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Tubtimsri S, Weerapol Y. Sustained release gel (polymer-free) of itraconazole-loaded microemulsion for oral candidiasis treatment: time-kill kinetics and cellular uptake. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2234099. [PMID: 37448320 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2234099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Itraconazole (ICZ) was prepared in a self-microemulsifying (SM) gel. This gel was intended for use in the oral mucosa, where low volume and flow of saliva result in limited solubility and absorption of drugs that are poorly water-soluble. The drug-loaded gel formulation (ICZ-SM) was selected as a clear solution in the ternary phase diagram to improve the solubility of ICZ. Seven ratios (S1-S7) were prepared by mixing polyoxyl 35 castor oils (P35), a medium chain with a blend of mono-, di-, and triglycerides (MCT), and water. Phase separation of large-sized emulsions by countering with artificial saliva were observed in dilution tests for the formulation contained MCT, P35, and water at the ratios of 70:20:10 (S1), 10:80:10 (S3), and 20:60:20 (S4). Formulations in the ratios of 15:50:35 (S5) and 19:43:38 (S6) produced strong ICZ-SM gels, as shown by rheology tests, whereas the formulations at the ratios of 30:60:10 (S2) and 10:43:47 (S7) exhibited no elasticity. A model of zero-order kinetic (S5) and first-order kinetic (S6) were found to best fit the release kinetics of ICZ from the gels. Time-killing assays revealed that S5 and S6 required less time compared with S2 and the ICZ solution. Furthermore, S5 exhibited the highest increase in cell uptake compared with S2, S6, and the ICZ solution. These findings suggest that the ICZ-SM gel was a free polymer capable of delivering an ICZ for the treatment of oral candidiasis, and that ICZ-SM gels applied locally exhibit enhanced absorption into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yotsanan Weerapol
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
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2
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Current Advances in Lipid Nanosystems Intended for Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020656. [PMID: 36839978 PMCID: PMC9967415 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin delivery is an exciting and challenging field. It is a promising approach for effective drug delivery due to its ease of administration, ease of handling, high flexibility, controlled release, prolonged therapeutic effect, adaptability, and many other advantages. The main associated challenge, however, is low skin permeability. The skin is a healthy barrier that serves as the body's primary defence mechanism against foreign particles. New advances in skin delivery (both topical and transdermal) depend on overcoming the challenges associated with drug molecule permeation and skin irritation. These limitations can be overcome by employing new approaches such as lipid nanosystems. Due to their advantages (such as easy scaling, low cost, and remarkable stability) these systems have attracted interest from the scientific community. However, for a successful formulation, several factors including particle size, surface charge, components, etc. have to be understood and controlled. This review provided a brief overview of the structure of the skin as well as the different pathways of nanoparticle penetration. In addition, the main factors influencing the penetration of nanoparticles have been highlighted. Applications of lipid nanosystems for dermal and transdermal delivery, as well as regulatory aspects, were critically discussed.
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Yang F, Liu X, Wei D, Zhu Y, Wang F, Liu X, Yan F, Zhang X, Liu Y. Topical Application of Butyl Flufenamate Ointment Promotes Cranial Defect Healing in Mice by Inducing BMP2 Secretion in Skin Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223620. [PMID: 36429048 PMCID: PMC9688934 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone defects and fractures heal slowly compared with injuries to other tissues, creating a heavy burden for patients, their families, and society. Alongside conventional treatment methods for fractures and bone defects, adjuvant therapies play an important but underappreciated role. In a previous study, we found that systemic administration of flufenamic acid promoted osteogenesis in vivo, but its side effects limited the application of our findings. In the present study, we assess the effects of external butyl flufenamate ointment on the healing of cranial defects in mice. We found that application of butyl flufenamate ointment on the surface of the skin accelerated the healing of cranial defects in mice by promoting BMP2 secretion from mouse-skin mesenchymal stem-cells. These findings indicate that butyl flufenamate ointment has potential therapeutic value for treating superficial fractures or bone defects while avoiding the toxicity and side effects of systemic medication, representing a safe and convenient adjuvant therapy to promote healing of superficial bone defects and fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuenan Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Donghao Wei
- Department of Oral Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Fanyu Yan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-82195322
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Skin penetration/permeation success determinants of nanocarriers: Pursuit of a perfect formulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 203:111748. [PMID: 33853001 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The advent of nanocarriers in the field of pharmaceutical drug delivery, while exhibiting considerable advantages, has created challenges for researchers. Among the applications of nanocarriers, drug delivery to the skin has attracted increasing attention in recent decades due to its advantages over oral and parenteral administration. Accordingly, this work attempts to discuss the major obstacles surrounding topically applied formulations and different nanocarriers' potential to overcome these barriers to investigate whether their passive penetration through the skin is likely. Therefore, skin anatomical views and transcutaneous pathways are briefly reviewed. Factors commonly thought to influence skin penetration are discussed from the perspective of particularly penetrating nanocarriers. The formulation of these nanocarriers is outlined, and promising constituents are highlighted to help investigators optimize nanocarrier formulations.
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Effective Transcutaneous Delivery of Hyaluronic Acid Using an Easy-to-Prepare Reverse Micelle Formulation. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin loses its moisture with advancing age, causing cosmetic issues such as wrinkles. In addition, the loss of moisture leads to hypersensitivity to external stimuli such as UV light. Transcutaneous supplementation with hyaluronic acid (HA) is an effective and safe method of recovering the moisturizing function and elasticity of the skin. However, the transcutaneous delivery of HA remains challenging owing to the barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC) layer. To penetrate the SC barrier, we used a reverse micelle formulation that does not require high energy consumption processes for preparation. We aimed to enhance the skin permeability of HA by incorporating glyceryl monooleate—a skin permeation enhancer—into the formulation. A fluorescently-labeled HA-loaded reverse micelle formulation showed significantly enhanced permeation across Yucatan micro pig skin. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy of the surface of the skin treated with the reverse micelle formulation showed blue shifts of the CH2 symmetric/asymmetric stretching peaks, indicating a reduction in the barrier function of the SC. Further study revealed that HA was released from the reverse micelles at the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface between the SC and the living epidermis. The results demonstrated that our reverse micellar system is an easy-to-prepare formulation for the effective transcutaneous delivery of HA.
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Kozaka S, Tahara Y, Wakabayashi R, Nakata T, Ueda T, Kamiya N, Goto M. Transcutaneous Cancer Vaccine Using a Reverse Micellar Antigen Carrier. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:645-655. [PMID: 31833775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) such as Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells have a pivotal role in inducing antigen-specific immunity; therefore, transcutaneous cancer vaccines are a promising strategy to prophylactically prevent the onset of a variety of diseases, including cancers. The largest obstacle to delivering antigen to these skin DC subsets is the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Although reverse micellar carriers are commonly used to enhance skin permeability to hydrophilic drugs, the transcutaneous delivery of antigen, proteins, or peptides has not been achieved to date because of the large molecular weight of drugs. To achieve effective antigen delivery to skin DCs, we developed a novel strategy using a surfactant as a skin permeation enhancer in a reverse micellar carrier. In this study, glyceryl monooleate (MO) was chosen as a skin permeation enhancer, and the MO-based reverse micellar carrier enabled the successful delivery of antigen to Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. Moreover, transcutaneous vaccination with the MO-based reverse micellar carrier significantly inhibited tumor growth, indicating that it is a promising vaccine platform against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Takahiro Nakata
- Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 1-30-3 Toyokawa , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0057 , Japan
| | - Taro Ueda
- Kobayashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 1-30-3 Toyokawa , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0057 , Japan
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Hair removal and bioavailability of chemicals: Effect of physicochemical properties of drugs and surfactants on skin permeation ex vivo. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Vanić Ž, Rukavina Z, Manner S, Fallarero A, Uzelac L, Kralj M, Amidžić Klarić D, Bogdanov A, Raffai T, Virok DP, Filipović-Grčić J, Škalko-Basnet N. Azithromycin-liposomes as a novel approach for localized therapy of cervicovaginal bacterial infections. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:5957-5976. [PMID: 31440052 PMCID: PMC6679693 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s211691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Efficient localized cervicovaginal antibacterial therapy, enabling the delivery of antibiotic to the site of action at lower doses while escaping systemic drug effects and reducing the risk of developing microbial resistance, is attracting considerable attention. Liposomes have been shown to allow sustained drug release into vaginal mucosa and improve delivery of antibiotics to bacterial cells and biofilms. Azithromycin (AZI), a potent broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic, has not yet been investigated for localized therapy of cervicovaginal infections, although it is administered orally for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Encapsulation of AZI in liposomes could improve its solubility, antibacterial activity, and allow the prolonged drug release in the cervicovaginal tissue, while avoiding systemic side effects. Purpose The objective of this study was to develop AZI-liposomes and explore their potentials for treating cervicovaginal infections. Methods AZI-liposomes that differed in bilayer elasticity/rigidity and surface charge were prepared and evaluated under simulated cervicovaginal conditions to yield optimized liposomes, which were assessed for antibacterial activity against several planktonic and biofilm-forming Escherichia coli strains and intracellular Chlamydia trachomatis, ex vivo AZI vaginal deposition/penetration, and in vitro cytotoxicity toward cervical cells. Results Negatively charged liposomes with rigid bilayers (CL-3), propylene glycol liposomes (PGL-2) and deformable propylene glycol liposomes (DPGL-2) were efficient against planktonic E. coli ATCC 700928 and K-12. CL-3 was superior for preventing the formation of E. coli ATCC 700928 and K-12 biofilms, with IC50 values (concentrations that inhibit biofilm viability by 50%) up to 8-fold lower than those of the control (free AZI). DPGL-2 was the most promising for eradication of already formed E. coli biofilms and for treating C. trachomatis infections. All AZI-liposomes were biocompatible with cervical cells and improved localization of the drug inside vaginal tissue compared with the control. Conclusion The performed studies confirm the potentials of AZI-liposomes for localized cervicovaginal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željka Vanić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zora Rukavina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suvi Manner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi and University of Helsinki, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Adyary Fallarero
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lidija Uzelac
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijeta Kralj
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tímea Raffai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső Peter Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jelena Filipović-Grčić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø the Arctic University of Norway, 5037 Tromsø, Norway
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A Snapshot of Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Research in Canada. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11060256. [PMID: 31159422 PMCID: PMC6631132 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The minimally- or non-invasive delivery of therapeutic agents through the skin has several advantages compared to other delivery routes and plays an important role in medical care routines. The development and refinement of new technologies is leading to a drastic expansion of the arsenal of drugs that can benefit from this delivery strategy and is further intensifying its impact in medicine. Within Canada, as well, a few research groups have worked on the development of state-of-the-art transdermal delivery technologies. Within this short review, we aim to provide a critical overview of the development of these technologies in the Canadian environment.
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Wolf M, Klang V, Stojcic T, Fuchs C, Wolzt M, Valenta C. NLC versus nanoemulsions: Effect on physiological skin parameters during regular in vivo application and impact on drug penetration. Int J Pharm 2018; 549:343-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Kumar P, Singh SK, Handa V, Kathuria H. Oleic Acid Nanovesicles of Minoxidil for Enhanced Follicular Delivery. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5030103. [PMID: 30223446 PMCID: PMC6165169 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current topical minoxidil (MXD) formulations involve an unpleasant organic solvent which causes patient incompliance in addition to side effects in some cases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to develop an MXD formulation providing enhanced follicular delivery and reduced side effects. Oleic acid, being a safer material, was utilized to prepare the nanovesicles, which were characterized for size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and morphology. The nanovesicles were incorporated into the emugel Sepineo® P 600 (2% w/v) to provide better longer contact time with the scalp and improve physical stability. The formulation was evaluated for in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation, and drug deposition studies. Follicular deposition of the vesicles was also evaluated using a differential tape stripping technique and elucidated using confocal microscopy. The optimum oleic acid vesicles measured particle size was 317 ± 4 nm, with high entrapment efficiency (69.08 ± 3.07%), narrow PDI (0.203 ± 0.01), and a negative zeta potential of −13.97 ± 0.451. The in vitro drug release showed the sustained release of MXD from vesicular gel. The skin permeation and deposition studies revealed superiority of the prepared MXD vesicular gel (0.2%) in terms of MXD deposition in the stratum corneum (SC) and remaining skin over MXD lotion (2%), with enhancement ratios of 3.0 and 4.0, respectively. The follicular deposition of MXD was 10-fold higher for vesicular gel than the control. Confocal microscopy also confirmed the higher absorption of rhodamine via vesicular gel into hair follicles as compared to the control. Overall, the current findings demonstrate the potential of oleic acid vesicles for effective targeted skin and follicular delivery of MXD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Shailendra Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of science & Technology, Hisar 125001, India.
| | - Vandana Handa
- School of Pharmacy, Krishna Institute of Engineering and Technology, Ghaziabad 201206, India.
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Wolf M, Reiter F, Heuser T, Kotisch H, Klang V, Valenta C. Monoacyl-phospatidylcholine based drug delivery systems for lipophilic drugs: Nanostructured lipid carriers vs. nano-sized emulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Investigation of microemulsion and microemulsion gel formulations for dermal delivery of clotrimazole. Int J Pharm 2018; 536:345-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Wolf M, Klang V, Halper M, Stix C, Heuser T, Kotisch H, Valenta C. Monoacyl-phospatidylcholine nanostructured lipid carriers: Influence of lipid and surfactant content on in vitro skin permeation of flufenamic acid and fluconazole. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Topical Nano and Microemulsions for Skin Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9040037. [PMID: 28934172 PMCID: PMC5750643 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosystems such as microemulsions (ME) and nanoemulsions (NE) offer considerable opportunities for targeted drug delivery to and via the skin. ME and NE are stable colloidal systems composed of oil and water, stabilised by a mixture of surfactants and cosurfactants, that have received particular interest as topical skin delivery systems. There is considerable scope to manipulate the formulation components and characteristics to achieve optimal bioavailability and minimal skin irritancy. This includes the incorporation of established chemical penetration enhancers to fluidize the stratum corneum lipid bilayers, thus reducing the primary skin barrier and increasing permeation. This review discusses nanosystems with utility in skin delivery and focuses on the composition and characterization of ME and NE for topical and transdermal delivery. The mechanism of skin delivery across the stratum corneum and via hair follicles is reviewed with particular focus on the influence of formulation.
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Lee HJ, Oh DW, Na MJ, Kim DW, Yuk DY, Choi HC, Lee YB, Han K, Park CW. Preparation and in vivo evaluation of lecithin-based microparticles for topical delivery of minoxidil. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:943-951. [PMID: 28770536 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Minoxidil is widely used for treatment of androgenic alopecia. Commercial products containing minoxidil are usually in solution form. Repeated applications of minoxidil solution can lead to adverse effects such as skin irritation and horniness. The aims of this study were to prepare lecithin-based microparticle in minoxidil solution for enhancement of minoxidil topical delivery and skin protection and evaluate the ability of lecithin on in vitro delivery, in vivo hair growth, and skin trouble improvement compared to commercial minoxidil solution. In in vitro skin permeation study, minoxidil solution containing lecithin microparticle showed higher skin penetration rate and higher retention of drug inside the skin compared to minoxidil solution without lecithin. After topical application of minoxidil solutions with or without lecithin to C57BL/6 mice, minoxidil 5% solution containing lecithin microparticle showed hair re-growth as efficient as commercial product of minoxidil 5% solution. It also significantly improved skin troubles while commercial product presented horny substance and crust formation. Therefore, the lecithin-based microparticle in minoxidil 5% solution has good ability to promote hair growth without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28530, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Yuk
- R&D Center, HP&C LTD., Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28158, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Chul Choi
- R&D Center, HP&C LTD., Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28158, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Lee
- R&D Center, HP&C LTD., Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28158, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
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Pyatski Y, Zhang Q, Mendelsohn R, Flach CR. Effects of permeation enhancers on flufenamic acid delivery in Ex vivo human skin by confocal Raman microscopy. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:319-28. [PMID: 27063850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For effective topical delivery, a drug must cross the stratum corneum (SC) barrier into viable tissue. The use of permeation enhancers is a widespread approach for barrier modification. In the current study, flufenamic acid (FluA), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is a model agent for investigating the influence of hydrophobic versus hydrophilic enhancers. In separate experiments, FluA in octanol or propylene glycol/ethanol (75/25) is applied to the SC for varying times followed by confocal Raman microscopic mapping of drug and enhancer penetration and spatial distribution. Deuterated versions of the enhancers permit us to spectroscopically distinguish the exogenous chemicals from the endogenous SC lipids without affecting penetration parameters. The FluA pathway is tracked by the CC stretching mode at ∼1618cm(-1). Discrete, small inclusions of both enhancers are observed throughout the SC. High concentrations of FluA are co-localized with octanol domains which appear to provide a pathway to the viable epidermis for the drug. In contrast, FluA concentrates in the upper SC when using the hydrophilic agent and endogenous lipids appear unperturbed in regions outside the enhancer pockets. The ability to examine perturbations to endogenous ultrastructure and molecular structure in skin while tracking penetration pathways provides insight into delivery mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Pyatski
- Rutgers University, Department of Chemistry, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Qihong Zhang
- Rutgers University, Department of Chemistry, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Richard Mendelsohn
- Rutgers University, Department of Chemistry, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Carol R Flach
- Rutgers University, Department of Chemistry, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States.
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Yu F, Li Y, Liu CS, Chen Q, Wang GH, Guo W, Wu XE, Li DH, Wu WD, Chen XD. Enteric-coated capsules filled with mono-disperse micro-particles containing PLGA-lipid-PEG nanoparticles for oral delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 2015; 484:181-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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