1
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Dong L, Zhang H, Zhang G, Li F, Li M, Wang H, Ye X, Ren X, Zhang J, Peng C, Liu H, Wu L. Polystyrene Sulfonate Resin as an Ophthalmic Carrier for Enhanced Bioavailability of Ligustrazine Phosphate Controlled Release System. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:2786-2794. [PMID: 38986870 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Topical ocular sustained-release drug delivery systems represent an effective strategy for the treatment of ocular diseases, for which a suitable carrier has yet to be sufficiently developed. Herein, an eye-compatible sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin (SPSR) was synthesized with a uniform particle size of about 3 μm. Ligustrazine phosphate (LP) was adsorbed to SPSR by cation exchange to form LP@SPSR. LP@SPSR suspension eye drops were further developed using the combination of Carbopol 934P and xanthan gum as suspending agents. The LP@SPSR suspension showed a sustained release in vitro, which was consistent with the observed porcine corneal penetration ex vivo. Pharmacokinetics in tear fluid of rabits indicated that LP@SPSR suspension led to prolonged ocular retention of LP and a 2-fold improved the area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC0-t). Pharmacokinetics in the aqueous humor of rabbits showed 2.8-fold enhancement in the AUC0-t compared to LP solution. The LP@SPSR suspension exhibited no cytotoxicity to human corneal epithelial cells, nor irritation was observed in rabbit eyes. Thus, the LP@SPSR suspension has been validated as a safe and sustained release system leading to enhanced ophthalmic bioavailability for treating ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Falan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Xinyue Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Xiaohong Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China
| | - Can Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Hongfei Liu
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China; Jiangsu Yunshi Pharmaceutical Technology Co.Ltd., Nantong 226133, China.
| | - Li Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226133, China.
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2
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Mekjaruskul C, O'Reilly Beringhs A, Qin B, Wang Y, Lu X. Impact of active pharmaceutical ingredient variables and oleaginous base on the in vitro drug release from ophthalmic ointments: An investigation using dexamethasone as a model drug. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124184. [PMID: 38692497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The present study systematically investigates the impact of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) variables and oleaginous base characteristics on the in vitro release (IVR) performance of ophthalmic ointments, utilizing dexamethasone as a model drug. The interplay between selected attributes (i.e., particle size distribution, crystallinity, and polymorphic form for API, and rheological factors for compendial-grade white petrolatum) and IVR performance was investigated. APIs from different vendors exhibited variations in crystallinity and polymorphism. Ointments containing amorphous dexamethasone presented higher release amounts/rates compared to crystalline counterparts, emphasizing the role of physical state in release kinetics. Variations in particle size of this lipophilic API (5.4 - 21.2 µm) did not appear to impact IVR performance significantly. In contrast, white petrolatum's rheological attributes, which varied substantially within USP-grade petrolatum, were found to critically affect the drug release rate and extent of the ointment. The study's comprehensive analysis establishes a coherent connection between the quality attributes of both API and petrolatum and IVR, delineating their intricate interdependent effects on ophthalmic ointment performance. These findings provide reference to formulation design, quality control, and regulatory considerations within the pharmaceutical industry, fostering a robust foundational understanding of commonly overlooked quality attributes in ophthalmic ointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheleeya Mekjaruskul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - André O'Reilly Beringhs
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xiuling Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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3
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Volontè P, Musazzi UM, Arnaboldi L, Ortenzi MA, Casiraghi A, Cilurzo F, Minghetti P. Equivalence assessment of creams with quali-quantitative differences in light of the EMA and FDA regulatory framework. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 195:106726. [PMID: 38354986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
EMA and FDA are upgrading guidelines on assessing the quality and the equivalence of topically applied drug products for developing copies of originator products and supporting post-marketing variations. For topical products having remarkably similar composition, both EMA and FDA accept the equivalence on the bases of the comparison of rheological properties and in vitro drug release constant (k) and skin permeation flux (J) values, instead of clinical studies. This work aims to evaluate the feasibility to expand this approach to variations of the composition of complex semi-solid preparations. Ibuprofen (IB) creams at two different strengths (i.e., 1 % and 10 %) were used as a model formulation. Two formulative changes were performed: (a) the addition of the humectant to simulate a minor post-marketing variation; (b) the substitution of the emulsifying system to simulate a major one. These variations impacted only in 1 % IB formulations where both the equivalences of rheological data and J-values failed. At the highest concentration, the presence of IB crystals broke down the differences in rheological patterns and lead the IB thermodynamic activity at the maximum figuring out an overlapping of the J-values. Such data suggest the combination of these studies, which are thought mainly for the development of copies, could be also applied to the management of post-marketing variations that involve product composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Volontè
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Umberto M Musazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Luca Arnaboldi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Marco A Ortenzi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Antonella Casiraghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Francesco Cilurzo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Paola Minghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via G. Colombo 71, Milan 20133, Italy
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4
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Wang X, Li F, Liu X, Zhang H. Applications and Recent Developments of Hydrogels in Ophthalmology. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5968-5984. [PMID: 37906698 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a type of functional polymer material with a three-dimensional network structure composed of physically or chemically cross-linked polymers. All hydrogels have two common features: first, their structure contains a large number of hydrophilic groups; therefore, they have a high water content and can swell in water. Second, they have good regulation, and the physical and chemical properties of their cross-linked network can be changed by environmental factors and deliberate modification methods. In recent years, the application of hydrogels in ophthalmology has gradually attracted attention. By selecting an appropriate composition and cross-linking mode, hydrogels can be used in different fields for various applications, such as gel eye drops, in situ gel preparation, intravitreal injection, and corneal contact lenses. This Review provides a detailed introduction to the classification of hydrogels and their applications in glaucoma, vitreous substitutes, fundus diseases, corneal contact lenses, corneal diseases, and cataract surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - FuQiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
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Mekjaruskul C, O'Reilly Beringhs A, Qin B, Wang Y, Chowdhury P, Lu X. Impact of Apparatus and Adapter on In vitro Drug Release of Ophthalmic Semisolid Drug Products. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2239-2251. [PMID: 37679656 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro release testing (IVRT) is a widely used tool for evaluating the quality and performance of drug products. However, standardized sample adaptors or drug release apparatus setups for IVRT studies are still lacking for ophthalmic ointments. The aim of this study was to provide a better understanding of the impact of apparatus and sample adaptor setups on IVRT of ophthalmic ointments. METHODS Dexamethasone (DEX), a steroidal ingredient commonly used in ophthalmic drug products, was selected as a model drug. Ointments were prepared by mixing DEX in white petrolatum using a high shear mixer. A novel two-sided adapter was developed to increase the drug release surface area. DEX ointment was placed in one-sided or two-sided release adaptors coupled with 1.2 μm polyethersulfone membrane, and the drug release was studied in different USP apparatuses (I, II, and IV). RESULTS The sample adaptor setups had a minimal impact on cumulative drug release amount per area or release rate while USP IV apparatus with agitated flow enhanced drug release rates. The USP apparatus I with a two-sided semisolid adapter, which uses membranes on both sides, showed dramatically higher cumulative drug release and discriminative release profiles when evaluating ophthalmic formulations. CONCLUSIONS USP apparatuses and sample adaptors are critical considerations for IVRT. Two-sided semisolid adapter provides higher cumulative release, facilitating the discrimination between low drug content ophthalmic ointment formulations with good sensitivity and repeatability without affecting the drug release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheleeya Mekjaruskul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Integrative Pharmaceuticals and Innovation of Pharmaceutical Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, 44150, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - André O'Reilly Beringhs
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bin Qin
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Therapeutic Performance I, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Pallabita Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Xiuling Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
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6
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Holm R, Lee RW, Glassco J, DiFranco N, Bao Q, Burgess DJ, Lukacova V, Alidori S. Long-Acting Injectable Aqueous Suspensions-Summary From an AAPS Workshop. AAPS J 2023; 25:49. [PMID: 37118621 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Through many years of clinical application of long-acting injectables, there is clear proof that this type of formulation does not just provide the patient with convenience, but more importantly a more effective treatment of the medication provided. The formulation approach therefore contains huge untapped potential to improve the quality of life of many patients with a variety of different diseases. This review provides a summary of some of the central talks provided at the workshop with focus on aqueous suspensions and their use as a long-acting injectable. Elements as formulation, manufacturing, in vitro dissolution methods, in vitro and in vivo correlation, in silico modelling provide an insight into some of the current understandings, learnings, and not least gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Robert W Lee
- Lubrizol Life Science, Health, CDMO Division, 3894 Courtney St., Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18017, USA
| | - Joey Glassco
- Lubrizol Life Science, Health: 9911 Brecksville Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44141, USA
| | - Nicholas DiFranco
- Lubrizol Life Science, Health: 9911 Brecksville Road, Cleveland, Ohio, 44141, USA
| | - Quanying Bao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10Th Street, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Simone Alidori
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S Collegeville Rd, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426-2990, USA
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7
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Ahmed S, Amin MM, Sayed S. Ocular Drug Delivery: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:66. [PMID: 36788150 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human eye is a sophisticated organ with distinctive anatomy and physiology that hinders the passage of drugs into targeted ophthalmic sites. Effective topical administration is an interest of scientists for many decades. Their difficult mission is to prolong drug residence time and guarantee an appropriate ocular permeation. Several ocular obstacles oppose effective drug delivery such as precorneal, corneal, and blood-corneal barriers. Routes for ocular delivery include topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral, and retrobulbar. More than 95% of marketed products exists in liquid state. However, other products could be in semi-solid (ointments and gels), solid state (powder, insert and lens), or mixed (in situ gel). Nowadays, attractiveness to nanotechnology-based carries is resulted from their capabilities to entrap both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs, enhance ocular permeability, sustain residence time, improve drug stability, and augment bioavailability. Different in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization approaches help to predict the outcomes of the constructed nanocarriers. This review aims to clarify anatomy of the eye, various ocular diseases, and obstacles to ocular delivery. Moreover, it studies the advantages and drawbacks of different ocular routes of administration and dosage forms. This review also discusses different nanostructured platforms and their characterization approaches. Strategies to enhance ocular bioavailability are also explained. Finally, recent advances in ocular delivery are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadek Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Maha M Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Sinar Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Renukuntla J, Palakurthi SS, Bolla PK, Clark BA, Boddu SHS, Manda P, Sockwell S, Charbe NB, Palakurthi S. Advances in in-vitro bioequivalence testing methods for complex ophthalmic generic products. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122209. [PMID: 36162609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) demands that the generic industry prove topical ocular products' pharmaceutical and bioequivalence (BE). In contrast to generic oral drugs, topical ocular product BE testing has proved difficult. New generic versions are compared to an authorized drug product known as a Reference Listed Drug (RLD) to demonstrate their bioequivalence. If the excellent in-vitro results may support the presumption of equivalence in-vivo performance and the only clinically significant difference between the generic and RLD is in its physicochemical qualities and drug release rate, then in-vivo BE studies may be waived. Proving BE through dissolution tests is a golden standard for most conventional dosage forms. However, due to the limited number of biorelevant in-vitro drug release testing (IVRT) approaches capable of differentiating their performance based on product quality and physicochemical properties, the development of generic ophthalmic products has been slow and time-consuming. Often, BE of topical ophthalmic formulations cannot be proved using a single in-vitro test; therefore, an elaborated discussion on various IVRT methods performed to demonstrate bioequivalence of complex generis like ophthalmic emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and gels is necessary. This manuscript aims to review the status of biowaiver criteria for complex ophthalmic products concerning the product-specific FDA guidance to the generic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sushesh Srivatsa Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Bradley A Clark
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Prashanth Manda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel Sockwell
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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9
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Bao Q, Wang X, Zou Y, Wang Y, Burgess DJ. In vitro release testing method development for long-acting injectable suspensions. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121840. [PMID: 35595043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting injectable (LAI) suspensions are complex parenterals intended to control drug release over a duration of weeks to months. Any unpredictive drug release behavior may cause serious side effects. Therefore, it is important to understand the in vitro and in vivo performance, as well as the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of these products. There are some US FDA recommended in vitro release testing methods for LAI suspensions. However, the release duration of all the recommended methods is less than two days which may not be appropriate for the establishment of IVIVCs for LAIs considering that their in vivo efficacies range from weeks to months. To develop in vitro release testing methods that may better correlate with in vivo release with longer durations, three compositionally equivalent medroxyprogesterone acetate suspensions were prepared with different particle size, using Depo-SubQ Provera 104® as the reference listed drug (RLD). Four different methods based on USP apparatus 2 (with dialysis sacs, enhancer cells or in-house designed devices) and USP apparatus 4 (with semisolid adapters) were utilized. USP apparatus 2 with enhancer cells and USP apparatus 4 with semisolid adapters showed the best discriminatory ability and reproducibility for the LAI suspensions investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Bao
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yuan Zou
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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10
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Miranda M, Veloso C, Brown M, A. C. C. Pais A, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Topical bioequivalence: Experimental and regulatory considerations following formulation complexity. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Ohashi R, Fujii A, Fukui K, Koide T, Fukami T. Non-destructive quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical ointment by transmission Raman spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 169:106095. [PMID: 34906685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transmission Raman spectroscopy was used to develop a non-destructive quantitative analytical model for the assay of a crystal dispersion-type ointment containing acyclovir as a model drug with a concentration of 3% w/w. The obtained Raman spectra were pre-processed by applying multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and first or second derivative by the Savitzky-Golay method to optimize the partial least squares (PLS) regression model. The optimized PLS model showed good prediction performance for 85%, 100%, and 115% label claims, with average recovery values of 100.7%, 99.3%, and 99.8%, respectively. Although the material properties and manufacturing method of acyclovir and white petrolatum were expected to be different from those of the calibration set, the mean recovery value of the commercial product was 104.2%. These results indicate that transmission Raman spectroscopy is a useful process analytical technology tool for product development and quality control of a crystal dispersion-type ointment with low drug concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ohashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan; Formulation R&D Laboratory, CMC R&D Division, SHIONOGI & CO., LTD., Hyogo 660-0813, Japan.
| | - Aria Fujii
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan.
| | - Kanako Fukui
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Koide
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Toshiro Fukami
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588 Japan.
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12
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Tiffner KI, Kanfer I, Augustin T, Raml R, Raney SG, Sinner F. Comparative in vitro release testing (IVRT) of acyclovir products. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121186. [PMID: 34655706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate whether an in vitro release test (IVRT) could differentiate the release rates from five pharmaceutically equivalent acyclovir cream products and one ointment compared to that from a reference product, Zovirax cream (USA), to identify a test product with an inequivalent drug release rate that could serve as negative control for bioequivalence (BE) in a separate in vivo study. The reference product showed equivalent drug release rates compared to itself. The six test products failed to show equivalent drug release rates compared to the reference product. Aciclovir 1A pharma cream was selected to serve as a negative control for subsequent BE studies, since it exhibited the greatest difference in release rate among all creams, compared to the reference product. The results of this study indicate that IVRT results can be highly sensitive and may discriminate clinically relevant differences between products. Results from an appropriately validated IVRT method can support a demonstration of BE by showing that the drug release rates from test and reference products are statistically equivalent, mitigating the risk that differences may exist between the products which may influence in vivo performance of the drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin I Tiffner
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Isadore Kanfer
- Rhodes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Artillery Road, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
| | - Thomas Augustin
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Reingard Raml
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sam G Raney
- Division of Therapeutic Performance, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Frank Sinner
- HEALTH - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
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13
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Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121105. [PMID: 34537269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ with unique anatomy and physiology that restricts the delivery of drugs to target ocular tissues/sites. Recent advances in the field of pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms which can provide sustained drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency and improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. This review highlights the different anatomical and physiological factors which affect ocular bioavailability of drugs and explores advancements from 2016 to 2020 in various ophthalmic preparations. Different routes of drug administration such as topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral and retrobulbar are discussed with their advances and limitations.
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14
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Zhang J, Jiao J, Niu M, Gao X, Zhang G, Yu H, Yang X, Liu L. Ten Years of Knowledge of Nano-Carrier Based Drug Delivery Systems in Ophthalmology: Current Evidence, Challenges, and Future Prospective. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6497-6530. [PMID: 34588777 PMCID: PMC8473849 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s329831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex drug delivery barrier in the eye reduces the bioavailability of many drugs, resulting in poor therapeutic effects. It is necessary to investigate new drugs through appropriate delivery routes and vehicles. Nanotechnology has utilized various nano-carriers to develop potential ocular drug delivery techniques that interact with the ocular mucosa, prolong the retention time of drugs in the eye, and increase permeability. Additionally, nano-carriers such as liposomes, nanoparticles, nano-suspensions, nano-micelles, and nano-emulsions have grown in popularity as an effective theranostic application to combat different microbial superbugs. In this review, we summarize the nano-carrier based drug delivery system developments over the last decade, particularly review the biology, methodology, approaches, and clinical applications of nano-carrier based drug delivery system in the field of ocular therapeutics. Furthermore, this review addresses upcoming challenges, and provides an outlook on potential future trends of nano-carrier-based drug delivery approaches in ophthalmology, and hopes to eventually provide successful applications for treating ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang Eye Hospital, Weifang, 261041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, 110024, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Radiology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guisen Zhang
- Department of Retina, Inner Mongolia Chaoju Eye Hospital, Hohhot, 010050, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghua Yu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Guangdong Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People's Republic of China
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15
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Mohan V, Wairkar S. Current regulatory scenario and alternative surrogate methods to establish bioequivalence of topical generic products. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Le Merdy M, Spires J, Lukacova V, Tan ML, Babiskin A, Xu X, Zhao L, Bolger MB. Ocular Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Ointment Formulations. Pharm Res 2020; 37:245. [PMID: 33215336 PMCID: PMC7677276 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to show how the Ocular Compartmental Absorption & Transit (OCAT™) model in GastroPlus® can be used to characterize ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits for ointment formulations. Methods A newly OCAT™ model developed for fluorometholone, as well as a previously verified model for dexamethasone, were used to characterize the aqueous humor (AH) concentration following the administration of multiple ointment formulations to rabbit. The model uses the following parameters: application surface area (SA), a fitted application time, and the fitted Higuchi release constant to characterize the rate of passage of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from the ointment formulations into the tears in vivo. Results Parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to understand the impact of ointment formulation changes on ocular exposure. While application time was found to have a significant impact on the time of maximal concentration in AH, both the application SA and the Higuchi release constant significantly influenced both the maximum concentration and the ocular exposure. Conclusions This initial model for ointment ophthalmic formulations is a first step to better understand the interplay between physiological factors and ophthalmic formulation physicochemical properties and their impact on in vivo ocular drug pharmacokinetic performance in rabbits. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11095-020-02965-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Le Merdy
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA.
| | - Jessica Spires
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - Ming-Liang Tan
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OPQ/OTR/DPQR, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Food and Drug Administration, CDER/OGD/ORS/DQMM, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Michael B Bolger
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
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17
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Vo A, Feng X, Patel D, Mohammad A, Patel M, Zheng J, Kozak D, Choi S, Ashraf M, Xu X. In vitro physicochemical characterization and dissolution of brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions with similar composition. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119761. [PMID: 32795488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The quality of an ophthalmic suspension is crucial for its in vivo performance, and often impact product's effectiveness. An in-depth understanding of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of ophthalmic suspensions such as particle size distribution (PSD) and rheology, as well as the impact of these CQAs on product performance are important for successful product development, quality control, and regulatory approval. This study employed brinzolamide ophthalmic suspension, 1%, as a model ophthalmic product, and six batches were manufactured using an innovative planetary centrifugal milling (PCM) process. Three batches were manufactured to have distinctly different PSD. These three batches had qualitatively (Q1) and quantitatively (Q2) the same composition as the model drug product (i.e., Azopt), while the differences in PSD were introduced by changing only the manufacturing process parameters. On the other hand, changes in rheology were introduced by altering the input level of the viscosity enhancing polymer in the formulation. A systematic approach was employed to understand the relation between manufacturing process parameters, CQAs, and in vitro product performance. Among the evaluated CQAs, PSD, rheology, surface tension, and drug dissolution were found more sensitive to the changes in the manufacturing processes. Most notably, we developed a rapid dissolution method (completed within minutes) employing in-situ fiber optic UV dissolution system. This novel dissolution method mimics the environmental conditions of the eye such as dissolution under "non-sink" condition and under high shear (from blinking). The method was highly discriminatory to differences in the PSD in the suspension. This study also revealed an important relation between the PSD of the suspension and its rheology which originated as a result of an interaction at the molecular level between the solid drug particles and the viscosity enhancing polymers. These findings underscore the need to evaluate CQAs of the ophthalmic suspensions in concert rather than separately when comparing ophthalmic drug products and product performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Vo
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Deval Patel
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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18
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Miranda M, Cova T, Augusto C, Pais AACC, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. Diving into Batch-to-Batch Variability of Topical Products-a Regulatory Bottleneck. Pharm Res 2020; 37:218. [PMID: 33037479 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Following the recent European Medicine Agency (EMA) draft guideline on quality and equivalence of topical products, a modular framework for bioequivalence assessment is proposed, wherein the qualitative, quantitative, microstructure and product performance sameness is demanded to support generic applications. Strict regulatory limits are now imposed, but, the suitability of these limits has been subject of intense debate. In this context, this paper aims to address these issues by characterizing a panel of 8 reference blockbuster semisolid topical products. METHODS For each product, three batches were selected and, whenever possible, batches retrieved from different manufacturing sites were considered. Product microstructure was evaluated in terms of globule size, pH, rheological attributes and, if required, the thermal behaviour was also assessed. Performance was evaluated through in vitro release testing (IVRT). Finally, an integrated multivariate analysis was performed to highlight the features that most contribute for product variability. RESULTS Marked differences were registered within reference products. Statistical analysis demonstrated that if EMA criteria are applied, none of the same product batches can be considered as equivalent. Rheological parameters as well as IVRT indicators account for the majority of batch-to-batch differences. CONCLUSIONS Semisolid dosage forms exhibit intrinsic variability. This calls for the attention to the need of establishing reasonable equivalence criteria applied to generic drug products. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Cova
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia Augusto
- Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Portugal, lote 15 3450-232, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Mortágua, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, Portugal, lote 15 3450-232, Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Pólo I, 1st floor, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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19
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Kulkarni M, Potdar S, Date AA, Marfatiya A. In Vitro Release Testing of Acyclovir Topical Formulations Using Immersion Cells. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2020; 19:75-84. [PMID: 33035072 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2020.995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to reinforce the applicability of the immersion cells for the in vitro release testing (IVRT) of topical formulations by using marketed acyclovir 5% cream formulation (Cream 1) as a model. The method employing the immersion cells was optimized by studying the effect of variables, such as membrane type, media temperature and volume, agitation speed, and cell size, on acyclovir release from the formulation. The in-house formulation similar to the qualitative and quantitative composition of Cream 1 and the other trial formulations with variable compositions were prepared and studied by using the immersion cells. Various other brands of acyclovir topical formulations available in the Indian market were also subjected to IVRT by using the optimized method. An increase in the media temperature from 32°C to 37°C and the stirring speed from 50 to 100 to 150 rpm led to an increase in the drug release. As the immersion cell size increased (0.5, 2 and 4 cm2 surface area), the release rate also increased. Nitrocellulose membrane showed the highest drug release and Fluoropore™ the least. The optimized IVRT method could establish the differences in the drug release rates among the formulations with the altered compositions. The method could also prove its discriminatory potential for various marketed formulations. The immersion cell method could serve as a simpler, facile, and reliable aid during product development and also as a quality control tool in assessing stability, aging, and batch-to-batch uniformity of semisolid formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Chanakya Education Society's Indira College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant Potdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shree Chanakya Education Society's Indira College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
| | - Abhijit A Date
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
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Influence of in vitro release methods on assessment of tobramycin ophthalmic ointments. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119938. [PMID: 33011250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current investigation was carried out to identify appropriate parameters for measuring the in vitro release of tobramycin (TOB) ophthalmic ointments and to evaluate the feasibility of in vitro release testing methods to assess the product performance. Drug release was assessed using USP dissolution apparatus IV and a modified USP dissolution apparatus I with simulated tear solution (STS) as the dissolution medium. The study variables included temperature, membrane material, source and pore size. The results demonstrated a significant influence of the membrane source and pore size on the release of TOB from the ointments. A dissolution medium temperature of 40 °C was found to be appropriate for the release studies. Both of the apparatuses were able to discriminate between the release profiles of ointments with different physicochemical/rheological properties. Maximum release rate of TOB was observed in the first hour which followed a logarithmic time dependent release. The correlation between the release rates/amounts and yield stress of the ointments was observed in both the dissolution apparatuses. These results support a rational approach to guide the in vitro release testing of TOB ophthalmic ointments.
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21
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Vo A, Feng X, Patel D, Mohammad A, Kozak D, Choi S, Ashraf M, Xu X. Factors affecting the particle size distribution and rheology of brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119495. [PMID: 32553495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug particle size distribution (PSD) and dispersion viscosity are two critical quality attributes that govern the performance of topical ophthalmic suspensions, such as suspension physical stability, ocular retention, and drug release characteristics.. An in-depth knowledge of the effects of formulation and manufacturing process on these critical quality attributes may facilitate the product and process development, quality control, as well as support regulatory policy and approval. The current study has investigated the effect of formulation and process parameters on the quality attributes of brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions. In the first step, three milling techniques (probe sonication, microfluidization, and media milling with a planetary centrifugal mixer) were evaluated for manufacturing of brinzolamide suspension. Out of the three techniques, the planetary centrifugal media milling yielded the narrowest PSD and thus was considered the most viable lab-scale technique for this purpose. In the next step, various process parameters of media milling were evaluated using a central-composite experimental design. The independent variables included bead size, agitating intensity, and process time while the PSD of drug particles (D50) was the response variable. The effect of shear rate and shear time of the homogenization process and the concentration of carbomer on the rheological properties of the suspension were studied using a Box-Behnken design. Additionally, effects of sodium chloride and mannitol concentration on the rheological properties of the suspension was also investigated. Sodium chloride was found to exert a pronounced effect on rheology of the suspension. Despite variations in the carbomer concentration, a suspension of comparable rheology could be prepared by controlling the process parameters namely the shear rate and process time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Vo
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Deval Patel
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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22
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Liu H, Rivnay B, Avery K, Myung JH, Kozak D, Landrau N, Nivorozhkin A, Ashraf M, Yoon S. Optimization of the manufacturing process of a complex amphotericin B liposomal formulation using quality by design approach. Int J Pharm 2020; 585:119473. [PMID: 32473373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the manufacturing process of a complex liposomal amphotericin B (AmB) product was optimized using quality by design (QbD) approach. A comprehensive QbD-based process understanding and design space (DS) to the critical process parameters (CPPs) is essential to the drug development and consistent quality control. The process was based on the acid-aided formation of drug-lipid complexes in a methanol-chloroform mixture (step I) followed by spray drying (step II), hydration and liposome formation by microfluidization (step III), and lyophilization (step IV). Firstly, the risk assessment was conducted to identify the critical process parameters among the four key steps. Nine CPPs and five CQAs (API Monomer identity (absorbance main peak at 321 nm), API Aggregation identity (absorbance peak ratio, OD 415 nm/321 nm), particle size, in-vitro toxicity, and the cake quality) were determined based on their severity and occurrences with their contribution to the quality target product profile (QTPP). Based on the risk assessment results, the final screening design of experiments (DoE) was developed using fractional factorial design. Secondly, the empirical equation was developed for each CQA based on experimental data. The impact of CPPs on the CQAs was analyzed using the coefficient plot and contour plot. In addition to the effect of individual formulation parameters and process parameters, the effects of the four key separate steps were also evaluated and compared. In general, the curing temperature during microfluidization has been identified as the most significant CPP. Finally, design space exploration was carried out to demonstrate how the critical process parameters can be varied to consistently produce a drug product with desired characteristics. The design space size increased at the higher value of the curing temperature, the API to phospholipid ratio (API:PL), and the lower value of the DSPG to phospholipid ratio (PG:PL) and aspirator rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huolong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Benjamin Rivnay
- Landrau Scientific Innovations, LLC, 22 Laurel Street, Leominster, MA 01453, USA
| | - Ken Avery
- Landrau Scientific Innovations, LLC, 22 Laurel Street, Leominster, MA 01453, USA
| | - Ja Hye Myung
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Generic Drugs, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Nelson Landrau
- Landrau Scientific Innovations, LLC, 22 Laurel Street, Leominster, MA 01453, USA
| | - Alex Nivorozhkin
- Neo-Advent Technologies, LLC, 410 Great Rd., Suite 4-2-2, Littleton, MA 01460, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Testing and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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Amado JRR, Prada AL, Diaz JG, Souto RNP, Arranz JCE, de Souza TP. Development, larvicide activity, and toxicity in nontarget species of the Croton linearis Jacq essential oil nanoemulsion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9410-9423. [PMID: 31916152 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the essential oil (EO) from leaves of Croton linearis Jacq was extracted and characterized by GC/MS. The EO hydrophilic-lipophilic balance required (rHLB) for nanoemulsion (NE) development was determined by the Griffin' method. For evaluating the larvicidal effect against Aedes aegypti, the preparation process of NE was optimized, using a central composite design. It was also evaluated the possible toxic effect of NE in nontarget species. The leaves of C. linearis contain 1.50% of EO, enclosing 61 volatile compounds, mainly eucalyptol (26.66%). The best surfactant, oil:water ratio (4.5-5.0-91.5; % w:w:w), allows to achieve the optimal NE, using a stirring speed of 800 rpm, the addition rate of 0.5 ml/min, and a stirring time of 30 min. NE (with particle size = 163 nm) showed a larvicide effect (LC50 = 17.86 μg/mL) more potent than the whole EO (LC50 = 64.24 μg/mL). NE showed neither hemolytic effect nor cytotoxicity, and it was classified as a nontoxic product, according to the OECD class toxicity test (IC50 > 2000 mg/kg). This product arises in a new green bio-larvicide that could be used for mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rafael Rodriguez Amado
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Amazonas, Ave. Rodrigo Otavio, Japiim, Ramos 6200, Coroado,, Manaus, AM, CEP69077-000, Brazil.
| | - Ariadna Lafourcade Prada
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, KM 02, S/N - Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Jesus Garcia Diaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Raimundo Nonato Picanço Souto
- Biological Sciences Department, Federal University of Amapá, Rod. Juscelino Kubitschek, KM 02, S/N - Jardim Marco Zero, Macapá, AP, 68903-419, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar Escalona Arranz
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Universidad de Oriente, Patricio Lumumba S/N, CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Tatiane Pereira de Souza
- Laboratory of Innovation and Development in Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Amazonas, Ave. Rodrigo Otavio, Japiim, Ramos 6200, Coroado,, Manaus, AM, CEP69077-000, Brazil
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24
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Le Merdy M, Tan ML, Babiskin A, Zhao L. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Support Ophthalmic Suspension Product Development. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:26. [PMID: 31907674 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FDA's Orange Book lists 17 currently marketed active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) formulated within ophthalmic suspensions in which a majority has 90% or more of the API undissolved. We used an ocular physiologically based pharmacokinetic (O-PBPK) model to compare a suspension with a solution for ophthalmic products with dexamethasone (Dex) as the model drug. Simulations with a Dex suspension O-PBPK model previously verified in rabbit were used to characterize the consequences of drug clearance mechanism in the precorneal compartment on pharmacokinetic (PK) exposure and to assess the ocular and systemic PK characteristics of ophthalmic suspensions with different strengths or magnitudes of viscosity. O-PBPK-based simulations show that (1) Dex suspension 0.05% has a 2.5- and 5-fold higher AUC in aqueous humor and plasma, respectively, than the Dex saturated solution; (2) strength increase by 5- and 10-fold induces a respective 2.2- and 3.3-fold increase in aqueous humor and 4.4- and 8.6-fold increase in plasma Cmax and AUC; and (3) increasing formulation viscosity (from 1.6 to 75 cP) causes an overall increase in API available for absorption in the cornea resulting in a higher ocular Cmax and AUC with no significant impact on systemic exposure. This research demonstrates that solid particles present in a suspension can not only help to achieve a higher ocular exposure but also unfavorably raise systemic exposure. A model able to correlate formulation changes to both ocular and plasma exposure is a necessary tool to support ocular product development taking into consideration both local efficacy and systemic safety aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Le Merdy
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming-Liang Tan
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Babiskin
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling, Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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25
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Vijayakumar A, Pugazhenthan T, Sathish Babu M, Sajitha V. Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology. TOXICOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEDICAL DEVICE IMPLANTS 2020:33-66. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820728-4.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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26
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Destruel PL, Zeng N, Seguin J, Douat S, Rosa F, Brignole-Baudouin F, Dufaÿ S, Dufaÿ-Wojcicki A, Maury M, Mignet N, Boudy V. Novel in situ gelling ophthalmic drug delivery system based on gellan gum and hydroxyethylcellulose: Innovative rheological characterization, in vitro and in vivo evidence of a sustained precorneal retention time. Int J Pharm 2019; 574:118734. [PMID: 31705970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Achieving drug delivery at the ocular level encounters many challenges and obstacles. In situ gelling delivery systems are now widely used for topical ocular administration and recognized as a promising strategy to improve the treatment of a wide range of ocular diseases. The present work describes the formulation and evaluation of a mucoadhesive and ion-activated in situ gelling delivery system based on gellan gum and hydroxyethylcellulose for the delivery of phenylephrine and tropicamide. First, physico-chemical characteristics were assessed to ensure suitable properties regarding ocular administration. Then, rheological properties such as viscosity and gelation capacity were determined. Gelation capacity of the formulations and the effect of hydroxyethylcellulose on viscosity were demonstrated. A new rheological method was developed to assess the gel resistance under simulated eye blinking. Afterward, mucoadhesion was evaluated using tensile strength test and rheological synergism method in both rotational and oscillatory mode allowing mucoadhesive properties of hydroxyethylcellulose to be point out. Finally, residence time on the ocular surface was investigated in vivo, using cyanine 5.5 dye as a fluorescent marker entrapped in the in situ gelling delivery systems. Residence performance was studied by non-invasive optical imaging on vigilant rabbits, allowing eye blinking and nasolacrimal drainage to occur physiologically. Fluorescence intensity profiles pointed out a prolonged residence time on the ocular surface region for the developed formulations compared to conventional eye drops, suggesting in vitro / in vivo correlations between rheological properties and in vivo residence performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Destruel
- Unither Développement Bordeaux, ZA Tech Espace, av Toussaint Catros, Le Haillan 33185, France; Département Recherche et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, 7 rue du fer à moulin, Paris 75005, France; Université de Paris, UTCBS, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 av de l'observatoire, Paris 75006, France(1)
| | - Ni Zeng
- Unither Pharmaceuticals, 3-5 rue St-Georges, Paris 75009, France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- Université de Paris, UTCBS, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 av de l'observatoire, Paris 75006, France(1)
| | - Sophie Douat
- Département Recherche et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, 7 rue du fer à moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Frédéric Rosa
- Département Recherche et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, 7 rue du fer à moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Françoise Brignole-Baudouin
- UMR CNRS 8638 - Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris 75006, France; CNRS UMR 7210 - Inserm UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris, 75012, France; Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS, CIC 503, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Sophie Dufaÿ
- Département Recherche et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, 7 rue du fer à moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Amélie Dufaÿ-Wojcicki
- Département Recherche et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, 7 rue du fer à moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - Marc Maury
- Unither Pharmaceuticals, 3-5 rue St-Georges, Paris 75009, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université de Paris, UTCBS, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 av de l'observatoire, Paris 75006, France(1)
| | - Vincent Boudy
- Département Recherche et Développement Pharmaceutique, Agence Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé (AGEPS), AP-HP, 7 rue du fer à moulin, Paris 75005, France; Université de Paris, UTCBS, CNRS, INSERM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 av de l'observatoire, Paris 75006, France(1).
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27
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Quality and equivalence of topical products: A critical appraisal. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 148:105082. [PMID: 31626969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The approval of topical generic products is essentially governed by clinical endpoint studies. Is this the most efficient approach to document bioequivalence in these particular dosage forms? This issue has sparked multiple discussions among different stakeholders - academia, industry and several regulatory agencies - in the active pursuit for new and robust surrogate methodologies. This mini review attempts to critically discuss this topic in light of the recently issued European regulatory requirements within the proposed modular framework for bioequivalence assessment.
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28
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Miranda M, Pais AACC, Cardoso C, Vitorino C. aQbD as a platform for IVRT method development - A regulatory oriented approach. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118695. [PMID: 31536762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The EMA draft guideline on quality and equivalence of topical products and the FDA non-binding product specific guidances release has encouraged the establishment of a regulatory background for in vitro release testing (IVRT). Herein, a novel framework applicable to the development of a discriminatory IVRT method is described, according to analytical quality by design (aQbD) principles. A commercially available diclofenac emulgel formulation was used as model product. Through the definition of IVRT analytical target profile, a risk assessment analysis was carried out, in which the critical analytical attributes (in vitro release rate, cumulative amount released at an initial/final point and dose depletion) and critical method variables (medium, membrane and dosage regimen) were identified. Based on this information, a 3 × 2 × 3 full factorial design was performed. Statistical modeling and system desirability assessment enabled the selection of the most suitable IVRT parameters, which were fully validated according with new EMA requirements. These consisted of PBS:Ethanol (80:20, pH = 7.4), Tuffryn membranes and 300 mg of applied product. aQbD provided a comprehensive framework for developing a reliable and effective IVRT method. A thorough analysis of the new EMA draft guideline requirements revealed that some of the established criteria may be challenging to attain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alberto A C C Pais
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Cardoso
- Laboratórios Basi, Parque Industrial Manuel Lourenço Ferreira, lote 15, 3450-232 Mortágua, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 1st Floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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29
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Lauterbach A, Ekelund K. Rheological temperature sweeping in a quality by design approach for formulation development and optimization. Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118533. [PMID: 31325589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many topical drug products are multi-phase systems which are prone to phase separation exhibiting a high risk for not meeting the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of a pharmaceutical product such as uniform active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) distribution and physical homogeneity. In order to investigate and control these CQAs a rheological temperature sweeping (RTS) method was implemented and refined to enable quantification of these characteristics within a quality by design (QbD) approach. For method implementation, emulsion and ointment compositions were prepared within a design of experiments (DoE) and critical responses from RTS were extracted via principal component analysis (PCA) in a multivariate data analysis (MVA) approach. The span after 3 cycles of RTS on emulsions and a combination of 5 principal components (PCs) for ointments were selected as responses from PCA. The span correlates with the droplet size of selected emulsions followed during stability whereas the combination of the PCs for ointments enables a differentiation of the compositions. Identified critical material attributes (CMAs) are the emulsifier concentration of the emulsion and the liquid paraffin (LP) content of the ointments. In conclusion, RTS enables a rapid screening of liquid and semi-solid products in a quantitative manner for pharmaceutical development and formulation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lauterbach
- Pharmaceutical Development Reinbek, Almirall Hermal GmbH, Scholtzstraße 3, 21465 Reinbek, Germany.
| | - Katarina Ekelund
- Pharmaceutical Development Sant Feliu, Almirall, S.A., Laureà Miró 408-410, 08980 Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Miranda M, Cruz MT, Vitorino C, Cabral C. Nanostructuring lipid carriers using Ridolfia segetum (L.) Moris essential oil. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109804. [PMID: 31349527 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of essential oils is widely recognized since antiquity, due to their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties. In particular, their physicochemical characteristics, such as lipophilicity and permeation enhancement effect have sparked attention for the development of innovative lipid nanosystems. The present work aimed at developing a differentiated nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) based formulation for topical application, using the Ridolfia segetum essential oil (REO), isolated by hydrodistillation from this Portuguese aromatic plant, with a dual key function, as active and simultaneously nanostructuring component of the nanoparticles. The incorporation of the essential oil in the solid lipid matrix, followed by the respective hot high-pressure homogenization, led to particles with a size of 143 ± 5 nm, along with a polydispersity index of 0.21, a zeta potential of -16.3 ± 0.6 mV, encapsulation efficacy of ca. 100% and loading capacity of 1.4%. A comprehensive physicochemical characterization of the lipid nanosystem, including morphology, structural, thermal and accelerated stability analysis confirmed its nanostructured nature. REO-NLC was further jellified for designing an appropriate semisolid topical dosage form. In vitro release, permeation and skin retention studies evidenced a sustained release behaviour and a reservoir-like effect, suitable for a prolonged topical delivery. Cytotoxicity studies, performed in fibroblasts and keratinocytes, revealed the biocompatibility of the developed formulations. This work highlights the critical role of REO as a multiaddressable compound, both as active pharmaceutical ingredient and nanostructuring agent, able to tailor the permeation enhancement profile of nanoparticles towards topical delivery purposes and concomitantly presenting a safety profile for cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Miranda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 1st floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Vitorino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Faculty of Medicine, Pólo I, 1st floor, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Célia Cabral
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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31
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Bao Q, Burgess DJ. Perspectives on Physicochemical and In Vitro Profiling of Ophthalmic Ointments. Pharm Res 2018; 35:234. [PMID: 30324424 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ophthalmic ointments are unique in that they combine features of topical drug delivery, the ophthalmic route and ointment (semisolid) formulations. Accordingly, these complex formulations are challenging to develop and evaluate and therefore it is critically important to understand their physicochemical properties as well as their in vitro drug release characteristics. Previous reports on the characterization of ophthalmic ointments are very limited. Although there are FDA guidance documents and USP monographs covering some aspects of semisolid formulations, there are no FDA guidance documents nor any USP monographs for ophthalmic ointments. This review summarizes the physicochemical and in vitro profiling methods that have been previously reported for ophthalmic ointments. Specifically, insight is provided into physicochemical characterization (rheological parameters, drug content and content uniformity, and particle size of the API in the finished ointments) as well as important considerations (membranes, release media, method comparison, release kinetics and discriminatory ability) in in vitro release testing (IVRT) method development for ophthalmic ointments. Graphical Abstract Summary of the physicochemcial profiling and in vitro drug release testing (IVRT) for ophthalmic ointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA.
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32
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Influence of Manufacturing Process Variables on the Properties of Ophthalmic Ointments of Tobramycin. Pharm Res 2018; 35:179. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Bioequivalence of topical generic products. Part 2. Paving the way to a tailored regulatory system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 122:264-272. [PMID: 29981406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hitherto, for the approval of a topical generic drug product, the majority of the regulatory agencies require clinical endpoint studies to prove its therapeutic equivalence in relation to a reference product. Pharmacodynamic studies are also available to support bioequivalence, however, these are solely applicable for corticosteroids. The first strategy is considered the "gold standard", since it can be applied to all drug products. Nevertheless, the high variability intrinsic to topical drug delivery makes this analysis relatively insensitive, costly, time-consuming, besides requiring a large number of subjects. There are, however, alternative methods capable of providing a more rigorous analysis and requiring a lower cost. Amongst them, in vitro methods have sparked considerable attention, not only in the academic field, but also in the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. In this context, this review attempts to discuss the main regulatory constraints and the recent advances in the regulatory science of topical generic drugs bioequivalence assessment. Initiatives, such as the Strawman decision tree and the topical drug classification system are specially referred, since these highlight the importance of establishing a broader concept of pharmaceutical equivalence for topical generic drugs, similar to the one already set for orally administered conventional dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules. Finally, the FDA Product-Specific Guidances for Generic Drug Development released for topical products in recent years and particular European Public Assessment Reports are presented and discussed, to illustrate the change of paradigm which is occurring in this regulatory field.
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34
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Guo P, Li N, Fan L, Lu J, Liu B, Zhang B, Wu Y, Liu Z, Li J, Pi J, Qi D. Study of penetration mechanism of labrasol on rabbit cornea by Ussing chamber, RT-PCR assay, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:329-339. [PMID: 32104463 PMCID: PMC7032126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Labrasol, as a non-ionic surfactant, can enhance the permeation and absorption of drugs, and is extensively used in topical, transdermal, and oral pharmaceutical preparations as an emulsifier and absorption enhancer. Recent studies in our laboratory have indicated that labrasol has a strong absorption enhancing effect on different types of drugs in vitro and in vivo. This study was performed to further elucidate the action mechanism of labrasol on the corneal penetration. In this research, the fluorescein sodium, a marker of passive paracellular transport of tight junction, was selected as the model drug to assess the effect of labrasol on in vitro corneal permeability. To investigate the continuous and real-time influence of labrasol on the membrane permeability and integrity, the Ussing chamber system was applied to monitor the electrophysiological parameters. And, furthermore, we elucidated the effect of labrasol on excised cornea at the molecular level by application of RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. The results indicated that labrasol obviously enhance the transcorneal permeability of fluorescein sodium, and the enhancement was realized by interacting with and down-regulating the associated proteins, such as F-actin, claudin-1 and β-catenin, which were contributed to cell-cell connections, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Guo
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Nan Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Boying Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yumei Wu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jiaxin Pi
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Dongli Qi
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, The Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China.,Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 88 Yuquan Road, Tianjin 300193, China
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35
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Dong Y, Qu H, Pavurala N, Wang J, Sekar V, Martinez MN, Fahmy R, Ashraf M, Cruz CN, Xu X. Formulation characteristics and in vitro release testing of cyclosporine ophthalmic ointments. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:254-264. [PMID: 29684560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between formulation/process variables versus the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of cyclosporine ophthalmic ointments and to explore the feasibility of using an in vitro approach to assess product sameness. A definitive screening design (DSD) was used to evaluate the impact of formulation and process variables. The formulation variables included drug percentage, percentage of corn oil and lanolin alcohol. The process variables studied were mixing temperature, mixing time and the method of mixing. The quality and performance attributes examined included drug assay, content uniformity, image analysis, rheology (storage modulus, shear viscosity) and in vitro drug release. Of the formulation variables evaluated, the percentage of the drug substance and the percentage of corn oil in the matrix were the most influential factors with respect to in vitro drug release. Conversely, the process parameters tested were observed to have minimal impact. An evaluation of the release mechanism of cyclosporine from the ointment revealed an interplay between formulation (e.g. physicochemical properties of the drug and ointment matrix type) and the release medium. These data provide a scientific basis to guide method development for in vitro drug release testing of ointment dosage forms. These results demonstrate that the in vitro methods used in this investigation were fit-for-purpose for detecting formulation and process changes and therefore amenable to assessment of product sameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Dong
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Haiou Qu
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Naresh Pavurala
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jiang Wang
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Vasanthakumar Sekar
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Marilyn N Martinez
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Foods and Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Raafat Fahmy
- Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Office of Foods and Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Celia N Cruz
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Bao Q, Newman B, Wang Y, Choi S, Burgess DJ. In vitro and ex vivo correlation of drug release from ophthalmic ointments. J Control Release 2018. [PMID: 29518465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In vitro drug release testing and ex vivo transcorneal drug permeation can provide valuable information on the performance of the Q1/Q2 equivalent ointments prior to any animal studies. Good correlation between in vitro and ex vivo drug release may be indicative of good in vitro and in vivo correlation. Accordingly, it is important to investigate in vitro as well as ex vivo drug release from Q1/Q2 equivalent ophthalmic ointments and evaluate whether a correlation between these release profiles can be established. Four Q1/Q2 equivalent loteprednol etabonate ointments were prepared using different processing methods and excipient sources. The rheological parameters (crossover modulus and K value) of the four formulations were determined. The in vitro drug release testing of the four ointment formulations were performed using three different apparati (Franz diffusion cells, USP apparatus 2 with enhancer cells and USP apparatus 4 with semisolid adapters). Three models (zero order, logarithmic and the Higuchi model) were used to study the release kinetics of the ointment formulations. The transcorneal (rabbit corneas) permeation studies were performed using spherical joint Franz diffusion cells. The USP apparatus 4 method demonstrated better discriminatory ability compared to the USP apparatus 2 and the Franz diffusion cell methods. The in vitro release profiles of the four Q1/Q2 equivalent ointments with manufacturing differences showed a better fit using the Higuchi model (R2 > 0.98) for all three release testing methods, compared to the other two models. Ex vivo drug release through the rabbit corneas displayed zero order release kinetics. A logarithmic correlation between rheological parameters (crossover and K value) and transcorneal flux were established. In addition, a plot of the in vitro release rate against the ex vivo release flux of the four ointment formulations, yielded a straight line (R2 > 0.98) for all three release methods. Accordingly, the rheological parameters may be useful in predicting in vitro as well as ex vivo release properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Bao
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Bryan Newman
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Division of Therapeutic Performance, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Division of Therapeutic Performance, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Stephanie Choi
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Division of Therapeutic Performance, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Diane J Burgess
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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Bao Q, Jog R, Shen J, Newman B, Wang Y, Choi S, Burgess DJ. Physicochemical attributes and dissolution testing of ophthalmic ointments. Int J Pharm 2017; 523:310-319. [PMID: 28344172 PMCID: PMC6636623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of semisolid ophthalmic ointments is challenging due to their complex physicochemical properties and the unique anatomy of the human eye. Using Lotemax® as a model ophthalmic ointment, three different manufacturing processes and two excipient sources (Fisher® (OWP) and Fougera® (NWP)) were used to prepare loteprednol etabonate ointments that were qualitatively and quantitatively the same across the manufactured formulations. Physicochemical properties including drug content and uniformity, particle size and distribution, as well as rheological parameters (onset point, crossover modulus, storage modulus and Power law consistency index) were investigated. In addition, USP apparatus 2 with enhancer cells was utilized to study the in vitro drug release characteristics of the ophthalmic ointments. Both manufacturing processes and excipient sources had a significant influence on the physicochemical attributes and the in vitro drug release profiles of the prepared ointments. Ointments prepared via the hot melt processes exhibited higher rheological parameters and lower drug release rates compared to ointments prepared without hot melting. Ointments prepared with OWP demonstrated higher rheological parameters and lower in vitro drug release rates compared to ointments prepared with NWP. A strong correlation between the rheological parameters and in vitro drug release rate was shown using logarithmic linear regression. This correlation may be useful in predicting in vitro drug release from measured physicochemical properties, and identifying the critical quality attributes during the development of ointment formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Bao
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Rajan Jog
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Bryan Newman
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Division of Therapeutic Performance, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Division of Therapeutic Performance, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- FDA/CDER, Office of Generic Drugs, Office of Research and Standards, Division of Therapeutic Performance, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Diane J Burgess
- University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Destruel PL, Zeng N, Maury M, Mignet N, Boudy V. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of in situ gelling systems for sustained topical ophthalmic delivery: state of the art and beyond. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:638-651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The influence of cetomacrogol ointment processing on structure: A definitive screening design. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 99:279-284. [PMID: 28042102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Batch-to-batch variability is a challenge for the industrial scale production of ointments. Therefore the current investigation focussed on identifying and understanding critical process parameters (CPPs) for cetomacrogol ointment. This was evaluated using a definitive screening design (DSD) approach in which fourteen batches were produced under predefined and controlled conditions using the following variables: addition of SiO2 nanoparticles, mixing speed, cooling rate, heating temperature, container filling temperature and isothermal mixing at the filling temperature. Ointment structure was evaluated using a number of rheological parameters. One of these parameters, yield stress was found to be strongly influenced by filling temperature and mixing speed (p=0.0065 and p=0.0013 respectively). Both significantly affect ointment structure and they also have a significant interaction (p<0.05). Understanding the ointment production process can help in defining a processing window to produce ointment of constant quality.
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Farkouh A, Frigo P, Czejka M. Systemic side effects of eye drops: a pharmacokinetic perspective. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:2433-2441. [PMID: 27994437 PMCID: PMC5153265 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s118409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When administering eye drops, even when completely correctly applied, several routes of absorption are possible and excess amounts can sometimes cause an unwanted systemic bioavailability of the drops when not completely absorbed into the eye. Furthermore, the concentration of active ingredients in such medicinal preparations is usually very high, so that despite the correct application of the recommended dose, considerable amounts may be absorbed in an unwanted manner through various routes. Children are subject to a much higher risk of systemic side effects because ocular dosing is not weight adjusted and physiological development (eg, liver status) differs from that of adults. There is a lack of information about pediatric dosing in the current literature. This review summarizes the most important clinically relevant systemic side effects that may occur during ophthalmic eye treatments. In this review, we discuss general pharmacokinetic considerations as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and consequences of administering drugs from some important drug groups to the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Farkouh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna
| | - Peter Frigo
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Martin Czejka
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna; Austrian Society of Applied Pharmacokinetics, Vienna, Austria
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Mohapatra R, Mallick S, Nanda A, Sahoo RN, Pramanik A, Bose A, Das D, Pattnaik L. Analysis of steady state and non-steady state corneal permeation of diclofenac. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03604j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken for characterization of the steady state and non steady state corneal permeation kinetics of diclofenac potassium (DCP) using statistical moment theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaram Mohapatra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
| | - Subrata Mallick
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
| | - Ashirbad Nanda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
| | - Rudra N. Sahoo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
| | - Arunima Pramanik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
| | - Anindya Bose
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
| | - Debajyoti Das
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
| | - Lolly Pattnaik
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital
- Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University
- Bhubaneswar-751003
- India
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Competence of raloxifene hydrochloride loaded liquisolid compacts for improved dissolution and intestinal permeation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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