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Fathi-Karkan S, Amiri Ramsheh N, Arkaban H, Narooie-Noori F, Sargazi S, Mirinejad S, Roostaee M, Sargazi S, Barani M, Malahat Shadman S, Althomali RH, Rahman MM. Nanosuspensions in ophthalmology: Overcoming challenges and enhancing drug delivery for eye diseases. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124226. [PMID: 38744414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in using nanosuspensions for controlled drug delivery in ophthalmology. It highlights the significance of ophthalmic drug delivery due to the prevalence of eye diseases and delves into various aspects of this field. The article explores molecular mechanisms, drugs used, and physiological factors affecting drug absorption. It also addresses challenges in treating both anterior and posterior eye segments and investigates the role of mucus in obstructing micro- and nanosuspensions. Nanosuspensions are presented as a promising approach to enhance drug solubility and absorption, covering formulation, stability, properties, and functionalization. The review discusses the pros and cons of using nanosuspensions for ocular drug delivery and covers their structure, preparation, characterization, and applications. Several graphical representations illustrate their role in treating various eye conditions. Specific drug categories like anti-inflammatory drugs, antihistamines, glucocorticoids, and more are discussed in detail, with relevant studies. The article also addresses current challenges and future directions, emphasizing the need for improved nanosuspension stability and exploring potential technologies. Nanosuspensions have shown substantial potential in advancing ophthalmic drug delivery by enhancing solubility and absorption. This article is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical professionals in this field, offering insights into recent developments, challenges, and future prospects in nanosuspension use for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 94531-55166, Iran; Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 9414974877, Iran.
| | - Nasim Amiri Ramsheh
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hasan Arkaban
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 8174673441, Iran.
| | - Foroozan Narooie-Noori
- Optometry Department, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sara Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Shekoufeh Mirinejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Roostaee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75168, Iran.
| | | | - Raed H Althomali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Art and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Badruddoza AZM, Zahid MI, Walsh T, Shah J, Gates D, Yeoh T, Nurunnabi M. Topical drug delivery by Sepineo P600 emulgel: Relationship between rheology, physical stability, and formulation performance. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124210. [PMID: 38718972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this present work was to develop and optimize oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion-based gels, namely emulgels that allow maximum topical drug delivery while having desired microstructure and acceptable physical stability. Emulgels containing 2.0 wt% lidocaine were prepared using various concentrations (0.75-5.0 wt%) of Sepineo P600. Their droplet size distribution, physical stability, rheological behaviors, in vitro drug release, and skin permeation profiles were evaluated. Results show that the concentration of Sepineo P600 significantly influenced the microstructure, rheology, and physical stability of the emulgel formulations. The physico-chemical properties also reveals that at least 1.0 wt% Sepineo P600 was needed to produce stable emulgel formulations. All formulations exhibited non-Newtonian shear-thinning properties which are desirable for topical applications. Both the release and permeation rates decreased with increasing viscosity and rigidity of the formulation. The lower the complex modulus of the emulgels, the higher the steady-state flux of the drug through the skin. Adding Sepineo P600 to emulgel systems resulted in increased rheological properties, which in turn slowed the diffusion of the drug for in vitro release. Although as expected skin permeation was rate limiting since in vitro release was 3 to 4 log-fold faster than skin flux. However, an interesting finding was that the derived skin/vehicle partition coefficient suggested the ionic interaction between lidocaine and Sepineo polymer reducing the free drug, i.e., thermodynamic activity and hence the flux with increasing Sepineo P600 concentration. Overall, this study has provided us with valuable insights into understanding the relationship between the microstructure (rheology), physical stability and skin drug delivery properties which will help to design and optimize topical emulgel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Md Ikhtiar Zahid
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Taylor Walsh
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Professional Scientific Services, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Jaymin Shah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Dana Gates
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecule, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Md Nurunnabi
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA.
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Miranda M, Volmer Z, Cornick A, Goody A, Cardoso C, Pais AACC, Brown M, Vitorino C. In vitro studies into establishing therapeutic bioequivalence of complex topical products: Weight of evidence. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124012. [PMID: 38537923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, topically applied drug products have experienced extraordinary price increases, due to the shortage of multisource generic drug products. This occurrence is mainly related to the underlying challenges evolved in topical bioequivalence documentation. Although there has been continuing regulatory efforts to present surrogate in vitro methods to clinical endpoint studies, there is still a continued need for cost- and time-efficient alternatives that account for product specificities. Hence, this work intended to expose bioequivalence assessment issues for complex topical formulations, and more specifically those related with product efficacy guidance. As a model drug and product, a bifonazole 10 mg/g cream formulation was selected and two different batches of the commercially available Reference Product (RP) were used: RP1 that displayed lower viscosity and RP4 which presented high, but not the highest, viscosity. In vitro human skin permeation testing (IVPT) was carried out and the results were evaluated by means of the traditional bioequivalence assessment approach proposed by the EMA, as well as by the Scaled Average Bioequivalence assessment approach proposed by the FDA. Based on previous experience, there was an expectation of a high level of variability in the results, thus alternative methods to evaluate local drug skin availability were developed. More specifically, an infected skin disease model, where ex vivo human skin was infected and ATP levels were used as a biological marker for monitoring antifungal activity after product application. The results showed that permeation equivalence could not be supported between the different RP batches. In contrast, this statistical difference between the formulation batches was not indicated in the disease model. Nevertheless, in pivotal IVPT studies, the lowest permeant formulation (RP4) evidenced a higher antifungal in vitro activity as reported by the lower levels of ATP. A critical appraisal of the results is likewise presented, focusing on an outlook of the real applicability of the regulatory guidances on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Monte de Caparica, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Zoe Volmer
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Alicia Cornick
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Aidan Goody
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marc Brown
- MedPharm Ltd, Surrey Research Centre, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga Santa Comba Polo 3, Coimbra, 3000-548 Portugal.
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Rosa P, Friedrich ML, Dos Santos J, Pegoraro NS, Camponogara C, Oliveira SM, da Silva CDB, Adams AIH. Development of a nanotechnological hydrogel containing desonide nanocapsules in association with acai oil: design and in vivo evaluation. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:654-664. [PMID: 35850635 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnological products have been used as strategies to optimize the therapy and minimize the side effects of topical corticoids. The objective of this study was to develop hydrogels by the addition of sclerotium gum to the suspensions of desonide-loaded açai oil-based nanocapsules and to study their biological effect using an animal model of acute skin inflammation. The hydrogels presented a pH compatible with topical application (4.4 to 5.0), nanometric mean diameter (131 to 165 nm), pseudoplastic behavior, and stability under room conditions during 30 days. The in vitro skin permeation/penetration study demonstrated that a higher amount of desonide (p < 0.05) was retained in the epidermis from the nanotechnological-hydrogels (0.33 to 0.36 µg.cm2) in comparison to the commercial gel cream (0.16 µg.cm2). In the dermis, the nanostructured hydrogels promoted a lower DES retention compared to the non-nanostructured formulations (p < 0.05). This result may indicate a smaller amount of drug reaching the bloodstream and, thus, fewer side effects can be expected. Concerning the anti-inflammatory effect, the developed hydrogels reduced both ear edema and inflammatory cell infiltration, showing an effect comparable to the commercially available formulation, which presents twice the drug concentration. The hydrogels developed may be considered a promising approach to treat dermatological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Mariane Lago Friedrich
- Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Natháli Schopf Pegoraro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Camila Camponogara
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cristiane de Bona da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Andréa Inês Horn Adams
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Miranda M, Veloso C, Brown M, A. C. C. Pais A, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Topical bioequivalence: Experimental and regulatory considerations following formulation complexity. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yamamoto Y, Hata M, Tanaka S, Haraguchi N, Suzuki N, Fukami T, Koide T. [Evaluation of the Pharmaceutical Properties of Clobetasol Propionate Ointments and Base Stability of the Mixture with Heparinoid Oil Based Creams]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2022; 142:421-430. [PMID: 35082193 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Clobetasol propionate ointment (CLPO) formulations have been classified as members of the "strongest" steroidal efficacy group, with eight of these formulations currently marketed in Japan. Evaluations of pharmaceutical properties of each formulation revealed three classification types: droplet dispersion type containing propylene glycol (PG) and surfactant, type with surfactant but not PG, and other types. These rheological properties were diverse, with no correlation found between viscosity and ointment type. However, when CLPO and six types of heparinoid oil-based cream (HPOC) formulation mixtures were stored at 37°C, a liquid layer was observed starting at 24 hours for one CLPO formulation in which polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil 40 was used as a surfactant out of the four droplet-dispersion type ointments and two low-viscosity HPOC formulations. In contrast, one other type of CLPO formulation that contained a surfactant with polysorbate 80, but not PG, exhibited a liquid layer for all of HPOC formulations. This suggests that CLPO formulations that contain a surfactant with a high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value are likely to generate a liquid layer for mixtures containing HPOC formulation. The present results demonstrate that not only the pharmaceutical properties of the eight CLPO formulations differ from one another, but also that the stabilities of HPOC formulation mixtures are significantly different. Therefore, pharmacists need to focus on inactive as well as active pharmaceutical ingredients to select formulations that patients will want to use, in addition to successfully treating their pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Yamamoto
- Unit of Physical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University
| | - Misaki Hata
- Unit of Physical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University
| | - Saki Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
| | - Nanami Haraguchi
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
| | - Naoto Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
| | - Tatsuo Koide
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Liu Y, Lunter DJ. Profiling skin penetration using PEGylated emulsifiers as penetration enhancers via confocal Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:1-9. [PMID: 34082121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-ionic emulsifiers have been continuous research focus in skin analysis. With the aim of finding their role as penetration enhancers in dermal drug delivery systems, PEGylated emulsifiers of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers were targeted to be investigated ex-vivo. The effectiveness of them in the enhancement of skin penetration was examined by conventional tape stripping method and confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS). Fluorescein sodium salt (Fluo-Na) and procaine HCl were respectively used as model drugs. The drug delivery performances were compared in the aspects of penetration amount and depth. Based on the results from both analyses, all investigated emulsifiers have the ability to enhance the amount of drug penetration. PEG-20 ethers showed higher ability than PEG-2 oleyl ether (O2) in promoting drug distribution by depth, especially PEG-20 cetyl ether (C20) showed a distinct effect. According to this study, their penetration enhancing performances seem to be linked to their interruption of intercellular lipids, which can be considered as the underlying mechanism for governing the ability of PEGylated emulsifiers as penetration enhancers. Further instrumental comparison highlighted the benefits of using CRS as an alternative in skin penetration analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominique Jasmin Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Yamamoto Y, Ozutsumi A, Miwa E, Fukami T, Koide T. Evaluation of the factors contributing to the stability of the mixture of heparinoid oil-based cream and droplet dispersion-type ointment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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In-Line and Off-Line Monitoring of Skin Penetration Profiles Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010067. [PMID: 33430237 PMCID: PMC7825688 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex-vivo and in-vivo skin analysis has been extensively evaluated by confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS). The off-line measurement with a CRS-suited skin-mounted device after Franz-cell incubations is the most popular choice. However, real-time monitoring of in-line measurement has clear advantages for obtaining dynamic and more timely results. In our study, a custom-built setup suitable for in-line measurements was implemented, which ensures constant skin incubation and in-situ skin detections. We aim to compare the differences between using in-line and off-line devices for monitoring skin drug penetrations. A well-assessed formulation gel with procaine-HCl as the active ingredient was used as reference. The PEG-23 lauryl ether was added to the formulation as a penetration enhancer to evaluate the enhancement effects of procaine on skin. After incubation times of 14, 20, and 24 h, skin penetration profiles were assessed. Comparable results between off-line and in-line measurements were obtained. Remarkable improvements in penetrated procaine amount and depth were observed. Based on the significant differences of their enhanced penetration amounts, fairly similar estimations were achieved from both methods. A slight difference of 14 h incubation between these two setups can still be found, which may be due to the different detection conditions and affected skin properties. Overall, in-line measurements could provide a more time- and labor-saving alternative for off-line measurements in ex-vivo study.
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Moniz T, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Human skin models: From healthy to disease-mimetic systems; characteristics and applications. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4314-4329. [PMID: 32608012 PMCID: PMC7484561 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin drug delivery is an emerging route in drug development, leading to an urgent need to understand the behaviour of active pharmaceutical ingredients within the skin. Given, As one of the body's first natural defences, the barrier properties of skin provide an obstacle to the successful outcome of any skin drug therapy. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this barrier, reductionist strategies have designed several models with different levels of complexity, using non-biological and biological components. Besides the detail of information and resemblance to human skin in vivo, offered by each in vitro model, the technical and economic efforts involved must also be considered when selecting the most suitable model. This review provides an outline of the commonly used skin models, including healthy and diseased conditions, in-house developed and commercialized models, their advantages and limitations, and an overview of the new trends in skin-engineered models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Moniz
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Sofia A. Costa Lima
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de FarmáciaUniversidade do PortoPortoPortugal
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Yamamoto Y, Onuki Y, Fukami T, Koide T. Comparison of various pharmaceutical properties of clobetasol propionate cream formulations - considering stability of mixture with moisturizer. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2020; 6:1. [PMID: 32015896 PMCID: PMC6990562 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-020-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clobetasol propionate cream formulations (CLBCr) belong to the “strongest” group, and are used widely. In addition, those formulations are often used as a mixture with moisturizer. Recently, we evaluated pharmaceutical properties of the CLBCr using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and characteristic NIR spectra depending on the formulation were observed. In the present study, we attempted to evaluate the more diverse pharmaceutical properties of CLBCr, including the stability of mixture of CLBCr and moisturizer. Method Pharmaceutical properties of CLBCr were evaluated using from rheological characteristics, microscopic observation, dye permeability observations, electrical conductivity method, thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Stability of mixtures of CLBCr and moisturizer were evaluated using from dye method and NIR spectroscopy. Results The hardness of Dermovate® (DRM), Glydil® (GDL), and Myalone® (MYA) was greater than that of CLBCr. High concentrations of white beeswax were considered the reason for the hardness of DRM and GDL. On the other hand, the hardness of MYA may be due to the presence of macrogol 6000. After storage of the cream formulations discharged from the tube at room temperature, mass reduction and attenuation of the peak reflecting water of NIR spectroscopy occurred in a time-dependent manner, except for GDL and MYA. Only GDL was shown to be a w/o-type formulation by dye and electric conductivity measurements, which suggested that this was the reason for the lack of changes in the mass or NIR spectrum of samples after storage. In the NIR spectrum of MYA, the peak reflecting water slightly increased in a time-dependent manner, suggesting the water absorption of macrogol 6000. TG-DTA provided curves indicating the presence of water in each formulation, except for MYA, which was consistent with water quantification previously reported. Finally, when mixing the CLBCr with a moisturizer, in any CLBCr, the stability of the mixture with w/o-type moisturizer varies greatly depending on the each CLBCr. Conclusion Thus, even for cream formulations with the same active pharmaceutical ingredient, pharmaceutical properties and stability of mixture with moisturizer may different significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Yamamoto
- 1Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2, Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8530 Japan
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- 2Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194 Japan
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- 3Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1, Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan
| | - Tatsuo Koide
- 4Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501 Japan
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Bauhammer I, Sacha M, Haltner E. Establishment of an in vitro model of cultured viable human, porcine and canine skin and comparison of different media supplements. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7811. [PMID: 31592353 PMCID: PMC6778665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery provides several advantages over conventional drug administration, such as the avoidance of first-pass metabolism and better patient compliance. In vitro research can abbreviate and facilitate the pharmaceutical development considerably compared to in vivo research as drug screening and clinical studies can be reduced. These advantages led to the development of corresponding skin models. Viable skin models are more useful than non-viable ones, due to the influence of skin metabolism on the results. While most in vitro studies concentrate on evaluating human-based models, the current study is designed for the investigation of both human and animal diseases. So far, there is little information available in the literature about viable animal skin cultures which are in fact intended for application in the veterinary and not the human field. Hence, the current study aims to fill the gap. For the in vitro viable skin model, specimens of human, porcine and canine skin were cultured over two weeks under serum-free conditions. To evaluate the influence of medium supplementation on skin viability, two different supplement mixtures were compared with basic medium. The skin specimens were maintained at a viability-level >50% until the end of the study. From the tested supplements, the addition of bovine pituitary extract and epidermal growth factor increased skin viability whereas hydrocortisone and insulin induced a decrease. This in vitro viable skin model may be a useful tool for the investigation of skin diseases, especially for the veterinary field.
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13
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Evaluation of the three-dimensional distribution of droplets in a droplet dispersion-type ointment using confocal Raman microscopy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Esposito MC, Santos ALA, Bonfilio R, de Araújo MB. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods in Pharmaceutical Matrices for Determination of Corticosteroids. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:111-124. [PMID: 30869528 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1581050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are a class of hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which includes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids have an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and calcium and effective anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity. Due to their intense immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity, glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of various inflammatory, malignant, allergic conditions such as rhinitis, asthma, dermatological, rheumatic, ophthalmic and neurological diseases, as well as after organ transplants. They are the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the analytical methods in pharmaceutical matrices for determination of corticosteroids. In this study, the predominance of liquid chromatography methods for the analysis of corticosteroids from pharmaceutical products is evident for both liquid and semisolid dosage forms as well as for solids. The same can be said for topical, oral and parenteral formulations. Methods such as spectrophotometry are also used, but given the advantages of chromatographic methods such as better selectivity and sensitivity, they have become the choice for analysis of these drugs, however, most methods still do not meet the credentials of "green chemistry."
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Carla Esposito
- Department of Food and Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rudy Bonfilio
- Department of Food and Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Magali Benjamim de Araújo
- Department of Food and Drug Administration, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Yamamoto Y, Hanai A, Onuki Y, Fujii M, Onishi Y, Fukami T, Metori K, Suzuki N, Suzuki T, Koide T. Mixtures of betamethasone butyrate propionate ointments and heparinoid oil-based cream: Physical stability evaluation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 124:199-207. [PMID: 30171983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Betamethasone butyrate propionate ointment (BBPO) is mainly used for adult patients in dermatology and is often prescribed as a mixture containing a base or moisturizing cream for various reasons. However, in the case of a moisturizing cream, since this formulation is composed of various ingredients, a physical change is expected to occur by mixing it with an ointment. Therefore, in the present study, the physical stability of a mixture of four BBPO formulations and heparinoid oily cream (HPOC) was examined. Layer separation was observed in all mixtures following centrifugation. The near-infrared (NIR) measurement showed a peak at 5200 cm-1 on the lower layer side, which strongly suggests the presence of water. The peak at 5200 cm-1 in the middle layer was hardly observed in the mixtures of two BBPO generic formulations and HPOC, thus suggesting that the separation was more advanced in those mixtures than in the others. These two mixtures separated into a semisolid layer (upper side) and a liquid layer (lower side) after 3 h of storage at 37 °C. The NIR measurement of each layer revealed that most of the semisolid layer was oil while the liquid layer was water. Furthermore, backscattered light measurements were conducted to monitor the behavior of the mixture's layer separation. An evaluation using model formulations revealed that the layer separation of the mixtures was due to the propylene glycol (PG) and surfactant content of the two generic BBPO formulations. Thus, these findings suggest that excipients need to be considered in selecting formulations for mixtures of skin preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akane Hanai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Yu Onishi
- Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Tatsuo Koide
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan
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16
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Critical quality attributes, in vitro release and correlated in vitro skin permeation-in vivo tape stripping collective data for demonstrating therapeutic (non)equivalence of topical semisolids: A case study of "ready-to-use" vehicles. Int J Pharm 2017; 528:253-267. [PMID: 28602800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to prove the ability of "ready-to-use" topical vehicles based on alkyl polyglucoside-mixed emulsifier (with/without co-solvent modifications) to replace the conventionally used pharmacopoeial bases (e.g., non-ionic hydrophilic cream) in compounding practice. For this purpose, considering the regulatory efforts to establish alternative, scientifically valid methods for evaluating therapeutic equivalence of topical semisolids, we performed a comparative assessment of microstructure, selected critical quality attributes (CQAs) and in vitro/in vivo product performances, by utilizing aceclofenac as a model drug. The differences in composition between investigated samples have imposed remarkable variances in monitored CQAs (particularly in the amount of aceclofenac dissolved, rheological properties and water distribution mode), reflecting the distinct differences in microstructure formed, as partially observed by polarization microscopy and confocal Raman spectral imaging. Although not fully indicative of the in vivo performances, in vitro release data (vertical diffusion vs. immersion cells) proved the microstructure peculiarities, asserting the rheological properties as decisive factor for obtained liberation profiles. Contrary, in vitro permeation results obtained using pig ear epidermis correlated well with in vivo dermatopharmacokinetic data and distinguished unequivocally between tested formulations, emphasizing the importance of skin/vehicle interactions. In summary, suggested multi-faceted approach can provide adequate proof on topical semisolids therapeutic equivalence or lack thereof.
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17
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Differences in the rheological properties and mixing compatibility with heparinoid cream of brand name and generic steroidal ointments: The effects of their surfactants. RESULTS IN PHARMA SCIENCES 2016; 6:7-14. [PMID: 26958460 PMCID: PMC4773392 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinphs.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Most steroidal ointments contain propylene glycol (PG) and surfactants, which improve the solubility of corticosteroids in white petrolatum. Surfactants aid the uniform dispersal of PG within white petrolatum. Since the surfactants used in generic ointments are usually different from those used in brand name ointments, we investigated the effects of surfactants on the rheological properties of three brand name ointments and six equivalent generic ointments. We detected marked differences in hardness, adhesiveness, and spreadability among the ointments. Further examinations of model ointments consisting of white petrolatum, PG, and surfactants revealed that the abovementioned properties, especially hardness and adhesiveness, were markedly affected by the surfactants. Since steroidal ointments are often admixed with moisturizing creams prior to use, we investigated the mixing compatibility of the ointments with heparinoid cream and how this was affected by their surfactants. We found that the ointments containing glyceryl monostearate demonstrated good mixing compatibility, whereas those containing non-ionic surfactants with polyoxyethylene chains exhibited phase separation. These results were also consistent with the findings for the model ointments, which indicates that the mixing compatibility of steroidal ointments with heparinoid cream is determined by the emulsifying capacity of the surfactants in their oily bases.
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Osmałek T, Milanowski B, Froelich A, Górska S, Białas W, Szybowicz M, Kapela M. Novel organogels for topical delivery of naproxen: design, physicochemical characteristics and in vitro drug permeation. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:521-536. [PMID: 26786600 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Taking into account possible irritation of the skin upon contact with naproxen (NPX) crystals and lower bioavailability after administration of the suspended or ionized drug, the aim of the work was to design and characterize novel and easy-to-formulate gels with the entirely dissolved drug in the acidic form. The formulations contained ethanol, SynperonicTMPE/L 62 and Arlasolve® DMI or Transcutol®. Carbopol®940 was used as the thickener. The properties of organogels were compared with six market products. The rheological measurements included steady flow experiments and oscillatory analysis. The texture profile analysis was conducted to calculate the mechanistic parameters. The in vitro permeation studies were performed on SOTAX CE 7 smart apparatus with the application of Strat-M artificial membranes. The obtained organogels fulfilled the requirements for topical products in terms of consistency, uniformity, stability, drug dissolution and permeation. The permeation studies revealed distinct differences among the commercial hydrogels according to permeation coefficients (kP), drug flux (Jss) and average cumulative amount of NPX per area after 12 h (Q12h). The presented work clearly shows that the organogels can be proposed as an alternative for commercial products where NPX occurs in the form of crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Osmałek
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Milanowski
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Anna Froelich
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Sylwia Górska
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
| | - Wojciech Białas
- b Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology , Poznan University of Life Sciences , Poznań , Poland , and
| | - Mirosław Szybowicz
- c Faculty of Technical Physics , Poznan University of Technology , Poznań , Poland
| | - Marcin Kapela
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznań , Poland
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19
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Yamamoto Y, Kumetani M, Onuki Y, Koide T, Suzuki T, Fukami T. Analysis of the Stability of External-Application Dermatologic Preparations: Consideration from Rheological Measurements. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1047-55. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Moemi Kumetani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Tatsuo Koide
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Toyofumi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University
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20
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Importance of a suitable working protocol for tape stripping experiments on porcine ear skin: Influence of lipophilic formulations and strip adhesion impairment. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Colloidal carriers of isotretinoin for topical acne treatment: skin uptake, ATR-FTIR and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:607-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Semi-solid fluorinated-DPPC liposomes: Morphological, rheological and thermic properties as well as examination of the influence of a model drug on their skin permeation. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:350-5. [PMID: 25843754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of an incorporated model drug on the skin permeation of the vehicle itself as it may affect the microstructure and properties of the applied formulation via molecular interactions. For this purpose, we performed skin permeation studies using liposomes prepared with F-DPPC, a monofluorinated analog of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), with and without sodium fluorescein (SoFl) serving as model drug. Interestingly, the liposome preparation with F-DPPC yielded semi-solid opalescent systems. Hence, a thorough characterization was accomplished beforehand by electron microscopy imaging, rheological and thermoanalytical experiments. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy images confirmed the existence of globular shaped vesicles in the F-DPPC preparations and oscillatory rheological measurements proved the viscoelastic properties of F-DPPC and F-DPPC+SoFl liposomes in contrast to the viscous characteristics of DPPC liposomes. Thermoanalytical measurements revealed an increased phase transition temperature Tm of about 50 °C for F-DPPC and F-DPPC+SoFl liposomes compared to pure DPPC liposomes with a Tm of about 43° C. The similar Tm of F-DPPC+SoFl and F-DPPC liposomes as well as the similar skin permeation of the vehicle compound F-DPPC compared to its drug-free counterpart suggest an incorporation of sodium fluorescein into the aqueous core of F-DPPC liposomes.
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23
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Rosa P, Santos JD, Lehmen TF, Weber J, Flores FC, Silva CDBD, Oliveira SM, Brusco I, Milani GB, Adams AIH. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a desonide gel-cream photostabilized with benzophenone-3. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:19-27. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1022554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas,
| | | | | | - Julia Weber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas,
| | | | | | | | - Indiara Brusco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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24
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In vitro skin models as a tool in optimization of drug formulation. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 75:10-24. [PMID: 25746955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(Trans)dermal drug therapy is gaining increasing importance in the modern drug development. To fully utilize the potential of this route, it is important to optimize the delivery of active ingredient/drug into/through the skin. The optimal carrier/vehicle can enhance the desired outcome of the therapy therefore the optimization of skin formulations is often included in the early stages of the product development. A rational approach in designing and optimizing skin formulations requires well-defined skin models, able to identify and evaluate the intrinsic properties of the formulation. Most of the current optimization relies on the use of suitable ex vivo animal/human models. However, increasing restrictions in use and handling of animals and human skin stimulated the search for suitable artificial skin models. This review attempts to provide an unbiased overview of the most commonly used models, with emphasis on their limitations and advantages. The choice of the most applicable in vitro model for the particular purpose should be based on the interplay between the availability, easiness of the use, cost and the respective limitations.
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25
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Hoppel M, Juric S, Reznicek G, Wirth M, Valenta C. Multiple W/O/W emulsions as dermal peptide delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Nagelreiter C, Kratochvilova E, Valenta C. Dilution of semi-solid creams: Influence of various production parameters on rheological properties and skin penetration. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:429-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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27
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Palac Z, Hurler J, Škalko-Basnet N, Filipović-Grčić J, Vanić Ž. Elastic liposomes-in-vehicle formulations destined for skin therapy: the synergy between type of liposomes and vehicle. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1247-53. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.938658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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28
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Yang KJ, Lin SC, Huang SJ, Ching WM, Hung CH, Tzou DLM. Solid-state NMR study of fluorinated steroids. Steroids 2014; 80:64-70. [PMID: 24316163 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state {(1)H}(13)C cross-polarization/magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy was performed to analyze two fluorinated steroids, i.e., betamethasone (BMS) and fludrocortisone acetate (FCA), that have fluorine attached to C9, as well as two non-fluorinated analogs, i.e., prednisolone (PRD) and hydrocortisone 21-acetate (HCA). The (13)C signals of BMS revealed multiplet patterns with splittings of 16-215Hz, indicating multiple ring conformations, whereas the (13)C signals of FCA, HCA, and PRD exhibited only singlet patterns, implying a unique conformation. In addition, BMS and FCA exhibited substantial deviation (>3.5ppm) in approximately half of the (13)C signals and significant deviation (>45ppm) in the (13)C9 signal compared to PRD and HCA, respectively. In this study, we demonstrate that fluorinated steroids, such as BMS and FCA, have steroidal ring conformation(s) that are distinct from non-fluorinated analogs, such as PRD and HCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jay Yang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Su-Ching Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shing-Jong Huang
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 11617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Min Ching
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Hsiung Hung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Der-Lii M Tzou
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, ROC.
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