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Vu TT, Yadav S, Reddy OS, Jo SH, Joo SB, Kim BK, Park EJ, Park SH, Lim KT. Reduction-Responsive Chitosan-Based Injectable Hydrogels for Enhanced Anticancer Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:841. [PMID: 37375788 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective delivery of anticancer drug molecules to the tumor site enhances local drug dosages, which leads to the death of cancer cells while simultaneously minimizing the negative effects of chemotherapy on other tissues, thereby improving the patient's quality of life. To address this need, we developed reduction-responsive chitosan-based injectable hydrogels via the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between tetrazine groups of disulfide-based cross-linkers and norbornene groups of chitosan derivatives, which were applied to the controlled delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). The swelling ratio, gelation time (90-500 s), mechanical strength (G'~350-850 Pa), network morphology, and drug-loading efficiency (≥92%) of developed hydrogels were investigated. The in vitro release studies of the DOX-loaded hydrogels were performed at pH 7.4 and 5.0 with and without DTT (10 mM). The biocompatibility of pure hydrogel and the in vitro anticancer activity of DOX-loaded hydrogels were demonstrated via MTT assay on HEK-293 and HT-29 cancer cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Thang Vu
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonyabapu Yadav
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sung-Han Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Bin Joo
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Kook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Park
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Taek Lim
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Display Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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2
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Naeem A, Chengqun Y, Zhenzhong Z, Weifeng Z, Yongmei G. β-Cyclodextrin/chitosan-based (polyvinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid) interpenetrating hydrogels for oral drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:125149. [PMID: 37270135 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gallic acid is an important phenolic compound with extensive applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its health-promoting properties. However, due to its poor solubility and bioavailability, it is rapidly excreted from the body. Therefore, β-cyclodextrin/chitosan-based (polyvinyl alcohol-co-acrylic acid) interpenetrating controlled release hydrogels were developed to improve its dissolution and bioavailability. pH, polymer ratios, dynamic and equilibrium swelling, porosity, sol-gel, FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC, SEM and structural parameters like an average molecular weight between crosslinks, solvent interaction parameters, and diffusion coefficient affecting release behavior were investigated. The highest swelling and release were observed at pH 7.4. Furthermore, hydrogels showed good antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Hydrogels improved the bioavailability of gallic acid in a pharmacokinetics study in rabbits. In vitro biodegradation showed that hydrogels were more stable in blank PBS than lysozyme and collagenase. Hydrogels were safe for rabbits (3500 mg/kg) without causing hematological or histopathological changes. The hydrogels showed good biocompatibility, and no adverse reactions were observed. Moreover, the developed hydrogels can be used to improve the bioavailability of various other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Yu Chengqun
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Zang Zhenzhong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Zhu Weifeng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Guan Yongmei
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
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Ullah A, Lee GJ, Kim H, Kwon HT, In Lim S. Development and evaluation of bioinspired pH-responsive sericin-chitosan-based hydrogel for controlled colonic delivery of PETase: Harnessing PETase-triggered degradation of microplastics. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124698. [PMID: 37146860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The gravity of threats posed by microplastic pollution to the environment cannot be overestimated. Being ubiquitous in the living environment, microplastics reach humans through the food chain causing various hazardous effects. Microplastics can be effectively degraded by PETase enzymes. The current study reports, for the first time, a hydrogel-encapsulated, bioinspired colonic delivery of PETase. A free radical polymerization-assisted hydrogel system was synthesized from sericin, chitosan, and acrylic acid using N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The hydrogel was characterized with FTIR, PXRD, SEM, and thermal analysis to confirm the development of a stabilized hydrogel system. The hydrogel showed 61 % encapsulation efficiency, maximum swelling, and cumulative PETase release (96 %) at pH 7.4. The mechanism of PETase release exhibited the Higuchi pattern of release with an anomalous transport mechanism. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the preservation of the post-release structural integrity of PETase. The released PETase exhibited concentration- and time-dependent degradation of polyethylene terephthalate in vitro. The developed hydrogel system exhibited the intended features of a stimulus-sensitive carrier system that can be efficiently used for the colonic delivery of PETase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gyu-Jin Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Taek Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung In Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Marine BioResource Co., Ltd., 365, Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48548, Republic of Korea.
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4
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High-internal-phase emulsions stabilized solely by chitosan hydrochloride: Fabrication and effect of pH on stabilization mechanism. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Li X, Xiong Y. Application of "Click" Chemistry in Biomedical Hydrogels. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36918-36928. [PMID: 36312409 PMCID: PMC9608400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since "click" chemistry was first reported in 2001, it has remained a popular research topic in the field of chemistry due to its high yield without byproducts, fast reaction rate, simple reaction, and biocompatibility. It has achieved good applications in various fields, especially for the preparation of hydrogels. The development of biomedicine presents new challenges and opportunities for hydrogels, and "click" chemistry provides a library of chemical tools for the preparation of various innovative hydrogels, including cell culture, 3D bioprinting, and drug release. This article summarizes several common "click" reactions, including copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions, strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) reaction, thiol-ene reaction, the Diels-Alder reaction, and the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction. We introduce the "click" reaction in the nucleic acid field to expand the concept of "click" chemistry. This article focuses on the application of "click" chemistry for preparing various types of biomedical hydrogels and highlights the advantages of "click" reactions for cross-linking to obtain hydrogels. This review also discusses applications of "click" chemistry outside the field of hydrogels, such as drug synthesis, targeted delivery, and surface modification, hydrogels have great application potential in these fields in the future and hopefully inspire other applications of hydrogels.
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Development, characterization and In-vitro evaluation of guar gum based new polymeric matrices for controlled delivery using metformin HCl as model drug. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271623. [PMID: 35901085 PMCID: PMC9333214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, hydrogels are considered as ideal biomaterials due to their unique structure and characteristics that facilitates considerable hydrophilicity, swelling, drug loading and release. In this study, we report pH-responsive GG-MAA-AMPS hydrogel delivery system prepared via free radical polymerization technique. Hydrogels were loaded with Metformin HCl as a model drug. Hydrogels were characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR confirmed the successful crosslinking of reactants, hydrogel network formation and drug loading. TGA and DSC proved the higher thermal stability of reactants after crosslinking and drug loading. XRD analysis showed decrease in crystallinity of drug after loading into the hydrogels. SEM revealed smooth and glassy appearance of both loaded and unloaded hydrogels. Gel content was increased with increase in concentration of reactants. Drug entrapment was decreased by increasing concentration of GG and AMPS while MAA acted inversely. Hydrogels displayed pH-dependent swelling and drug release behavior being high at pH 6.8 and 7.4 while low at acidic pH (1.2). Oral tolerability in rabbits showed that hydrogels were safe without causing any hematological or histopathological changes in healthy rabbits. Based on the obtained results, GG-MAA-AMPS can be considered as potential carrier for metformin HCl as well as other hydrophilic drugs.
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Khan S, Minhas MU, Akhtar N, Thakur RRS. Sodium alginate/N-(Vinylcaprolactam) based supramolecular self-assembled subcutaneously administered in situ formed gels depot of 5-fluorouracil: Rheological analysis, in vitro cytotoxic potential, in vivo bioavailability and safety evaluation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 211:425-440. [PMID: 35577197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In current study, novel in situ formed injectable self-assembled thermoreversible depot gels based on N-(Vinylcaprolactam) were synthesized with a carbohydrate polymer i.e. sodium alginate in aqueous solution using cold method. The prepared gels preparations were intended to be utilized as 5-FU delivery depot after injectable administration through subcutaneous route. The structural characterization of self-assembled gels samples were studied through FTIR. The thermal properties of newly formed gels complexes were investigated by DSC and TGA. While the morphology of gels were assessed through SEM. The tunable gelation temperatures and phase transition of optimized formulations were confirmed by tube inverting, rheology determination and optical transmittance test. Thermo and pH response was evaluated at different temperatures and in various acidic and basic buffer solutions. In vitro release experiments were conducted using Franz diffusion system to monitor the controlled delivery fashion of gels matrices. Results concluded that depot gels exhibit controlled delivery fashion with maximum release at pH 7.4 and 37 ± 2 °C. The biocompatible nature of blank gels samples was assessed by MTT assay against Vero cell lines and was found safe. While killing ability of 5-FU encapsulated gels was evaluated against HeLa (19 ± 0.22 μg/ml; 23 ± 0.55 μg/ml) and MCF-7 (21 ± 0.06 μg/ml and 22 ± 0.34 μg/ml) cancer cell lines and were found effective to kill cancer cells. Histopathological study showed that gels depot is safe with no harmful effects on major organs. The in vivo bioavailability in rabbits showed controlled release (Cmax, 4465.78 ± 1.99 ng/ml) in comparison to free drug (Cmax, 4883.73 ± 3.32 ng/ml) administration after subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiullah Khan
- Margalla College of Pharmacy, Margalla Institute of Health Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | | | - Naveed Akhtar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
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Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable κ-Carrageenan Based Anti-Bacterial Film Functionalized with Wells-Dawson Polyoxometalate. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040586. [PMID: 35206062 PMCID: PMC8871218 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, an anti-bacterial film (Carr/POM film) was prepared through the incorporation of Wells-Dawson polyoxometalate K6[Mo18O62P2] into κ-carrageenan-based polymers using the tape-casting method. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphology of the prepared film were characterized. The obtained results showed that incorporation of K6[Mo18O62P2] significantly affected the morphology and structure of the films. Moreover, the polyoxometalate-based film demonstrated desirable bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). Carr/POM (@8 mg/mL) film resulted in an obvious inhibition zone around the film in Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, which could also remove 99% of S. aureus and E. coli on plastic, glass, and stainless steel. In addition, this anti-bacterial film also demonstrated good biodegradability, which could be decomposed in soil in around 1 week. In conclusion, the polyoxometalate-based film showed good anti-bacterial property against food-borne pathogenic microbes, suggesting the prepared film has great potential to be developed as promising food packaging.
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9
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Ullah A, Lim SI. Bioinspired tunable hydrogels: An update on methods of preparation, classification, and biomedical and therapeutic applications. Int J Pharm 2022; 612:121368. [PMID: 34896566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels exhibit water-insoluble three-dimensional polymeric networks capable of absorbing large amounts of biological fluids. Both natural and synthetic polymers are used for the preparation of hydrogel networks. Such polymeric networks are fabricated through chemical or physical mechanisms of crosslinking. Chemical crosslinking is accomplished mainly through covalent bonding, while physical crosslinking involves self-healing secondary forces like H-bonding, host-guest interactions, and antigen-antibody interactions. The building blocks of the hydrogels play an important role in determining the mechanical, biological, and physicochemical properties. Hydrogels are used in a variety of biomedical applications like diagnostics (biodetection and bioimaging), delivery of therapeutics (drugs, immunotherapeutics, and vaccines), wound dressing and skin materials, cardiac complications, contact lenses, tissue engineering, and cell culture because of the inherent characteristics like enhanced water uptake and structural similarity with the extracellular matrix (ECM). This review highlights the recent trends and advances in the roles of hydrogels in biomedical and therapeutic applications. We also discuss the classification and methods of hydrogels preparation. A brief outlook on the future directions of hydrogels is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea; Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Alizadeh M, Yadollahi B. Niobium polyoxometalate–folic acid conjugate as a hybrid drug for cancer therapeutics. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, covalently bonded folic acid to niobium substituted Wells-Dawson polyoxometalate, (Bu4N)5H4[P2W15Nb3O62]-folic acid, has been synthesized and characterized. Afterward, the bioactivity behavior of this hybrid compound against cervical (HeLa)...
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11
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Cao Z, Yang W, Min X, Liu J, Cao X. Recent advances in synthesis and anti-tumor effect of organism-modified polyoxometalates inorganic organic hybrids. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Guedes G, Wang S, Fontana F, Figueiredo P, Lindén J, Correia A, Pinto RJB, Hietala S, Sousa FL, Santos HA. Dual-Crosslinked Dynamic Hydrogel Incorporating {Mo 154 } with pH and NIR Responsiveness for Chemo-Photothermal Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007761. [PMID: 34382257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates are an emerging class of molecular clusters, with well-defined structures and chemical compositions that are produced through simple, low-cost, and highly reproducible methods. In particular, the wheel-shaped cluster {Mo154 } is a promising photothermal agent due to its intervalence charge transfer transitions. However, its toxicity hinders its systemic administration, being the development of a localized delivery system still incipient. Herein, an injectable and self-healing hydrogel of easy preparation and administration is developed, incorporating both {Mo154 } and doxorubicin for synergistic photothermal and chemotherapy applications. The hydrogel is composed of benzylaldehyde functionalized polyethylene glycol, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) functionalized chitosan and {Mo154 }. The gelation occurs within 60 s at room temperature, and the dual crosslinking by Schiff base and electrostatic interactions generates a dynamic network, which enables self-healing after injection. Moreover, the hydrogel delivers chemotherapeutic drugs, with a release triggered by dual near infra-red (NIR) radiation and pH changes. This stimuli-responsive release system along with the photothermal conversion ability of the hydrogel allows the simultaneous combination of photothermal and chemotherapy. This synergic system efficiently ablates the cancer tumor in vivo with no systemic toxicity. Overall, this work paves the way for the development of novel {Mo154 }-based systems, incorporated in self-healing and injectable hydrogels for dual chemo-photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guedes
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Flavia Fontana
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Patrícia Figueiredo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jere Lindén
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology (FCLAP)/HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ricardo J B Pinto
- Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Filipa L Sousa
- Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Hélder A Santos
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
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Cavallaro G, Micciulla S, Chiappisi L, Lazzara G. Chitosan-based smart hybrid materials: a physico-chemical perspective. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:594-611. [PMID: 33305783 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most studied cationic polysaccharides. Due to its unique characteristics of being water soluble, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic, this macromolecule is highly attractive for a broad range of applications. In addition, its complex behavior and the number of ways it interacts with different components in a system result in an astonishing variety of chitosan-based materials. Herein, we present recent advances in the field of chitosan-based materials from a physico-chemical perspective, with focus on aqueous mixtures with oppositely charged colloids, chitosan-based thin films, and nanocomposite systems. In this review, we focus our attention on the physico-chemical properties of chitosan-based materials, including solubility, mechanical resistance, barrier properties, and thermal behaviour, and provide a link to the chemical peculiarities of chitosan, such as its intrinsic low solubility, high rigidity, large charge separation, and strong tendency to form intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze pad 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Synthesis, Characterization and Safety Evaluation of Sericin-Based Hydrogels for Controlled Delivery of Acyclovir. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030234. [PMID: 33800248 PMCID: PMC8000570 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional formulations of antiviral drug acyclovir have various limitations such as low bioavailability. The current study was aimed at developing polymeric matrices for the controlled delivery of acyclovir using sericin as polymer and acrylic acid (AA) as a monomer. The free radical polymerization technique was used for hydrogel formulation. Briefly, sericin was chemically cross-linked with acrylic acid. N′-N′-methylene bis-acrylamide (MBA) and ammonium persulfate (APS) were used as cross-linker and initiator, respectively. FTIR spectra showed that acyclovir was successfully loaded into sericin hydrogel. SEM micrographs revealed that the outer surface was solid-like and smooth. According to DSC thermograms, the developed polymeric network was thermally stable. Amorphous nature of acyclovir was observed in XRD. The pH of medium and reactants’ concentration affected swelling dynamics and acyclovir release pattern. In addition, drug release occurred through a diffusion-controlled process. Sericin hydrogel suspension was well tolerable up to 3800 mg/kg of rabbits’ body weight. Haematology and serum chemistry results were well within the range signifying normal liver and kidney functions. Similarly, histopathology slides of the rabbit’s vital organs were also in normal condition without causing any histopathological change. It was concluded from the findings that sericin-co-AA polymeric matrices are ideal for the pH-dependent delivery of acyclovir.
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Gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose based stimuli-responsive hydrogels for controlled delivery of 5-fluorouracil, development, in vitro characterization, in vivo safety and bioavailability evaluation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 257:117617. [PMID: 33541645 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Current work focuses on the synthesis and characterization of novel pH-sensitive biocompatible gelatin/carboxymethyl cellulose based hydrogels by free radical polymerization technique cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. Effect of pH, polymer ratio and variable crosslinking concentrations on dynamic swelling, equilibrium swelling, porosity, sol-gel analysis and in vitro release pattern was investigated. Hydrogel structure was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, and DSC. Moreover scanning electron microscopy confirmed the porous structure of gel network. Various structure property relationships like average molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc), solvent interaction parameters, volume fraction of polymer (V2,s) and diffusion coefficient (D) that affect the release behaviour were determined. Results showed that maximum swelling and highest release of drug occurred at pH 1.2. Porosity and gel fraction increased by increasing polymer load. The invivo absorption and pharmacokinetics evaluation in rabbit's models revealed the controlled nature of hydrogels. MTT assay confirmed the biocompatible nature of blank hydrogels against Vero cell lines and cytotoxic potential against HeLa cell lines. The preliminary safety evaluation and oral tolerability revealed that the hydrogel solution is safe up to 4000 mg/kg body weight without causing any hematological or histopathological changes in rabbits.
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Solomevich SO, Dmitruk EI, Bychkovsky PM, Salamevich DA, Kuchuk SV, Yurkshtovich TL. Biodegradable polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and partially crosslinked dextran phosphate with potential for biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:500-512. [PMID: 33385446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are spontaneously formed by mixing oppositely charged polyelectrolyte solutions without the use of organic solvents and chemical crosslinkers are great candidate carriers for drug delivery. Herein, biodegradable antimicrobial polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan - dextran phosphate (DPCS) containing cefazolin were developed and characterized in order to assess their suitability for biomedical applications. For this purpose, the simultaneous partial crosslinking and functionalization of dextran with phosphoric acid in a urea melt under reduced pressure were studied. The functional group content and molecular weight of dextran phosphate were varied in order to establish their influence on gel fraction yield, thermal properties and morphologies of the hydrogels. The stoichiometric PECs of DPCS showed good in vitro biocompatibility, pH sensitivity and biodegradability depending on the hydrogel composition. The release of drug from cefazolin-loaded DPCS hydrogels was through non-Fickian diffusion and displayed long sustained-release time. The drug-loaded hydrogels showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The tunable degradation behavior under physiological conditions in combination with biocompatibility of the pristine DPCS and high antibacterial efficacy drug-loaded hydrogels may render the presented materials interesting for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey O Solomevich
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220030, Belarus.
| | - Egor I Dmitruk
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220030, Belarus; Educational-scientific-production Republican Unitary Enterprise "UNITEHPROM BSU", 1 Kurchatova, Minsk 220045, Belarus
| | - Pavel M Bychkovsky
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220030, Belarus; Educational-scientific-production Republican Unitary Enterprise "UNITEHPROM BSU", 1 Kurchatova, Minsk 220045, Belarus
| | - Daria A Salamevich
- Belarusian State Medical University, 83, Dzerzhinsky Avenue, Minsk 220116, Belarus
| | - Sviatlana V Kuchuk
- Belarusian State Medical University, 83, Dzerzhinsky Avenue, Minsk 220116, Belarus
| | - Tatiana L Yurkshtovich
- Research Institute for Physical Chemical Problems of the Belarusian State University, 14 Leningradskaya Street, Minsk 220030, Belarus
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17
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Sabourian P, Tavakolian M, Yazdani H, Frounchi M, van de Ven TG, Maysinger D, Kakkar A. Stimuli-responsive chitosan as an advantageous platform for efficient delivery of bioactive agents. J Control Release 2020; 317:216-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Pectin-based (LA-co-MAA) semi-IPNS as a potential biomaterial for colonic delivery of oxaliplatin. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118557. [PMID: 31377405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the fabrication of chemically crosslinked pectin-based LA-co-MAA hydrogels through free radical polymerization technique for the colonic delivery of oxaliplatin. Methylene bisacrylamide was used as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The successful fabrication and drug loading were confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal investigations through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) suggested the higher thermal stability of the unloaded and OXP-loaded formulations as compared to the raw materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a decrease in crystallinity after crosslinking. The swelling, drug loading, and drug release were increased with an increase in the concentration of pectin and lactic acid (LA) while methacrylic acid (MAA) displayed an inverse behavior. The in-vitro biodegradability was evaluated against lysozyme and collagenase. The results showed that the hydrogels were stable against blank PBS as compared to lysozyme and collagenase. MTT-assay proved that the blank hydrogels were cytocompatible while free OXP and OXP-loaded hydrogels displayed dose-dependent effect against Vero, MCF-7, and HCT-116 cell lines. The oral tolerability study in rabbits confirmed that the hydrogel dispersion was well-tolerable up to 3650 mg/kg of body weight without causing any histopathological or hematological changes when compared with the control group.
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19
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Chitosan nanogels as nanocarriers of polyoxometalates for breast cancer therapies. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 213:159-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Stuckart M, Monakhov KY. Polyoxometalates as components of supramolecular assemblies. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4364-4376. [PMID: 31057763 PMCID: PMC6482875 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00979e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-covalent interaction of polyoxometalates (POMs) with inorganic- or organic-based moieties affords hybrid assemblies with specific physicochemical properties that are of high interest for both fundamental and applied studies, including the discovery of conceptually new compounds and unveiling the impact of their intra-supramolecular relationships on the fields of catalysis, molecular electronics, energy storage and medicine. This minireview summarises the recent advances in the synthetic strategies towards the formation of such non-covalent POM-loaded assemblies, shedding light on their key properties and the currently investigated applications. Four main emerging categories according to the nature of the conjugate are described: (i) POMs in metal-organic frameworks, (ii) POMs merged with cationic metal complexes, (iii) architectures generated with solely POM units and (iv) POMs assembled with organic molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stuckart
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany.,Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT) , Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-6) , Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße , 52425 Jülich , Germany
| | - Kirill Yu Monakhov
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM) , Permoserstr. 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany .
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21
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Bijelic A, Aureliano M, Rompel A. Polyoxometalates as Potential Next-Generation Metallodrugs in the Combat Against Cancer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2980-2999. [PMID: 29893459 PMCID: PMC6391951 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) are an emerging class of inorganic metal oxides, which over the last decades demonstrated promising biological activities by the virtue of their great diversity in structures and properties. They possess high potential for the inhibition of various tumor types; however, their unspecific interactions with biomolecules and toxicity impede their clinical usage. The current focus of the field of biologically active POMs lies on organically functionalized and POM-based nanocomposite structures as these hybrids show enhanced anticancer activity and significantly reduced toxicity towards normal cells in comparison to unmodified POMs. Although the antitumor activity of POMs is well documented, their mechanisms of action are still not well understood. In this Review, an overview is given of the cytotoxic effects of POMs with a special focus on POM-based hybrid and nanocomposite structures. Furthermore, we aim to provide proposed mode of actions and to identify molecular targets. POMs are expected to develop into the next generation of anticancer drugs that selectively target cancer cells while sparing healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Manuel Aureliano
- Universidade do AlgarveFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), CCMar8005-139FaroPortugal
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
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Ullah K, Ali Khan S, Murtaza G, Sohail M, Manan A, Afzal A. Gelatin-based hydrogels as potential biomaterials for colonic delivery of oxaliplatin. Int J Pharm 2018; 556:236-245. [PMID: 30553956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In present investigation, gelatin-based (AA-co-AMPS) hydrogels were prepared using N, N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross-linker and ammonium per sulfate (APS) as an initiator. The successful crosslinking and network formation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigations proved the higher thermal stability and successful entrapment of oxaliplatin (OXP) in the polymeric network. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the loss in crystallinity of the drug after loading in the hydrogel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the porous surface of the hydrogel. The newly formed hydrogels were responsive to change in pH. The swelling, drug loading and drug release was increased with increase in concentration of acrylic acid (AA) while gelatin and 2-acrylamido 2-methylpronesulfonic acid (AMPS) were found to act inversely. The in-vitro enzymatic degradation study showed that the blank hydrogels were more stable against the blank PBS than the collagenase and lysozyme. MTT-assay proved that the blank hydrogels were cyto-compatible while free OXP as well as OXP-loaded hydrogels showed dose dependent controlled cytotoxicity against Vero, MCF-7 and HCT-116 cell lines. The preliminary safety evaluation and oral tolerability showed that the hydrogel suspension was biocompatible and well tolerable upto 4000 mg/kg of body weight without causing any hematological or histopathological changes in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Manan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus 22060, Pakistan
| | - Attia Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Pakistan; International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Xie Y, Liao X, Zhang J, Yang F, Fan Z. Novel chitosan hydrogels reinforced by silver nanoparticles with ultrahigh mechanical and high antibacterial properties for accelerating wound healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:402-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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24
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Ullah K, Sohail M, Murtaza G, Khan SA. Natural and synthetic materials based CMCh/PVA hydrogels for oxaliplatin delivery: Fabrication, characterization, In-Vitro and In-Vivo safety profiling. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 122:538-548. [PMID: 30389527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the chemically crosslinked hydrogels of carboxymethyl chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol were fabricated by the free radical polymerization. Successful polymerization was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetric measurements helped in investigating crystallinity and thermal behavior of the products. Morphological characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy. The increased incorporation of carboxymethyl chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol enhanced the swelling, drug loading, and in-vitro drug release while crosslinking agent acted inversely. The blanked hydrogels were cytocompatible while oxaliplatin loaded hydrogels showed dose-dependent controlled cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7. Oral biocompatibility in albino rabbits showed that the hydrogel suspension was tolerable up to 3600 mg/kg as no toxic or histopathological changes were observed upon comparison with the control group. Results of the studies confirmed that the developed hydrogels can be a potential candidate for controlled oxaliplatin delivery and targeting in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, (Lahore campus), Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan.
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25
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Ullah K, Sohail M, Mannan A, Rashid H, Shah A, Murtaza G, Khan SA. Facile Synthesis of Chitosan Based-(AMPS-co-AA) Semi-IPNs as a Potential Drug Carrier: Enzymatic Degradation, Cytotoxicity, and Preliminary Safety Evaluation. Curr Drug Deliv 2018; 16:242-253. [PMID: 30360742 DOI: 10.2174/1567201815666181024152101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study describes the development of chitosan-based (AMPS-co-AA) semi-IPN hydrogels using free radical polymerization technique. METHODS The resulting hydrogels were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The successful crosslinking of chitosan, 2- Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid (AMPS), and Acrylic Acid (AA) was confirmed by FT IR. Unloaded and drug-loaded hydrogels exhibited higher thermal stability after crosslinking compared to the individual components. XRD confirmed the decrease in crystallinity after hydrogel formation and molecular dispersion of Oxaliplatin (OXP) in the polymeric network. SEM showed rough, vague and nebulous surface resulting from crosslinking and loading of OXP. RESULTS The experimental results revealed that swelling and drug release were influenced by the pH of the medium being low at acidic pH and higher at basic pH. Increasing the concentration of chitosan and AA enhanced the swelling, drug loading and drug release while AMPS was found to act inversely. CONCLUSION It was confirmed that the hydrogels were degraded more by specific enzyme lysozyme as compared to the non-specific enzyme collagenase. In-vitro cytotoxicity suggested that the unloaded hydrogels were non-cytotoxic while crude drug and drug-loaded hydrogel exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against HCT-116 and MCF-7. Results of acute oral toxicity on rabbits demonstrated that the hydrogels are non-toxic up to 3900 mg/kg after oral administration, as no toxicity or histopathological changes were observed in comparison to control rabbits. These pH-sensitive hydrogels appear to provide an ideal basis as a safe carrier for oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleem Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan
| | - Abdul Mannan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Institut für Chemie/ Physikalische Chemie der Polymere, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, Martin-Luther-Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Aamna Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad (Lahore campus), Pakistan
| | - Shujaat Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad (Abbottabad campus 22060), Pakistan
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26
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Bijelic A, Aureliano M, Rompel A. Im Kampf gegen Krebs: Polyoxometallate als nächste Generation metallhaltiger Medikamente. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Manuel Aureliano
- Universidade do AlgarveFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), CCMar 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
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