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Hammid A, Honkakoski P. Ocular Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes: Focus on Esterases. Drug Metab Rev 2024:1-23. [PMID: 38888291 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2024.2368247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Anam Hammid
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne3, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Fulmali A, Bharate SS. Phosphate moiety in FDA-approved pharmaceutical salts and prodrugs. Drug Dev Res 2022; 83:1059-1074. [PMID: 35656613 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The salification and prodrug approaches modulate the physicochemical properties and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity parameters of drugs and lead candidates. The "phosphate" is one of the key counterions/promoiety used in the salt formation and prodrug synthesis. Salification with phosphoric acid enhances the aqueous solubility and thereby facilitates the administration of a drug by the parenteral route. Phosphate moiety in prodrug synthesis mainly improves permeability by lipophilic substitution. Histamine phosphate is the first phosphate salt, and hydrocortisone phosphate was the first prodrug approved by FDA in 1939 and 1952, respectively. The orange book enlists 12 phosphate salts and 17 phosphate prodrugs. Phosphate prodrugs, namely combretastatin A-4 diphosphate, combretastatin A-4 phosphate, lufotrelvir, TP-1287, pyridoxal phosphate, riboflavin phosphate, and psilocybin are clinical candidates. This review focuses on the FDA-approved phosphate salts and prodrugs from 1939 to 2021. The biopharmaceutical advantage of phosphate salts and prodrugs over the parent molecule is also deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Fulmali
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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Chauhan A, Khan T. Prodrugs - Current development and applications in ocular drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bhatt M, Shende P. Modulated approaches for strategic transportation of proteins and peptides via ocular route. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ocular prodrugs: Attributes and challenges. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:175-191. [PMID: 33995612 PMCID: PMC8105420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is one of the most attention-grabbing and challenging endeavors among the numerous existing drug delivery systems. From a drug delivery point of view, eye is an intricate organ to investigate and explore. In spite of many limitations, advancements have been made with the intention of improving the residence time or permeation of the drug in the ocular region. Poor bioavailability of topically administered drugs is the major issue pertaining to ocular drug delivery. Several efforts have been made towards improving precorneal residence time and corneal penetration, e.g. iontophoresis, prodrugs and ion-pairing, etc. Prodrug approach (chemical approach) has been explored by the formulation scientists to optimize the physicochemical and biochemical properties of drug molecules for improving ocular bioavailability. Formulation of ocular prodrugs is a challenging task as they should exhibit optimum chemical stability as well as enzymatic liability so that they are converted into parent drug after administration at the desired pace. This review will encompass the concept of derivatization and recent academic and industrial advancements in the field of ocular prodrugs. The progression in prodrug designing holds a potential future for ophthalmic drug delivery.
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Gote V, Ansong M, Pal D. Prodrugs and nanomicelles to overcome ocular barriers for drug penetration. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:885-906. [PMID: 32729364 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1803278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular barriers hinder drug delivery and reduce drug bioavailability. This article focuses on enhancing drug absorption across the corneal and conjunctival epithelium. Both, transporter targeted prodrug formulations and nanomicellar strategy is proven to enhance the drug permeation of therapeutic agents across various ocular barriers. These strategies can increase aqueous drug solubility and stability of many hydrophobic drugs for topical ophthalmic formulations. AREAS COVERED The article discusses various ocular barriers, ocular influx, and efflux transporters. It elaborates various prodrug strategies used for enhancing drug absorption. Along with this, the article also describes nanomicellar formulation, its characteristic and advantages, and applications in for anterior and posterior segment drug delivery. EXPERT OPINION Prodrugs and nanomicellar formulations provide an effective strategy for improving drug absorption and drug bioavailability across various ocular barriers. It will be exciting to see the efficacy of nanomicelles for treating back of the eye disorders after their topical application. This is considered as a holy grail of ocular drug delivery due to the dynamic and static ocular barriers, restricting posterior entry of topically applied drug formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrinda Gote
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael Ansong
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, MO, USA
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Sai N, Dong X, Huang P, You L, Yang C, Liu Y, Wang W, Wu H, Yu Y, Du Y, Leng X, Yin X, Qu C, Ni J. A Novel Gel-Forming Solution Based on PEG-DSPE/Solutol HS 15 Mixed Micelles and Gellan Gum for Ophthalmic Delivery of Curcumin. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010081. [PMID: 31878332 PMCID: PMC6983186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (Cur) is a naturally hydrophobic polyphenol with potential pharmacological properties. However, the poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability of curcumin limits its ocular administration. Thus, the aim of this study was to prepare a mixed micelle in situ gelling system of curcumin (Cur-MM-ISG) for ophthalmic drug delivery. The curcumin mixed micelles (Cur-MMs) were prepared via the solvent evaporation method, after which they were incorporated into gellan gum gels. Characterization tests showed that Cur-MMs were small in size and spherical in shape, with a low critical micelle concentration. Compared with free curcumin, Cur-MMs improved the solubility and stability of curcumin significantly. The ex vivo penetration study revealed that Cur-MMs could penetrate the rabbit cornea more efficiently than the free curcumin. After dispersing the micelles in the gellan gum solution at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v), a transparent Cur-MM-ISG with the characteristics of a pseudoplastic fluid was formed. No obvious irritations were observed in the rabbit eyes after ocular instillation of Cur-MM-ISG. Moreover, Cur-MM-ISG showed a longer retention time on the corneal surface when compared to Cur-MMs using the fluorescein sodium labeling method. These findings indicate that biocompatible Cur-MM-ISG has great potential in ophthalmic drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
- School of pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Pingqing Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Longtai You
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunjing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Wenping Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Huimin Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yingchao Yu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Leng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-010-6428-6407 (J.N.)
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; (N.S.); (X.D.); (P.H.); (L.Y.); (C.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.W.); (H.W.); (Y.Y.); (Y.D.); (X.L.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.Q.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-010-6428-6407 (J.N.)
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Miyake MM, Nocera A, Miyake MM. P-glycoprotein and chronic rhinosinusitis. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:169-174. [PMID: 30506047 PMCID: PMC6251952 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous definition that includes different disease states that usually are associated with abnormal inflammatory responses. Besides being prevalent, the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis are not clear and there are few therapeutic options with tolerable side effects. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux pump responsible of extruding xenobiotics and cellular metabolites from multiple cell types. It has been widely studied in the cancer field, due to its ability to confer resistance to chemotherapy. It also promotes Type 2 helper T-cell polarizing cytokine secretion in CRS and may represent a potential target to differentiate subtypes of CRS and personalize treatment. This state-of-the-art review explores current knowledge on the participation of P-gp in the pathogenesis of CRS, the P-gp inhibition as a novel targeted therapeutic strategy and the exosomal P-gp test, a non-invasive biomarker that can represent an important advance in the field of rhinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel M Miyake
- Department of Otolaryngology, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, RuaDoutorCesário Motta Júnior, 61 - Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Angela Nocera
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Rhinology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Michelle M Miyake
- Department of Otolaryngology, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, RuaDoutorCesário Motta Júnior, 61 - Vila Buarque, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
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Dong X, Shu X, Wang Y, Niu Z, Xu S, Zhang Y, Zhao S. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro release performance of the pegylated valnemulin prodrug. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:173-180. [PMID: 29187697 PMCID: PMC5797878 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Valnemulin, successfully developed by Sandoz in 1984, is a new generation derivative of pleuromutilin related to tiamulin. Valnemulin has low water-solubility, a short half-life period,
low bioavailability, and instability. The application of valnemulin was restricted. Therefore, finding a more moderate delivery system is necessary to improve the shortcomings of
valnemulin. The purpose of the study was to improve the strong stability and the irritation caused by of valnemulin hydrochloride power through pegylated-valnemulin
prodrug mode. The prepared pegylated-valnemulin prodrug was characterized and evaluated by in vitro release performance under buffer solutions with pH levels of 7.4 and 3.6. The loading
rate of valnemulin in PEG-succinic-valnemulin prodrug was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC with evaporative light
scattering detector was applied to determine the amount of PEG-succinic acid. The loading rate of valnemulin in PEG-succinic-valnemulin prodrug was 6.46%.
PEG-succinic-valnemulin prodrug demonstrated a satisfactory solubility of valnemulin with 523 mg·ml−1 and excellent stability verified by the stability
experiment. The result of the in vitro release test showed that the prepared PEG-valnemulin prodrug has controlled release ability and the release rate of valnemulin
from PEG-valnemulin prodrug with a pH of 7.4 was 64.98%, which was higher than that of pH3.6 with release rate of 31.90%. Therefore, the prepared PEG-succinic-valnemulin prodrug has
great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Dong
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xueye Shu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yingnan Wang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Zhaohuan Niu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shixia Xu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drugs, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shuchun Zhao
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Yuhua East Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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Lorente C, Arias JL, Cabeza L, Ortiz R, Prados JC, Melguizo C, Delgado ÁV, Clares-Naveros B. Nano-engineering of biomedical prednisolone liposomes: evaluation of the cytotoxic effect on human colon carcinoma cell lines. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:488-497. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Liposomes have attracted the attention of researchers due to their potential to act as drug delivery systems for cancer treatment. The present investigation aimed to develop liposomes loaded with prednisolone base and the evaluation of the antiproliferative effect on human colon carcinoma cell lines.
Methods
Liposomes were elaborated by following a reproducible thin film hydration technique. The physicochemical characterization of liposomes included photon correlation spectroscopy, microscopy analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, rheological behaviour and electrophoresis. On the basis of these data and drug loading values, the best formulation was selected. Stability and drug release properties were also tested.
Key findings
Resulting liposomes exhibited optimal physicochemical and stability properties, an excellent haemocompatibility and direct antiproliferative effect on human colon carcinoma T-84 cell lines.
Conclusions
This study shows direct antitumour effect of prednisolone liposomal formulation, which opens the door for liposomal glucocorticoids as novel antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lorente
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José L Arias
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Cabeza
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Raúl Ortiz
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José C Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel V Delgado
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Clares-Naveros
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS)—University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Nielsen CU, Abdulhussein AA, Colak D, Holm R. Polysorbate 20 increases oral absorption of digoxin in wild-type Sprague Dawley rats, but not in mdr1a(-/-) Sprague Dawley rats. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Murakami T. A Minireview: Usefulness of Transporter-Targeted Prodrugs in Enhancing Membrane Permeability. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2515-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Taskar P, Tatke A, Majumdar S. Advances in the use of prodrugs for drug delivery to the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:49-63. [PMID: 27441817 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular drug delivery is presented with many challenges, taking into account the distinctive structure of the eye. The prodrug approach has been, and is being, employed to overcome such barriers for some drug molecules, utilizing a chemical modification approach rather than a formulation-based approach. A prodrug strategy involves modification of the active moiety into various derivatives in a fashion that imparts some advantage, such as membrane permeability, site specificity, transporter targeting and improved aqueous solubility, over the parent compound. Areas covered: The following review is a comprehensive summary of various novel methodologies and strategies reported over the past few years in the area of ocular drug delivery. Some of the strategies discussed involve polymer and lipid conjugation with the drug moiety to impart hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, or to target nutrient transporters by conjugation with transporter-specific moieties and retrometabolic drug design. Expert opinion: The application of prodrug strategies provides an option for enhancing drug penetration into the ocular tissues, and overall ocular bioavailability, with minimum disruption of the ocular diffusion barriers. Although success of the prodrug strategy is contingent on various factors, such as the chemical structure of the parent molecule, aqueous solubility and solution stability, capacity of targeted transporters and bioreversion characteristics, this approach has been successfully utilized, commercially and therapeutically, in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Taskar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Akshaya Tatke
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
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Sheng Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Mitra AK. Stereoisomeric Prodrugs to Improve Corneal Absorption of Prednisolone: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:718-26. [PMID: 26335418 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of stereoisomeric prodrugs have been designed to examine efficacy in generating higher corneal absorption relative to prednisolone. Prodrugs have been studied and identified with LC/MS/MS and NMR analyses. Prodrugs have been characterized for aqueous solubility, buffer stability, and cytotoxicity. Cellular uptake and permeability studies have been conducted across MDCK-MDR1 cells to determine prodrug affinity towards P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and peptide transporters. Enzyme-mediated degradation of prodrugs has been determined using Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea (SIRC) cell homogenates. Prodrugs exhibited higher aqueous solubility relative to prednisolone. Prodrugs circumvented P-gp-mediated cellular efflux and were recognized by peptide transporters. Prodrugs (DP, DDP) produced with D-isomers (D-valine) were significantly stable against both chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. The order of degradation rate constants observed in chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses were in the same order, i.e., L-valine-L-valine-prednisolone (LLP) > L-valine-D-valine-prednisolone (LDP) > D-valine-L-valine-prednisolone (DLP) > D-valine-D-valine-prednisolone (DDP). Results obtained from this study clearly suggest that stereoisomeric prodrug approach is an effective strategy to overcome P-gp-mediated efflux and improve transcorneal permeability of prednisolone following topical administration.
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