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Pádua JDB, Mariano CFA, Fabro AT, Lizarte Neto FS, Zuliani RL, Sares CTG, dos Santos JS, Sankarankutty AK, Tirapelli DPDC, Silveira VDS, de Molfetta GA, Júnior WADS, Brunaldi MO. mRNA Expression and Methylation of the RAD51, ATM, ATR, BRCA1, and BRCA2 Genes in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Biomark Insights 2024; 19:11772719231225206. [PMID: 38293680 PMCID: PMC10826385 DOI: 10.1177/11772719231225206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Immunohistochemical prognostic significance of the homologous recombination-related proteins RAD51, ATM, BRCA1, and BRCA2 is known in gastric adenocarcinoma, one of the deadliest cancers. Objective and design This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate mRNA expression and promoter methylation of some homologous recombination-related genes in this neoplasm. Methods We evaluated mRNA expression and methylation of RAD51, ATM, ATR, BRCA1, and BRCA2 in tumor and non-tumor frozen samples from gastrectomy specimens by RT-qPCR and MS-HRM, correlating our results with previous immunohistochemistry data and prognostic features. Results RAD51, ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, and ATM mRNA expression was detected in 93.75% (45/48), 93.75% (45/48), 91.67% (44/48), 83.33% (40/48), and 89.58% (43/48) of the tumors; partial or complete methylation, in 94.87% (37/39), 0 (0/42), 97.56% (40/41), 100% (41/41), and 0 (0/40), respectively. Most gene pairs showed significant weak to moderate positive correlations of tumoral mRNA expression with each other: RAD51 with ATR (P = .027), BRCA1 (P < .001), and BRCA2 (P < .001); ATR with BRCA1 (P = .007), and ATM (P = .001); BRCA1 with BRCA2 (P = 0.001). BRCA1 mRNA was reduced in tumors compared with non-neoplastic mucosa (0.345 vs 1.272, P = .015) and, excluding neoadjuvant therapy cases, in T3 to T4 tumors compared with T2 (0.414 vs 0.954, P = .035). Greater tumoral RAD51 mRNA levels correlated with perineural invasion (1.822 vs 0.725, P = .010) and death (1.664 vs 0.929, P = .036), but not with survival time. There was an inverse association between nuclear immunohistochemical positivity for ATR and its mRNA levels (0.487 vs 0.907, P = .032), and no significant correlation for the other markers. Conclusions Our results suggest RAD51, BRCA1, and BRCA2 methylation as a frequent epigenetic mechanism in gastric cancer, support the hypothesis that reduced BRCA1 expression participates in disease progression, and show an association between RAD51 mRNA and perineural invasion and mortality that may be considered unexpected, considering the former immunohistochemical studies. The lack of correlation between immunohistochemistry and mRNA, and even the inverse association, for ATR, can be seen as indicative of action of post-transcriptional or post-translational regulatory mechanisms, to be better investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Del Bel Pádua
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolline Fontes Alves Mariano
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Todorovic Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rogério Lenotti Zuliani
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mariângela Ottoboni Brunaldi
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Pan M, Sha Y, Qiu J, Chen Y, Liu L, Luo M, Huang A, Xia J. RAD51 Inhibition Shows Antitumor Activity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097905. [PMID: 37175611 PMCID: PMC10178757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the major type of liver cancer, causes a high annual mortality worldwide. RAD51 is the critical recombinase responsible for homologous recombination (HR) repair in DNA damage. In this study, we identified that RAD51 was upregulated in HCC and that RAD51 silencing or inhibition reduced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells and enhanced cell apoptosis and DNA damage. HCC cells with the combinatorial treatments of RAD51 siRNA or inhibitor and sorafenib demonstrated a synergistic effect in inhibiting HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as inducing cell apoptosis and DNA damage. Single RAD51 silencing or sorafenib reduced RAD51 protein expression and weakened HR efficiency, and their combination almost eliminated RAD51 protein expression and inhibited HR efficiency further. An in vivo tumor model confirmed the RAD51 inhibitor's antitumor activity and synergistic antitumor activity with sorafenib in HCC. RNA-Seq and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) in RAD51-inactivated Huh7 cells indicated that RAD51 knockdown upregulated cell apoptosis and G1/S DNA damage checkpoint pathways while downregulating mitotic spindle and homologous recombination pathways. Our findings suggest that RAD51 inhibition exhibits antitumor activities in HCC and synergizes with sorafenib. Targeting RAD51 may provide a novel therapeutic approach in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Sha
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Jianguo Qiu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yunmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lele Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Muyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ailong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Thomas M, Dubacq C, Rabut E, Lopez BS, Guirouilh-Barbat J. Noncanonical Roles of RAD51. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081169. [PMID: 37190078 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR), an evolutionary conserved pathway, plays a paramount role(s) in genome plasticity. The pivotal HR step is the strand invasion/exchange of double-stranded DNA by a homologous single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) covered by RAD51. Thus, RAD51 plays a prime role in HR through this canonical catalytic strand invasion/exchange activity. The mutations in many HR genes cause oncogenesis. Surprisingly, despite its central role in HR, the invalidation of RAD51 is not classified as being cancer prone, constituting the "RAD51 paradox". This suggests that RAD51 exercises other noncanonical roles that are independent of its catalytic strand invasion/exchange function. For example, the binding of RAD51 on ssDNA prevents nonconservative mutagenic DNA repair, which is independent of its strand exchange activity but relies on its ssDNA occupancy. At the arrested replication forks, RAD51 plays several noncanonical roles in the formation, protection, and management of fork reversal, allowing for the resumption of replication. RAD51 also exhibits noncanonical roles in RNA-mediated processes. Finally, RAD51 pathogenic variants have been described in the congenital mirror movement syndrome, revealing an unexpected role in brain development. In this review, we present and discuss the different noncanonical roles of RAD51, whose presence does not automatically result in an HR event, revealing the multiple faces of this prominent actor in genomic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Thomas
- INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Dubacq
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, IBPS, Neuroscience Paris Seine, NPS, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Elise Rabut
- INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris Cité, 24 rue du Faubourg St. Jacques, F-75014 Paris, France
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A functional variant in the RAD51 3′ UTR is associated with survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Gene X 2023; 851:146964. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kıyga E, Adıgüzel Z, Önay Uçar E. Temozolomide increases heat shock proteins in extracellular vesicles released from glioblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8701-8713. [PMID: 35752701 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant and the fastest-progressing type of primary brain tumours. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of GBM. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently confirmed to have a substantial role in the GBM, and their contents released from GBM cells have been considered a target for treatment. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of TMZ on heat shock proteins (HSPs) derived from EVs originated from GBM cell lines (U87-MG and LN229) and the significance of EVs in response to chemotherapy in GBM. METHODS AND RESULTS NTA, ELISA, and immunoblotting were used to characterization studies of EVs and results showed that U87-MG cells released many EVs compared to LN229 cells. The effect of TMZ treatments on HSPs expression levels were assessed with immunoblotting and was found to be led to increases in HSF-1, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60 and Hsp27 expression in GBM cells and their EV contents, which these increases are related to therapeutic resistance. What is more, in Real-time PCR studies showing which signalling pathways might be associated with these increases, it was observed that TMZ triggered the expression of RAD51 and MDM2 genes in cells and EV contents. More strikingly, we discover a correlation between EV and parental cells in regard of mRNA and protein level in both cell lines as a result of TMZ treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest of EVs in the treatment of GBM may have potential biomarkers that can be used to investigate the treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Kıyga
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Zelal Adıgüzel
- Basic Medical Sciences Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Evren Önay Uçar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Vezneciler, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey
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Pádua JDB, Mariano CFA, Fabro AT, Tirapelli DPDC, Sankarankutty AK, dos Santos JS, Brunaldi MO. Prognostic Value of the Immunohistochemical Expression of RAD51 and BRCA2 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:199-210. [PMID: 34978208 PMCID: PMC8832630 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211065834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current scientific literature lacks data on the prognostic value of the expression of RAD51 and BRCA2 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate those and other homologous recombination-related proteins (ATM, ATR, BRCA1, CHK2, γH2AX, p53) in gastric cancer, assessing their correlation with clinical prognosis. Paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from surgical specimens collected in total or subtotal gastrectomy procedures. Between 2008 and 2017, 121 patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma underwent surgical resection and were included in this study. Negativity for nuclear RAD51 correlated with vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, larger tumor size, and lower overall survival and disease-free survival in univariate analysis. However, nuclear RAD51-negative cases presented better response rates to adjuvant therapy than the positive ones. Nuclear ATR negativity correlated with larger tumor size and a higher histological grade. Positivity for ATM was associated with more prolonged disease-free survival. Positivity for nuclear BRCA2 correlated with lower overall survival and diffuse histological type, whereas its high expression was associated with vascular invasion. Nevertheless, tumors positive for nuclear BRCA2 were more frequently low grade in the intestinal histological type. Our findings indicate that RAD51 and BRCA2 are valuable immunohistochemical prognostic markers in gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Del Bel Pádua
- Joel Del Bel Pádua, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Carolline Fontes Alves Mariano
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Todorovic Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ajith Kumar Sankarankutty
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Sebastião dos Santos
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Mariângela Ottoboni Brunaldi
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Morrison C, Weterings E, Mahadevan D, Sanan A, Weinand M, Stea B. Expression Levels of RAD51 Inversely Correlate with Survival of Glioblastoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215358. [PMID: 34771522 PMCID: PMC8582387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Identifying prognostic and predictive biomarkers for glioblastoma (GBM), a primary brain tumor, is essential in improving patient survival. We utilized gene expression profiling to investigate a uniform population of GBM patients who had been treated with surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy versus normal brain tissue, and identified high RAD51 expression as a poor prognostic marker that is amenable to therapeutic intervention. This observation was confirmed utilizing a publicly available gene expression dataset in a cohort of GBM patients. Abstract Treatment failures of glioblastoma (GBM) occur within high-dose radiation fields. We hypothesized that this is due to increased capacity for DNA damage repair in GBM. We identified 24 adult GBM patients treated with maximal safe resection followed by radiation with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide. The mRNA from patients was quantified using NanoString Technologies’ nCounter platform and compared with 12 non-neoplastic temporal lobe tissue samples as a control. Differential expression analysis identified seven DNA repair genes significantly upregulated in GBM tissues relative to controls (>4-fold difference, adjusted p values < 0.001). Among these seven genes, Cox proportional hazards models identified RAD51 to be associated with an increased risk of death (HR = 3.49; p = 0.03). Kaplan–Meier (KM) analysis showed that patients with high RAD51 expression had significantly shorter OS compared to low levels (median OS of 10.6 mo. vs 20.1 mo.; log-rank p = 0.03). Our findings were validated in a larger external dataset of 162 patients using publicly available gene expression data quantified by the same NanoString technology (median OS of 13.8 mo. vs. 17.4 mo; log-rank p = 0.006). Within this uniformly treated GBM population, RAD51, in the homologous recombination pathway, was overexpressed (vs. normal brain) and inversely correlated with OS. High RAD51 expression may be a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Morrison
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (C.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Eric Weterings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (C.M.); (E.W.)
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
| | - Abhay Sanan
- Center for Neurosciences, Tucson, AZ 85718, USA;
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
| | - Baldassarre Stea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (C.M.); (E.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(520)-694-0861
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Chien JCY, Badr CE, Lai CP. Multiplexed bioluminescence-mediated tracking of DNA double-strand break repairs in vitro and in vivo. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3933-3953. [PMID: 34163064 PMCID: PMC9124064 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repairs including homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining play an important role in diseases and therapies. However, investigating DSB repair is typically a low-throughput and cross-sectional process, requiring disruption of cells and organisms for subsequent nuclease-, sequencing- or reporter-based assays. In this protocol, we provide instructions for establishing a bioluminescent repair reporter system using engineered Gaussia and Vargula luciferases for noninvasive tracking of homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining, respectively, induced by SceI meganuclease, SpCas9 or SpCas9 D10A nickase-mediated editing. We also describe complementation with orthogonal DSB repair assays and omics analyses to validate the reporter readouts. The bioluminescent repair reporter system provides longitudinal and rapid readout (~seconds per sample) to accurately and efficiently measure the efficacy of genome-editing tools and small-molecule modulators on DSB repair. This protocol takes ~2-4 weeks to establish, and as little as 2 h to complete the assay. The entire bioluminescent repair reporter procedure can be performed by one person with standard molecular biology expertise and equipment. However, orthogonal DNA repair assays would require a specialized facility that performs Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian E. Badr
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, United States,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christian E. Badr, Tel: 1-617-643-3485; Fax: 1-617-724-1537; ; Charles P. Lai, Tel: 886-2-2366-8204; Fax: 886-2-2362-0200; . C.E.B and C.P.L contributed equally to this work
| | - Charles P. Lai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christian E. Badr, Tel: 1-617-643-3485; Fax: 1-617-724-1537; ; Charles P. Lai, Tel: 886-2-2366-8204; Fax: 886-2-2362-0200; . C.E.B and C.P.L contributed equally to this work
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JuknytĖ G, LaurinaitytĖ I, VilkeviČiŪtĖ A, GedvilaitĖ G, GlebauskienĖ B, KriauČiŪnienĖ L, LiutkeviČienĖ R. TBX15 rs98422, DNM3 rs1011731, RAD51B rs8017304, and rs2588809 Gene Polymorphisms and Associations With Pituitary Adenoma. In Vivo 2021; 35:815-826. [PMID: 33622874 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a benign tumor of parenchymal cells in the adenohypophysis, and it's development is strongly associated with genetic factors.This study aim was to find whether TBX15 rs98422, DNM3 rs1011731, RAD51B rs8017304, and rs2588809 single nucleotide polymorphisms can be associated with pituitary adenoma. While the TBX15 gene belongs to the T-box family of genes and is a transcription factor involved in many developmental processes, the DNM3 encodes a protein that is a member of the dynamin family with mechanochemical properties involved in actin-membrane processes, predominantly in membrane budding, and the RAD51B gene plays a significant role in homologous recombination in DNA repair for genome stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study enrolled 113 patients with pituitary adenoma and 283 healthy control subjects. DNA samples were extracted and purified from peripheral blood leukocytes. Genotyping was carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were assessed using binomial logistic regression. RESULTS Our study revealed that RAD51B rs2588809 TT genotype could be associated with PA development in the co-dominant (OR=6.833; 95% CI=2.557-18.262; p<0.001) and recessive (OR=7.066; 95% CI=2.667-18.722; p<0.001) models. The same results were observed in females but not in males and PA without recurrence, while in PA with recurrence, no statistically significant results were obtained. CONCLUSION RAD51B rs2588809 TT genotype may increase the odds of PA development in women; it may also be associated with non-recurrent PA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabija JuknytĖ
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Inga LaurinaitytĖ
- Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Alvita VilkeviČiŪtĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Greta GedvilaitĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Brigita GlebauskienĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loresa KriauČiŪnienĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa LiutkeviČienĖ
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Matos-Rodrigues G, Guirouilh-Barbat J, Martini E, Lopez BS. Homologous recombination, cancer and the 'RAD51 paradox'. NAR Cancer 2021; 3:zcab016. [PMID: 34316706 PMCID: PMC8209977 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic instability is a hallmark of cancer cells. Homologous recombination (HR) plays key roles in genome stability and variability due to its roles in DNA double-strand break and interstrand crosslink repair, and in the protection and resumption of arrested replication forks. HR deficiency leads to genetic instability, and, as expected, many HR genes are downregulated in cancer cells. The link between HR deficiency and cancer predisposition is exemplified by familial breast and ovarian cancers and by some subgroups of Fanconi anaemia syndromes. Surprisingly, although RAD51 plays a pivotal role in HR, i.e., homology search and in strand exchange with a homologous DNA partner, almost no inactivating mutations of RAD51 have been associated with cancer predisposition; on the contrary, overexpression of RAD51 is associated with a poor prognosis in different types of tumours. Taken together, these data highlight the fact that RAD51 differs from its HR partners with regard to cancer susceptibility and expose what we call the ‘RAD51 paradox’. Here, we catalogue the dysregulations of HR genes in human pathologies, including cancer and Fanconi anaemia or congenital mirror movement syndromes, and we discuss the RAD51 paradox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Matos-Rodrigues
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, France
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, France
| | - Emmanuelle Martini
- Université de Paris and Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratory of Development of the Gonads, IRCM/IBFJ CEA, UMR Genetic Stability, Stem Cells and Radiation, F-92265 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, UMR 8104 CNRS, Institut Cochin, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, F-75014, France
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Vassilakopoulou M, Won M, Curran WJ, Souhami L, Prados MD, Langer CJ, Rimm DL, Hanna JA, Neumeister VM, Melian E, Diaz AZ, Atkins JN, Komarnicky LT, Schultz CJ, Howard SP, Zhang P, Dicker AP, Knisely JPS. BRCA1 Protein Expression Predicts Survival in Glioblastoma Patients from an NRG Oncology RTOG Cohort. Oncology 2021; 99:580-588. [PMID: 33957633 DOI: 10.1159/000516168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor, was associated with a median survival of <1 year in the pre-temozolomide (TMZ) era. Despite advances in molecular and genetic profiling studies identifying several predictive biomarkers, none has been translated into routine clinical use. Our aim was to investigate the prognostic significance of a panel of diverse cellular molecular markers of tumor formation and growth in an annotated glioblastoma tissue microarray (TMA). METHODS AND MATERIALS A TMA composed of archived glioblastoma tumors from patients treated with surgery, radiation, and non-TMZ chemother-apy, was provided by RTOG. RAD51, BRCA-1, phosphatase and tensin homolog tumor suppressor gene (PTEN), and miRNA-210 expression levels were assessed using quantitative in situ hybridization and automated quantitative protein analysis. The objectives of this analysis were to determine the association of each biomarker with overall survival (OS), using the Cox proportional hazard model. Event-time distributions were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. RESULTS A cohort of 66 patients was included in this study. Among the 4 biomarkers assessed, only BRCA1 expression had a statistically significant correlation with survival. From univariate analysis, patients with low BRCA1 protein expression showed a favorable outcome for OS (p = 0.04; hazard ratio = 0.56) in comparison with high expressors, with a median survival time of 18.9 versus 4.8 months. CONCLUSIONS BRCA1 protein expression was an important survival predictor in our cohort of glioblastoma patients. This result may imply that low BRCA1 in the tumor and the consequent low level of DNA repair cause vulnerability of the cancer cells to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vassilakopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA, .,Department of Medical Oncology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece,
| | - Minhee Won
- NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Walter J Curran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Luis Souhami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael D Prados
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Corey J Langer
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jason A Hanna
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Veronique M Neumeister
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Akoya Biosciences, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edward Melian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Aidnag Z Diaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James N Atkins
- Southeast Cancer Consortium-Upstate NCORP, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lydia T Komarnicky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Schultz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Steven P Howard
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peixin Zhang
- NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan P S Knisely
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Bold IT, Specht AK, Droste CF, Zielinski A, Meyer F, Clauditz TS, Münscher A, Werner S, Rothkamm K, Petersen C, Borgmann K. DNA Damage Response during Replication Correlates with CIN70 Score and Determines Survival in HNSCC Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061194. [PMID: 33801877 PMCID: PMC7998578 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a consequence of chromosomal instability (CIN) that affects prognosis. Gene expression levels associated with aneuploidy provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying CIN. Based on the gene signature whose expression was consistent with functional aneuploidy, the CIN70 score was established. We observed an association of CIN70 score and survival in 519 HNSCC patients in the TCGA dataset; the 15% patients with the lowest CIN70 score showed better survival (p = 0.11), but association was statistically non-significant. This correlated with the expression of 39 proteins of the major repair complexes. A positive association with survival was observed for MSH2, XRCC1, MRE11A, BRCA1, BRCA2, LIG1, DNA2, POLD1, MCM2, RAD54B, claspin, a negative for ERCC1, all related with replication. We hypothesized that expression of these factors leads to protection of replication through efficient repair and determines survival and resistance to therapy. Protein expression differences in HNSCC cell lines did not correlate with cellular sensitivity after treatment. Rather, it was observed that the stability of the DNA replication fork determined resistance, which was dependent on the ATR/CHK1-mediated S-phase signaling cascade. This suggests that it is not the expression of individual DNA repair proteins that causes therapy resistance, but rather a balanced expression and coordinated activation of corresponding signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan T. Bold
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.T.B.); (A.-K.S.); (A.Z.); (F.M.); (K.R.)
| | - Ann-Kathrin Specht
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.T.B.); (A.-K.S.); (A.Z.); (F.M.); (K.R.)
| | - Conrad F. Droste
- University Cancer Center Hamburg (UCCH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Zielinski
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.T.B.); (A.-K.S.); (A.Z.); (F.M.); (K.R.)
| | - Felix Meyer
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.T.B.); (A.-K.S.); (A.Z.); (F.M.); (K.R.)
| | - Till S. Clauditz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Adrian Münscher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Stefan Werner
- Department of Tumorbiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.T.B.); (A.-K.S.); (A.Z.); (F.M.); (K.R.)
| | - Cordula Petersen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (I.T.B.); (A.-K.S.); (A.Z.); (F.M.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Chien JCY, Tabet E, Pinkham K, da Hora CC, Chang JCY, Lin S, Badr CE, Lai CPK. A multiplexed bioluminescent reporter for sensitive and non-invasive tracking of DNA double strand break repair dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e100. [PMID: 32797168 PMCID: PMC7515717 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tracking DNA double strand break (DSB) repair is paramount for the understanding and therapeutic development of various diseases including cancers. Herein, we describe a multiplexed bioluminescent repair reporter (BLRR) for non-invasive monitoring of DSB repair pathways in living cells and animals. The BLRR approach employs secreted Gaussia and Vargula luciferases to simultaneously detect homology-directed repair (HDR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), respectively. BLRR data are consistent with next-generation sequencing results for reporting HDR (R2 = 0.9722) and NHEJ (R2 = 0.919) events. Moreover, BLRR analysis allows longitudinal tracking of HDR and NHEJ activities in cells, and enables detection of DSB repairs in xenografted tumours in vivo. Using the BLRR system, we observed a significant difference in the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing with guide RNAs only 1-10 bp apart. Moreover, BLRR analysis detected altered dynamics for DSB repair induced by small-molecule modulators. Finally, we discovered HDR-suppressing functions of anticancer cardiac glycosides in human glioblastomas and glioma cancer stem-like cells via inhibition of DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51). The BLRR method provides a highly sensitive platform to simultaneously and longitudinally track HDR and NHEJ dynamics that is sufficiently versatile for elucidating the physiology and therapeutic development of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elie Tabet
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Dakota, 4800 N. Career Ave, Suite 221, Sioux Falls, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Kelsey Pinkham
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Cintia Carla da Hora
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Cheng-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Steven Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Christian E Badr
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Charles Pin-Kuang Lai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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14
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Role of Rad51 and DNA repair in cancer: A molecular perspective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107492. [PMID: 32001312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity is essential for any organism survival and for the inheritance of traits to offspring. To the purpose, cells have developed a complex DNA repair system to defend the genetic information against both endogenous and exogenous sources of damage. Accordingly, multiple repair pathways can be aroused from the diverse forms of DNA lesions, which can be effective per se or via crosstalk with others to complete the whole DNA repair process. Deficiencies in DNA healing resulting in faulty repair and/or prolonged DNA damage can lead to genes mutations, chromosome rearrangements, genomic instability, and finally carcinogenesis and/or cancer progression. Although it might seem paradoxical, at the same time such defects in DNA repair pathways may have therapeutic implications for potential clinical practice. Here we provide an overview of the main DNA repair pathways, with special focus on the role played by homologous repair and the RAD51 recombinase protein in the cellular DNA damage response. We next discuss the recombinase structure and function per se and in combination with all its principal mediators and regulators. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the manifold roles that RAD51 plays in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance, and conclude this work with a survey of the most promising therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting RAD51 in experimental oncology.
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15
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Lee JH, Bae AN, Jung SJ. Clinicopathological and Prognostic Characteristics of RAD51 in Colorectal Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56020048. [PMID: 31973027 PMCID: PMC7073956 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: RAD51 plays an essential role in DNA repair via homologous recombination. RAD51 facilitates strand transfer between interrupted sequences and their undamaged homologies. Therefore, we studied the RAD51 mRNA expression levels in colorectal cancer (CRC), and evaluated the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of RAD51. Materials and Methods: The RAD51 expression was examined in 48 CRCs and paired adjacent non-tumor tissues. We further evaluated the survival to determine the prognostic value of RAD51 in our CRC and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Results: We confirmed that the RAD51 expression in tumor tissues, compared with that of paired non-tumor tissues, was upregulated 2.5-fold. Additionally, the RAD51 expression was significantly associated with the T stage (p = 0.027). According to a higher T stage, the RAD51 expression showed an increasing trend. However, the RAD51 expression did not show a prognostic value statistically. Conclusions: We confirmed that RAD51 was upregulated in tumors and was significantly associated with the T stage. Although there was no statistically significant prognostic value found in our samples and TGCA data, our study will provide new insight for RAD51 in CRC.
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16
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Navarra G, Pagano C, Pacelli R, Crescenzi E, Longobardi E, Gazzerro P, Fiore D, Pastorino O, Pentimalli F, Laezza C, Bifulco M. N 6-Isopentenyladenosine Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells by Inhibiting the Homologous Recombination Repair Protein RAD51 Expression. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1498. [PMID: 31993371 PMCID: PMC6971108 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is among the most common malignant brain tumors and has a dismal prognosis due to the poor response to therapeutic regimens such as ionizing radiation and DNA-alkylating agents. In our study, we investigated the radiosensitizing activity of the N6-isopentenyladenosine (iPA), an naturally modified adenosine harboring an isopenenyl moiety, which shows antiproliferative effects on glioblastoma cell lines. We observed that co-treatment with ionizing radiation and iPA at micromolar concentration inhibited colony formation and viability of glioblastoma cell lines but not of non-malignant human cells. The combined treatment significantly attenuated the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage by inhibiting both the expression and irradiation-induced foci formation of RAD51, a key player in the homologous recombination repair process, leading to persistent DNA damage, as reflected by an increase of γ-H2AX foci. The radiosensitizing effect relied also on the inhibition of STAT5a/b activation, which is crucial for RAD51 expression, suggesting that iPA modulates the STAT5a/b-RAD51 axis following exposure to ionizing radiation. Overall, these data suggest that iPA, by acting through RAD51 inhibition at the mechanistic level, could function as a promising radiosensitizing agent and warrants further evaluation in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Navarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University School of Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Elvira Crescenzi
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Longobardi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Fiore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Pastorino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Laezza
- Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology, Institute of Endocrinology and Experimental Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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17
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Liu Y, Ji W, Shergalis A, Xu J, Delaney AM, Calcaterra A, Pal A, Ljungman M, Neamati N, Rehemtulla A. Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response via Inhibition of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Decreases the Capacity for DNA Repair to Sensitize Glioblastoma to Radiotherapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2923-2932. [PMID: 30996048 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) survive on average 12 to 14 months after diagnosis despite surgical resection followed by radiotheraphy and temozolomide therapy. Intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy is common and contributes to a high rate of recurrence. To investigate the therapeutic potential of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) as a target to overcome resistance to chemoradiation, we developed a GBM tumor model wherein conditional genetic ablation of prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit beta (P4HB), the gene that encodes PDI, can be accomplished. Loss of PDI expression induced the unfolded protein response (UPR) and decreased cell survival in two independent GBM models. Nascent RNA Bru-seq analysis of PDI-depleted cells revealed a decrease in transcription of genes involved in DNA repair and cell-cycle regulation. Activation of the UPR also led to a robust decrease in RAD51 protein expression as a result of its ubiquitination-mediated proteosomal degradation. Clonogenic survival assays demonstrated enhanced killing of GBM cells in response to a combination of PDI knockdown and ionizing radiation (IR) compared with either modality alone, which correlated with a decreased capacity to repair IR-induced DNA damage. Synergistic tumor control was also observed with the combination of PDI inhibition and IR in a mouse xenograft model compared with either single agent alone. These findings provide a strong rationale for the development of PDI inhibitors and their use in combination with DNA damage-inducing, standard-of-care therapies such as IR. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify PDIA1 as a therapeutic target in GBM by demonstrating efficacy of its inhibition in combination with radiotherapy through a novel mechanism involving downregulation of DNA repair genes.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/11/2923/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wenbin Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrea Shergalis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York
| | - Amy M Delaney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew Calcaterra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anupama Pal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School and Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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18
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Kaina B, Christmann M. DNA repair in personalized brain cancer therapy with temozolomide and nitrosoureas. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:128-141. [PMID: 31039537 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents have been used since the 60ties in brain cancer chemotherapy. Their target is the DNA and, although the DNA of normal and cancer cells is damaged unselectively, they exert tumor-specific killing effects because of downregulation of some DNA repair activities in cancer cells. Agents exhibiting methylating properties (temozolomide, procarbazine, dacarbazine, streptozotocine) induce at least 12 different DNA lesions. These are repaired by damage reversal mechanisms involving the alkyltransferase MGMT and the alkB homologous protein ALKBH2, and through base excision repair (BER). There is a strong correlation between the MGMT expression level and therapeutic response in high-grade malignant glioma, supporting the notion that O6-methylguanine and, for nitrosoureas, O6-chloroethylguanine are the most relevant toxic damages at therapeutically relevant doses. Since MGMT has a significant impact on the outcome of anti-cancer therapy, it is a predictive marker of the effectiveness of methylating anticancer drugs, and clinical trials are underway aimed at assessing the influence of MGMT inhibition on the therapeutic success. Other DNA repair factors involved in methylating drug resistance are mismatch repair, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) and DSB signaling. Base excision repair and ALKBH2 might also contribute to alkylating drug resistance and their downregulation may have an impact on drug sensitivity notably in cells expressing a high amount of MGMT and at high doses of temozolomide, but the importance in a therapeutic setting remains to be shown. MGMT is frequently downregulated in cancer cells (up to 40% in glioblastomas), which is due to CpG promoter methylation. Astrocytoma (grade III) are frequently mutated in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1). These tumors show a surprisingly good therapeutic response. IDH1 mutation has an impact on ALKBH2 activity thus influencing DNA repair. A master switch between survival and death is p53, which often retains transactivation activity (wildtype) in malignant glioma. The role of p53 in regulating survival via DNA repair and the routes of death are discussed and conclusions as to cancer therapeutic options were drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Markus Christmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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19
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Tachon G, Cortes U, Guichet PO, Rivet P, Balbous A, Masliantsev K, Berger A, Boissonnade O, Wager M, Karayan-Tapon L. Cell Cycle Changes after Glioblastoma Stem Cell Irradiation: The Major Role of RAD51. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103018. [PMID: 30282933 PMCID: PMC6213228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
“Glioma Stem Cells” (GSCs) are known to play a role in glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence. Homologous recombination (HR) defects and cell cycle checkpoint abnormalities can contribute concurrently to the radioresistance of GSCs. DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51) is a crucial protein for HR and its inhibition has been shown to sensitize GSCs to irradiation. The aim of this study was to examine the consequences of ionizing radiation (IR) for cell cycle progression in GSCs. In addition, we intended to assess the potential effect of RAD51 inhibition on cell cycle progression. Five radiosensitive GSC lines and five GSC lines that were previously characterized as radioresistant were exposed to 4Gy IR, and cell cycle analysis was done by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h with or without RAD51 inhibitor. Following 4Gy IR, all GSC lines presented a significant increase in G2 phase at 24 h, which was maintained over 72 h. In the presence of RAD51 inhibitor, radioresistant GSCs showed delayed G2 arrest post-irradiation for up to 48 h. This study demonstrates that all GSCs can promote G2 arrest in response to radiation-induced DNA damage. However, following RAD51 inhibition, the cell cycle checkpoint response differed. This study contributes to the characterization of the radioresistance mechanisms of GSCs, thereby supporting the rationale of targeting RAD51-dependent repair pathways in view of radiosensitizing GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Tachon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Ulrich Cortes
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Pierre Rivet
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Anais Balbous
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Konstantin Masliantsev
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Antoine Berger
- Département d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Odile Boissonnade
- Département d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Michel Wager
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
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20
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Weatherbee JL, Kraus JL, Ross AH. ER stress in temozolomide-treated glioblastomas interferes with DNA repair and induces apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:43820-43834. [PMID: 27286262 PMCID: PMC5190062 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly grade IV brain tumor. Radiation in combination with temozolomide (TMZ), the current chemotherapeutic for GBMs, only provides 12–14 months survival post diagnosis. Because GBMs are dependent on both activation of the DNA damage pathway and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, we asked if a novel ER stress inducing agent, JLK1486, increases the efficacy of TMZ. We found that the combination of TMZ+JLK1486 resulted in decreased proliferation in a panel of adherent GBM cells lines and reduced secondary sphere formation in non-adherent and primary lines. Decreased proliferation correlated with increased cell death due to apoptosis. We found prolonged ER stress in TMZ+JLK1486 treated cells that resulted in sustained activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) through increased levels of BiP, ATF4, and CHOP. In addition, TMZ+JLK1486 treatment caused decreased RAD51 levels, impairing DNA damage repair. Furthermore, we found delayed time to tumor doubling in TMZ+JLK1486 treated mice. Our data shows that the addition of JLK1486 to TMZ increases the efficaciousness of the treatment by decreasing proliferation and inducing cell death. We propose increased cell death is due to two factors. One, prolonged ER stress driving the expression of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP, and, second, unresolved DNA double strand breaks, due to decreased RAD51 levels. The combination of TMZ+JLK1486 is a potential novel therapeutic combination and suggests an inverse relationship between unresolved ER stress and the DNA damage response pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Weatherbee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Kraus
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), Aix-Marseille University (AMU) and CNRS, UMR 7288, IBDML, Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Alonzo H Ross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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RAD51 Is a Selective DNA Repair Target to Radiosensitize Glioma Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:125-139. [PMID: 28076755 PMCID: PMC5233453 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma die from local relapse despite surgery and high-dose radiotherapy. Resistance to radiotherapy is thought to be due to efficient DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in stem-like cells able to survive DNA damage and repopulate the tumor. We used clinical samples and patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) to confirm that the DSB repair protein RAD51 is highly expressed in GSCs, which are reliant on RAD51-dependent DSB repair after radiation. RAD51 expression and RAD51 foci numbers fall when these cells move toward astrocytic differentiation. In GSCs, the small-molecule RAD51 inhibitors RI-1 and B02 prevent RAD51 focus formation, reduce DNA DSB repair, and cause significant radiosensitization. We further demonstrate that treatment with these agents combined with radiation promotes loss of stem cells defined by SOX2 expression. This indicates that RAD51-dependent repair represents an effective and specific target in GSCs. RAD51 is overexpressed in glioma stem cells RAD51 expression levels fall when GSCs are differentiated RAD51 inhibitors abrogate DNA repair leading to radiosensitization in GSCs RAD51 inhibition + XR removes SOX2-expressing cells and abolishes clonogenicity
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Annovazzi L, Mellai M, Schiffer D. Chemotherapeutic Drugs: DNA Damage and Repair in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E57. [PMID: 28587121 PMCID: PMC5483876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9060057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in therapeutic strategies, glioblastoma (GB) remains one of the most lethal cancers. The presence of the blood-brain barrier, the infiltrative nature of the tumor and several resistance mechanisms account for the failure of current treatments. Distinct DNA repair pathways can neutralize the cytotoxicity of chemo- and radio-therapeutic agents, driving resistance and tumor relapse. It seems that a subpopulation of stem-like cells, indicated as glioma stem cells (GSCs), is responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance and recurrence and they appear to be more resistant owing to their enhanced DNA repair capacity. Recently, attention has been focused on the pivotal role of the DNA damage response (DDR) in tumorigenesis and in the modulation of therapeutic treatment effects. In this review, we try to summarize the knowledge concerning the main molecular mechanisms involved in the removal of genotoxic lesions caused by alkylating agents, emphasizing the role of GSCs. Beside their increased DNA repair capacity in comparison with non-stem tumor cells, GSCs show a constitutive checkpoint expression that enables them to survive to treatments in a quiescent, non-proliferative state. The targeted inhibition of checkpoint/repair factors of DDR can contribute to eradicate the GSC population and can have a great potential therapeutic impact aiming at sensitizing malignant gliomas to treatments, improving the overall survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Annovazzi
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Marta Mellai
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
| | - Davide Schiffer
- Research Center, Policlinico di Monza Foundation, Via Pietro Micca 29, 13100 Vercelli, Italy.
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Gachechiladze M, Škarda J, Soltermann A, Joerger M. RAD51 as a potential surrogate marker for DNA repair capacity in solid malignancies. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1286-1294. [PMID: 28477336 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting deficient mechanisms of cellular DNA repair still represents the basis for the treatment of the majority of solid tumors, and increased DNA repair capacity is a hallmark mechanism of resistance not only to DNA-damaging treatments such as cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy, but also to small molecule targeted drugs such as inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Hence, there is substantial medical need for potent and convenient biomarkers of individual response to DNA-targeted treatment in personalized cancer care. RAD51 is a highly conserved protein that catalyzes DNA repair via homologous recombination, a major DNA repair pathway which directly modulates cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging treatments. The clinical and biological significance of RAD51 protein expression is still under investigation. Pre-clinical studies consistently show the important role of nuclear RAD51 immunoreactivity in chemo- and radioresistance. Validating data from clinical trials however is limited at present, and some clinical studies show controversial results. This review gives a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge about the prognostic and predictive value of RAD51 protein expression and genetic variability in patients with solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Gachechiladze
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Škarda
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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Jane EP, Premkumar DR, Sutera PA, Cavaleri JM, Pollack IF. Survivin inhibitor YM155 induces mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, DNA damage and apoptosis in Bcl-xL silenced glioma cell lines. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1251-1265. [PMID: 27805285 PMCID: PMC6844150 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Because the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL is overexpressed in glioma, one might expect that inhibiting or silencing this gene would promote tumor cell killing. However, our studies have shown that this approach has limited independent activity, but may tip the balance in favor of apoptosis induction in response to other therapeutic interventions. To address this issue, we performed a pharmacological screen using a panel of signaling inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents in Bcl-xL silenced cells. Although limited apoptosis induction was observed with a series of inhibitors for receptor tyrosine kinases, PKC inhibitors, Src family members, JAK/STAT, histone deacetylase, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, MAP kinase, CDK, heat shock proteins, proteasomal processing, and various conventional chemotherapeutic agents, we observed a dramatic potentiation of apoptosis in Bcl-xL silenced cells with the survivin inhibitor, YM155. Treatment with YM155 increased the release of cytochrome c, smac/DIABLO and apoptosis inducing-factor, and promoted loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of Bax, recruitment of LC3-II to the autophagosomes and apoptosis in Bcl-xL silenced cells. We also found an additional mechanism for the augmentation of apoptosis due to abrogation of DNA double-strand break repair mediated by Rad51 repression and enhanced accumulation of γH2AX. In summary, our observations may provide a new insight into the link between Bcl-xL and survivin inhibition for the development of novel therapies for glioma. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther P. Jane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel R. Premkumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence to: Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Philip A. Sutera
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ian F. Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Correspondence to: Department of Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
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An Z, Yu JR, Park WY. Rosiglitazone enhances radiosensitivity by inhibiting repair of DNA damage in cervical cancer cells. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:89-98. [PMID: 28184999 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the main treatment modalities for cervical cancer. Rosiglitazone (ROSI) has been reported to have antiproliferative effects against various types of cancer cells and also to induce antioxidant enzymes that can scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby modify radiosensitivity. Here, we explored the effect of ROSI on radiosensitivity and the underlying mechanisms in cervical cancer cells. Three cervical cancer cell lines (ME-180, HeLa, and SiHa) were used. The cells were pretreated with ROSI and then irradiated. Expression of proteins of interest was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence. Intracellular production of ROS was measured by H2DCFDA. Radiosensitivity was assessed by monitoring clonogenic survival. Expression of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutases) was increased by ROSI in HeLa and SiHa cells, but not in ME-180 cells. With ROSI pre-treatment, cell survival after irradiation remained unchanged in HeLa and SiHa cells, but decreased in ME-180 cells. Radiation-induced expression of γ-H2AX was increased and that of RAD51 was decreased by ROSI pre-treatment in ME-180 cells, but not in HeLa cells. ROSI increases radiosensitivity by inhibiting RAD51-mediated repair of DNA damage in some cervical cancer cell lines; therefore, ROSI is a potential inhibitor of RAD51 that can be used to enhance the effect of RT in the treatment of some cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhe An
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Yu
- Department of Environmental and Tropical Medicine, Konkuk University College of Medicine, Chungju, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Yoon Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, 52 Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Overexpression of Rad51 Predicts Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer: Our Experience with 54 Patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167868. [PMID: 28099437 PMCID: PMC5242438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant Rad51 expression is implicated in the progression of human malignancies. However, the role of Rad51 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains undefined. This study aimed to establish a relationship between Rad51 and clinicopathologic features of CRC. METHODS We retrospectively examined the paraffin-embedded tissue samples obtained from 54 patients with CRC who had received surgical therapies at our institution during 2006-2008. Rad51 expression in adenocarcinoma, paracancerous tissue, and normal colonic tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between Rad51 immunoreactivity and clinicopathologic features of these patients was evaluated. RESULTS Rad51 immunoreactivity was detected in 67% of adenocarcinoma, 48% of paracancerous tissue, and 27% of normal colonic mucosa. Rad51 expression in adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than normal colonic tissue (p < 0.05). Rad51 was also overexpressed in poorly differentiated tumors and tumor samples from patients with lymph node metastasis (p < 0.05). Patients with Rad51 overexpression had a 69% two-year survival, 49% three-year survival, and 16% five-year survival, considerably worse than patients with negative Rad51 expression (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Rad51 overexpression is correlated with malignant phenotypes of CRC and may predict poor prognosis for these patients.
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Mesenchymal subtype of glioblastomas with high DNA-PKcs expression is associated with better response to radiotherapy and temozolomide. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:287-294. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Berte N, Piée-Staffa A, Piecha N, Wang M, Borgmann K, Kaina B, Nikolova T. Targeting Homologous Recombination by Pharmacological Inhibitors Enhances the Killing Response of Glioblastoma Cells Treated with Alkylating Drugs. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2665-2678. [PMID: 27474153 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas exhibit a high level of intrinsic and acquired drug resistance and have a dismal prognosis. First- and second-line therapeutics for glioblastomas are alkylating agents, including the chloroethylating nitrosoureas (CNU) lomustine, nimustine, fotemustine, and carmustine. These agents target the tumor DNA, forming O6-chloroethylguanine adducts and secondary DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). These cross-links are supposed to be converted into DNA double-strand breaks, which trigger cell death pathways. Here, we show that lomustine (CCNU) with moderately toxic doses induces ICLs in glioblastoma cells, inhibits DNA replication fork movement, and provokes the formation of DSBs and chromosomal aberrations. Since homologous recombination (HR) is involved in the repair of DSBs formed in response to CNUs, we elucidated whether pharmacologic inhibitors of HR might have impact on these endpoints and enhance the killing effect. We show that the Rad51 inhibitors RI-1 and B02 greatly ameliorate DSBs, chromosomal changes, and the level of apoptosis and necrosis. We also show that an inhibitor of MRE11, mirin, which blocks the formation of the MRN complex and thus the recognition of DSBs, has a sensitizing effect on these endpoints as well. In a glioma xenograft model, the Rad51 inhibitor RI-1 clearly enhanced the effect of CCNU on tumor growth. The data suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of HR, for example by RI-1, is a reasonable strategy for enhancing the anticancer effect of CNUs. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2665-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Berte
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Piecha
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengwan Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Nagai Y, Yamamoto Y, Yasuhara T, Hata K, Nishikawa T, Tanaka T, Tanaka J, Kiyomatsu T, Kawai K, Nozawa H, Kazama S, Yamaguchi H, Ishihara S, Sunami E, Yamanaka T, Miyagawa K, Watanabe T. High RAD54B expression: an independent predictor of postoperative distant recurrence in colorectal cancer patients. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21064-73. [PMID: 26046797 PMCID: PMC4673250 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a specific mechanism that RAD54B, an important factor in homologous recombination, promotes genomic instability via the degradation of p53 protein in vitro. However, clinical significance of RAD54Bin colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Thus we analyzed RAD54B geneexpression in CRC patients. Using the training set (n = 123), the optimal cut-off value for stratification was determined, and validated in another cohort (n = 89). Kaplan-Meier plots showed that distant recurrence free survival was significantly lesser in high RAD54B expression group compared with that of low expression group in both training (P = 0.0013) and validation (P = 0.024) set. Multivariate analysis using Cox proportional-hazards model showed that high RAD54B expression was an independent predictor in both training (hazard ratio, 4.31; 95% CI, 1.53-13.1; P = 0.0060) and validation (hazard ratio, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.23-10.7; P = 0.021) set. In addition, a negative significant correlation between RAD54B and CDKN1A, a target gene of p53, was partially confirmed, suggesting that RAD54B functions via the degradation of p53 protein even in clinical samples. This study first demonstrated RAD54B expression has potential to serve as a novel prognostic biomarker, particularly for distant recurrence in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Nagai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yasuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishikawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichiro Tanaka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Kiyomatsu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushige Kawai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nozawa
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kazama
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Sunami
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeharu Yamanaka
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Miyagawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Watanabe
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Choi SH, Kim SH, Shim KW, Han JW, Choi J, Kim DS, Lyu CJ, Kim JW, Suh CO, Cho J. Treatment Outcome and Prognostic Molecular Markers of Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153443. [PMID: 27074032 PMCID: PMC4830607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To identify prognostic factors and define the optimal management of patients with supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (sPNETs), we investigated treatment outcomes and explored the prognostic value of specific molecular markers. Methods A total of 47 consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed sPNETs between May 1985 and June 2012 were included. Immunohistochemical analysis of LIN28, OLIG2, and Rad51 expression was performed and correlated with clinical outcome. Results With a median follow-up of 70 months, 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was 55.5% and 40%, respectively, for all patients. Age, surgical extent, and radiotherapy were significant prognostic factors for OS and PFS. Patients who received initially planned multimodal treatment without interruption (i.e., radiotherapy and surgery (≥subtotal resection), with or without chemotherapy) showed significantly higher 5-year OS (71.2%) and PFS (63.1%). In 29 patients with available tumor specimens, tumors with high expression of either LIN28 or OLIG2 or elevated level of Rad51 were significantly associated with poorer prognosis. Conclusions We found that multimodal treatment improved outcomes for sPNET patients, especially when radiotherapy and ≥subtotal resection were part of the treatment regimen. Furthermore, we confirmed the prognostic significance of LIN28 and OLIG2 and revealed the potential role of Rad51 in sPNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hee Choi
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hoon Kim
- Departments of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Shim
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Woo Han
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junjeong Choi
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Kim
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chuhl Joo Lyu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Won Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ok Suh
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeho Cho
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Thuy MN, Kam JK, Lee GC, Tao PL, Ling DQ, Cheng M, Goh SK, Papachristos AJ, Shukla L, Wall KL, Smoll NR, Jones JJ, Gikenye N, Soh B, Moffat B, Johnson N, Drummond KJ. A novel literature-based approach to identify genetic and molecular predictors of survival in glioblastoma multiforme: Analysis of 14,678 patients using systematic review and meta-analytical tools. J Clin Neurosci 2015; 22:785-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Acquisition of meiotic DNA repair regulators maintain genome stability in glioblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1732. [PMID: 25906155 PMCID: PMC4650544 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most prevalent type of primary intrinsic brain cancer in adults, remains universally fatal despite maximal therapy, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Cytotoxic therapy generates double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs), most commonly repaired by homologous recombination (HR). We hypothesized that cancer cells coopt meiotic repair machinery as DSBs are generated during meiosis and repaired by molecular complexes distinct from genotoxic responses in somatic tissues. Indeed, we found that gliomas express meiotic repair genes and their expression informed poor prognosis. We interrogated the function of disrupted meiotic cDNA1 (DMC1), a homolog of RAD51, the primary recombinase used in mitotic cells to search and recombine with the homologous DNA template. DMC1, whose only known function is as an HR recombinase, was expressed by GBM cells and induced by radiation. Although targeting DMC1 in non-neoplastic cells minimally altered cell growth, DMC1 depletion in GBM cells decreased proliferation, induced activation of CHK1 and expression of p21CIP1/WAF1, and increased RPA foci, suggesting increased replication stress. Combining loss of DMC1 with ionizing radiation inhibited activation of DNA damage responses and increased radiosensitivity. Furthermore, loss of DMC1 reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival in vivo. Our results suggest that cancers coopt meiotic genes to augment survival under genotoxic stress, offering molecular targets with high therapeutic indices.
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Carvalho JFS, Kanaar R. Targeting homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:427-58. [PMID: 24491188 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.882900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA is the target of many traditional non-specific chemotherapeutic drugs. New drugs or therapeutic approaches with a more rational and targeted component are mandatory to improve the success of cancer therapy. The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is an attractive target for the development of inhibitors because cancer cells rely heavily on HR for repair of DNA double-strand breaks resulting from chemotherapeutic treatments. Additionally, the discovery that poly(ADP)ribose polymerase-1 inhibitors selectively kill cells with genetic defects in HR has spurned an even greater interest in inhibitors of HR. AREAS COVERED HR drives the repair of broken DNA via numerous protein-mediated sequential DNA manipulations. Due to extensive number of steps and proteins involved, the HR pathway provides a rich pool of potential drug targets. This review discusses the latest developments concerning the strategies being explored to inhibit HR. Particular attention is given to the identification of small molecule inhibitors of key HR proteins, including the BRCA proteins and RAD51. EXPERT OPINION Current HR inhibitors are providing the basis for pharmaceutical development of more potent and specific inhibitors to be applied in mono- or combinatorial therapy regimes, while novel targets will be uncovered by experiments aimed to gain a deeper mechanistic understanding of HR and its subpathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F S Carvalho
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Department of Genetics, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Genomics Netherlands , PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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Morgan SS, Nagle RB, Cranmer LD. Serum protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) as a prognostic marker in soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Sarcoma Res 2014; 4:2. [PMID: 24484617 PMCID: PMC3917620 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular secreted glycoprotein that performs several cellular functions and has been implicated in tumorigenesis in a variety of tumor types. The chemotherapeutic agent nanoparticle albumin-encapsulated (NAB)-paclitaxel has been postulated to exploit SPARC expression to target neoplastic cells. SPARC's role, and potentially the role of NAB-paclitaxel, in the highly heterogeneous class of soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) has not been investigated. Our objective was to explore the pattern of SPARC expression and its prognostic significance in STS. METHODS 27 tissue specimens representing various STS histologies were stained for SPARC expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Staining intensity was scored blindly. Survival was determined from patients' medical records and analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and log-rank with respect to SPARC expression level. RESULTS Elevated SPARC expression was observed in 15/27 (56%) specimens. Overall patient survival segregated strongly based on levels of SPARC expression. Patients who expressed low-to-moderate levels of SPARC exhibited median survival of 22.1 months, while the median survival of patients with moderate-to-high expression levels was 4.4 months (log rank; p = 0.0016). CONCLUSIONS SPARC expression is elevated in a significant proportion of STS specimens analyzed in this study, but it does not appear to correlate with specific STS histologies. Given our limited sample size, we cannot draw definitive conclusions regarding association of SPARC with STS subtype. Overall survival segregates strongly by degree of SPARC expression, with elevated expression being adverse. If validated in a larger study, our results suggest that trials in STS with agents potentially targeting SPARC, such as NAB-paclitaxel, should be stratified by SPARC expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S Morgan
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Raymond B Nagle
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lee D Cranmer
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Tennstedt P, Fresow R, Simon R, Marx A, Terracciano L, Petersen C, Sauter G, Dikomey E, Borgmann K. RAD51 overexpression is a negative prognostic marker for colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2118-26. [PMID: 23065657 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RAD51 is the central protein in the homologous recombination pathway and is therefore of great relevance in terms of both therapy resistance as well as genomic stability. By using a tissue microarray analysis of 1,213 biopsies taken from colorectal adenocarcinomas (CRCs), we investigated whether RAD51 expression can be used as a prognostic marker as well as potential associations between this and the expression of other proteins known to be related to CRC. Strong RAD51 expression was observed in 1% of CRC, moderate in 11%, weak in 34% and no expression in 44%. No correlation was found between RAD51 expression and clinicopathological parameters. RAD51 expression correlated significantly (p = 0.001) with overall survival, with a median survival of 11 months for patients with strong, 46 with moderate, 76 with weak and 68 with negative expression. Multivariate analyses revealed that in addition to tumor stage (p < 0.0001) and nodal status (p < 0.0001), RAD51 expression is also an independent prognostic parameter (p = 0.011). Strong RAD51 expression was found to be associated with the loss of the two DNA mismatch repair proteins MSH (p = 0.0003), MLH (p = 0.002) and β-catenin (p = 0.012) as well as with elevated p21 (p = 0.003) and EGFR expression (p = 0.0001). However, a correlation with overall survival could only be found for EGFR expression (p = 0.008), although no added benefit in risk stratification could be determined when evaluated together with RAD51. Overexpression of RAD51 is a predictor of poor outcome in CRC. This finding indicated the promise of future studies using RAD51 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tennstedt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Zhang N, Wu X, Yang L, Xiao F, Zhang H, Zhou A, Huang Z, Huang S. FoxM1 inhibition sensitizes resistant glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by downregulating the expression of DNA-repair gene Rad51. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5961-71. [PMID: 22977194 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and a poor clinical prognosis. In this study, we investigated the role of the oncogenic transcription factor FoxM1 in GBM cells' resistance to alkylator temozolomide (TMZ) and its potential molecular mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FoxM1 expression levels were measured by immunohistochemical analysis in 38 pairs of primary and recurrent GBM tumor samples. Expression levels were also measured in primary recurrent GBM cell lines, and their responses to TMZ were characterized. In a mechanistic study, an siRNA array was used to identify downstream genes, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to confirm transcriptional regulation. RESULTS Recurrent tumors that were TMZ resistant expressed higher levels of FoxM1 than did primary tumors. Recurrent GBM cell lines expressed higher levels of FoxM1 and the DNA damage repair gene Rad51 and were resistant to TMZ. TMZ treatment led to increased FoxM1 and Rad51 expression. FoxM1 knockdown inhibited Rad51 expression and sensitized recurrent GBM cells to TMZ cytotoxicity. FoxM1 directly regulated Rad51 expression through 2 FoxM1-specific binding sites in its promoter. Rad51 reexpression partially rescued TMZ resistance in FoxM1-knockdown recurrent GBM cells. A direct correlation between FoxM1 expression and Rad51 expression was evident in recurrent GBM tumor samples. CONCLUSION Targeting the FoxM1-Rad51 axis may be an effective method to reverse TMZ resistance in recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Scientific Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
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Oh JH, Wong HP, Wang X, Deasy JO. A bioinformatics filtering strategy for identifying radiation response biomarker candidates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38870. [PMID: 22768051 PMCID: PMC3387230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of biomarker candidates is often much larger than the number of clinical patient data points available, which motivates the use of a rational candidate variable filtering methodology. The goal of this paper is to apply such a bioinformatics filtering process to isolate a modest number (<10) of key interacting genes and their associated single nucleotide polymorphisms involved in radiation response, and to ultimately serve as a basis for using clinical datasets to identify new biomarkers. In step 1, we surveyed the literature on genetic and protein correlates to radiation response, in vivo or in vitro, across cellular, animal, and human studies. In step 2, we analyzed two publicly available microarray datasets and identified genes in which mRNA expression changed in response to radiation. Combining results from Step 1 and Step 2, we identified 20 genes that were common to all three sources. As a final step, a curated database of protein interactions was used to generate the most statistically reliable protein interaction network among any subset of the 20 genes resulting from Steps 1 and 2, resulting in identification of a small, tightly interacting network with 7 out of 20 input genes. We further ranked the genes in terms of likely importance, based on their location within the network using a graph-based scoring function. The resulting core interacting network provides an attractive set of genes likely to be important to radiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hun Oh
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harry P. Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph O. Deasy
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Westermark UK, Lindberg N, Roswall P, Bråsäter D, Helgadottir HR, Hede SM, Zetterberg A, Jasin M, Nistér M, Uhrbom L. RAD51 can inhibit PDGF-B-induced gliomagenesis and genomic instability. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1277-87. [PMID: 21926087 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful replication and DNA repair are vital for maintenance of genome integrity. RAD51 is a central protein in homologous recombination repair and during replication, when it protects and restarts stalled replication forks. Aberrant RAD51 expression occurs in glioma, and high expression has been shown to correlate with prolonged survival. Furthermore, genes involved in DNA damage response (DDR) are mutated or deleted in human glioblastomas, corroborating the importance of proper DNA repair to suppress gliomagenesis. We have analyzed DDR and genomic instability in PDGF-B-induced gliomas and investigated the role of RAD51 in glioma development. We show that PDGF-B-induced gliomas display genomic instability and that co-expression of RAD51 can suppress PDGF-B-induced tumorigenesis and prolong survival. Expression of RAD51 inhibited proliferation and genomic instability of tumor cells independent of Arf status. Our results demonstrate that the RAD51 pathway can prevent glioma initiation and maintain genome integrity of induced tumors, suggesting reactivation of the RAD51 pathway as a potential therapeutic avenue.
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Short SC, Giampieri S, Worku M, Alcaide-German M, Sioftanos G, Bourne S, Lio KI, Shaked-Rabi M, Martindale C. Rad51 inhibition is an effective means of targeting DNA repair in glioma models and CD133+ tumor-derived cells. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:487-99. [PMID: 21363882 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
High grade gliomas (HGGs) are characterized by resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Targeting Rad51-dependent homologous recombination repair may be an effective target for chemo- and radiosensitization. In this study we assessed the role of Rad51-dependent repair on sensitivity to radiation and temozolomide (TMZ) as single agents or in combination. Repair protein levels in established glioma cell lines, early passage glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines, and normal human astrocytes (NHAs) were measured using western blot. Viability and clonogenic survival assays were used to measure the effects of Rad51 knockdown with radiation (XR) and TMZ. Immunocytochemistry was used to evaluate kinetics of Rad51 and γ-H2AX repair foci. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess Rad51 protein levels in glioma specimens. Repair proteins including Rad51 are upregulated in HGG cells compared with NHA. Established glioma cell lines show a dose-dependent increase in Rad51 foci formation after XR and TMZ. Rad51 levels are inversely correlated with radiosensitivity, and downregulation markedly increases the cytotoxicity of TMZ. Rad51 knockdown also promotes more residual γ-H2AX foci 24 h after combined treatment. Newly established GBM cell lines also have high Rad51 levels and are extremely sensitive to Rad51 knockdown. Clinical samples from recently resected gliomas of varying grades demonstrate that Rad51 levels do not correlate with tumor grade. Rad51-dependent repair makes a significant contribution to DNA repair in glioma cells and contributes to resistance to both XR and TMZ. Agents targeting Rad51-dependent repair would be effective adjuvants in standard combination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Short
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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Rodemann HP. Molecular radiation biology: Perspectives for radiation oncology. Radiother Oncol 2009; 92:293-8. [PMID: 19726094 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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