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Lang JC, Peters BJ, Tudder A, Gresham AM, Zoccola PM, Allan NP. Conflicting patterns of cardiovascular reactivity, self-report, and behavior associated with social anxiety during a conversation with a close friend. Psychophysiology 2024:e14629. [PMID: 38886908 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Social anxiety (SA) is characterized by anxious symptomology and fear during social situations, but recent work suggests that SA may not necessarily be associated with negative interpersonal and intrapersonal outcomes in support contexts. The current research investigates the discrepancies between self-perceptions, behavior, and physiological responses associated with SA in social support conversations with close friends. Specifically, we examined the associations between SA and positive and negative affect, perceptions of demands and resources, and responsiveness. Additionally, we used the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat to understand the physiological responses associated with SA. Participants (79.9% White, 9.8% Black or African American, 10.3% Multiple races or other; 78.7% Female), totaling 172 undergraduate friend dyads, completed self-report measures and had physiological responses recorded while they discussed a problem unrelated to the friendship. Trained coders rated responsive behaviors exhibited during the conversation. Results revealed that greater SA was associated with greater negative perceptions of social interactions (greater negative affect, fewer perceived resources, and greater perceived demands). However, cardiovascular reactivity and behavioral responses within the conversation, as well as perceptions of partners' behavior after the conversation, contrasted with these negative perceptions. Indeed, greater SA was associated with greater sympathetic arousal (indicative of greater task engagement), but not with greater challenge or threat, and SA was not associated with perceived partner responsiveness or responsive behaviors. These results add to the growing body of research that suggests people with greater SA show inconsistencies between their conscious appraisals of social situations and their physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Lang
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Brett J Peters
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashley Tudder
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Peggy M Zoccola
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas P Allan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Costa R, Abad-Tortosa D, Alacreu-Crespo A, Saiz-Clar E, Salvador A, Serrano MÁ. Looking for the Key to Winning: Psychophysiological Predicting Factors in Healthy University Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:978. [PMID: 38131834 PMCID: PMC10741204 DOI: 10.3390/bs13120978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Performance in competitive situations has been linked to various psychobiological factors such as personality traits (e.g., competitiveness), situational appraisal (e.g., motivation), and cardiovascular response (e.g., heart rate). However, it remains unclear whether these factors can predict competitive success. This paper aims to assess, through discriminant analysis, the predictive capacity of these psychobiological variables regarding the likelihood of winning, ultimately delineating a psychophysiological profile associated with success. Across three distinct studies, a total of 154 participants (66 men) engaged in a face-to-face laboratory competition. Prior to the competition, assessments of competitiveness traits, anxiety, self-efficacy, and motivation were conducted, and heart rate reactivity during the competition was measured. These variables collectively formed the basis for constructing the predictive model. The results of the initial study demonstrated that our model accurately classified 68.8% of the cases. Specifically, high levels of competitiveness, self-efficacy, motivation, and heart rate reactivity, coupled with low anxiety, were predictive of winning. These findings were subsequently replicated in two independent validation samples involving both men and women (studies 2 and 3), thereby reinforcing the robustness of the earlier results. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the psychological state preceding competition, along with cardiovascular reactivity, may serve as predictors for the probability of winning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Costa
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.); (D.A.-T.); (A.S.)
| | - Diana Abad-Tortosa
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.); (D.A.-T.); (A.S.)
| | - Adrian Alacreu-Crespo
- Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Elena Saiz-Clar
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat Nacional a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alicia Salvador
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.); (D.A.-T.); (A.S.)
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and IDOCAL, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Serrano
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (R.C.); (D.A.-T.); (A.S.)
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3
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Kim H, Shin K, Hwang J. Too much may be a bad thing: the difference between challenge and hindrance job demands. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37359630 PMCID: PMC10235832 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Job demands and employee motivations are studied through a challenging-disruptive needs framework. However, studies on challenging demands show mixed results due to the difference in the level of demand and effect of moderating variables. In this study, based on the Yerkes-Dodson law and conservation of resources theory, the non-linear relationship between challenging demand and work engagement, linear relationship between hindrance demand and work engagement, and moderating effect of stress were verified. A total of 3914 people were surveyed. The results showed that hindrance demand had a negative linear relationship with work engagement. Moreover, challenging demand had a positive effect on work engagement till a certain level, but had an inverted-U relationship with a negative influence thereafter. Stress mindset moderated these relationships and the negative effects of challenging and hindrance demands weakened for a stress-enhancing-mindset. Based on these results, theoretical and practical implications and future research directions were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsu Kim
- Department of psychology, Ajou University, 206, Worldcup-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499 South Korea
| | - Kanghyun Shin
- Department of psychology, Ajou University, 206, Worldcup-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499 South Korea
| | - Jaesang Hwang
- Department of psychology, Ajou University, 206, Worldcup-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499 South Korea
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4
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Bosshard M, Schmitz FM, Guttormsen S, Nater UM, Gomez P, Berendonk C. From threat to challenge-Improving medical students' stress response and communication skills performance through the combination of stress arousal reappraisal and preparatory worked example-based learning when breaking bad news to simulated patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:153. [PMID: 37165406 PMCID: PMC10173625 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breaking bad news (BBN; e.g., delivering a cancer diagnosis) is perceived as one of the most demanding communication tasks in the medical field and associated with high levels of stress. Physicians' increased stress in BBN encounters can negatively impact their communication performance, and in the long term, patient-related health outcomes. Although a growing body of literature acknowledges the stressful nature of BBN, little has been done to address this issue. Therefore, there is a need for appropriate tools to help physicians cope with their stress response, so that they can perform BBN at their best. In the present study, we implement the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat as theoretical framework. According to this model, the balance between perceived situational demands and perceived coping resources determines whether a stressful performance situation, such as BBN, is experienced as challenge (resources > demands) or threat (resources < demands). Using two interventions, we aim to support medical students in shifting towards challenge-oriented stress responses and improved communication performance: (1) stress arousal reappraisal (SAR), which guides individuals to reinterpret their stress arousal as an adaptive and beneficial response for task performance; (2) worked examples (WE), which demonstrate how to BBN in a step-by-step manner, offering structure and promoting skill acquisition. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial with a 2 (SAR vs. control) x 2 (WE vs. control) between-subjects design, we will determine the effects of both interventions on stress response and BBN skills performance in N = 200 third-year medical students during a simulated BBN encounter. To identify students' stress responses, we will assess their perceived coping resources and task demands, record their cardiovascular activity, and measure salivary parameters before, during, and after BBN encounters. Three trained raters will independently score students' BBN skills performances. DISCUSSION Findings will provide unique insights into the psychophysiology of medical students who are tasked with BBN. Parameters can be understood more comprehensively from the challenge and threat perspective and linked to performance outcomes. If proven effective, the evaluated interventions could be incorporated into the curriculum of medical students and facilitate BBN skills acquisition. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05037318), September 8, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bosshard
- Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Sissel Guttormsen
- Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Markus Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Research Platform "Stress of life (SOLE) - Processes and Mechanisms underlying Everyday Life Stress", University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Gomez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Johnston PR, Volkov AE, Ryan WS, Lee SWS. Planning, conducting, and analyzing a psychophysiological experiment on challenge and threat: A comprehensive tutorial. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:1193-1225. [PMID: 35606676 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS-CT) is a powerful framework linking psychological processes to reliable patterns of cardiovascular responses during motivated performance situations. Specifically, the BPS-CT poses challenge and threat as two motivational states that can emerge in response to a demanding, self-relevant task, where greater challenge arises when perceived resources are higher than demands, and greater threat arises when perceived resources are lower than demands. By identifying unique patterns of physiological responses associated with challenge and threat, respectively, the BPS-CT affords insight into subjective appraisals of resources and demands, and their determinants, during motivated performance situations. Despite its broad utility, lack of familiarity with physiological concepts and difficulty with identifying clear guidelines in the literature are barriers to wider uptake of this approach by behavioral researchers. Our goal is to remove these barriers by providing a comprehensive, step-by-step tutorial on conducting an experiment using the challenge and threat model, offering concrete recommendations for those who are new to the method, and serving as a centralized collection of resources for those looking to deepen their understanding. The tutorial spans five parts, covering theoretical introduction, lab setup, data collection, data analysis, and appendices offering additional details about data analysis and equipment. With this, we aim to make challenge and threat research, and the insights it offers, more accessible to researchers throughout the behavioral sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Johnston
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada.
| | - Alexandra E Volkov
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, 105 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E6, Canada
| | - William S Ryan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Spike W S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, 105 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E6, Canada
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Jordan KD, Smith TW. Adaptation to social-evaluative threat: Effects of repeated acceptance and status stressors on cardiovascular reactivity. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 183:61-70. [PMID: 36403804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Social-evaluative threat plays a key role in research on stress, health and related psychophysiological mechanisms such as cardiovascular reactivity (CVR). Social-evaluative threats can activate two broad social motives: striving for status, achievement and influence, and/or striving for acceptance, inclusion, and connection. Prior research emphasizes threats related to status (e.g., task performance) or combined threats to status and acceptance, obscuring their independent effects. Further, because prior research has mostly utilized single stressors, it is not clear if effects of social-evaluative threats involving status and acceptance on CVR persist or adapt quickly over repeated exposures. To address these issues, 139 undergraduates (93 females) were randomly assigned to undergo two repetitions of a stressful role-played interaction with a pre-recorded antagonistic partner under one of four conditions in a factorial design: low evaluative threat, high status threat only, high acceptance threat only, or a combined threat. In a single laboratory session, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during baseline and two stressor exposures. Task-induced CVR demonstrated significant adaptation across exposures. Both forms of social evaluative threat produced additional CVR, and these differences between high and low social-evaluative threat were generally maintained across exposures. Hence, threats to social status and acceptance have independent and sustained effects on CVR across multiple stressor exposures, even in the context of overall adaptation of cardiovascular responses.
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Scheepers D, Keller J. On the physiology of flow: Bridging flow theory with the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 182:119-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Villains or vermin? The differential effects of criminal and animal rhetoric on immigrant cardiovascular responses. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221098009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prejudicial stressors are well documented and have been shown to elicit both cardiovascular threat responses as well as poor poststressor cardiovascular recovery among targets of prejudice, but these responses may be even stronger if those prejudicial stressors involve dehumanizing, animalistic content. We predicted that immigrant participants who are exposed to animal metaphors in an attempt to elicit feelings of dehumanization (i.e., metadehumanization) would exhibit both larger cardiovascular threat responses and poorer poststressor recovery, as mediated by the presence of state-rumination, than participants exposed to criminal metaphors. We examined the cardiovascular reactivity and recovery of 150 first- and second-generation U.S. immigrants during nonimmigration and immigration speech tasks. For the immigration speech, participants were randomly assigned to read a fabricated article that either primed prejudicial attitudes via animal metaphors or via criminal metaphors about immigrants. Controlling for nonimmigration speech reactivity, results showed that threat responses were significantly greater among those primed with animal metaphors compared to those primed with criminal metaphors. These effects were prolonged, such that participants in the animal condition displayed poorer recovery after the task compared to those in the criminal condition. Participants with greater levels of state-rumination also exhibited poorer recovery than those who ruminated less. These results showcase the more insidious cardiovascular stress responses to dehumanizing prejudice compared with nondehumanizing rhetoric. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Lee SWS, Millet K, Grinstein A, Pauwels KH, Johnston PR, Volkov AE, van der Wal AJ. Actual Cleaning and Simulated Cleaning Attenuate Psychological and Physiological Effects of Stressful Events. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506221099428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human mind harbors various mechanisms for coping with stress, but what role does physical behavior play? Inspired by ethological observations of autogrooming activity across species, we offer a general hypothesis: cleaning attenuates effects of stressful events. Preregistered behavioral and psychophysiological experiments ( N = 3,066 in United Kingdom, United States, and Canada) found that (a) concrete visual simulation of cleaning behavior alleviated residual anxiety from a stress-inducing physical scene, an effect distinct from touch, and (b) actual cleaning behavior enhanced adaptive cardiovascular reactivity to a highly stressful context of social performance/evaluation, which provides the first physiological evidence for the attenuation of stress-related effects by cleaning. Overall, actual cleaning and simulated cleaning attenuate effects of physical or psychological stressors, even when they have nothing to do with contamination or disease and would not be resolved by cleaning. Daily cleaning behavior may facilitate coping with stressors like physical risks and psychological threats to the self.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kobe Millet
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Grinstein
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Phillip R. Johnston
- University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Domen I, Scheepers D, Derks B, van Veelen R. It’s a man’s world; right? How women’s opinions about gender inequality affect physiological responses in men. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302211042669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we examined how men respond to women who either challenge or legitimize societal gender inequality, and how gender identification moderates these responses. We hypothesized that men feel less threatened by women who legitimize (vs. challenge) the gender hierarchy, and evaluate these women more positively. To investigate these expectations, we assessed self-reports (Studies 1 and 2) and cardiovascular threat/challenge responses (Study 2). Both studies showed that men experience less negative emotions when presented with a woman who legitimized (vs. challenged) the gender hierarchy. Moreover, among men with a relatively high gender identification, a woman who challenged the gender hierarchy elicited a physiological response pattern indicative of threat, whereas a woman who legitimized the gender hierarchy elicited a pattern indicative of challenge. Results are discussed in terms of social identity theory, status threat, and self-distancing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daan Scheepers
- Utrecht University, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, The Netherlands
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11
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Chin B, Feeney B. Physiological bases of secure base support provision in a longitudinal study of married older adult couples. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14044. [PMID: 35304752 PMCID: PMC9539597 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Close others often serve as a source of support for our pursuit of personal goals. Although social psychological research indicates that individuals and relationships benefit when couple members provide each other with secure base support for personal goals, few studies have investigated the physiological bases of these types of support interactions. This study of married older adults examined support providers' cardiovascular challenge‐threat responses while they engaged in a laboratory social interaction about the most important goal that their partner (the target) wanted to make progress toward during the next year. Consistent with our hypothesis, support providers' cardiovascular challenge responses were positively associated with targets' ratings of their secure base support provision during the discussion. This study also used structural equation modeling to test a theoretical model of support providers' cardiovascular challenge responses as a physiological basis of secure base support provision that promotes targets' goal progress and thriving over time. Consistent with our theory, support providers' cardiovascular challenge responses were positively associated with targets' goal progress at Year 2 follow‐up. In turn, targets' goal progress at Year 2 predicted increases in targets' overall thriving from Year 1 to Year 3. This investigation provides novel evidence for attachment theory's assertion that biobehavioral caregiving system activation facilitates the provision of secure base support that promotes close others' goal progress and thriving over time. Results of this study also contribute to recent evidence that cardiovascular challenge responses are associated with social behaviors during dyadic interactions. Our investigation implicates cardiovascular challenge‐threat responses as underlying the provision of secure base support. We advance earlier research on attachment theory by providing longitudinal evidence that support providers‘ cardiovascular challenge responses during a laboratory goal discussion represent activation of the biobehavioral caregiving system, which theoretically facilitates partners‘ goal progress (exploration) and thriving over time. These findings contribute to scarce research examining cardiovascular challenge‐threat response during social interactions and scarce research on attachment relationships and physiology in older adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chin
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brooke Feeney
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Behnke M, Hase A, Kaczmarek LD, Freeman P. Blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as an index of psychological task disengagement in the motivated performance situations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18083. [PMID: 34508160 PMCID: PMC8433313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Challenge and threat models predict that once individuals become engaged with performance, their evaluations and cardiovascular response determine further outcomes. Although the role of challenge and threat in predicting performance has been extensively tested, few studies have focused on task engagement. We aimed to investigate task engagement in performance at the psychological and physiological levels. We accounted for physiological task engagement by examining blunted cardiovascular reactivity, the third possible cardiovascular response to performance, in addition to the challenge/threat responses. We expected that low psychological task engagement would be related to blunted cardiovascular reactivity during the performance. Gamers (N = 241) completed five matches of the soccer video game FIFA 19. We recorded psychological task engagement, heart rate reactivity, and the difference between goals scored and conceded. Lower psychological task engagement was related to blunted heart rate reactivity during the performance. Furthermore, poorer performance in the previous game was related to increased task engagement in the subsequent match. The findings extend existing literature by providing initial evidence that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as the index of low task engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Behnke
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-568, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Adrian Hase
- Department of Medicine, Université de Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lukasz D Kaczmarek
- Faculty of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, 60-568, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paul Freeman
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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13
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O'Brien J, Fryer S, Parker J, Moore L. The effect of ego depletion on challenge and threat evaluations during a potentially stressful public speaking task. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2021; 34:266-278. [PMID: 33141603 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1839732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been well established that challenge and threat evaluations affect the performance of potentially stressful tasks. However, the factors that influence these evaluations have rarely been examined. Objective: This study examined the effects of ego depletion on challenge and threat evaluations during a public speaking task. Method: 262 participants (150 males, 112 females; Mage = 20.5, SD = 4.3) were randomly assigned to either an ego depletion or control group. Participants then completed self-report measures of trait self-control. The ego depletion group performed a written transcription task requiring self-control, while the control group transcribed the text normally. Before the public speaking task, participant's challenge and threat evaluations and subjective ratings of performance were assessed via self-report items. Results: The results of independent t-tests supported the effectiveness of the self-control manipulation. There were no significant differences between the ego depletion and control groups in terms of challenge and threat evaluations or subjective performance. Additional correlation analyses revealed that trait measures of self-control were significantly and negatively related to challenge and threat evaluations and subjective performance. Conclusion: Findings suggest that ego depletion might not influence appraisals of potentially stressful tasks, and thus add to recent evidence questioning the ego-depletion phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O'Brien
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - S Fryer
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - J Parker
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Gloucester, UK
| | - L Moore
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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14
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Binsch O, Bottenheft C, Landman AM, Roijendijk L, Vermetten EH. Testing the applicability of a virtual reality simulation platform for stress training of first responders. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1897494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Binsch
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Human Performance, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Charelle Bottenheft
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Human Performance, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie M. Landman
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Human Performance, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Linsey Roijendijk
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Department of Human Performance, Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Eric H.G.J.M. Vermetten
- Ministry of Defense, Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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McLamore Q, Leidner B, Park J, Hirschberger G, Li M, Reinhard D, Beals K. Strong hearts, open minds: Cardiovascular challenge predicts non-defensive responses to ingroup-perpetrated violence. Biol Psychol 2021; 161:108054. [PMID: 33610628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reminders of ingroup-perpetrated violence represent a psychological stressor that some people respond to defensively (e.g., justifying the violence), while others react non-defensively (e.g., accepting collective responsibility). To explain these divergent responses, we applied the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat to the context of intergroup conflict. Participants (N = 130) read about either an ingroup (American) or outgroup (Australian) soldier torturing an Iranian captive. We recorded cardiovascular responses while participants video-recorded introductions to an Iranian confederate who they believed they would meet. In the ingroup (but not the outgroup) condition, cardiovascular responses of challenge (relative to threat) were associated with less psychological defensiveness of ingroup-perpetrated violence and greater support for diplomacy towards its victims. Self-reported challenge/threat appraisals demonstrated no such relationships. These findings suggest that motivational states of challenge and threat can differentiate defensive and non-defensive responses, and that these motivational states may be better captured with physiological rather than self-report measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mengyao Li
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA; Max Planck Institute, Germany
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Schwerdtfeger AR, Rominger C, Weber B, Aluani I. A brief positive psychological intervention prior to a potentially stressful task facilitates more challenge-like cardiovascular reactivity in high trait anxious individuals. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13709. [PMID: 33118206 PMCID: PMC8027824 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When confronted with stress, anxious individuals tend to evaluate the demands of an upcoming encounter as higher than the available resources, thus, indicating threat evaluations. Conversely, evaluating available resources as higher than the demands signals challenge. Both types of evaluations have been related to specific cardiovascular response patterns with higher cardiac output relative to peripheral resistance indicating challenge and higher peripheral resistance relative to cardiac output signaling threat. The aim of this research was to evaluate whether a brief positive psychological exercise (best possible selves intervention) prior to a potentially stress‐evoking task shifted the cardiovascular profile in trait anxious individuals from a threat to a challenge type. We randomly assigned 74 participants to either a best possible selves or a control exercise prior to performing a sing a song stress task and assessed their level of trait anxiety. Cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were continuously recorded through baseline, preparation, stress task, and recovery, respectively, as well as self‐reported affect. Trait anxiety was related to higher CO in the best possible selves group and lower CO in the control group. While high trait anxious individuals in the control group showed increasing TPR reactivity, they exhibited a nonsignificant change in the best possible selves group. Moreover, in the latter group a stress‐related decrease in positive affect in high trait anxious participants was prevented. Findings suggest that concentrating on strengths and positive assets prior to a potentially stressful encounter could trigger a more adaptive coping in trait anxious individuals. According to the biopsychosocial model anxious individuals may evaluate motivated performance tasks as threatening, resulting in stronger vascular than cardiac responding. We found that a positive writing exercise (best possible selves‐intervention) prior to a laboratory stress task led to a more challenge‐type response profile (i.e., higher cardiac output relative to peripheral resistance) in trait anxious individuals, suggesting that positive psychological micro‐interventions could foster more adaptive coping.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rominger
- Health Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Weber
- Health Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabella Aluani
- Health Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Saltsman TL, Seery MD, Ward DE, Lamarche VM, Kondrak CL. Is satisficing really satisfying? Satisficers exhibit greater threat than maximizers during choice overload. Psychophysiology 2020; 58:e13705. [PMID: 33107043 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
When selecting from too many options (i.e., choice overload), maximizers (people who search exhaustively to make decisions that are optimal) report more negative post-decisional evaluations of their choices than do satisficers (people who search minimally to make decisions that are sufficient). Although ample evidence exists for differences in responses after-the-fact, little is known about possible divergences in maximizers' and satisficers' experiences during choice overload. Thus, using the biopsychosocial model of challenge/threat, we examined 128 participants' cardiovascular responses as they actively made a selection from many options. Specifically, we focused on cardiovascular responses assessing the degree to which individuals (a) viewed their decisions as valuable/important and (b) viewed themselves as capable (vs. incapable) of making a good choice. Although we found no differences in terms of the value individuals placed on their decisions (i.e., cardiovascular responses of task engagement), satisficers-compared to maximizers-exhibited cardiovascular responses consistent with feeling less capable of making their choice (i.e., greater relative threat). The current work provides a novel investigation of the nature of differences in maximizers'/satisficers' momentary choice overload experiences, suggesting insight into why they engage in such distinct search behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Saltsman
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mark D Seery
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Deborah E Ward
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Cheryl L Kondrak
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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18
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Stress perception following childhood adversity: Unique associations with adversity type and sex. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:343-356. [PMID: 30846020 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes across the life span. Alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis are considered a key mechanism underlying these associations, although findings have been mixed. These inconsistencies suggest that other aspects of stress processing may underlie variations in this these associations, and that differences in adversity type, sex, and age may be relevant. The current study investigated the relationship between childhood adversity, stress perception, and morning cortisol, and examined whether differences in adversity type (generalized vs. threat and deprivation), sex, and age had distinct effects on these associations. Salivary cortisol samples, daily hassle stress ratings, and retrospective measures of childhood adversity were collected from a large sample of youth at risk for serious mental illness including psychoses (n = 605, mean age = 19.3). Results indicated that childhood adversity was associated with increased stress perception, which subsequently predicted higher morning cortisol levels; however, these associations were specific to threat exposures in females. These findings highlight the role of stress perception in stress vulnerability following childhood adversity and highlight potential sex differences in the impact of threat exposures.
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19
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Music performance anxiety from the challenge and threat perspective: psychophysiological and performance outcomes. BMC Psychol 2020; 8:87. [PMID: 32843074 PMCID: PMC7448432 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-020-00448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although many musicians perceive music performance anxiety (MPA) as a significant problem, studies about the psychobiological and performance-related concomitants of MPA are limited. Using the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat as theoretical framework, we aim to investigate whether musicians’ changes in their psychobiological responses and performance quality from a private to a public performance are moderated by their general MPA level. According to the challenge and threat framework, individuals are in a threat state when the perceived demands of a performance situation outweigh the perceived resources, whereas they are in a challenge state when the perceived resources outweigh the perceived demands. The resources-demands differential (resources minus demands) and the cardiovascular challenge-threat index (sum of cardiac output and reverse scored total peripheral resistance) are the main indices of these states. We postulate that the relationship between general MPA level and performance quality is mediated by these challenge and threat measures. Methods We will test 100 university music students reporting general MPA levels ranging from low to high. They will perform privately (i.e., without audience) and publicly (i.e., with an audience) on two separate days in counterbalanced order. During each performance session, we will record their cardiovascular and respiratory activity and collect saliva samples and self-reported measures. Measures of primary interest are self-reported anxiety, the resources-demands differential, the cardiovascular challenge-threat index, sigh rate, total respiratory variability, partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide and the salivary biomarkers cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and alpha-amylase. Both, the participants and anonymous experts will evaluate the performance quality from audio recordings. Discussion The results of the planned project are expected to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the psychobiology of MPA and of the processes that influence musicians’ individual reactions to performance situations. We also anticipate the findings of this project to have important implications for the development and implementation of theory-based interventions aimed at managing musicians’ anxiety and improving performance quality. Thanks to the use of multimethod approaches incorporating psychobiology, it might be possible to better assess the progress and success of interventions and ultimately improve musicians’ chance to have a successful professional career. Trial registration Not applicable.
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Crowe EM, Moore LJ, Harris DJ, Wilson MR, Vine SJ. In-task auditory performance-related feedback promotes cardiovascular markers of a challenge state during a pressurized task. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:497-510. [PMID: 32421380 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1766681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Individuals evaluate the demands and resources associated with a pressurized situation, which leads to distinct patterns of cardiovascular responses. While it is accepted that cognitive evaluations are updated throughout a pressurized situation, to date, cardiovascular markers have only been recorded immediately before, or averaged across, these situations. Thus, this study examined the influence of in-task performance-related feedback on cardiovascular markers of challenge and threat to explore fluctuations in these markers. Methods and Design: Forty participants completed a pressurized visual search task while cardiovascular markers of challenge and threat were recorded. During the task, participants received either positive or negative feedback via distinct auditory tones to induce a challenge or threat state. Following task completion, cardiovascular markers were recorded during a recovery phase. Results: Participants' cardiovascular responses changed across the experimental protocol. Specifically, while participants displayed a cardiovascular response more reflective of a challenge state following in-task performance-related feedback, participants exhibited a response more akin to a threat state later during the recovery phase. Conclusions: In-task auditory performance-related feedback promoted cardiovascular markers of a challenge state. These markers fluctuated over the experiment, suggesting that they, and presumably underlying demand and resource evaluations, are relatively dynamic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Crowe
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam & Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lee J Moore
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - David J Harris
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark R Wilson
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Samuel J Vine
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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21
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Hase A, aan het Rot M, de Miranda Azevedo R, Freeman P. Threat-related motivational disengagement: Integrating blunted cardiovascular reactivity to stress into the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:355-369. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1755819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hase
- Faculty Branch in Poznan, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marije aan het Rot
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Freeman
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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22
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Lamarche VM, Seery MD, Kondrak CL, Saltsman TL, Streamer L. Clever girl: Benevolent sexism and cardiovascular threat. Biol Psychol 2020; 149:107781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Poppelaars ES, Klackl J, Pletzer B, Wilhelm FH, Jonas E. Data for "Social-evaluative threat: Stress response stages and influences of biological sex and neuroticism". Data Brief 2019; 27:104645. [PMID: 31687446 PMCID: PMC6820083 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This Data In Brief article contains supplementary materials to the article "Social-evaluative threat: stress response stages and influences of biological sex and neuroticism" [1], and describes analysis results of an open dataset [2]. Additional information is provided regarding the methods, particularly: the analysis of individual stress response peak times per stress system, and the statistical analysis. Importantly, correlation tables are presented between the different stress systems, both for baseline stress levels as well as for stress responses, and significant associations are displayed in scatter plots.
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Abstract
AIM Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a highly prevalent and significant cause of disability which is often resistant to pharmacological management. Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology with the potential to influence CLBP, and has been suggested as an alternative to opioids for pain management. VR is a goalfocused, computer-simulated reality allowing modification of the user's experience of their perceived world. MATERIALS/METHODS A narrative review of peer-reviewed literature using a systematic search strategy, and sole reviewer for data extraction. CONCLUSIONS VR has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing acute, experimental and chronic pain. This review describes the theoretical basis of the therapeutic effects of VR on CLBP via three distinct mechanisms: distraction, neuromodulation and graded exposure therapy. Furthermore, clinical application will be considered, including discussion of ethical issues associated with the technology.Implications for rehabilitationVirtual reality (VR) is suggested as an alternative for opioids in the management of acute and chronic pain.The therapeutic mechanisms of VR in chronic low back pain (CLBP) are equivocal but include distraction, neuromodulation of body perception and graded exposure therapy.VR may show greater efficacy in patients with CLBP with associated kinesiophobia.VR may show greater effect with increased immersion.
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25
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Alacreu-Crespo A, Peñarroja V, Hidalgo V, Martínez-Tur V, Salvador A, Serrano MÁ. Sex differences in the psychophysiological response to an intergroup conflict. Biol Psychol 2019; 149:107780. [PMID: 31605726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conflict induces psychophysiological responses, but less is known about responses to intergroup conflict. Intergroup relationships activate social processes, adding complexity to people's physiological responses. This study analyzes the psychophysiological responses to intergroup conflict considering sex differences. Thus, 150 young people were distributed in 50 groups in two conditions (conflict vs. non-conflict). Conflict was created in the interaction between two groups (three people each) in the laboratory. Their responses were compared to a control group. Mood, heart rate variability, cortisol, and testosterone were measured. Results showed that intergroup conflict induced a less pronounced decrease in negative and positive mood, and a reduction in parasympathetic activity (RMSSD of IBI). Moreover, women in conflict showed lower testosterone levels than men in conflict and control women. Finally, women's conflict perception correlated with their psychophysiological response. Results suggest that intergroup conflict induces emotional, cardiovascular, and endocrine responses, and that men and women interpret conflict differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Alacreu-Crespo
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia, 46010, Spain; Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Acute Care, CHU Montpellier, INSERM Unit 1061, Neuropsychiatry, Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Montpellier, France
| | - Vicente Peñarroja
- Faculty of Economics and Business. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Spain
| | - Vanesa Hidalgo
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, Aragon Health Research Institute, Aragon, Teruel, Spain; Laboratory of Cognitive Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alicia Salvador
- Laboratory of Cognitive Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology and IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel-Ángel Serrano
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, Valencia, 46010, Spain.
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26
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Klackl J, Jonas E. Effects of Mortality Salience on Physiological Arousal. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1893. [PMID: 31481914 PMCID: PMC6710453 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Making the inevitability of mortality salient makes people more defensive about their self-esteem and worldviews. Theoretical arguments and empirical evidence point to a mediating role of arousal in this defensive process, but evidence from physiological measurement studies is scarce and inconclusive. The present study seeks to draw a comprehensive picture of how physiological arousal develops over time in the mortality salience (MS) paradigm, and whether contemplating one's mortality actually elicits more physiological arousal than reflecting on a death-unrelated aversive control topic. In a between-subjects design, participants were asked two open questions about their mortality or about dental pain. Cardiac, respiratory, and electrodermal indicators of arousal were measured both as participants provided written answers to the questions, and during a series of resting intervals surrounding the questions. A Bayes factor analysis indicated support for the hypothesis that the MS paradigm increases physiological arousal, both while answering the two open-ended questions and afterward. Regarding the MS versus dental pain comparison, the null hypothesis of no difference was supported for most analysis segments and signals. The results indicate that the arousal elicited by MS is not different from that elicited by dental pain salience. This speaks against the idea that worldview defense following MS occurs because MS produces higher physiological arousal. Of course, this finding does not rule the importance of other forms of arousal (i.e., subjective arousal) for MS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klackl
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Jonas
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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27
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Sassenberg K, Scholl A. Linking regulatory focus and threat–challenge: transitions between and outcomes of four motivational states. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1647507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sassenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien
- University of Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
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28
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Saltsman TL, Seery MD, Kondrak CL, Lamarche VM, Streamer L. Too many fish in the sea: A motivational examination of the choice overload experience. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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29
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Wood N, Parker J, Freeman P, Black M, Moore L. The relationship between challenge and threat states and anaerobic power, core affect, perceived exertion, and self-focused attention during a competitive sprint cycling task. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 240:1-17. [PMID: 30390825 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between challenge and threat states and anaerobic power, core affect, perceived exertion, and self-focused attention during a competitive sprint cycling task. Thirty-five participants completed familiarization, baseline, and pressurized Wingate tests. Before the pressurized test, challenge and threat states were measured via self-report (demand resource evaluation score) and cardiovascular reactivity (challenge/threat index). After the pressurized test, relative peak power, core affect, perceived exertion, and self-focused attention were assessed. Evaluating the pressurized test as more of a challenge (i.e., coping resources match or exceed task demands) was associated with greater increases in relative peak power (vs. the baseline test) and more positive affect, as well as marginally lower perceived exertion and less self-focused attention. However, challenge/threat index failed to predict any variable. Although the findings raise questions about the value of the physiological pattern underlying a challenge state for anaerobic power, they highlight the benefits of evaluating a physically-demanding task as a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Wood
- University of Gloucestershire, School of Sport and Exercise, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - John Parker
- University of Gloucestershire, School of Sport and Exercise, Cheltenham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Freeman
- University of Essex, School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Black
- University of Exeter, Sport and Health Sciences, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Moore
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
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30
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Le PQ, Saltsman TL, Seery MD, Ward DE, Kondrak CL, Lamarche VM. When a small self means manageable obstacles: Spontaneous self-distancing predicts divergent effects of awe during a subsequent performance stressor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Yamaguchi D, Tezuka Y, Suzuki N. The Differences Between Winners and Losers in Competition: the Relation of Cognitive and Emotional Aspects During a Competition to Hemodynamic Responses. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Successful performance and cardiovascular markers of challenge and threat: A meta-analysis. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 130:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Phan JM, Schneider E, Peres J, Miocevic O, Meyer V, Shirtcliff EA. Social evaluative threat with verbal performance feedback alters neuroendocrine response to stress. Horm Behav 2017; 96:104-115. [PMID: 28919553 PMCID: PMC5753599 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory stress tasks such as the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) have provided a key piece to the puzzle for how psychosocial stress impacts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, other stress-responsive biomarkers, and ultimately wellbeing. These tasks are thought to work through biopsychosocial processes, specifically social evaluative threat and the uncontrollability heighten situational demands. The present study integrated an experimental modification to the design of the TSST to probe whether additional social evaluative threat, via negative verbal feedback about speech performance, can further alter stress reactivity in 63 men and women. This TSST study confirmed previous findings related to stress reactivity and stress recovery but extended this literature in several ways. First, we showed that additional social evaluative threat components, mid-task following the speech portion of the TSST, were still capable of enhancing the psychosocial stressor. Second, we considered stress-reactive hormones beyond cortisol to include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone, and found these hormones were also stress-responsive, and their release was coupled with one another. Third, we explored whether gain- and loss-framing incentive instructions, meant to influence performance motivation by enhancing the personal relevance of task performance, impacted hormonal reactivity. Results showed that each hormone was stress reactive and further had different responses to the modified TSST compared to the original TSST. Beyond the utility of showing how the TSST can be modified with heightened social evaluative threat and incentive-framing instructions, this study informs about how these three stress-responsive hormones have differential responses to the demands of a challenge and a stressor.
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34
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Kondrak CL, Seery MD, Gabriel S, Lupien SP. What’s good for me depends on what I see in you: Intimacy avoidance and resources derived from close others. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1291447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L. Kondrak
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mark D. Seery
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shira Gabriel
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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35
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Moore LJ, Young T, Freeman P, Sarkar M. Adverse life events, cardiovascular responses, and sports performance under pressure. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:340-347. [PMID: 28581687 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that experiencing a moderate number of adverse life events can benefit future stress responses. This study explored the relationship between adverse life (ie, non-sport) events and cardiovascular responses to, and performance during, a pressurized sporting task. One hundred participants (64 men, 36 women; Mage =21.94 years, SDage =4.98) reported the number of adverse life events (eg, serious accident or injury) they had encountered before completing a pressurized dart-throwing task during which performance was recorded. Before the task, participants' demand and resource evaluations and cardiovascular reactivity were assessed. Adverse life events did not impact demand and resource evaluations. However, participants who reported 4-7 adverse life events displayed cardiovascular responses more reflective of a challenge state (relatively lower total peripheral resistance and/or higher cardiac output) compared to those who reported a lower (<4) or higher (>7) number of events. Furthermore, participants who reported 3-13 adverse life events outperformed those who reported a lower (<3) or higher (>13) number of events. Supplementary analyses suggested that this relationship might be due to a small number of extreme values. However, after outlier analyses, a significant linear relationship remained suggesting that a higher number of adverse life events facilitated performance. The results suggest that experiencing a moderate to high number of adverse life events might have beneficial effects on subsequent cardiovascular responses and performance under pressure. Practitioners should therefore consider prior brushes with adversity when identifying athletes who are likely to excel during stressful competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Moore
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Tom Young
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, School of Health, Sport, and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Wales, UK
| | - Paul Freeman
- Faculty of Science and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, UK
| | - Mustafa Sarkar
- Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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36
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Salvador A, Costa R, Hidalgo V, González-Bono E. Causal attribution and psychobiological response to competition in young men. Horm Behav 2017; 92:72-81. [PMID: 28433517 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A contribution to a special issue on Hormones and Human Competition. Psychoneuroendocrine effects of competition have been widely accepted as a clear example of the relationship between androgens and aggressive/dominant behavior in humans. However, results about the effects of competitive outcomes are quite heterogeneous, suggesting that personal and contextual factors play a moderating role in this relationship. To further explore these dimensions, we aimed to examine (i) the effect of competition and its outcome on the psychobiological response to a laboratory competition in young men, and (ii) the moderating role of some cognitive dimensions such as causal attributions. To do so, we compared the responses of 56 healthy young men faced with two competitive tasks with different instructions. Twenty-eight men carried out a task whose instructions led subjects to think the outcome was due to their personal performance ("merit" task), whereas 28 other men faced a task whose outcome was attributable to luck ("chance" task). In both cases, outcome was manipulated by the experimenter. Salivary steroid hormones (testosterone and cortisol), cardiovascular variables (heart rate and blood pressure), and emotional state (mood and anxiety) were measured at different moments before, during and after both tasks. Our results did not support the "winner-loser effect" because no significant differences were found in the responses of winners and losers. However, significantly higher values on the testosterone and cardiovascular variables, along with slight decreases in positive mood, were associated with the merit-based competition, but not the chance-based condition. In addition, an exploratory factorial analysis grouped the response components into two patterns traditionally related to more active or more passive behaviors. Thus, our results suggest that the perception of contributing to the outcome is relevant in the psychobiological response to competition in men. Overall, our results reveal the importance of the appraisal of control and causal attribution in understanding human competitive interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Salvador
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Costa
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain; Department of Psychology and Sociology, Area of Psychobiology, University of Zaragoza, Campus Ciudad Escolar, 44003 Teruel, Spain
| | - Esperanza González-Bono
- Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychobiology, IDOCAL, University of Valencia, Blasco Ibañez 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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Sammy N, Anstiss PA, Moore LJ, Freeman P, Wilson MR, Vine SJ. The effects of arousal reappraisal on stress responses, performance and attention. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2017; 30:619-629. [PMID: 28535726 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2017.1330952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of arousal reappraisal on cardiovascular responses, demand and resource evaluations, self-confidence, performance and attention under pressurized conditions. A recent study by Moore et al. [2015. Reappraising threat: How to optimize performance under pressure. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(3), 339-343. doi: 10.1123/jsep.2014-0186 ] suggested that arousal reappraisal is beneficial to the promotion of challenge states and leads to improvements in single-trial performance. This study aimed to further the work of Moore and colleagues (2015) by examining the effects of arousal reappraisal on cardiovascular responses, demand and resource evaluations, self-confidence, performance and attention in a multi-trial pressurized performance situation. DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to either an arousal reappraisal intervention or control condition, and completed a pressurized dart throwing task. The intervention encouraged participants to view their physiological arousal as facilitative rather than debilitative to performance. Measures of cardiovascular reactivity, demand and resource evaluations, self-confidence, task performance and attention were recorded. RESULTS The reappraisal group displayed more favorable cardiovascular reactivity and reported higher resource evaluations and higher self-confidence than the control group but no task performance or attention effects were detected. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate the strength of arousal reappraisal in promoting adaptive stress responses, perceptions of resources and self-confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Sammy
- a College of Life & Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Paul A Anstiss
- b School of Sport & Exercise Sciences , University of Kent , Canterbury , UK
| | - Lee J Moore
- c School of Sport & Exercise , University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham , UK
| | - Paul Freeman
- d School of Biological Sciences , University of Essex , Colchester , UK
| | - Mark R Wilson
- a College of Life & Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Samuel J Vine
- a College of Life & Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
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Not I, but she: The beneficial effects of self-distancing on challenge/threat cardiovascular responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Muhtadie L, Johnson SL. Threat sensitivity in bipolar disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 124:93-101. [PMID: 25688436 DOI: 10.1037/a0038065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Life stress is a major predictor of the course of bipolar disorder. Few studies have used laboratory paradigms to examine stress reactivity in bipolar disorder, and none have assessed autonomic reactivity to laboratory stressors. In the present investigation we sought to address this gap in the literature. Participants, 27 diagnosed with bipolar I disorder and 24 controls with no history of mood disorder, were asked to complete a complex working memory task presented as "a test of general intelligence." Self-reported emotions were assessed at baseline and after participants were given task instructions; autonomic physiology was assessed at baseline and continuously during the stressor task. Compared to controls, individuals with bipolar disorder reported greater increases in pretask anxiety from baseline and showed greater cardiovascular threat reactivity during the task. Group differences in cardiovascular threat reactivity were significantly correlated with comorbid anxiety in the bipolar group. Our results suggest that a multimethod approach to assessing stress reactivity-including the use of physiological parameters that differentiate between maladaptive and adaptive profiles of stress responding-can yield valuable information regarding stress sensitivity and its associations with negative affectivity in bipolar disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved).
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Simonovic B, Stupple EJN, Gale M, Sheffield D. Stress and Risky Decision Making: Cognitive Reflection, Emotional Learning or Both. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Seery MD, Gabriel S, Lupien SP, Shimizu M. Alone against the group: A unanimously disagreeing group leads to conformity, but cardiovascular threat depends on one's goals. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1263-71. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Seery
- Department of Psychology; University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Buffalo New York USA
| | - Shira Gabriel
- Department of Psychology; University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Buffalo New York USA
| | | | - Mitsuru Shimizu
- Department of Psychology; Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Edwardsville Illinois USA
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Seery MD, Kondrak CL, Streamer L, Saltsman T, Lamarche VM. Preejection period can be calculated using R peak instead of Q. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1232-40. [PMID: 27080937 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Preejection period (PEP) is a common measure of sympathetic nervous system activation in psychophysiological research, which makes it important to measure reliably for as many participants as possible. PEP is typically calculated as the interval between the onset or peak of the electrocardiogram Q wave and the impedance cardiography B point, but the Q wave can lack clear definition and even its peak is not visible for all participants. We thus investigated the feasibility of using the electrocardiogram R wave peak (Rpeak ) instead of Q because it can be consistently identified with ease and precision. Across four samples (total N = 408), young adult participants completed a variety of minimally metabolically demanding laboratory tasks after a resting baseline. Results consistently supported a close relationship between absolute levels of the Rpeak -B interval and PEP (accounting for approximately 90% of the variance at baseline and 89% during task performance, on average), but for reactivity values, Rpeak -B was practically indistinguishable from PEP (accounting for over 98% of the variance, on average). Given that using Rpeak rather than the onset or peak of Q saves time, eliminates potential subjectivity, and can be applied to more participants (i.e., those without a visible Q wave), findings suggest that Rpeak -B likely provides an adequate estimate of PEP when absolute levels are of interest and clearly does so for within-person changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Seery
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Cheryl L Kondrak
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lindsey Streamer
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Saltsman
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Veronica M Lamarche
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Hair cortisol and self-reported stress in healthy, working adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 63:163-9. [PMID: 26447679 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress can be important in the pathology of chronic disease. Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) are proposed to reflect long term cortisol secretion from exposure to stress. To date, inconsistencies in the relationship between HCC and self-reported stress have been attributed to variation and limitations of perceived stress measurement. We report data from employees of two large public sector worksites (n=132). Socio-demographic, health, lifestyle, perceived stress scale (PSS), and work-related effort reward imbalance (ERI) were collected at baseline. Participants were asked to respond to mobile text messages every two days, asking them to report current stress levels (Ecological momentary assessment, EMA), and mean stress was determined overall, during work hours, and out of work hours. At 12 weeks, the appraisal of stressful life events scale (ALES) was completed and 3 cm scalp hair samples were taken, from which HCC was determined (to reflect cortisol secretion over the past 12 weeks). Mean response rate to EMA was 81.9 ± 14.9%. Associations between HCC and the various self-reported stress measures (adjusted for use of hair dye) were weak (all<.3). We observed significant associations with HCC for EMA measured stress responses received out of work hours (ρ=.196, p=.013) and ALES Loss subscale (ρ=.241, p=.003), and two individual items from ERI (relating to future work situation). In regression analysis adjusting for other possible confounders, only the HCC-ALES Loss association remained significant (p=.011). Overall, our study confirms that EMA provides a useful measurement tool that can gather perceived stress measures in real-time. But, there was no relationship between self-reported stress collected in this way, and HCC. The modest association between HCC and stress appraisal does however, provide some evidence for the role of cognitive processes in chronic stress.
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Scholl A, Sassenrath C, Sassenberg K. Attracted to power: challenge/threat and promotion/prevention focus differentially predict the attractiveness of group power. Front Psychol 2015; 6:397. [PMID: 25904887 PMCID: PMC4387856 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on their motivation, individuals prefer different group contexts for social interactions. The present research sought to provide more insight into this relationship. More specifically, we tested how challenge/threat and a promotion/prevention focus predict attraction to groups with high- or low-power. As such, we examined differential outcomes of threat and prevention focus as well as challenge and promotion focus that have often been regarded as closely related. According to regulatory focus, individuals should prefer groups that they expect to “feel right” for them to join: Low-power groups should be more attractive in a prevention (than a promotion) focus, as these groups suggest security-oriented strategies, which fit a prevention focus. High-power groups should be more attractive in a promotion (rather than a prevention) focus, as these groups are associated with promotion strategies fitting a promotion focus (Sassenberg et al., 2007). In contrast, under threat (vs. challenge), groups that allow individuals to restore their (perceived) lack of control should be preferred: Low-power groups should be less attractive under threat (than challenge) because they provide low resources which threatened individuals already perceive as insufficient and high-power groups might be more attractive under threat (than under challenge), because their high resources allow individuals to restore control. Two experiments (N = 140) supported these predictions. The attractiveness of a group often depends on the motivation to engage in what fits (i.e., prefer a group that feels right in the light of one’s regulatory focus). However, under threat the striving to restore control (i.e., prefer a group allowing them to change the status quo under threat vs. challenge) overrides the fit effect, which may in turn guide individuals’ behavior in social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Scholl
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Sassenrath
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Kai Sassenberg
- Department of Social Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany ; School of Science, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
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Mathewson KJ, Pyhälä R, Hovi P, Räikkönen K, Van Lieshout RJ, Boyle MH, Saigal S, Morrison KM, Kajantie E, Schmidt LA. Cardiovascular Responses to Psychosocial Stress Reflect Motivation State in Adults Born at Extremely Low Birth Weight. Glob Pediatr Health 2015; 2:2333794X15574092. [PMID: 27335948 PMCID: PMC4784637 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x15574092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Adults born extremely preterm appear to have more difficulty managing the stresses of early adulthood than their term-born peers. Objective. To examine the effects of being born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW; birth weight < 1000 g) versus at full term on cardiovascular responses to stress. Method. Cardiovascular responses were elicited during administration of a widely used laboratory stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Results. Term-born adults exhibited a larger decrease in total peripheral resistance and larger increase in cardiac output for TSST performance, reflecting greater resilience, than did ELBW adults. Furthermore, in ELBW participants but not controls, cardiovascular responses were correlated with anxiety, suggesting that their responses reflected feelings of stress. Conclusions. Skills-training and practice with relevant stressors may be necessary to increase the personal resources of ELBW participants for managing stress as they transition to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petteri Hovi
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eero Kajantie
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Oulu University Central Hospital, Oulu, Finland; University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Does unfairness feel different if it can be linked to group membership? Cognitive, affective, behavioral and physiological implications of discrimination and unfairness. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Frings D, Eskisan G, Spada MM, Albery IP. Levels of craving influence psychological challenge and physiological reactivity. Appetite 2015; 84:161-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Manipulating cardiovascular indices of challenge and threat using resource appraisals. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 94:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Trost Z, Parsons TD. Beyond Distraction: Virtual Reality Graded Exposure Therapy as Treatment for Pain-Related Fear and Disability in Chronic Pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jabr.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zina Trost
- Department of Psychology; University of North Texas
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