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Ueda K, Moseson DE, Taylor LS. Amorphous Solubility Advantage: Theoretical Considerations, Experimental Methods, and Contemporary Relevance. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00399-X. [PMID: 39222748 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, Hancock and Parks asked a provocative question: "what is the true solubility advantage for amorphous pharmaceuticals?" Difficulties in determining the amorphous solubility have since been overcome due to significant advances in theoretical understanding and experimental methods. The amorphous solubility is now understood to be the concentration after the drug undergoes liquid-liquid or liquid-glass phase separation, forming a water-saturated drug-rich phase in metastable equilibrium with an aqueous phase containing molecularly dissolved drug. While crystalline solubility is an essential parameter impacting the absorption of crystalline drug formulations, amorphous solubility is a vital factor for considering absorption from supersaturating formulations. However, the amorphous solubility of drugs is complex, especially in the presence of formulation additives and gastrointestinal components, and concentration-based measurements may not indicate the maximum drug thermodynamic activity. This review discusses the concept of the amorphous solubility advantage, including a historical perspective, theoretical considerations, experimental methods for amorphous solubility measurement, and the contribution of supersaturation and amorphous solubility to drug absorption. Leveraging amorphous solubility and understanding the associated physicochemical principles can lead to more effective development strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs, ultimately benefiting therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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Ueda K, Takemoto S, Higashi K, Moribe K. Impact of Colloidal Drug-Rich Droplet Size and Amorphous Solubility on Drug Membrane Permeability: A Comprehensive Analysis. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00238-7. [PMID: 38942292 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of amorphous solubility and colloidal drug-rich droplets on drug absorption. The amorphous solubility of cilnidipine (CND) in AS-HF grade of hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) solution was significantly reduced compared to that in non-polymer solution due to AS-HF partitioning into the CND-rich phase. In contrast, AS-LF grade of HPMC-AS has minimal effect on the amorphous solubility. The size of colloidal CND-rich droplets formed in the CND-supersaturated solution was less than 100 nm in the presence of AS-HF, while 200-450 nm in the presence of AS-LF. When the CND concentrations were near the amorphous solubility, CND membrane flux was reduced in the presence of AS-HF due to the decrease in the amorphous solubility of CND. However, the CND flux increased with the increase in CND-rich droplets, especially in the AS-HF solution. The size reduction of the CND-rich droplets led to their effective diffusion into the unstirred water layer, enhancing CND flux. In higher CND concentration regions, the CND flux became higher in the AS-HF solution than in the AS-LF solution. Thus, it is essential to elucidate the drug concentration-dependent impact of the colloidal drug-rich droplets on the drug absorption performance to optimize supersaturating formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
| | - Shiryu Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Kokott M, Breitkreutz J, Wiedey R. The interplay of poorly soluble drugs in dissolution from amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm X 2024; 7:100243. [PMID: 38585343 PMCID: PMC10997824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2024.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the application of fixed dose combinations of antiretroviral drugs in HIV therapy has been established. Despite numerous therapeutic benefits, this approach poses several challenges for the formulation development especially when poorly soluble drugs are considered. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) thereby have gained considerable interest in the pharmaceutical field, however, mainly including binary systems containing only one drug and a polymer. The co-formulation of two amorphous drugs can be accompanied by an immense increase in the complexity of the system as exemplarily reported for ritonavir and lopinavir embedded in a composite polymer matrix of PVPVA. The present study aims to present a new formulation approach to overcome the well-documented interaction during dissolution. Two different polymers, PVPVA and HPMCAS were used to produce ASDs for both drugs individually via hot-melt extrusion. The embedding of lopinavir in the slower dissolving polymer HPMCAS, while using PVPVA for ritonavir was found to significantly improve the overall dissolution performance compared to the individual use of PVPVA as well as to the commercial product Kaletra®. In addition, the use of different grades of HPMCAS demonstrated the possibility to further modify the dissolution profile. For a preliminary biorelevant assessment, the selected formulations were tested in a biphasic dissolution setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Kokott
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Raphael Wiedey
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf Universitaetsstr. 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
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Handa U, Malik A, Guarve K, Rani N, Sharma P. Supersaturation Behavior: Investigation of Polymers Impact on Nucleation Kinetic Profile for Rationalizing the Polymeric Precipitation Inhibitors. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1422-1432. [PMID: 37907490 DOI: 10.2174/0115672018261505231018100329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nucleation kinetic data is quite important for the concept of supersaturation behavior, its part in rationalizing the crystallization inhibitor has not been well understood. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the nucleation kinetic profile of Dextromethorphan HBr (as an ideal drug, BCS-II) by measuring liquid-liquid phase segregation, nucleation induction time, and Metastable Zone width. METHODS Surfeit action was examined by a superfluity assay of the drug. The concentration was scrutinized by light scattering techniques (UV spectrum (novel method) and Fluorometer (CL 53)). RESULTS The drug induction time was 20 min without polymer and 90 and 110 min with polymers, such as HPMC K15M and Xanthan Gum, respectively. Therefore, the order of the polymer's ability to inhibit nucleation was Xanthan Gum > HPMC K15M in the medium (7.4 pH). Similarly, the drug induction time was 30 min without polymer and 20, 110, and 90 min with polymers, such as Sodium CMC, HPMC K15M, and Xanthan Gum, respectively. Therefore, the order of the polymer's ability to inhibit nucleation was HPMC K15M > Xanthan Gum > Sodium CMC in SIFsp (6.8 pH), which synchronizes the polymer's potentiality to interdict the drug precipitation. CONCLUSION The HPMC K15M and xanthan Gum showed the best crystallization inhibitor effect for the maintenance of superfluity conditions till the drug absorption time. The xanthan gum is based on the "glider" concept, and this shows the novelty of this preliminary research. The screening methodology used for rationalizing the best polymers used in the superfluity formulations development successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uditi Handa
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, MM (DU), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Anuj Malik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, MM (DU), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Kumar Guarve
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India
| | - Nidhi Rani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Prerna Sharma
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India
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Budiman A, Handini AL, Muslimah MN, Nurani NV, Laelasari E, Kurniawansyah IS, Aulifa DL. Amorphous Solid Dispersion as Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cancer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3380. [PMID: 37631436 PMCID: PMC10457821 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment has improved over the past decades, but a major challenge lies in drug formulation, specifically for oral administration. Most anticancer drugs have poor water solubility which can affect their bioavailability. This causes suboptimal pharmacokinetic performance, resulting in limited efficacy and safety when administered orally. As a result, it is essential to develop a strategy to modify the solubility of anticancer drugs in oral formulations to improve their efficacy and safety. A promising approach that can be implemented is amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) which can enhance the aqueous solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The addition of a polymer can cause stability in the formulations and maintain a high supersaturation in bulk medium. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize and elucidate the mechanisms and impact of an amorphous solid dispersion system on cancer therapy. To gather relevant information, a comprehensive search was conducted using keywords such as "anticancer drug" and "amorphous solid dispersion" in the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The review provides an overview and discussion of the issues related to the ASD system used to improve the bioavailability of anticancer drugs based on molecular pharmaceutics. A thorough understanding of anticancer drugs in this system at a molecular level is imperative for the rational design of the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Budiman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Annisa Luthfiyah Handini
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Mutia Nur Muslimah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Neng Vera Nurani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Eli Laelasari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Insan Sunan Kurniawansyah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia; (A.L.H.); (M.N.M.); (N.V.N.); (E.L.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Diah Lia Aulifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Bandung 45363, Indonesia;
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K. Quantitative Analysis of Drug Supersaturation Region by Temperature-Variable Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements, Part 1: Effects of Polymer and Drug Chiralities. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1861-1871. [PMID: 36939575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of the polymer-additive and drug chiralities on the ketoprofen (KTP) supersaturation region using temperature-variable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Quantitative NMR analysis revealed that the racemic KTP and corresponding S-enantiomer (rac- and s-KTP) exhibited similar amorphous solubilities in a buffer, while the crystalline solubility of s-KTP was higher than that of rac-KTP. Therefore, rac-KTP exhibited a larger supersaturation region than s-KTP. In contrast, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) reduced the amorphous solubility of both rac- and s-KTP, whereas the crystalline solubility of KTP remained unchanged. Partitioning PVP into the KTP-rich phase reduced the chemical potential of KTP in the KTP-rich phase and the amorphous solubility of KTP. At higher temperatures, the distribution of PVP into the KTP-rich phase became more significant, which considerably reduced the amorphous solubility. Because the upper limit of the KTP supersaturation decreased, PVP narrowed the KTP supersaturation region. The maximum KTP supersaturation ratio decreased with increasing temperature, and the supersaturated dissolvable area of KTP finally disappeared. The maximum temperature at which KTP can form the supersaturation was lowered by replacing rac- with s-KTP and the addition of PVP. The maximum supersaturation temperature was dominated by the melting behavior of crystalline KTP in an aqueous solution. The present study highlighted that a quantitative understanding of the supersaturation region is essential to determine whether supersaturated formulations are beneficial for improving the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Supersaturation and phase behavior during dissolution of amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122524. [PMID: 36549404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a promising strategy to enhance solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Due to higher free energy of ASD, supersaturated drug solution could be generated during dissolution. When amorphous solubility of a drug is exceeded, drug-rich nanodroplets could form and act as a reservoir to maintain the maximum free drug concentration in solution, facilitating the absorption of the drug in vivo. Dissolution behavior of ASD has received increasing interests. This review will focus on the recent advances in ASD dissolution, including the generation and maintenance of supersaturated drug solution in absence or presence of liquid-liquid phase separation. Mechanism of drug release from ASD including polymer-controlled dissolution and drug-controlled dissolution will be introduced. Formation of amorphous drug-rich nanodroplets during dissolution and the underlying mechanism will be discussed. Phase separation morphology of hydrated ASD plays a critical role in dissolution behavior of ASD, which will be highlighted. Supersaturated drug solution shows poor physical stability and tends to crystallize. The effect of polymer and surfactant on supersaturated drug solution will be demonstrated and some unexpected results will be shown. Physicochemical properties of drug and polymer could impact ASD dissolution and some of them even show opposite effect on dissolution and physical stability of ASD in solid state, respectively. This review will contribute to a better understanding of ASD dissolution and facilitate a rational design of ASD formulation.
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Pöstges F, Kayser K, Appelhaus J, Monschke M, Gütschow M, Steinebach C, Wagner KG. Solubility Enhanced Formulation Approaches to Overcome Oral Delivery Obstacles of PROTACs. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010156. [PMID: 36678785 PMCID: PMC9863516 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaeras (PROTACs) offer new opportunities in modern medicine by targeting proteins that are undruggable to classic inhibitors. However, due to their hydrophobic structure, PROTACs typically suffer from low solubility, and oral bioavailability remains challenging. At the same time, due to their investigative state, the drug supply is meager, leading to limited possibilities in terms of formulation development. Therefore, we investigated the solubility enhancement employing mini-scale formulations of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) and liquisolid formulations of the prototypic PROTAC ARCC-4. Based on preliminary supersaturation testing, HPMCAS (L Grade) and Eudragit® L 100-55 (EL 100-55) were demonstrated to be suitable polymers for supersaturation stabilization of ARCC-4. These two polymers were selected for preparing ASDs via vacuum compression molding (VCM), using drug loads of 10 and 20%, respectively. The ASDs were subsequently characterized with respect to their solid state via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Non-sink dissolution testing revealed that the physical mixtures (PMs) did not improve dissolution. At the same time, all ASDs enabled pronounced supersaturation of ARCC-4 without precipitation for the entire dissolution period. In contrast, liquisolid formulations failed in increasing ARCC-4 solubility. Hence, we demonstrated that ASD formation is a promising principle to overcome the low solubility of PROTACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pöstges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Kayser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Appelhaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marius Monschke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinebach
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (K.G.W.); Tel.: +49-228-73-2308 (C.S.); +49-228-73-5271 (K.G.W.)
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (K.G.W.); Tel.: +49-228-73-2308 (C.S.); +49-228-73-5271 (K.G.W.)
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Butreddy A. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate as an exceptional polymer for amorphous solid dispersion formulations: A review from bench to clinic. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:289-307. [PMID: 35872180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are a proven system for achieving a supersaturated state of drug, in which the concentration of drug is greater than its crystalline solubility. The usage of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) in the development of ASDs has grown significantly, as evidenced by the fact that majority of commercially approved ASD formulations are based on HPMCAS. HPMCAS has been widely utilized as a solubility enhancer and precipitation inhibitor or stabilizer to achieve supersaturation and inhibit crystallization of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. The characteristics of HPMCAS ASDs such as less hygroscopic, strong drug-polymer hydrophobic interactions, high solubilization efficiency, greater potential to generate, maintain drug supersaturation and crystallization inhibition outperform other polymeric carriers in ASD development. Furthermore, combining HPMCAS with other polymers or surfactants as ternary ASDs could be a viable approach for enhancing oral absorption of poorly soluble drugs. This review discusses the concepts of supersaturation maintenance or precipitation inhibition of HPMCAS in the ASD formulations. In addition, the mechanisms underlying for improved dissolution performance, oral bioavailability and stability of HPMCAS ASDs are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Butreddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Liu L, Chen L, Müllers W, Serno P, Qian F. Water-Resistant Drug-Polymer Interaction Contributes to the Formation of Nano-Species during the Dissolution of Felodipine Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2888-2899. [PMID: 35759395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-polymer interactions are of great importance in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation for both dissolution performance and physical stability considerations. In this work, three felodipine ASD systems with drug loading ranging from 5 to 20% were prepared using PVP, PVP-VA, or HPMC-AS as the polymer matrix. The amorphization and homogeneity were confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. The intrinsic dissolution behavior of these ASDs was studied in 0.05 M HCl and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 6.5). In 0.05 M HCl, PVP-VA ASDs with low drug loading (<15%) showed rapid dissolution accompanied with nano-species generation, while in the PVP system, rapid dissolution and nano-species generation were observed only when drug loading was less than 10%, and HPMC-AS ASDs always released slowly with no nano-species formation. In PBS, PVP-VA ASDs with drug loading less than 10% showed rapid dissolution accompanied with nano-species generation, while for PVP ASDs, rapid dissolution and nano-species generation were observed only when drug loading was 5%. However, 20% drug loading HPMC-AS ASDs exhibited rapid dissolution of felodipine and nano-species generation. When the drug loading was above the transition point of PVP-VA ASDs and PVP ASDs, the release rate was significantly lowered, and no nano-species was generated. To understand this phenomenon, drug-polymer interactions were studied using the melting point depression method and the Flory-Huggins model fitting. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χ) for felodipine/HPMC-AS, felodipine/PVP, and felodipine/PVP-VA were determined to be 0.62 ± 0.07, -0.55 ± 0.20, and -1.02 ± 0.21, respectively, indicating the existence of the strongest attractive molecular interaction between felodipine and PVP-VA, followed by felodipine/PVP, but not in felodipine/HPMC-AS. Furthermore, dynamic vapor sorption further revealed that the molecular interactions between felodipine and PVP or PVP-VA were resistant to water. We concluded that water-resistant drug-polymer interactions in felodipine/polymer systems were responsible for the formation of nano-species, which further facilitated the rapid initial drug dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Linc Chen
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Wouter Müllers
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Berlin 13342, Germany
| | - Peter Serno
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Research and Development, Bayer AG, Wuppertal 42096, Germany
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
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Sharma A, Arora K, Mohapatra H, Sindhu RK, Bulzan M, Cavalu S, Paneshar G, Elansary HO, El-Sabrout AM, Mahmoud EA, Alaklabi A. Supersaturation-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Strategy for Bioavailability Enhancement of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092969. [PMID: 35566319 PMCID: PMC9101434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At present, the majority of APIs synthesized today remain challenging tasks for formulation development. Many technologies are being utilized or explored for enhancing solubility, such as chemical modification, novel drug delivery systems (microemulsions, nanoparticles, liposomes, etc.), salt formation, and many more. One promising avenue attaining attention presently is supersaturated drug delivery systems. When exposed to gastrointestinal fluids, drug concentration exceeds equilibrium solubility and a supersaturation state is maintained long enough to be absorbed, enhancing bioavailability. In this review, the latest developments in supersaturated drug delivery systems are addressed in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Kanika Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Harapriya Mohapatra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Rakesh K. Sindhu
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.K.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Madalin Bulzan
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Correspondence: (R.K.S.); (S.C.)
| | - Gulsheen Paneshar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (A.S.); (K.A.); (H.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Hosam O. Elansary
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sabrout
- Department of Applied Entomology and Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
| | - Eman A. Mahmoud
- Department of Food Industries, Faculty of Agriculture, Damietta University, Damietta 34517, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah Alaklabi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
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Müller M, Wiedey R, Hoheisel W, Serno P, Breitkreutz J. Impact of co-administered stabilizers on the biopharmaceutical performance of regorafenib amorphous solid dispersions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:189-199. [PMID: 34756974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poor solubility of drug candidates is a well-known and thoroughly studied challenge in the development of oral dosage forms. One important approach to tackle this challenge is the formulation as an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). To reach the desired biopharmaceutical improvement a high supersaturation has to be reached quickly and then be conserved long enough for absorption to take place. In the presented study, various formulations of regorafenib have been produced and characterized in biorelevant in-vitro experiments. Povidone-based formulations, which are equivalent to the marketed product Stivarga®, showed a fast drug release but limited stability and robustness after that. In contrast, HPMCAS-based formulations exhibited excellent stability of the supersaturated solution, but unacceptably slow drug release. The attempt to combine the desired attributes of both formulations by producing a ternary ASD failed. Only co-administration of HPMCAS as an external stabilizer to the rapidly releasing Povidone-based ASDs led to the desired dissolution profile and high robustness. This optimized formulation was tested in a pharmacokinetic animal model using Wistar rats. Despite the promising in-vitro results, the new formulation did not perform better in the animal model. No differences in AUC could be detected when compared to the conventional (marketed) formulation. These data represent to first in-vivo study of the new concept of external stabilization of ASDs. Subsequent in-vitro studies revealed that temporary exposure of the ASD to gastric medium had a significant and long-lasting effect on the dissolution performance and externally administered stabilizer could not prevent this sufficiently. By applying the co-administered HPMCAS as an enteric coating onto Stivarga tablets, a new bi-functional approach was realized. This approach achieved the desired tailoring of the dissolution profile and high robustness against gastric medium as well as against seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Invite GmbH, Formulation Technologies, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Raphael Wiedey
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | - Peter Serno
- Bayer AG, Research Center Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K, Taylor LS. Variable-Temperature NMR Analysis of the Thermodynamics of Polymer Partitioning between Aqueous and Drug-Rich Phases and Its Significance for Amorphous Formulations. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:100-114. [PMID: 34702040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the polymers used in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), and hypromellose (HPMC), distribute into the drug-rich phase of ibuprofen (IBP) formed by liquid-liquid phase separation, resulting in a reduction in the maximum drug supersaturation in the aqueous phase. Herein, the mechanism underlying the partitioning of the polymer into the drug-rich phase was investigated from a thermodynamic perspective. The dissolved IBP concentration in the aqueous phase and the amount of polymer distributed into the IBP-rich phase were quantitatively analyzed in IBP-supersaturated solutions containing different polymers using variable-temperature solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The polymer weight ratio in the IBP-rich phase increased at higher temperatures, leading to a more notable reduction of IBP amorphous solubility. Among the polymers, the amorphous solubility reduction was the greatest for the PVP-VA solution at lower temperatures, while HPMC reduced the amorphous solubility to the greatest extent at higher temperatures. The change in the order of polymer impact on the amorphous solubility resulted from the differences in the temperature dependency of polymer partitioning. The van't Hoff plot of the polymer partition coefficient revealed that both enthalpy and entropy changes for polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase from the aqueous phase (ΔHaqueous→IBP-rich and ΔSaqueous→IBP-rich) gave positive values for most of the measured temperature range, indicating that polymer partitioning into the IBP-rich phase was an endothermic but entropically favorable process. The polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase was more endothermic for HPMC than for PVP and PVP-VA. The solid-state NMR analysis of the IBP/polymer ASD implied that the newly formed IBP/polymer interactions in the IBP-rich phase upon polymer incorporation were weaker for HPMC, providing a rationale for the larger positive transfer enthalpy for HPMC. The change in Gibbs free energy for polymer transfer (ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich) showed negative values across the experimental temperature range, decreasing with an increase in temperature, indicating that the distribution of the polymer into the IBP-rich phase is favored at higher temperatures. Moreover, ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich for HPMC showed the greatest decrease with the temperature, likely reflecting the temperature-induced dehydration of HPMC in the aqueous phase. This study contributes fundamental insights into the phenomenon of polymer partitioning into drug-rich phases, furthering the understanding of achievable supersaturation levels and ultimately providing information on polymer selection for ASD formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Ramachandran G, Sudheesh MS. Role of Permeability on the Biopredictive Dissolution of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:243. [PMID: 34595565 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An ideal dissolution test for amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) should reflect physicochemical, physiological, and hydrodynamic conditions which accurately represent in vivo dissolution. However, this is confounded by the evolution of different molecular and colloidal species during dissolution, generating a supersaturated state of the drug. The supersaturated state of a drug is thermodynamically unstable which drives the process of precipitation resulting in a loss of solubility advantage. Maintaining a supersaturated state of the drug with the help of precipitation inhibiting excipients is a key component in the design of ASDs. Therefore, a biopredictive dissolution test is critical for proper risk assessment during the development of an optimal ASD formulation. One of the overlooked components of biopredictive dissolution is the role of drug permeability. The kinetic changes in the phase behavior of a drug during dissolution of ASDs are influenced by drug permeability across a membrane. Conventionally, drug dissolution and permeation are analyzed separately although they occur simultaneously in vivo. The kinetic phase changes occurring during dissolution of ASDs can influence the thermodynamic activity and membrane flux of a drug. The present review evaluates the feasibility, predictability, and practicability of permeability/dissolution for the optimal development and risk assessment of ASD formulations.
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15
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K. Amorphous Drug Solubility and Maximum Free Drug Concentrations in Cyclodextrin Solutions: A Quantitative Study Using NMR Diffusometry. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2764-2776. [PMID: 34180226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) has been widely used as a solubilizing agent for poorly water-soluble drugs. In the present study, the effect of CD on the amorphous drug solubility and the maximum thermodynamic activity of the drug in the aqueous phase when the drug concentration exceeded the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) concentration was investigated using three chemically diverse CDs, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), dimethyl-β-CD (DM-β-CD), and hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HP-β-CD). The amorphous solubility of ibuprofen (IBP) increased substantially linearly with the increase in the CD concentration due to IBP/CD complex formation. Surprisingly, although the crystalline solubility of IBP in the β-CD solution reached a plateau at β-CD concentrations above 3 mM (BS-type solubility diagram) because of the limited crystalline solubility of the IBP/β-CD complex, the amorphous solubility of IBP increased linearly even when the β-CD concentration was higher than 3 mM. The amorphous solubility of IBP in CD solutions was influenced primarily by the phase separation of the IBP-supersaturated solution to the aqueous phase and the other phase mainly composed of IBP, namely, the IBP-rich phase, via LLPS. NMR spectroscopy revealed that DM-β-CD was distributed into the IBP-rich phase when the IBP concentration exceeded its amorphous solubility, while β-CD and HP-β-CD showed minimal mixing with the IBP-rich phase. NMR diffusometry showed that the maximum free IBP concentration was reduced in the DM-β-CD solution compared to that in the buffer. The mixing of DM-β-CD with the IBP-rich phase reduced the chemical potential of IBP in the IBP-rich phase, which in turn reduced the maximum thermodynamic activity of IBP in the aqueous phase. In contrast, the maximum free IBP concentration was unchanged when β-CD or HP-β-CD was present. The hydrophobic nature of the DM-β-CD substituent may contribute to its partitioning into the IBP-rich phase. The present study highlights the impact of CD on the maximum thermodynamic activity of drugs as well as the apparent amorphous solubility of the drug. This aspect should be considered for improving the effective absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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16
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Hirlak O, Dieluweit S, Merkel R, Wagner KG. Polymer-mediated drug supersaturation - A spotlight on the interplay between phase-separated amorphous drug colloids and dissolved molecules. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 603:370-379. [PMID: 34197986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Colloidal aggregation phenomena have been found responsible for the supersaturation of poorly water-soluble drugs, potentially leading to bioavailability enhancements. Unlike coarse precipitates, phase separation in the form of colloids, is expected to enhance drug supersaturation performance. Therefore, a high proportion of these colloids should correlate with the extent and the kinetics of supersaturation. The prime objective of the current study is to provide a mechanistic understanding on supersaturation for the model drug albendazole (ALB) in combination with twelve polymers. EXPERIMENTS Species separated after a pH-shift were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FF-EM) and transmission X-ray diffraction (XRD). Laser diffraction (LD) in a liquid cell was introduced for a relative quantification of the colloidally separated species, described as colloid fraction. The pH-dependent supersaturation was assessed online using a miniaturized dissolution assay. FINDINGS Here, a measure of the extent of amorphous colloidal phase separation was established, and its impact on supersaturation was evaluated. As a result, a correlation was found between the extent of supersaturation and the colloid fraction. This confirmed the dependence of polymer-mediated enabling and preservation of supersaturation on the ability of polymers to stabilize colloid fractions. Furthermore, a fixed ratio was suggested between the dissolved drug and colloidally separated drug as the kinetic profiles of both species showed similar trajectories. In conclusion, colloid fractions were identified to be responsible for dissolved and potentially bioavailable drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Hirlak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabine Dieluweit
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: IBI-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Merkel
- Institute of Biological Information Processing: IBI-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Qian K, Stella L, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Du H, Tian Y. Drug-Rich Phases Induced by Amorphous Solid Dispersion: Arbitrary or Intentional Goal in Oral Drug Delivery? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:889. [PMID: 34203969 PMCID: PMC8232734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many methods to mitigate the solubility limitations of drug compounds, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The enhancement of ASD in the oral absorption of drugs has been mainly attributed to the high apparent drug solubility during the dissolution. In the last decade, with the implementations of new knowledge and advanced analytical techniques, a drug-rich transient metastable phase was frequently highlighted within the supersaturation stage of the ASD dissolution. The extended drug absorption and bioavailability enhancement may be attributed to the metastability of such drug-rich phases. In this paper, we have reviewed (i) the possible theory behind the formation and stabilization of such metastable drug-rich phases, with a focus on non-classical nucleation; (ii) the additional benefits of the ASD-induced drug-rich phases for bioavailability enhancements. It is envisaged that a greater understanding of the non-classical nucleation theory and its application on the ASD design might accelerate the drug product development process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, 7–9 College Park E, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK;
- David Keir Building, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - David S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Huachuan Du
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
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18
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Müller M, Platten F, Dulle M, Fischer B, Hoheisel W, Serno P, Egelhaaf S, Breitkreutz J. Precipitation from amorphous solid dispersions in biorelevant dissolution testing: The polymorphism of regorafenib. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120716. [PMID: 34015382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) are a major drug formulation technique to achieve higher bioavailability for poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. So far, dissolution tailoring and supersaturation enhancement have been studied in detail, whereas less is known about the importance of formed precipitates with amorphous or crystalline states at the site of drug absorption. Regorafenib monohydrate (RGF MH), a multikinase inhibitor drug categorized as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II compound, was formulated with povidone K25 and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) as an ASD. Here, for the first time, the RGF precipitation process as well as the physicochemical properties of the arising precipitates are investigated. The formed precipitates from biorelevant dissolution showed varying drug content and were analyzed offline by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confocal Raman microscopy (CRM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In addition to different crystalline RGF precipitates, an amorphous co-precipitate of RGF and HPMCAS was identified, which was suppressed in the presence of PVP. Wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and isothermal calorimetry (ITC) were used to track the precipitation process of RGF in-situ. From calorimetric data, the precipitation profile was calculated. RGF forms precipitates in multiple polymorphic states dependent on the environmental conditions, i.e., dissolution media composition and chosen excipients. The engineered formation of defined amorphous structures in-vivo may be a promising future drug formulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; INVITE GmbH, Formulation Technology, Chempark, Building W 32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Florian Platten
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich, IBI-4, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, JCNS-1/IBI-8, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich Jülich, Germany
| | - Björn Fischer
- FISCHER GmbH, Raman Spectroscopic Services, Necklenbroicher Str. 22, 40667 Meerbusch, Germany
| | - Werner Hoheisel
- INVITE GmbH, Formulation Technology, Chempark, Building W 32, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Peter Serno
- Bayer AG, Research Center Wuppertal-Elberfeld, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 217-333, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Egelhaaf
- Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Breitkreutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Ueda K, Moseson DE, Pathak V, Taylor LS. Effect of Polymer Species on Maximum Aqueous Phase Supersaturation Revealed by Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1344-1355. [PMID: 33595322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The polymer used in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation impacts the maximum achievable drug supersaturation. Herein, the effect of dissolved polymer on drug concentration in the aqueous phase when a drug-rich phase was generated by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) was investigated for different polymers at various concentrations of drug and polymer. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), and hypromellose (HPMC) distributed into the ibuprofen (IBP)-rich phase formed by LLPS when the amorphous solubility of IBP was exceeded. The amount of polymer in the drug-rich phase increased for higher-molecular-weight grades of PVP and HPMC. Moreover, PVP-VA showed a greater extent of distribution into the IBP-rich phase compared to PVP, and this is attributed to its reduced hydrophilicity resulting from the incorporation of vinyl acetate monomers. Direct quantification by NMR measurements indicated that the IBP concentration in the aqueous phase decreased as the amount of polymer in the IBP-rich phase increased. This can be attributed to a reduction of the chemical potential of IBP in the IBP-rich phase. The reduction in dissolved IBP concentration was greater for the IBP/PVP-VA system compared to the IBP/HPMC system, as a result of more extensive drug-polymer interactions in the former system. The present study highlights the impact of polymer selection on the attainable supersaturation of the drug and the factors that need to be considered in the formulation of ASDs to obtain optimized in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Vaibhav Pathak
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Ueda K, Taylor LS. Partitioning of surfactant into drug-rich nanodroplets and its impact on drug thermodynamic activity and droplet size. J Control Release 2021; 330:229-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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A quality by design approach for optimization of Lecithin/Span® 80 based nanoemulsions loaded with hydrophobic drugs. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Pandi P, Bulusu R, Kommineni N, Khan W, Singh M. Amorphous solid dispersions: An update for preparation, characterization, mechanism on bioavailability, stability, regulatory considerations and marketed products. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119560. [PMID: 32565285 PMCID: PMC8691091 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) are being employed frequently to improve bioavailability of poorly soluble molecules by enhancing the rate and extant of dissolution in drug product development process. These systems comprise of an amorphous active pharmaceutical ingredient stabilized by a polymer matrix to provide enhanced stability. This review discussed the methodologies of preparation and characterization of ASDs with an emphasis on understanding and predicting stability. Rational selection of polymers, preparation techniques with its advantages and disadvantages and characterization of polymeric amorphous solid dispersions have discussed. Stability aspects have been described as per ICH guidelines which intend to depend on selection of polymers and preparation methods of ASD. The mechanism involved on improvement of bioavailability also considered. Regulatory importance of ASD and current evolving details of QBD approach were reviewed. Amorphous products and particularly ASDs are currently most emerging area in the pharmaceutical field. This strategic approach presents huge impact and advantageous features concerning the overall improvement of drug product performance in clinical settings which ultimately lead to drug product approval by leading regulatory agencies into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palpandi Pandi
- Department of Pharmacy, Employee State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Hospital, Chennai 600078, India
| | - Raviteja Bulusu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada 533003, India
| | - Nagavendra Kommineni
- College of Pharmacy, Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University, FL 32307, USA
| | - Wahid Khan
- Natco Research Centre, NATCO Pharma Limited, Hyderabad 500018, India.
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy, Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University, FL 32307, USA.
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23
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Ueda K, Hate SS, Taylor LS. Impact of Hypromellose Acetate Succinate Grade on Drug Amorphous Solubility and In Vitro Membrane Transport. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:2464-2473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Tran PHL, Tran TTD. Developmental Strategies of Curcumin Solid Dispersions for Enhancing Bioavailability. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:1874-1882. [PMID: 32640962 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200708103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although curcumin has been demonstrated to be beneficial in treating various diseases, its low solubility, chemical stability and bioavailability limit its application, especially in cancer therapy. METHODS Solid dispersions have been utilized in the last few decades to improve the bioavailability and stability of curcumin. RESULTS However, there is a lack of summaries and classifications of the methods for preparing curcumin with this technology. The current review aims to overview the strategies used to develop solid dispersions containing curcumin for improving drug delivery. The classification of techniques for creating solid dispersions for curcumin was summarized, including systems for protecting curcumin degradation despite its chemical stability. The applications of advanced nanotechnologies in recent studies of solid dispersions were also discussed to explain the roles of nanoparticles in formulations. CONCLUSION This overview of recent developments in formulating solid dispersions for improving curcumin bioavailability will contribute to future studies of curcumin for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H L Tran
- Deakin University, Geelong Australia, School of Medicine, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Thao T D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Impact of HPMCAS on the Dissolution Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol Celecoxib Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060541. [PMID: 32545270 PMCID: PMC7356348 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been proven to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. It is desirable that the ASD provide a rapid dissolution rate and a sufficient stabilization of the generated supersaturation. In many cases, one polymer alone is not able to provide both features, which raises a need for reasonable polymer combinations. In this study we aimed to generate a rapidly dissolving ASD using the hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) combined with a suitable precipitation inhibitor. Initially, PVA and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were screened for their precipitation inhibitory potential for celecoxib in solution. The generated supersaturation in presence of PVA or HPMCAS was further characterized using dynamic light scattering. Binary ASDs of either PVA or HPMCAS (at 10% and 20% drug load) were prepared by hot-melt extrusion and solid-state analytics were conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The non-sink dissolution studies of the binary ASDs revealed a high dissolution rate for the PVA ASDs with subsequent precipitation and for the HPMCAS ASDs a suppressed dissolution. In order to utilize the unexploited potential of the binary ASDs, the PVA ASDs were combined with HPMCAS either predissolved or added as powder and also formulated as ternary ASD. We successfully generated a solid formulation consisting of the powdered PVA ASD and HPMCAS powder, which was superior in monophasic non-sink dissolution and biorelevant biphasic dissolution studies compared to the binary and ternary ASDs.
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Schittny A, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. Mechanisms of increased bioavailability through amorphous solid dispersions: a review. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:110-127. [PMID: 31885288 PMCID: PMC6968646 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1704940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) can increase the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. However, their use in drug development is comparably rare due to a lack of basic understanding of mechanisms governing drug liberation and absorption in vivo. Furthermore, the lack of a unified nomenclature hampers the interpretation and classification of research data. In this review, we therefore summarize and conceptualize mechanisms covering the dissolution of ASDs, formation of supersaturated ASD solutions, factors responsible for solution stabilization, drug uptake from ASD solutions, and drug distribution within these complex systems as well as effects of excipients. Furthermore, we discuss the importance of these findings on the development of ASDs. This improved overall understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate a rational ASD formulation development and will serve as a basis for further mechanistic research on drug delivery by ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schittny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Puchkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Hens B, Kataoka M, Ueda K, Gao P, Tsume Y, Augustijns P, Kawakami K, Yamashita S. Biopredictive in vitro testing methods to assess intestinal drug absorption from supersaturating dosage forms. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ueda K, Taylor LS. Polymer Type Impacts Amorphous Solubility and Drug-Rich Phase Colloidal Stability: A Mechanistic Study Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1352-1362. [PMID: 32097023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The polymer used in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation plays a critical role in dosage form performance. Herein, drug-polymer interactions in aqueous solution were evaluated in order to better understand the dispersion stability of the colloidal drug-rich phase generated when the amorphous solubility is exceeded. The amorphous solubility (Sa,IBP) of ibuprofen (IBP) decreased when hypromellose (HPMC) or polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA) were present in solution. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that a large amount of HPMC and PVP-VA distributed into the IBP-rich phase. The mixing of HPMC and PVP-VA with the IBP-rich phase led to the decreased Sa,IBP. In contrast, the charged amino methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit E PO, EUD-E) showed minimal mixing with the IBP-rich phase; however, this polymer did lead to solubilization of IBP in the bulk aqueous phase. Although the IBP-rich phase generated by dissolving IBP at concentrations above Sa,IBP rapidly coarsened followed by creaming in the absence of polymer, all of the polymers stabilized the IBP dispersion to some extent. The droplet size of the IBP-rich phase immediately after formation was around 300 nm in HPMC and PVP-VA solutions, and around 800 nm in the EUD-E solution. The mixing of the former two polymers with the drug-rich phase is thought to account for the smaller droplet size. Despite a smaller initial size, the dispersion stability of the IBP-rich droplets was relatively poor in the presence of PVP-VA. In contrast, the coalescence of the IBP-rich droplets was effectively suppressed by the steric repulsion and electrostatic repulsion derived from adsorbed HPMC and EUD-E, respectively. The present study highlights the complex effects of a polymer on the drug amorphous solubility and colloidal stability, which should be considered when optimizing ASD formulations with the goal of maximizing drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.,Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Schittny A, Philipp-Bauer S, Detampel P, Huwyler J, Puchkov M. Mechanistic insights into effect of surfactants on oral bioavailability of amorphous solid dispersions. J Control Release 2020; 320:214-225. [PMID: 31978445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery of poorly soluble drugs in form amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) is an appealing method to increase in vivo bioavailability. For rational formulation design, a mechanistic understanding of the impact of surfactants on the performance of ASD-based formulations is therefore of importance. In this study, we used hot-melt extrusion to prepare ASDs composed of the model drug substance efavirenz with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) as the base polymer, and surfactants. Molecular dynamics simulations and in vitro dissolution studies were used to investigate formation and drug release from polymer vesicles, and their ability to maintain a supersaturation state as a function of surfactant composition. It was possible to identify main factors regulating particle formation and to modify dissolution profiles with different excipient compositions. Animal studies in the rat, in combination with physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, demonstrated enhanced drug absorption from formed vesicles. The surfactant composition in the ASD had a direct influence on the morphology of these vesicles, as well as kinetics of drug release, and, therefore, the oral bioavailability. ASDs, prepared by hot-melt extrusion method, were optimized for dissolution and adsorption rates increase. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of dissolution behavior of ASDs with respect to the function of surfactants, aiming to facilitate a rational formulation development and an accelerated transition from in vitro systems to in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schittny
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Philipp-Bauer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - P Detampel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Puchkov
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Ueda K, Yamamoto N, Higashi K, Moribe K. Molecular Mobility Suppression of Ibuprofen-Rich Amorphous Nanodroplets by HPMC Revealed by NMR Relaxometry and Its Significance with Respect to Crystallization Inhibition. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4968-4977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Neo Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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31
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Ricarte RG, Van Zee NJ, Li Z, Johnson LM, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4089-4103. [PMID: 31487183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs in the marketplace and discovery pipeline suffer from poor aqueous solubility, thereby limiting their effectiveness for oral delivery. The use of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), a mixture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer excipient, greatly enhances the aqueous dissolution performance of a drug without the need for chemical modification. Although this method is versatile and scalable, deficient understanding of the interactions between drugs and polymers inhibits ASD rational design. This current Review details recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that control ASD performance. In the solid-state, the use of high-resolution theoretical, computational, and experimental tools resolved the influence of drug/polymer phase behavior and dynamics on stability during storage. During dissolution in aqueous media, novel characterization methods revealed that ASDs can form complex nanostructures, which maintain and improve supersaturation of the drug. The studies discussed here illustrate that nanoscale phenomena, which have been directly observed and quantified, strongly affect the stability and bioavailability of ASD systems, and provide a promising direction for optimizing drug/polymer formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials Laboratory, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris , PSL Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
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