1
|
Jiaqi L, Min T, Yongqi Z, Xiaolong L, Yuewei G, Shumei W, Shengwang L, Jiang M, Fei S. A novel strategy for the quality control of carbonized Typhae pollen using colorimeter, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and efficacy evaluation coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5856. [PMID: 38486344 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel quality control strategy was proposed, aiming to establish a multivariate specification for the processing step by exploring the correlation between colors, chemical components, and hemostatic effects of the carbonized Typhae pollen (CTP) using multivariate statistical analysis. The CTP samples were stir-fried at different durations. Afterward, the colorimeter and LC-MS techniques were applied to characterize the CTP samples, followed by the determination of bleeding time and clotting time using mice to evaluate their hemostatic effect. Then, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and multi-block partial least squares were used for data analysis on colors, chemical components, and their correlation with the hemostatic effect. Consequently, 13 critical quality attributes (CQAs) of CTP were identified via multivariate statistical analysis-L*, a*, b*, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, azelaic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin. The multivariate specification method involving the 13 CQAs was developed and visualized in the latent variable space of the partial least squares model, indicating that the proposed method was successfully applied to assess the quality of CTP and the degree of carbonization. Most importantly, this study offers a novel insight into the control of processing for carbonized Chinese herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiaqi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tang Min
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Yongqi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xiaolong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Yuewei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Engineering and Technology Research Center of Guangdong Universities, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wang Shumei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Engineering and Technology Research Center of Guangdong Universities, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Shengwang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Engineering and Technology Research Center of Guangdong Universities, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Engineering and Technology Research Center of Guangdong Universities, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sun Fei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Quality Engineering and Technology Research Center of Guangdong Universities, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Simões A, Veiga F, Vitorino C. Question-based review for pharmaceutical development: An enhanced quality approach. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 195:114174. [PMID: 38160986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.114174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the last years, the pharmaceutical industry has faced real challenges regarding quality assurance. In this context, the establishment of more holistic approaches to the pharmaceutical development has been encouraged. The emergence of the Quality by Design (QbD) paradigm as systematic, scientific and risk-based methodology introduced a new concept of pharmaceutical quality. In essence, QbD can be interpreted as a strategy to maximize time and cost savings. An in-depth understanding of the formulation and manufacturing process is demanded to optimize the safety, efficacy and quality of a drug product at all stages of development. This innovative approach streamlines the pharmaceutical Research and Development (R&D) process, provides greater manufacturing flexibility and reduces regulatory burden. To assist in QbD implementation, International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) organized and launched QbD principles in their guidance for industry, identifying key concepts and tools to design and develop a high-quality drug product. Despite the undeniable advantages of the QbD approach, and the widespread information on QbD regulatory expectations, its full implementation in the pharmaceutical field is still limited. The present review aims to establish a crosswise overview on the current application status of QbD within the framework of the ICH guidelines (ICH Q8(R2) - Q14 and ICH Q2(R2)). Moreover, it outlines the way information gathered from the QbD methodology is being harmonized in Marketing Authorization Applications (MAAs) for European market approval. This work also highlights the challenges that hinder the deployment of the QbD strategy as a standard practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry of the Network of Chemistry and Technology (LAQV/REQUIMTE), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Institute of Molecular Sciences - IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simão J, Chaudhary SA, Ribeiro AJ. Implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) for development of bilayer tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 184:106412. [PMID: 36828037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Bilayer tablets offer various drug release profiles for individual drugs incorporated in each layer of a bilayer tablet, which is rarely achievable by conventional tablets. These tablets also help avoid physicochemical incompatibilities between drugs and excipients. Successful manufacturing of such more complex dosage forms depends upon screening of material attributes of API and excipients as well as optimization of processing parameters of individual unit operations of the manufacturing process that must be strictly monitored and controlled to obtain an acceptable drug product quality and performance in order to achieve safety and efficacy per regulatory requirements. Optimizing formulation attributes and manufacturing processes during critical stages, such as blending, granulation, pre-compression, and main compression, can help avoid problems such as weight variation, segregation, and delamination of individual layers, which are frequently faced during the production of bilayer tablets. The main objective of this review is to establish the basis for the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) system principles for the design and development of bilayer tablets, encompassing the preliminary and systematic risk assessment of critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) with respect to in-process and finished product critical quality attributes (CQAs). Moreover, the applicability of the QbD methodology based on its purpose is discussed and complemented with examples of bilayer tablet technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Simão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S A Chaudhary
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - A J Ribeiro
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; i3S, IBMC, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alshaer W, Nsairat H, Lafi Z, Hourani OM, Al-Kadash A, Esawi E, Alkilany AM. Quality by Design Approach in Liposomal Formulations: Robust Product Development. Molecules 2022; 28:10. [PMID: 36615205 PMCID: PMC9822211 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine is an emerging field with continuous growth and differentiation. Liposomal formulations are a major platform in nanomedicine, with more than fifteen FDA-approved liposomal products in the market. However, as is the case for other types of nanoparticle-based delivery systems, liposomal formulations and manufacturing is intrinsically complex and associated with a set of dependent and independent variables, rendering experiential optimization a tedious process in general. Quality by design (QbD) is a powerful approach that can be applied in such complex systems to facilitate product development and ensure reproducible manufacturing processes, which are an essential pre-requisite for efficient and safe therapeutics. Input variables (related to materials, processes and experiment design) and the quality attributes for the final liposomal product should follow a systematic and planned experimental design to identify critical variables and optimal formulations/processes, where these elements are subjected to risk assessment. This review discusses the current practices that employ QbD in developing liposomal-based nano-pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Zainab Lafi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Omar M. Hourani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Ezaldeen Esawi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehanna MM, Abla KK. Recent Advances in Freeze-Drying: Variables, Cycle Optimization, and Innovative Techniques. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:904-923. [PMID: 36174214 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2129385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Freeze-drying (FD) is the most substantial drying technique utilized in the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries. It is a drying process where the solvent is crystallized at low temperatures and then sublimed from the solid-state directly into the vapor phase. Although FD possesses several merits as its suitability for thermolabile materials and its ability to produce dry products with high-quality attributes, it is a complex and prolonged process that requires optimization of both; process and formulation variables. This review attains to disassemble freeze-drying complications through a detailed explanation of the lyophilization concept, stages, the factors influencing the process including controlled ice nucleation, and the modified and innovative freeze-drying technologies proposed in recent years to overcome the shortage of traditional freeze-drying. In addition, this work points out the quality by design (QbD), critical quality of attributes (CQAs), limitations, and drawbacks of lyophilization.HighlightsLyophilization is a propitious drying technique for thermolabile materials.Optimizing the lyophilization cycle requires controlling the process parameters.The formulation excipients and the dispersion medium play crucial roles in designing a successful process.Numerous approaches were developed to ameliorate the lyophilization performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kawthar K Abla
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Destro F, Nagy ZK, Barolo M. A benchmark simulator for quality-by-design and quality-by-control studies in continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing - Intensified filtration-drying of crystallization slurries. Comput Chem Eng 2022; 163:107809. [PMID: 38178942 PMCID: PMC10765423 DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2022.107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This article introduces ContCarSim, a benchmark simulator for the development and testing of quality-by-design and quality-by-control strategies in the continuous intensified filtration-drying of paracetamol/ethanol slurries on a novel carousel technology, developed by Alconbury Weston Ltd (United Kingdom). The simulator is based on a detailed mechanistic mathematical modeling framework, and has been validated with filtration and drying experiments on a prototype equipment. A set of design- and control-relevant challenges to be addressed through ContCarSim are proposed. A case study is developed, to demonstrate the features of the simulator and its suitability to design, test and optimize the unit operation. ContCarSim is expected to promote the transition to end-to-end continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing and the adoption of closed-loop quality control by the pharmaceutical industry. The simulator can also be employed as a benchmark for data analytics and process monitoring studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Destro
- CAPE-Lab – Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD (Italy)
| | - Zoltan K. Nagy
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Massimiliano Barolo
- CAPE-Lab – Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD (Italy)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Destro F, Barolo M. A review on the modernization of pharmaceutical development and manufacturing - Trends, perspectives, and the role of mathematical modeling. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121715. [PMID: 35367580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the pharmaceutical industry has been facing several challenges associated to the use of outdated development and manufacturing technologies. The return on investment on research and development has been shrinking, and, at the same time, an alarming number of shortages and recalls for quality concerns has been registered. The pharmaceutical industry has been responding to these issues through a technological modernization of development and manufacturing, under the support of initiatives and activities such as quality-by-design (QbD), process analytical technology, and pharmaceutical emerging technology. In this review, we analyze this modernization trend, with emphasis on the role that mathematical modeling plays within it. We begin by outlining the main socio-economic trends of the pharmaceutical industry, and by highlighting the life-cycle stages of a pharmaceutical product in which technological modernization can help both achieve consistently high product quality and increase return on investment. Then, we review the historical evolution of the pharmaceutical regulatory framework, and we discuss the current state of implementation and future trends of QbD. The pharmaceutical emerging technology is reviewed afterwards, and a discussion on the evolution of QbD into the more effective quality-by-control (QbC) paradigm is presented. Further, we illustrate how mathematical modeling can support the implementation of QbD and QbC across all stages of the pharmaceutical life-cycle. In this respect, we review academic and industrial applications demonstrating the impact of mathematical modeling on three key activities within pharmaceutical development and manufacturing, namely design space description, process monitoring, and active process control. Finally, we discuss some future research opportunities on the use of mathematical modeling in industrial pharmaceutical environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Destro
- CAPE-Lab - Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barolo
- CAPE-Lab - Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi G, Lin L, Liu Y, Chen G, Luo Y, Wu Y, Li H. Pharmaceutical application of multivariate modelling techniques: a review on the manufacturing of tablets. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8323-8345. [PMID: 35423324 PMCID: PMC8695199 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08030f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tablet manufacturing process is a complex system, especially in continuous manufacturing (CM). It includes multiple unit operations, such as mixing, granulation, and tableting. In tablet manufacturing, critical quality attributes are influenced by multiple factorial relationships between material properties, process variables, and interactions. Moreover, the variation in raw material attributes and manufacturing processes is an inherent characteristic and seriously affects the quality of pharmaceutical products. To deepen our understanding of the tablet manufacturing process, multivariable modeling techniques can replace univariate analysis to investigate tablet manufacturing. In this review, the roles of the most prominent multivariate modeling techniques in the tablet manufacturing process are discussed. The review mainly focuses on applying multivariate modeling techniques to process understanding, optimization, process monitoring, and process control within multiple unit operations. To minimize the errors in the process of modeling, good modeling practice (GMoP) was introduced into the pharmaceutical process. Furthermore, current progress in the continuous manufacturing of tablets and the role of multivariate modeling techniques in continuous manufacturing are introduced. In this review, information is provided to both researchers and manufacturers to improve tablet quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Gongsen Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Yanqiu Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Beijing 100700 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pan J, Tai Y, Qu H, Gong X. Optimization of membrane dispersion ethanol precipitation process with a set of temperature control improved equipment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19010. [PMID: 33149228 PMCID: PMC7643161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75900-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol precipitation is an important separation and purification process in the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) industry. In the present study, a membrane dispersion micromixer was applied to achieve good mixing for the ethanol precipitation process of Astragali radix concentrate. New experimental apparatus was set up to rapidly lower the temperature of ethanol solution before mixing with the concentrate. Ethanol precipitation process was optimized according to Quality by design concept. To identify critical material attributes (CMAs), ten batches of Astragali radix were used to prepare concentrates. Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside content, the sucrose content, and the electrical conductivity were found to be CMAs after the correlation analysis and stepwise regression modelling. Definitive screening design was used to investigate the relationships among critical process parameters, CMAs, and process critical quality attributes (CQAs). Quadratic models were developed and design space was calculated according to the probability of attaining process CQA standards. A material quality control strategy was proposed. High quality and low quality Astragali radix concentrates can be discriminated by the inequalities. Low quality Astragali radix concentrates should not be released for ethanol precipitation process directly. Verification experiment results indicated accurate models and reliable design space. The temperature control method and control strategy are promising for ethanol precipitation process of other TCMs or foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Pan
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanni Tai
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haibin Qu
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
The complex data characteristics collected in Industry 4.0 cannot be efficiently handled by classical Six Sigma statistical toolkit based mainly in least squares techniques. This may refrain people from using Six Sigma in these contexts. The incorporation of latent variables-based multivariate statistical techniques such as principal component analysis and partial least squares into the Six Sigma statistical toolkit can help to overcome this problem yielding the Multivariate Six Sigma: a powerful process improvement methodology for Industry 4.0. A multivariate Six Sigma case study based on the batch production of one of the star products at a chemical plant is presented.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Z, Wu J, Li Q, Liu F. Batch-to-Batch and Within-Batch Input Trajectory Adjustment Based on the Probabilistic Latent Variable Model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonggai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122
| | - Qinghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China, 214122
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Creation of novel large dataset comprising several granulation methods and the prediction of tablet properties from critical material attributes and critical process parameters using regularized linear regression models including interaction terms. Int J Pharm 2020; 577:119083. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Goldrick S, Duran-Villalobos CA, Jankauskas K, Lovett D, Farid SS, Lennox B. Modern day monitoring and control challenges outlined on an industrial-scale benchmark fermentation process. Comput Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
14
|
Sun F, Xu B, Dai S, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Qiao Y. A Novel Framework to Aid the Development of Design Space across Multi-Unit Operation Pharmaceutical Processes-A Case Study of Panax Notoginseng Saponins Immediate Release Tablet. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090474. [PMID: 31540243 PMCID: PMC6781312 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental principle of Quality by Design (QbD) is that the product quality should be designed into the process through an upstream approach, rather than be tested in the downstream. The keystone of QbD is process modeling, and thus, to develop a process control strategy based on the development of design space. Multivariate statistical analysis is a very useful tool to support the implementation of QbD in pharmaceutical process development and manufacturing. Nowadays, pharmaceutical process modeling is mainly focused on one-unit operations and system modeling for the development of design space across multi-unit operations is still limited. In this study, a general procedure that gives a holistic view for understanding and controlling the process settings for the entire manufacturing process was investigated. The proposed framework was tested on the Panax Notoginseng Saponins immediate release tablet (PNS IRT) production process. The critical variables and the critical units acting on the process were identified according to the importance of explaining the variability in the multi-block partial least squares path model. This improved understanding of the process by illustrating how the properties of the raw materials, the process parameters in the wet granulation and the compaction and the intermediate properties affect the tablet properties. Furthermore, the design space was developed to compensate for the variability source from the upstream. The results demonstrated that the proposed framework was an important tool to gain understanding and control the multi-unit operation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Shengyun Dai
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Zhaozhou Lin
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing 100035, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation, Beijing 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Castillo Henríquez L, Vargas Zúñiga R, Carazo Berrocal G, Madrigal Redondo G, Calvo Guzmán B, Baltodano Viales E. Development of immediate release Rupatadine fumarate 10 mg tablets: A Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019; 45:1674-1681. [PMID: 31378098 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2019.1652637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The main objective of this research is to develop an immediate release Rupatadine fumarate 10 mg tablets formulation by direct compression, through a Quality by Design approach in Costa Rica. Methods: According to a Quality by Design approach; Target Product Profile, Quality Target Product Profile, and the Critical Quality Attributes were defined. In the preformulation study, compatibility tests were carried out between the raw materials. The Critical Material Attributes were established using Quality Risk Management. Three formulation prototypes were prepared by direct compression and its Critical Process Parameters were defined. The analysis of the prototypes was realized in terms of organoleptic properties, identification, potency, content uniformity, dissolution, disintegration, friability and loss by drying. Results: All the prototypes showed a white or slightly pink surface, potency between 90.0 -110.0 % of the labeling, an acceptance value for the content uniformity lower than the specification (AV < 15), the dissolved amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient was greater than 85.0 % at 30 minutes, friability less than 1.0 %, a disintegration time less than 15 minutes and moisture content less than 2.0 %. Conclusions: The approaching of a Quality by Design model to the current development allowed to obtain satisfactory results in the three formulation prototypes. The excipients to be used can be lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium croscarmellose, pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and PVP K-30.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo Henríquez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica.,Phytopharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory (LAFITEC), Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (INIFAR ), San José , Costa Rica
| | - Rolando Vargas Zúñiga
- Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (LABIOFAR), Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (INIFAR) , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Gustavo Carazo Berrocal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica.,Phytopharmacology and Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory (LAFITEC), Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (INIFAR ), San José , Costa Rica
| | - German Madrigal Redondo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica.,Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (LABIOFAR), Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (INIFAR) , San José , Costa Rica
| | | | - Eleaneth Baltodano Viales
- Biopharmacy and Pharmacokinetics Laboratory (LABIOFAR), Institute of Pharmaceutical Research (INIFAR) , San José , Costa Rica.,Quality Control of Medications Laboratory, University of Costa Rica Pharmacy Faculty , San José , Costa Rica
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Benedetti A, Khoo J, Sharma S, Facco P, Barolo M, Zomer S. Data analytics on raw material properties to accelerate pharmaceutical drug development. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:122-134. [PMID: 30951857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Manufacturability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is often evaluated by an empirical approach during development due to limited material availability. This brings challenges in designing flexible yet robust manufacturing processes under highly accelerated timelines. Hence, good utilisation of a limited material dataset is key to accelerate the delivery of high quality final drug product into the market at minimum cost and maximum process capacity. In this study, we present a data-driven method to investigate a raw materials database where the integration of multivariate analysis and machine learning modelling aids the selection of new incoming materials based on their manufacturability. The procedure was applied to an industrial representative database of thirty-four APIs and seven excipients where eight measurements relevant to flow properties for each of those forty-one materials were collected. The models identified four clusters of materials with different flow properties. These models can serve as a risk assessment tool for new API in early product development phases based on the nearest surrogate material which behave similarly, as well as to identify targeted and material sparring experiments to address key risks during secondary process selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Benedetti
- Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP Ware, UK.
| | - Jiyi Khoo
- Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP Ware, UK
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP Ware, UK
| | - Pierantonio Facco
- CAPE-Lab, Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barolo
- CAPE-Lab, Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Simeone Zomer
- Product Development and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Park Road, SG12 0DP Ware, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paul S, Tajarobi P, Boissier C, Sun CC. Tableting performance of various mannitol and lactose grades assessed by compaction simulation and chemometrical analysis. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:24-31. [PMID: 31095984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mannitol and lactose are commonly used fillers in pharmaceutical tablets, available in several commercial grades that are produced using different manufacturing processes. These grades significantly differ in particulate and powder properties that impact tablet manufacturability. Choice of sub-optimum type or grade of excipient in tablet formulation can lead to manufacturing problems and difficulties, which are magnified during a continuous manufacturing process. Previous characterization of tableting performance of these materials was limited in scope and under conditions not always realistic to the commercial production of tablets. This work seeks to comprehensively characterize the compaction properties of 11 mannitol and 5 lactose grades using a compaction simulator at both slow and fast tableting speeds. These include tabletability, compressibility, tablet brittleness, die-wall stress transmission, and strain rate sensitivity. A chemometrical analysis of data, using the partial least square technique, was performed to construct a model to provide accurate prediction of tablet tensile strength for mannitol grades. Such knowledge facilitates the selection of suitable tablet filler to attain high quality tablet products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhajit Paul
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Pirjo Tajarobi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Boissier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changquan Calvin Sun
- Pharmaceutical Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 9-127B Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Improved synthesis and characterization of cholesteryl oleate-loaded cationic solid lipid nanoparticles with high transfection efficiency for gene therapy applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 180:159-167. [PMID: 31048241 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of new nanoparticle formulations that are capable of high transfection efficiency without toxicity is essential to provide new tools for gene therapy. However, the issues of complex, poorly reproducible manufacturing methods, and low efficiencies during in vivo testing have prevented translation to the clinic. We have previously reported the use of cholesteryl oleate as a novel excipient for solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the development of highly efficient and nontoxic nucleic acid delivery carriers. Here, we performed an extensive characterization of this novel formulation to make the scale up under Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) possible. We also describe the complete physicochemical and biological characterization of cholesteryl oleate-loaded SLNs to ensure the reproducibility of this formula and the preservation of its characteristics before and after the lyophilization process. We defined the best manufacturing method and studied the influence of some parameters on the obtained nanoparticles using the Quality by Design (ICH Q8) guideline to obtain cholesteryl oleate-loaded SLNs that remain stable during storage and guarantee in vitro nucleic acid delivery efficacy. Our results indicate that this improved formulation is suitable for gene therapy with the possibility of scale-up the manufacturing of nanoparticles under GMP conditions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang Y, Xu B, Wang X, Dai S, Shi X, Qiao Y. Optimal Selection of Incoming Materials from the Inventory for Achieving the Target Drug Release Profile of High Drug Load Sustained-Release Matrix Tablet. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:76. [PMID: 30635743 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical process, raw material (including APIs and excipients) variability can be delivered to the final product, and lead to batch-to-batch and lot-to-lot variances in its quality, finally impacting the efficacy of the drug. In this paper, the Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) sustained-release matrix tablet was taken as the model formulation. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with the viscosity of 4000 mPa·s (HPMCK4M) from different vendors and batches were collected and their physical properties were characterized by the SeDeM methodology. The in-vitro dissolution profiles of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from matrix tablets made up of different batches HPMC K4M displayed significant variations. Multi-block partial least squares (MB-PLS) modeling results further demonstrated that physical properties of excipients played dominant roles in the drug release. In order to achieve the target drug release profile with respect to those far from the criteria, the optimal selection method of incoming materials from the available was established and validated. This study provided novel insights into the control of the input variability of the process and amplified the application of the SeDeM expert system, emphasizing the importance of the physical information of the raw materials in the drug manufacturing process.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang J, Vo AQ, Feng X, Bandari S, Repka MA. Pharmaceutical Additive Manufacturing: a Novel Tool for Complex and Personalized Drug Delivery Systems. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3388-3402. [PMID: 29943281 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variability is always an issue when treating patients of different races, genders, ages, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. However, the development of novel dosage forms is limited by the huge investments required for production line modifications and dosages diversity. Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing can be a novel alternative solution for the development of controlled release dosages because it can produce personalized or unique dosage forms and more complex drug-release profiles. The primary objective of this manuscript is to review the 3D printing processes that have been used in the pharmaceutical area, including their general aspects, materials, and the operation of each AM technique. Advantages and shortcomings of the technologies are discussed with respect to practice and practical applications. Thus, this review will provide an overview and discussion on advanced pharmaceutical AM technologies, which can be used to produce unique controlled drug delivery systems and personalized dosages for the future of personalized medicine.
Collapse
|
21
|
Thapa P, Jeong SH. Effects of Formulation and Process Variables on Gastroretentive Floating Tablets with A High-Dose Soluble Drug and Experimental Design Approach. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E161. [PMID: 30227678 PMCID: PMC6161171 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop sustained release gastro-retentive effervescent floating tablets (EFT), a quality-based experimental design approach was utilized during the composing of a hydrophilic matrix loaded with a high amount of a highly water-soluble model drug, metformin HCl. Effects of the amount of polyethylene oxide WSR 303 (PEO), sodium bicarbonate, and tablet compression force were used as independent variables. Various times required to release the drug, tablet tensile strength, floating lag time, tablet ejection force, and tablet porosity, were selected as the responses. Polymer screening showed that PEO had the highest gel strength among the various tested polymers. Sodium bicarbonate had the most significant effect on the release rate and floating lag time by retarding the rate from the hydrophilic matrices, whilst tablet compression force and PEO exerted the greatest influence on tablet properties (p < 0.0001). The design space was built in accordance with the drug release profiles, tensile strength, and floating lag time, following failure probability analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. The kinetic modeling revealed that the release mechanism was best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Overall, the current study provided a perspective on the systematic approach of gastro-retentive EFT, loaded with highly water-soluble drugs by applying quality by design concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Thapa
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea.
| | - Seong Hoon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang Y, Xu B, Wang X, Dai S, Sun F, Ma Q, Shi X, Qiao Y. Setting up multivariate specifications on critical raw material attributes to ensure consistent drug dissolution from high drug-load sustained-release matrix tablet. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1733-1743. [PMID: 29938542 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1492608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe the raw material variability that influenced the in-vitro dissolution behavior of high drug-load sustained-release matrix tablet and to ensure the consistent quality of the final product. The Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) - hydroxypropyl methylcellulose - anhydrous lactose - magnesium stearate (57:20:23:0.5%, w/w) was used as the model formulation. PNS extract powders with lot-to-lot and source-to-source differences were collected to cover the common cause variations and their physicochemical properties were characterized by the chromatographic fingerprints and the SeDeM expert system. It was found that the release behavior of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in PNS from different batches exhibited considerable variations. Latent variable modeling results demonstrated that the physical properties of raw materials played major roles in predicting the drug dissolution. PNS extracts with high specific surface area, the width of particle size distribution and hygroscopicity or low moisture content led to an increase in drug release. In order to perform efficient pass/fail judgments for incoming new materials, multivariate specifications of critical material attributes (CMAs) were established and the multivariate design space in line with the quality by design (QbD) principles was explored to achieve the release target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China
| | - Bing Xu
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China
| | - Shengyun Dai
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China
| | - Fei Sun
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China
| | - Qun Ma
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation , Beijing , PR China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- a Research Center of Chinese Medicine Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation , Beijing , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ko SJ, Lee JH, Kang CY, Park JB. Granulation development in batch-to-batch and continuous processes from a quality by design perspective. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
A practical framework for implementing Quality by Design to the development of topical drug products: Nanosystem-based dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2018; 548:385-399. [PMID: 29953928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Skin has been increasingly recognized as an important drug administration route with topical formulations, offering a targeted approach for the treatment of several dermatological disorders. The effectiveness of this route is hampered by its natural barrier, the stratum corneum (SC), and hence, different strategies have been investigated to improve percutaneous drug transport. The design of nanodelivery systems, aiming at solving skin delivery issues, have been largely explored, due to their potential to revolutionize dermal therapies, improving therapeutic effectiveness and reducing side effects. Apart from nanosystem benefits, the fulfilment of the reproducibility requirements and quality standards still limit their industrial production. The optimization of nanosystem formulation and manufacturing process is complex, usually involving a large number of variables. Therefore, a science- and risk-oriented approach, such as Quality by Design (QbD) will provide a comprehensive and noteworthy knowledge, yielding high quality drug products without extensive regulatory burden. This review aims to set up the basis for QbD development approach, encompassing preliminary and systematic risk assessments, with critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical material attributes (CMAs) identification, of different nanosystems potentially used in dermal therapies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Simões A, Veiga F, Vitorino C, Figueiras A. A Tutorial for Developing a Topical Cream Formulation Based on the Quality by Design Approach. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2653-2662. [PMID: 29935297 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry has entered in a new era, as there is a growing interest in increasing the quality standards of dosage forms, through the implementation of more structured development and manufacturing approaches. For many decades, the manufacturing of drug products was controlled by a regulatory framework to guarantee the quality of the final product through a fixed process and exhaustive testing. Limitations related to the Quality by Test system have been widely acknowledged. The emergence of Quality by Design (QbD) as a systematic and risk-based approach introduced a new quality concept based on a good understanding of how raw materials and process parameters influence the final quality profile. Although the QbD system has been recognized as a revolutionary approach to product development and manufacturing, its full implementation in the pharmaceutical field is still limited. This is particularly evident in the case of semisolid complex formulation development. The present review aims at establishing a practical QbD framework to describe all stages comprised in the pharmaceutical development of a conventional cream in a comprehensible manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simões
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV. REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV. REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV. REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV. REQUIMTE, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sartori R, Leme J, Caricati CP, Tonso A, Núñez EGF. MODEL COMPARISON TO DESCRIBE BHK-21 CELL GROWTH AND METABOLISM IN STIRRED TANK BIOREACTORS OPERATED IN BATCH MODE. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20180352s20160592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sartori
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eutimio Gustavo Fernández Núñez
- Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Brazil; Instituto Butantan, Brazil; Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bano G, Facco P, Bezzo F, Barolo M. Probabilistic Design space determination in pharmaceutical product development: A Bayesian/latent variable approach. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bano
- CAPE‐Lab—Computer‐Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Dept. of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padova35131 Padova PD Italy
| | - Pierantonio Facco
- CAPE‐Lab—Computer‐Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Dept. of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padova35131 Padova PD Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bezzo
- CAPE‐Lab—Computer‐Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Dept. of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padova35131 Padova PD Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barolo
- CAPE‐Lab—Computer‐Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Dept. of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padova35131 Padova PD Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hayashi Y, Tsuji T, Shirotori K, Oishi T, Kosugi A, Kumada S, Hirai D, Takayama K, Onuki Y. Relationships between response surfaces for tablet characteristics of placebo and API-containing tablets manufactured by direct compression method. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:82-89. [PMID: 28859939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the correlation between the response surfaces for the tablet characteristics of placebo and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)-containing tablets. The quantities of lactose, cornstarch, and microcrystalline cellulose were chosen as the formulation factors. Ten tablet formulations were prepared. The tensile strength (TS) and disintegration time (DT) of tablets were measured as tablet characteristics. The response surfaces for TS and DT were estimated using a nonlinear response surface method incorporating multivariate spline interpolation, and were then compared with those of placebo tablets. A correlation was clearly observed for TS and DT of all APIs, although the value of the response surfaces for TS and DT was highly dependent on the type of API used. Based on this knowledge, the response surfaces for TS and DT of API-containing tablets were predicted from only two and four formulations using regression expression and placebo tablet data, respectively. The results from the evaluation of prediction accuracy showed that this method accurately predicted TS and DT, suggesting that it could construct a reliable response surface for TS and DT with a small number of samples. This technique assists in the effective estimation of the relationships between design variables and pharmaceutical responses during pharmaceutical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Tsuji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kaede Shirotori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Oishi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kosugi
- Formulation Development Department, Development & Planning Division, Nichi-Oko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 205-1, Shimoumezawa Namerikawa-shi, Toyama, 936-0857, Japan
| | - Shungo Kumada
- Formulation Development Department, Development & Planning Division, Nichi-Oko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 205-1, Shimoumezawa Namerikawa-shi, Toyama, 936-0857, Japan
| | - Daijiro Hirai
- Formulation Development Department, Development & Planning Division, Nichi-Oko Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 205-1, Shimoumezawa Namerikawa-shi, Toyama, 936-0857, Japan
| | - Kozo Takayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Onuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee AR, Kwon SY, Choi DH, Park ES. Quality by Design (QbD) approach to optimize the formulation of a bilayer combination tablet (Telmiduo ®) manufactured via high shear wet granulation. Int J Pharm 2017; 534:144-158. [PMID: 29031980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A bilayer tablet, which consisted of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate, was formulated based on a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The control and response factors were determined based on primary knowledge and the target values of the control tablet (Twynsta®). A D-optimal mixture design was used to obtain the optimal formulations in terms of D-mannitol, crospovidone, and MCC for the telmisartan layer, and CCM-Na, PVP K25, and Prosolv for the amlodipine layer. The quantitative effects of the different formulation factors on the response factors were accurately predicted using the equations of best fit and a strong linearity was observed between the predicted and actual values of the response factors. The optimized bilayer tablet was obtained using a numeric optimization technique and was characterized compared with a control (Twynsta®) by using various physical evaluations and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters. The physical stability of Telmiduo® was greater than that of Twynsta® owing to the improvement of formulation factors. The in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that Telmiduo® might have pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence with Twynsta®. Therefore, the bilayer tablet that consisted of telmisartan and amlodipine besylate could be produced using a more economical and simpler method than that used to produce Twynsta®. Moreover, the suitability of QbD for effective product development in the pharmaceutical industry was shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah Ram Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea; Jeil Pharmaceutical CO., LTD. Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17172, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Young Kwon
- Jeil Pharmaceutical CO., LTD. Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17172, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Hyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gyeongnam, 621-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Seok Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tabora JE, Domagalski N. Multivariate Analysis and Statistics in Pharmaceutical Process Research and Development. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 8:403-426. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The application of statistics in pharmaceutical process research and development has evolved significantly over the past decades, motivated in part by the introduction of the Quality by Design paradigm, a landmark change in regulatory expectations for the level of scientific understanding associated with the manufacturing process. Today, statistical methods are increasingly applied to accelerate the characterization and optimization of new drugs created via numerous unit operations well known to the chemical engineering discipline. We offer here a review of the maturity in the implementation of design of experiment techniques, the increased incorporation of latent variable methods in process and material characterization, and the adoption of Bayesian methodology for process risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José E. Tabora
- Chemical & Synthetics Development, Pharmaceutical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901;,
| | - Nathan Domagalski
- Chemical & Synthetics Development, Pharmaceutical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901;,
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Djuris J, Djuric Z. Modeling in the quality by design environment: Regulatory requirements and recommendations for design space and control strategy appointment. Int J Pharm 2017; 533:346-356. [PMID: 28579542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models can be used as an integral part of the quality by design (QbD) concept throughout the product lifecycle for variety of purposes, including appointment of the design space and control strategy, continual improvement and risk assessment. Examples of different mathematical modeling techniques (mechanistic, empirical and hybrid) in the pharmaceutical development and process monitoring or control are provided in the presented review. In the QbD context, mathematical models are predominantly used to support design space and/or control strategies. Considering their impact to the final product quality, models can be divided into the following categories: high, medium and low impact models. Although there are regulatory guidelines on the topic of modeling applications, review of QbD-based submission containing modeling elements revealed concerns regarding the scale-dependency of design spaces and verification of models predictions at commercial scale of manufacturing, especially regarding real-time release (RTR) models. Authors provide critical overview on the good modeling practices and introduce concepts of multiple-unit, adaptive and dynamic design space, multivariate specifications and methods for process uncertainty analysis. RTR specification with mathematical model and different approaches to multivariate statistical process control supporting process analytical technologies are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Djuris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zorica Djuric
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Case Studies in Modelling, Control in Food Processes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 161:93-120. [PMID: 28447120 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of modelling and control in increasing food process efficiency and ensuring product quality. Various approaches to both modelling and control in food processing are set in the context of the specific challenges in this industrial sector and latest developments in each area are discussed. Three industrial case studies are used to demonstrate the benefits of advanced measurement, modelling and control in food processes. The first case study illustrates the use of knowledge elicitation from expert operators in the process for the manufacture of potato chips (French fries) and the consequent improvements in process control to increase the consistency of the resulting product. The second case study highlights the economic benefits of tighter control of an important process parameter, moisture content, in potato crisp (chips) manufacture. The final case study describes the use of NIR spectroscopy in ensuring effective mixing of dry multicomponent mixtures and pastes. Practical implementation tips and infrastructure requirements are also discussed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun F, Xu B, Zhang Y, Dai S, Yang C, Cui X, Shi X, Qiao Y. Statistical modeling methods to analyze the impacts of multiunit process variability on critical quality attributes of Chinese herbal medicine tablets. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:3909-3924. [PMID: 27932865 PMCID: PMC5135065 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The quality of Chinese herbal medicine tablets suffers from batch-to-batch variability due to a lack of manufacturing process understanding. In this paper, the Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) immediate release tablet was taken as the research subject. By defining the dissolution of five active pharmaceutical ingredients and the tablet tensile strength as critical quality attributes (CQAs), influences of both the manipulated process parameters introduced by an orthogonal experiment design and the intermediate granules’ properties on the CQAs were fully investigated by different chemometric methods, such as the partial least squares, the orthogonal projection to latent structures, and the multiblock partial least squares (MBPLS). By analyzing the loadings plots and variable importance in the projection indexes, the granule particle sizes and the minimal punch tip separation distance in tableting were identified as critical process parameters. Additionally, the MBPLS model suggested that the lubrication time in the final blending was also important in predicting tablet quality attributes. From the calculated block importance in the projection indexes, the tableting unit was confirmed to be the critical process unit of the manufacturing line. The results demonstrated that the combinatorial use of different multivariate modeling methods could help in understanding the complex process relationships as a whole. The output of this study can then be used to define a control strategy to improve the quality of the PNS immediate release tablet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Bing Xu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Manufacture Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Shengyun Dai
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Chan Yang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xianglong Cui
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Manufacture Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Engineering, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Manufacture Process Control and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sun F, Xu B, Zhang Y, Dai S, Shi X, Qiao Y. Latent variable modeling to analyze the effects of process parameters on the dissolution of paracetamol tablet. Bioengineered 2016; 8:61-70. [PMID: 27689242 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1227591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissolution is one of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of oral solid dosage forms because it relates to the absorption of drug. In this paper, the influence of raw materials, granules and process parameters on the dissolution of paracetamol tablet was analyzed using latent variable modeling methods. The variability in raw materials and granules was understood based on the principle component analysis (PCA), respectively. A multi-block partial least squares (MBPLS) model was used to determine the critical factors affecting the dissolution. The results showed that the binder amount, the post granulation time, the API content in granule, the fill depth and the punch tip separation distance were the critical factors with variable importance in the projection (VIP) values larger than 1. The importance of each unit of the whole process was also ranked using the block importance in the projection (BIP) index. It was concluded that latent variable models (LVMs) were very useful tools to extract information from the available data and improve the understanding on dissolution behavior of paracetamol tablet. The obtained LVMs were also helpful to propose the process design space and to design control strategies in the further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- a Research Center of TCM Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- a Research Center of TCM Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation , Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- a Research Center of TCM Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Shengyun Dai
- a Research Center of TCM Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Shi
- a Research Center of TCM Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation , Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- a Research Center of TCM Information Engineering , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , P. R. China.,b Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Manufacturing Process Control and Quality Evaluation , Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission , Beijing , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang L, Mao S. Application of quality by design in the current drug development. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016; 12:1-8. [PMID: 32104308 PMCID: PMC7032183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality by Test was the only way to guarantee quality of drug products before FDA launched current Good Manufacturing Practice. To clearly understand the manufacture processes, FDA generalized Quality by Design (QbD) in the field of pharmacy, which is based on the thorough understanding of how materials and process parameters affect the quality profile of final products. The application of QbD in drug formulation and process design is based on a good understanding of the sources of variability and the manufacture process. In this paper, the basic knowledge of QbD, the elements of QbD, steps and tools for QbD implementation in pharmaceutics field, including risk assessment, design of experiment, and process analytical technology (PAT), are introduced briefly. Moreover, the concrete applications of QbD in various pharmaceutical related unit operations are summarized and presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shirui Mao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
New aspects of developing a dry powder inhalation formulation applying the quality-by-design approach. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:151-160. [PMID: 27386791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current work outlines the application of an up-to-date and regulatory-based pharmaceutical quality management method, applied as a new development concept in the process of formulating dry powder inhalation systems (DPIs). According to the Quality by Design (QbD) methodology and Risk Assessment (RA) thinking, a mannitol based co-spray dried formula was produced as a model dosage form with meloxicam as the model active agent. The concept and the elements of the QbD approach (regarding its systemic, scientific, risk-based, holistic, and proactive nature with defined steps for pharmaceutical development), as well as the experimental drug formulation (including the technological parameters assessed and the methods and processes applied) are described in the current paper. Findings of the QbD based theoretical prediction and the results of the experimental development are compared and presented. Characteristics of the developed end-product were in correlation with the predictions, and all data were confirmed by the relevant results of the in vitro investigations. These results support the importance of using the QbD approach in new drug formulation, and prove its good usability in the early development process of DPIs. This innovative formulation technology and product appear to have a great potential in pulmonary drug delivery.
Collapse
|
38
|
Iurian S, Tomuta I, Bogdan C, Rus L, Tokes T, Barbu-Tudoran L, Achim M, Moldovan M, Leucuta S. Defining the design space for freeze-dried orodispersible tablets with meloxicam. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1977-1989. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2016.1188108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Iurian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cătălina Bogdan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lucia Rus
- Department of Drug Analysis, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Timea Tokes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | - Marcela Achim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Moldovan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorin Leucuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Eberle L, Sugiyama H, Papadokonstantakis S, Graser A, Schmidt R, Hungerbühler K. Data-driven tiered procedure for enhancing yield in drug product manufacturing. Comput Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
40
|
Patil H, Tiwari RV, Repka MA. Hot-Melt Extrusion: from Theory to Application in Pharmaceutical Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:20-42. [PMID: 26159653 PMCID: PMC4766118 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0360-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) is a promising technology for the production of new chemical entities in the developmental pipeline and for improving products already on the market. In drug discovery and development, industry estimates that more than 50% of active pharmaceutical ingredients currently used belong to the biopharmaceutical classification system II (BCS class II), which are characterized as poorly water-soluble compounds and result in formulations with low bioavailability. Therefore, there is a critical need for the pharmaceutical industry to develop formulations that will enhance the solubility and ultimately the bioavailability of these compounds. HME technology also offers an opportunity to earn intellectual property, which is evident from an increasing number of patents and publications that have included it as a novel pharmaceutical formulation technology over the past decades. This review had a threefold objective. First, it sought to provide an overview of HME principles and present detailed engineered extrusion equipment designs. Second, it included a number of published reports on the application of HME techniques that covered the fields of solid dispersions, microencapsulation, taste masking, targeted drug delivery systems, sustained release, films, nanotechnology, floating drug delivery systems, implants, and continuous manufacturing using the wet granulation process. Lastly, this review discussed the importance of using the quality by design approach in drug development, evaluated the process analytical technology used in pharmaceutical HME monitoring and control, discussed techniques used in HME, and emphasized the potential for monitoring and controlling hot-melt technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Roshan V Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, 38677, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Optimization Methodologies for the Production of Pharmaceutical Products. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2996-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
42
|
An efficient latent variable optimization approach with stochastic constraints for complex industrial process. Chin J Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
43
|
Luo L, Yao Y, Gao F. Bayesian improved model migration methodology for fast process modeling by incorporating prior information. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
44
|
Ben Yahia B, Malphettes L, Heinzle E. Macroscopic modeling of mammalian cell growth and metabolism. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7009-24. [PMID: 26198881 PMCID: PMC4536272 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We review major modeling strategies and methods to understand and simulate the macroscopic behavior of mammalian cells. These strategies comprise two important steps: the first step is to identify stoichiometric relationships for the cultured cells connecting the extracellular inputs and outputs. In a second step, macroscopic kinetic models are introduced. These relationships together with bioreactor and metabolite balances provide a complete description of a system in the form of a set of differential equations. These can be used for the simulation of cell culture performance and further for optimization of production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Ben Yahia
- />Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- />Upstream Process Sciences Biotech Sciences, UCB Pharma S.A., Avenue de l’Industrie, B-1420, Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Malphettes
- />Upstream Process Sciences Biotech Sciences, UCB Pharma S.A., Avenue de l’Industrie, B-1420, Braine l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- />Biochemical Engineering Institute, Saarland University, Campus A1.5, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Largoni M, Facco P, Bernini D, Bezzo F, Barolo M. Quality-by-Design approach to monitor the operation of a batch bioreactor in an industrial avian vaccine manufacturing process. J Biotechnol 2015. [PMID: 26216182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring batch bioreactors is a complex task, due to the fact that several sources of variability can affect a running batch and impact on the final product quality. Additionally, the product quality itself may not be measurable on line, but requires sampling and lab analysis taking several days to be completed. In this study we show that, by using appropriate process analytical technology tools, the operation of an industrial batch bioreactor used in avian vaccine manufacturing can be effectively monitored as the batch progresses. Multivariate statistical models are built from historical databases of batches already completed, and they are used to enable the real time identification of the variability sources, to reliably predict the final product quality, and to improve process understanding, paving the way to a reduction of final product rejections, as well as to a reduction of the product cycle time. It is also shown that the product quality "builds up" mainly during the first half of a batch, suggesting on the one side that reducing the variability during this period is crucial, and on the other side that the batch length can possibly be shortened. Overall, the study demonstrates that, by using a Quality-by-Design approach centered on the appropriate use of mathematical modeling, quality can indeed be built "by design" into the final product, whereas the role of end-point product testing can progressively reduce its importance in product manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Largoni
- CAPE-Lab-Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Pierantonio Facco
- CAPE-Lab-Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Donatella Bernini
- Merial-A Sanofi Company, via Baviera 9, 35027 Noventa Padovana PD, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bezzo
- CAPE-Lab-Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barolo
- CAPE-Lab-Computer-Aided Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
George JK, Singh SK, Verma PRP. Morphological and in vitro investigation of core–shell nanostructures of carvedilol using quality by design. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
47
|
Multivariate modelling to study the effect of the manufacturing process on the complete tablet dissolution profile. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:112-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
48
|
Facco P, Dal Pastro F, Meneghetti N, Bezzo F, Barolo M. Bracketing the Design Space within the Knowledge Space in Pharmaceutical Product Development. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierantonio Facco
- CAPE-Lab—Computer-Aided
Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Filippo Dal Pastro
- CAPE-Lab—Computer-Aided
Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Natascia Meneghetti
- CAPE-Lab—Computer-Aided
Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bezzo
- CAPE-Lab—Computer-Aided
Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barolo
- CAPE-Lab—Computer-Aided
Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova PD, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Simon LL, Pataki H, Marosi G, Meemken F, Hungerbühler K, Baiker A, Tummala S, Glennon B, Kuentz M, Steele G, Kramer HJM, Rydzak JW, Chen Z, Morris J, Kjell F, Singh R, Gani R, Gernaey KV, Louhi-Kultanen M, O’Reilly J, Sandler N, Antikainen O, Yliruusi J, Frohberg P, Ulrich J, Braatz RD, Leyssens T, von Stosch M, Oliveira R, Tan RBH, Wu H, Khan M, O’Grady D, Pandey A, Westra R, Delle-Case E, Pape D, Angelosante D, Maret Y, Steiger O, Lenner M, Abbou-Oucherif K, Nagy ZK, Litster JD, Kamaraju VK, Chiu MS. Assessment of Recent Process Analytical Technology (PAT) Trends: A Multiauthor Review. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500261y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hajnalka Pataki
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Marosi
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fabian Meemken
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alfons Baiker
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Tummala
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Brian Glennon
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess
Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- APC Ltd, Belfield Innovation
Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- School of Life
Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gründenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Gerry Steele
- PharmaCryst Consulting
Ltd., Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3HN, U.K
| | - Herman J. M. Kramer
- Intensified Reaction & Separation Systems, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - James W. Rydzak
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, 709 Swedeland Rd, King of
Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Zengping Chen
- State Key
Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, PR China
| | - Julian Morris
- Centre for Process Analytics & Control Technology, School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE17RU, U.K
| | - Francois Kjell
- Siemens nv/sa,
Industry
Automation − SIPAT Industry Software, Marie Curie Square 30, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ravendra Singh
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rafiqul Gani
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Krist V. Gernaey
- CAPEC-PROCESS,
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marjatta Louhi-Kultanen
- Department
of Chemical Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, P.O. Box 20, FI-53851 Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - John O’Reilly
- Roche Ireland
Limited, Clarecastle, Co. Clare, Ireland
| | - Niklas Sandler
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Yliruusi
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 4, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Frohberg
- Center of
Engineering Science, Thermal Process Engineering, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joachim Ulrich
- Center of
Engineering Science, Thermal Process Engineering, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tom Leyssens
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Moritz von Stosch
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- HybPAT, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- REQUIMTE
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- HybPAT, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Reginald B. H. Tan
- Institute
of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, A*Star, 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Huiquan Wu
- Division
of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office
of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Division
of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office
of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Des O’Grady
- Mettler Toledo
AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 20146, United States
| | - Anjan Pandey
- Mettler Toledo
AutoChem, 7075 Samuel Morse Drive, Columbia, Maryland 20146, United States
| | - Remko Westra
- FMC Technologies B.V., Delta 101, 6825 MN Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Delle-Case
- University of Tulsa, 800 South Tucker
Drive, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74104, United States
| | - Detlef Pape
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Angelosante
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Maret
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Steiger
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Miklós Lenner
- ABB Corporate Research Center, Segelhofstrasse
1K, 5405, Dättwil, Baden, Switzerland
| | - Kaoutar Abbou-Oucherif
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Zoltan K. Nagy
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Chemical
Engineering Department, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - James D. Litster
- School of
Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Vamsi Krishna Kamaraju
- Synthesis
and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Chemical and Bioprocess
Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Min-Sen Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Thiry J, Krier F, Evrard B. A review of pharmaceutical extrusion: critical process parameters and scaling-up. Int J Pharm 2014; 479:227-40. [PMID: 25541517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion has been a widely used process in the pharmaceutical area for three decades. In this field, it is important to optimize the formulation in order to meet specific requirements. However, the process parameters of the extruder should be as much investigated as the formulation since they have a major impact on the final product characteristics. Moreover, a design space should be defined in order to obtain the expected product within the defined limits. This gives some freedom to operate as long as the processing parameters stay within the limits of the design space. Those limits can be investigated by varying randomly the process parameters but it is recommended to use design of experiments. An examination of the literature is reported in this review to summarize the impact of the variation of the process parameters on the final product properties. Indeed, the homogeneity of the mixing, the state of the drug (crystalline or amorphous), the dissolution rate, the residence time, can be influenced by variations in the process parameters. In particular, the impact of the following process parameters: temperature, screw design, screw speed and feeding, on the final product, has been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Thiry
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - F Krier
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - B Evrard
- University of Liege (ULg), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, CHU, Avenue de l'Hopital 1, B36, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|