dissolved in a solid-state carrier matrix with an amorphous structure. The thermograms of the KZ-β-CD complexes showed a strong reduction in the intensity and broadening of drug peaks somewhat in both kneading and coprecipitation systems, suggesting that the drug is monomolecularly dispersed in the β-CD cavity. The prepared tablets of KZ-β-CD solid complexes prepared by the two methods were evaluated for their quality control testing, and an in vitro release study and the results of quality control complied with pharmacopeial requirements and the release profiles indicated complete drug release after 30 min. The kinetic parameters obtained from release data were analyzed in order to explain the mechanism of drug release and revealed non-Fickian transport. Accelerated stability testing at 35°C, 45°C, and 55°C and at 75% relative humidity was carried out for six months and revealed somewhat stable systems as indicated by a t(90) of about 2 years for both KZ-β-CD systems. A microbiological in vitro assay of KZ from the prepared tablets was performed using Candida albicans as a model fungus, and KZ had improved microbiological activity when administered as an inclusion complex with β-CD. The results confirmed the benefit of using CDs as a useful tool to enhance the dissolution and hence bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by forming solubilizing systems when exposed to gastrointestinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Marzouk
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ibrahim HM, Ahmed TA, Lila AEA, Samy AM, Kaseem AA, Nutan MTH. Mucoadhesive controlled release microcapsules of indomethacin: Optimization and stability study. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:377-86. [DOI: 10.3109/02652040903243445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ahmed TA, Ibrahim HM, Ibrahim F, Samy AM, Fetoh E, Nutan MTH. In vitro release, rheological, and stability studies of mefenamic acid coprecipitates in topical formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 16:497-510. [PMID: 20550465 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2010.495394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A suitable topical formulation of mefenamic acid was developed in order to eliminate the gastrointestinal disorders associated with its oral administration. Drug coprecipitates prepared with different polymers at various drug-to-polymer ratios improved drug solubility and dissolution compared to pure drug and physical mixtures. PVP polymers (ratio 1:4) produced the best results. Aqueous ionic cream, ointments of absorption and water soluble bases and gels of methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, HPMC, Carbopol® 934 and 940, and Pluronic® F127 bases containing 1-10% drug as coprecipitates of PVP polymers (1:4) were prepared. The highest drug release was achieved at 1% drug concentration from water soluble base and methylcellulose among cream/ointment and gel bases, respectively. Gels, in general yielded better release than creams/ointments. All tested medicated creams/ointments exhibited plastic flow while all gels conformed to pseudoplasticity. Most of them showed thixotropy, a desired property of topical preparations. Stability studies revealed that HPMC and methylcellulose had the smallest changes in drug content, viscosity, and pH among the formulations. Considering drug release, rheological properties, and stability, methylcellulose gel containing 1% drug as coprecipitates of PVP K90 was the best among the studied formulations, was promising for improving bioavailability of mefenamic acid and can be used in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Samy AM, Marzouk MA, Ammar AA, Ahmed MK. Enhancement of the dissolution profile of allopurinol by a solid dispersion technique. Drug Discov Ther 2010; 4:77-84. [PMID: 22491164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to improve the solubility, and therefore the dissolution of poorly water-soluble allopurinol. Solid dispersions of allopurinol were prepared with different polymers or carriers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30 and PVP K90), polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000 and PEG 6000), urea and mannitol at two drug : carrier ratios (1:1) and (1:2). Different methods such as melting and solvent evaporation methods were used to improve dissolution characteristics and solubility of allopurinol. The solid dispersions were characterized using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) while the interactions which took place were identified with fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Due to formation of hydrogen bonds between allopurinol and urea and mannitol, a transition of allopurinol from the crystalline to amorphous state was achieved. The DSC thermograms of the solid dispersions indicated the potential of heat induced interactions between allopurinol and the carriers used could influence dissolution rate of the drug. The dissolution amount (%) of pure allopurinol was 80% at 45 min. F5, F3, F6, F7, and F1 showed better dissolution percentages of 100, 93, 92.4, 90.6, and 89%, respectively, at 45 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Samy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Taha EI, Samy AM, Kassem AA, Khan MA. Response Surface Methodology for the Development of Self-Nanoemulsified Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of All-Trans-Retinol Acetate. Pharm Dev Technol 2008; 10:363-70. [PMID: 16176016 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-65675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose was to prepare, characterize, and optimize a self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of a model lipophilic compound, all-trans-retinol acetate. As part of the optimization process, the main effects, interaction effects, and quadratic effects of the formulation ingredients were investigated. METHOD A three-factor, three-level Box-Behnken design was used to explore the quadratic response surfaces and construct a second-order polynomial model in the form: Y = A + A1X1 + A2X2+ A3X3 + A4X1X2 + A5X2X3 + A6X1X3+ A7X1(2) + A8X2(2) + A9X3(2) + E. Amount of added oil (X1), surfactant (X2), and cosurfactant (X3) were selected as the factors. Particle size (Y1), turbidity (Y2), and cumulative amount of the active ingredient emulsified after 10 (Y3) and 30 (Y4) min were the observed variables. Response surface plots were used to demonstrate the effect of factors (X1), (X2), and (X3) on the response (Y4). Amount of added soybean oil (X1), Cremophor EL (X2), and Capmul MCM-C8 (X3) showed a significant effect on the emulsification rates, as well as on the physical properties of the resultant emulsion (particle size and turbidity). Observed and predicted values of Y4 obtained from the constructed equations were in close agreement. Response surface methodology was then used to predict the levels of factors X1, X2, and X3 under the constrained variables for an optimum response. Applied constraints were 0 < Y1 < 0.5, 1 < Y2 < 20, 60 < Y3 < 80, and 90 < Y4 < 100. The predicted values were 0.0704 microm for particle size (Y1), 18.95 NTU for turbidity (Y2), 88.88% for drug release after 10 min (Y3), and 110.7% drug release after 30 min (Y4). Two new formulations were prepared according to the predicted levels. The observed and predicted values were in close agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab I Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Taha EI, Al-Saidan S, Samy AM, Khan MA. Preparation and in vitro characterization of self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of all-trans-retinol acetate. Int J Pharm 2004; 285:109-19. [PMID: 15488684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Revised: 03/18/2004] [Accepted: 03/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To prepare a self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of all-trans-retinol acetate, with enhanced dissolution and better chance of oral absorption. METHOD All-trans-retinol acetate SNEDDS was prepared using different concentrations of soybean oil (solvent) Cremophor EL (surfactant) and Capmul MCM-C8 (co-surfactant). Particle size and turbidity of the SNEDDS were determined after adding water to the oily solution. Dissolution profile of SNEDDS filled in hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) capsules was determined by using water in USP apparatus 2. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the self-nanoemulsified region. The SNEDDS were evaluated by the visual observation, turbidity in nephrometric turbidity units (NTU), mean particle size (microm) and Fourier transformed-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). SNEDDS were thermally characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to ensure the compatibility of the SNEDDS ingredient. RESULTS From the data obtained in this work, it was clear that surfactant to co-surfactant ratio has the main impact on the physical characteristics of the emulsion formed. The optimum surfactant to co-surfactant ratio was found to be 2:1 (37.5-50% for Cremophor EL, and 18.75-25% for Capmul MCM-C8). With this ratio, the resultant nanoemulsions obtained have a particle size range of 0.103-0.051 microm, turbidity range of 18.12-2.18 NTU and t30 values (cumulative% all-trans-retinol acetate dissolved in 30 min) of 90.42-99.5. Also the thermograms obtained from DSC experiments showed that there is no incompatibility or interaction between the SNEDDS ingredients (soybean oil, Cremophor EL, and Capmul MCM-C8) and all-trans-retinol acetate. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that the self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system of all-trans-retinol acetate increased its dissolution rate and has the potential to enhance its bioavailability without interaction or incompatibility between the ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab I Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, 1300 Coulter, Suite 400, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Taha EI, Zaghloul AA, Samy AM, Al-Saidan S, Kassem AA, Khan MA. Bioavailability assessment of salbutamol sulfate suppositories in human volunteers. Int J Pharm 2004; 279:3-7. [PMID: 15234788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Revised: 02/12/2004] [Accepted: 02/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the bioavailability of three salbutamol sulfate suppository formulations. The formulations were; 2 mg salbutamol sulfate in Suppocire NA base containing 6% Eudispert gel (F1), 2mg salbutamol sulfate in Witepsol H15 base containing 3% methyl cellulose gel (F2), and 2 mg salbutamol sulfate in Witepsol W25 base containing 3% methyl cellulose gel (F3). The formulations were administered via rectal route in six healthy male adult volunteers. The bioavailability of the three suppository formulations was compared with the oral bioavailability of salbutamol sulfate 2mg tablets (F4). Six volunteers participated in a four-way crossover study, where each study was separated from the other by an interval of 1 weak. Venous blood samples of 5 ml were taken immediately before dosing and after predetermined time intervals of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 h. The result showed that Cmax +/- S.D. observed were 12.96 +/- 2.11, 14.78 +/- 2.33, 10.02 +/- 1.42 and 11.51 +/- 1.22 ng ml(-1) for F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively. The Tmax +/- S.D. were found to be 1.91 +/- 0.20, 1.83 +/- 0.26, 2.50 +/- 0.00 and 2.67 +/- 0.24 h for F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively. AUC +/- S.D. values were 40.25 +/- 1.88, 42.16 +/- 1.55, 28.62 +/- 1.98 and 37.63 +/- 1.44 ng h per ml for F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively. The relative bioavailabilities of the investigated formulations were 112.04, 106.96 and 76.06 for formula F2, F1 and F3, respectively, when compared with the oral preparation (F4). The finding indicates that the bioavailability of salbutamol sulfate can be enhanced by delivering it rectally with Suppocire NA base containing 6% Eudispert gel or with Witepsol W25 base containing 3% methyl cellulose to match that of oral tablets. Salbutamol sulfate can be rectally administered in patients who are less compliant with the oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Taha
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA
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Whittaker JR, Samy AM, Sunter JP, Sinha DP, Monaghan JM. Cytokeratin expression in cervical epithelium: an immunohistological study of normal, wart virus-infected and neoplastic tissue. Histopathology 1989; 14:151-60. [PMID: 2468597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1989.tb02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study using a panel of anticytokeratin antibodies and an indirect immunoperoxidase method, we examined cervical squamous epithelia including mature stratified epithelium, immature squamous metaplasia, CIN 1, 2 and 3, wart virus infection and squamous carcinoma. Changes from the normal patterns of staining were inconsistently seen in CIN 1 and 2, but in CIN 3 the changes were more marked, and consisted of a loss of stratification of the staining pattern and a patchy reduction in staining. Invasive carcinomas showed a similar staining pattern to CIN 3 lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Whittaker
- Department of Gyaecological Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK
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