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Xu J, Zhao X, Liang X, Guo D, Wang J, Wang Q, Tang X. Development of miRNA-based PROTACs targeting Lin28 for breast cancer therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0334. [PMID: 39292784 PMCID: PMC11409961 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Lin28, a highly conserved carcinogenic protein, plays an important role in the generation of cancer stem cells, contributing to the unfavorable prognosis of cancer patients. This RNA binding protein specifically binds to pri/pre-microRNA (miRNA) lethal-7 (let-7), impeding its miRNA maturation. The reduced expression of tumor suppressor miRNA let-7 fosters development and progression-related traits such as proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. We report a series of miRNA-based Lin28A-miRNA proteolysis-targeting chimeras (Lin28A-miRNA-PROTACs) designed to efficiently degrade Lin28A through a ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent mechanism, resulting in up-regulation of mature let-7 family. The augmented levels of matured let-7 miRNAs further exert inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation and migration, and increase its sensitivity to chemotherapy. In a mouse ectopic tumor model, Lin28A-miRNA-PROTAC demonstrates a substantial efficacy in inhibiting tumor growth. When combined with tamoxifen, the tumors exhibit gradual regression. This study displays an effective miRNA-based PROTACs to degrade Lin28A and inhibit tumor growth, providing a promising therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment with miRNA-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xingxing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dongyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Chemical Biology Center and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing 100191, China
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2
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Seo Y, Rhim J, Kim JH. RNA-binding proteins and exoribonucleases modulating miRNA in cancer: the enemy within. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:1080-1106. [PMID: 38689093 PMCID: PMC11148060 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the investigation of microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis and the miRNA processing machinery has revealed previously unknown roles of posttranscriptional regulation in gene expression. The molecular mechanistic interplay between miRNAs and their regulatory factors, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and exoribonucleases, has been revealed to play a critical role in tumorigenesis. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-causing hepatitis C virus (HCV) is also characterized by close crosstalk of a multitude of host RBPs and exoribonucleases with miR-122 and its RNA genome, suggesting the importance of the mechanistic interplay among these factors during the proliferation of HCV. This review primarily aims to comprehensively describe the well-established roles and discuss the recently discovered understanding of miRNA regulators, RBPs and exoribonucleases, in relation to various cancers and the proliferation of a representative cancer-causing RNA virus, HCV. These have also opened the door to the emerging potential for treating cancers as well as HCV infection by targeting miRNAs or their respective cellular modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoona Seo
- Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea
| | - Jiho Rhim
- Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea.
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Korea.
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Oyejobi GK, Yan X, Sliz P, Wang L. Regulating Protein-RNA Interactions: Advances in Targeting the LIN28/Let-7 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3585. [PMID: 38612395 PMCID: PMC11011352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Originally discovered in C. elegans, LIN28 is an evolutionarily conserved zinc finger RNA-binding protein (RBP) that post-transcriptionally regulates genes involved in developmental timing, stem cell programming, and oncogenesis. LIN28 acts via two distinct mechanisms. It blocks the biogenesis of the lethal-7 (let-7) microRNA (miRNA) family, and also directly binds messenger RNA (mRNA) targets, such as IGF-2 mRNA, and alters downstream splicing and translation events. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of LIN28 repression of let-7 and current strategies to overcome this blockade for the purpose of cancer therapy. We highlight the value of the LIN28/let-7 pathway as a drug target, as multiple oncogenic proteins that the pathway regulates are considered undruggable due to their inaccessible cellular location and lack of cavities for small molecule binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greater Kayode Oyejobi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.K.O.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaodan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.K.O.); (X.Y.)
| | - Piotr Sliz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Longfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.K.O.); (X.Y.)
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Qu M, Jin Z, Xu Y, Sun W, Luo Y, Zhang N, Huang Z, Han L, Gong Y, Xie C. hsa-miR-1301-3p Promotes the Proliferation and Migration of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells and Reduces Radiosensitivity via Targeting Homeodomain-Only Protein Homeobox. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:393-405. [PMID: 38156905 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: There is increasing evidence that abnormal expression of microRNAs is involved in the occurrence and progression of tumors. In previous experiments, we found that the content of hsa-miR-1301-3p in tumor tissues of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) showed an obvious upward trend compared with that in normal tissues. We performed a detailed study on the impact and underlying mechanism of hsa-miR-1301-3p in NSCLC cells. Methods: The impact of hsa-miR-1301-3p on NSCLC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion was examined using colony formation, flow cytometry, modified Boyden chamber, and wound healing assays. Different doses of radiation were applied to NSCLC cells to investigate their sensitivity to radiotherapy. The potential target gene of hsa-miR-1301-3p was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assay and immunoblotting. Result: hsa-miR-1301-3p was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cells. hsa-miR-1301-3p effectively promoted the rapid proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells, while inhibiting apoptosis. It also induced radioresistance in NSCLC cells. hsa-miR-1301-3p targeted the homeodomain-only protein homeobox (HOPX) mRNA 3' untranslated region and inhibited its transcription in NSCLC cells. Exogenous HOPX overexpression antagonized the mechanism by which hsa-miR-1301-3p regulates NSCLC cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis. Conclusions: hsa-miR-1301-3p plays an oncogenic role in the occurrence and development of NSCLC. By targeting HOPX, hsa-miR-1301-3p can not only promote the proliferation and metastasis of NSCLC cells, but also alleviate apoptosis and reduce radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Qu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Oncology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Jin
- Department of Oncology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- Department of Oncology, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengrong Huang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Linzhi Han
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Gong
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment Technology and Translational Medicine, Hubei Engineering Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Mehta M, Raguraman R, Ramesh R, Munshi A. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and their role in DNA damage and radiation response in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114569. [PMID: 36252617 PMCID: PMC10411638 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally majority of eukaryotic gene expression is influenced by transcriptional and post-transcriptional events. Alterations in the expression of proteins that act post-transcriptionally can affect cellular signaling and homeostasis. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) are a family of proteins that specifically bind to RNAs and are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and important cellular processes such as cell differentiation and metabolism. Deregulation of RNA-RBP interactions and any changes in RBP expression or function can lead to various diseases including cancer. In cancer cells, RBPs play an important role in regulating the expression of tumor suppressors and oncoproteins involved in various cell-signaling pathways. Several RBPs such as HuR, AUF1, RBM38, LIN28, RBM24, tristetrapolin family and Musashi play critical roles in various types of cancers and their aberrant expression in cancer cells makes them an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this review we provide an overview of i). RBPs involved in cancer progression and their mechanism of action ii). the role of RBPs, including HuR, in breast cancer progression and DNA damage response and iii). explore RBPs with emphasis on HuR as therapeutic target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
| | - Rajeswari Raguraman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA.
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Wang Z, Mu L, Feng H, Yao J, Wang Q, Yang W, Zhou H, Li Q, Xu L. Expression patterns of platinum resistance-related genes in lung adenocarcinoma and related clinical value models. Front Genet 2022; 13:993322. [PMID: 36506331 PMCID: PMC9730711 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.993322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore platinum resistance-related biomarkers and mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma. Through the analysis of gene expression data of lung adenocarcinoma patients and normal patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Gene Expression Omnibus database, and A database of genes related to platinum resistance, platinum resistance genes in lung adenocarcinoma and platinum resistance-related differentially expressed genes were obtained. After screening by a statistical significance threshold, a total of 252 genes were defined as platinum resistance genes with significant differential expression, of which 161 were up-regulated and 91 were down-regulated. The enrichment results of up-regulated gene Gene Ontology (GO) showed that TOP3 entries related to biological processes (BP) were double-strand break repair, DNA recombination, DNA replication, the down-regulated gene GO enriches the TOP3 items about biological processes (BP) as a response to lipopolysaccharide, muscle cell proliferation, response to molecule of bacterial origin. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that the top three were e2f targets, g2m checkpoint, and rgf beta signaling. A prognostic model based on non-negative matrix factorization classification showed the characteristics of high- and low-risk groups. The prognostic model established by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and risk factor analysis showed that genes such as HOXB7, NT5E, and KRT18 were positively correlated with risk score. By analyzing the differences in m6A regulatory factors between high- and low-risk groups, it was found that FTO, GPM6A, METTL3, and YTHDC2 were higher in the low-risk group, while HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPC, TGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, IGF2BP3, and RBM15B were higher in the high-risk group. Immune infiltration and drug sensitivity analysis also showed the gene characteristics of the platinum-resistant population in lung adenocarcinoma. ceRNA analysis showed that has-miR-374a-5p and RP6-24A23.7 were lower in the tumor expression group, and that the survival of the low expression group was worse than that of the high expression group. In conclusion, the results of this study show that platinum resistance-related differentially expressed genes in lung adenocarcinoma are mainly concentrated in biological processes such as DNA recombination and response to lipopolysaccharide. The validation set proved that the high-risk group of our prognostic model had poor survival. M6A regulatory factor analysis, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity analysis all showed differences between high and low-risk groups. ceRNA analysis showed that has-miR-374a-5p and RP6-24A23.7 could be protective factors. Further exploration of the potential impact of these genes on the risk and prognosis of drug-resistant patients with lung adenocarcinoma would provide theoretical support for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He Feng
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialin Yao
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiao Yang
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiling Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglin Li
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Qinglin Li, ; Ling Xu,
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Oncology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Qinglin Li, ; Ling Xu,
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Bai J, Shi Z, Wang S, Pan H, Zhang T. MiR-21 and let-7 cooperation in the regulation of lung cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:950043. [PMID: 36249072 PMCID: PMC9557158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.950043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer occurs and develops as a result of a complicated process involving numerous genes; therefore, single-gene regulation has a limited therapeutic effect. We discovered that miR-21 expression was high in lung cancer tissues and cells, whereas let-7 expression was low, and it is unclear whether their combined regulation would be superior to therapy involving single regulation. The goal of our research was to investigate this situation and the regulatory mechanism that exists between these genes. Methods To regulate the levels of miR-21 and let-7 in these two types of lung cancer cells, we transfected miRNA mimics or inhibitors into A549 and H460 cells. Lung cancer cells were tested for proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. The results were verified using a Western blot and a qRT-PCR assay. Bioinformatics was used to investigate their potential regulatory pathways, and luciferase assays were used to confirm the binding sites. Results The expression of miR-21 was increased and that of let-7 was decreased in lung cancer tissues and cells compared with paracancerous tissues and normal lung cells (p < 0.01). Tumor cells were inhibited by downregulation of miR-21 and upregulation of let-7, and cooperative regulation showed a better effect. Upregulation of miR-21 and downregulation of let-7 promoted tumor cells, and this tumor-promoting effect was amplified by cooperative regulation. MiR-21 regulated lung cancer cells directly via the Wnt/-catenin pathway, and let-7 exerted its effects via the PLAG1/GDH1 pathway. MiR-21 and let-7 cooperated to regulate lung cancer cells via the K-ras pathway. Conclusions The effect of cooperative regulation of miR-21 and let-7 on lung cancer is greater than that of a single miRNA. MiR-21 and let-7 are important differentially expressed genes in lung cancer that are regulated by the K-ras pathway. As a result, for multigene lung cancer, the cooperative regulation of two miRNAs will provide a new target and direction for lung cancer treatment in the future.
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LIN28 Family in Testis: Control of Cell Renewal, Maturation, Fertility and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137245. [PMID: 35806250 PMCID: PMC9266904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male reproductive development starts early in the embryogenesis with somatic and germ cell differentiation in the testis. The LIN28 family of RNA-binding proteins promoting pluripotency has two members—LIN28A and LIN28B. Their function in the testis has been investigated but many questions about their exact role based on the expression patterns remain unclear. LIN28 expression is detected in the gonocytes and the migrating, mitotically active germ cells of the fetal testis. Postnatal expression of LIN28 A and B showed differential expression, with LIN28A expressed in the undifferentiated spermatogonia and LIN28B in the elongating spermatids and Leydig cells. LIN28 interferes with many signaling pathways, leading to cell proliferation, and it is involved in important testicular physiological processes, such as cell renewal, maturation, fertility, and aging. In addition, aberrant LIN28 expression is associated with testicular cancer and testicular disorders, such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Klinefelter’s syndrome. This comprehensive review encompasses current knowledge of the function of LIN28 paralogs in testis and other tissues and cells because many studies suggest LIN28AB as a promising target for developing novel therapeutic agents.
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Zhang W, Liu L, Zhao S, Chen L, Wei Y, Chen W, Ge F. Research progress on RNA‑binding proteins in breast cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:121. [PMID: 35261635 PMCID: PMC8867207 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, and the abnormal regulation of gene expression serves an important role in its occurrence and development. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying gene expression are highly complex and heterogeneous, and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are among the key regulatory factors. RBPs bind targets in an environment-dependent or environment-independent manner to influence mRNA stability and the translation of genes involved in the formation, progression, metastasis and treatment of breast cancer. Due to the growing interest in these regulators, the present review summarizes the most influential studies concerning RBPs associated with breast cancer to elucidate the role of RBPs in breast cancer and to assess how they interact with other key pathways to provide new molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Shengdi Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yuxian Wei
- Department of Endocrine Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wenlin Chen
- Third Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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Chen JY, Chen YJ, Liu L, Jin XX, Shen Z, Chen WB, Yang T, Xu SB, Wang GB, Cheng YN, Cheng DZ, Liu ZG, Zheng XH. C1632 suppresses the migration and proliferation of non-small-cell lung cancer cells involving LIN28 and FGFR1 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:422-435. [PMID: 34913237 PMCID: PMC8743659 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance and migration represent major obstacles in the therapy of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer patients in clinic. In the present study, we report that the compound C1632 is preferentially distributed in the lung after oral administration in vivo with high bioavailability and limited inhibitory effects on CYP450 isoenzymes. We found that C1632 could simultaneously inhibit the expression of LIN28 and block FGFR1 signalling transduction in NSCLC A549 and A549R cells, resulting in significant decreases in the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9. Consequently, C1632 effectively inhibited the migration and invasion of A549 and A549R cells. Meanwhile, C1632 significantly suppressed the cell viability and the colony formation of A549 and A549R cells by inhibiting DNA replication and inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, compared with A549 cells, C1632 possesses the same or even better anti‐migration and anti‐proliferation effects on A549R cells, regardless of drug resistance. In addition, C1632 also displayed the capacity to inhibit the growth of A549R xenograft tumours in mice. Altogether, these findings reveal the potential of C1632 as a promising anti‐NSCLC agent, especially for chemotherapy‐resistant NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Jing Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Bin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Teng Yang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Bei Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang-Bao Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Nuo Cheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - De-Zhi Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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miRNA-148a Enhances the Treatment Response of Patients with Rectal Cancer to Chemoradiation and Promotes Apoptosis by Directly Targeting c-Met. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101371. [PMID: 34680492 PMCID: PMC8533359 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) who achieve a pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) have an excellent prognosis, but only approximately 30% of patients achieve pCR. Therefore, identifying predictors of pCR is imperative. We employed a microRNA (miRNA) microarray to compare the miRNA profiles of patients with LARC who achieved pCR (pCR group, n = 5) with those who did not (non-pCR group, n = 5). The validation set confirmed that miRNA-148a was overexpressed in the pCR group (n = 11) compared with the non-pCR group (n = 40). Cell proliferation and clonogenic assays revealed that miRNA-148a overexpression radio-sensitized cancer cells and inhibited cellular proliferation, before and after irradiation (p < 0.01). Apoptosis assays demonstrated that miRNA-148a enhanced apoptosis before and after irradiation. Reporter assays revealed that c-Met was the direct target gene of miRNA-148a. An in vivo study indicated that miRNA-148a enhanced the irradiation-induced suppression of xenograft tumor growth (p < 0.01). miRNA-148a may be a biomarker of pCR following NACRT and can promote apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in CRC cells by directly targeting c-Met in vitro and enhancing tumor response to irradiation in vivo.
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12
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miR-219a-5p enhances the radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells through targeting CD164. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:223570. [PMID: 32364222 PMCID: PMC7378263 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality. Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for 70–85% of the total cases of lung cancer. Radioresistance frequently develops in NSCLC in the middle and later stages of radiotherapy. We investigated the role of miR-219a-5p in radioresistance of NSCLC. miR-219a-5p expression in serum and lung tissue of lung cancer patients was lower than that in control. Compared with radiosensitive (RS) NSCLC patients, miR-219a-5p expression was decreased in serum and lung tissue in radioresistant patients. miR-219a-5p expression level was negatively associated with radioresistance in NSCLC cell lines. Up-regulation of miR-219a-5p increased radiosensitivity in radioresistant NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. Down-regulation of miR-219a-5p decreased radiosensitivity in radiosensitive A549 and H358 cells. miR-219a-5p could directly bind in the 3′UTR of CD164 and negatively regulated CD164 expression. CD164 expression was higher in radioresistant NSCLC tissues than RS tissues. Up-regulation of CD164 significantly inhibited miR-219a-5p-induced regulation of RS in radioresistant A549 and H358 cells. Down-regulation of CD164 significantly inhibited the effect of anti-miR-219a-5p on radiosensitive A549 and H358 cells. miR-219a-5p or down-regulation of CD164 could increase apoptosis and γ-H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) expression in radioresistant cells in vitro and in vivo. Up-regulation of CD164 could inhibit the effect of miR-219a-5p on apoptosis and γ-H2AX expression. Our results indicated that miR-219a-5p could inhibit CD164, promote DNA damage and apoptosis and enhance irradiation-induced cytotoxicity. The data highlight miR-219a-5p/CD164 pathway in the regulation of radiosensitivity in NSCLC and provide novel targets for potential intervention.
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13
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Lin28, a major translation reprogramming factor, gains access to YB-1-packaged mRNA through its cold-shock domain. Commun Biol 2021; 4:359. [PMID: 33742080 PMCID: PMC7979924 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein Lin28 (Lin28a) is an important pluripotency factor that reprograms translation and promotes cancer progression. Although Lin28 blocks let-7 microRNA maturation, Lin28 also binds to a large set of cytoplasmic mRNAs directly. However, how Lin28 regulates the processing of many mRNAs to reprogram global translation remains unknown. We show here, using a structural and cellular approach, a mixing of Lin28 with YB-1 (YBX1) in the presence of mRNA owing to their cold-shock domain, a conserved β-barrel structure that binds to ssRNA cooperatively. In contrast, the other RNA binding-proteins without cold-shock domains tested, HuR, G3BP-1, FUS and LARP-6, did not mix with YB-1. Given that YB-1 is the core component of dormant mRNPs, a model in which Lin28 gains access to mRNPs through its co-association with YB-1 to mRNA may provide a means for Lin28 to reprogram translation. We anticipate that the translational plasticity provided by mRNPs may contribute to Lin28 functions in development and adaptation of cancer cells to an adverse environment. Samsonova et al. show a cooperative association of Lin28 and YB-1 for their target mRNA through their cold-shock domain, which is a conserved β-barrel structure that binds to single-stranded RNA. This study suggests that the association of Lin28 with YB-1 in mRNPs may contribute to the translational plasticity during development and the adaptation of cancer cells to adverse environments.
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14
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Lovnicki J, Gan Y, Feng T, Li Y, Xie N, Ho CH, Lee AR, Chen X, Nappi L, Han B, Fazli L, Huang J, Gleave ME, Dong X. LIN28B promotes the development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5338-5348. [PMID: 32634132 DOI: 10.1172/jci135373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy-induced neuroendocrine prostate cancer (t-NEPC) is a highly aggressive subtype of prostate cancer with poor patient survival. Emerging evidence indicates that t-NEPC can develop when prostate adenocarcinoma cells acquire cancer stem-like cell signaling in the presence of androgen receptor inhibition, followed by redifferentiation toward neuroendocrine lineage and subsequent t-NEPC progression. Whether the stem-like signaling is controlled by the core pluripotency stem cell genes (e.g., LIN28 and SOX2) remains unknown. Here, we report that the transcription of the LIN28B isoform and SOX2 were co-upregulated in t-NEPC patient tumors, patient-derived xenografts, transgenic mice, and cell models. Immunohistochemistry validated that LIN28B and SOX2 protein expression were elevated in t-NEPC patient biopsies. Using prostate adenocarcinoma and t-NEPC cell models, we demonstrated that LIN28B induced a stem-like gene network, neuroendocrine biomarkers, and neuroendocrine cell morphology. LIN28B depletion by CRISPR inhibited t-NEPC tumorigenesis and xenograft growth. These LIN28B functions were mediated mainly through the suppression of let-7 miRNA expression, resulting in de-repression of the transcription factor HMGA2 and HMGA2-mediated SOX2 expression. This study revealed a mechanism by which t-NEPC can develop through the LIN28B/let-7/SOX2 axis that regulates a cancer cell stem-like gene network, highlighting LIN28B as a potential therapeutic target in t-NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lovnicki
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yu Gan
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yinan Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ning Xie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chia-Hao Ho
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahn R Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xufeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lucia Nappi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bo Han
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xuesen Dong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Zuo Q, Jin K, Wang M, Zhang Y, Chen G, Li B. BMP4 activates the Wnt- Lin28A- Blimp1-Wnt pathway to promote primordial germ cell formation via altering H3K4me2. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs249375. [PMID: 33443086 PMCID: PMC7875490 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.249375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique developmental characteristics of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) enable them to be used in recovery of endangered bird species, gene editing and the generation of transgenic birds, but the limited number of PGCs greatly limits their application. Studies have shown that the formation of mammalian PGCs is induced by BMP4 signal, but the mechanism underlying chicken PGC formation has not been determined. Here, we confirmed that Wnt signaling activated via BMP4 activates transcription of Lin28A by inducing β-catenin to compete with LSD1 for binding to TCF7L2, causing LSD1 to dissociate from the Lin28A promoter and enhancing H3K4me2 methylation in this region. Lin28A promotes PGC formation by inhibiting gga-let7a-3p maturation to initiate Blimp1 expression. Interestingly, expression of Blimp1 helped sustain Wnt5A expression by preventing LSD1 binding to the Wnt5A promoter. We thus elucidated a positive feedback pathway involving Wnt-Lin28A-Blimp1-Wnt that ensures PGC formation. In summary, our data provide new insight into the development of PGCs in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Man Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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16
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Shang Y, Wang L, Zhu Z, Gao W, Li D, Zhou Z, Chen L, Fu CG. Downregulation of miR-423-5p Contributes to the Radioresistance in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 10:582239. [PMID: 33505907 PMCID: PMC7832584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.582239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy is the main reason causing treatment failure in locally advanced rectal cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been well demonstrated to regulate cancer development and progression. However, how miRNAs regulate radiotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer remains unknown. Herein, we established two human colorectal cancer cell lines resistant to radiotherapy, named HCT116-R and RKO-R, using the strategy of fractionated irradiation. The radioresistant phenotypical changes of the two cell lines were validated by cell viability assay, colony formation assay and apoptosis assay. The miRNA expression profilings of HCT116-R and RKO-R were determined using RNA-seq analyses, and further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Multiple miRNAs, including miR-423-5p, miR-7-5p, miR-522-3p, miR-3184-3p, and miR-3529-3p, were identified with altered expression in both of the radiotherapy-resistant cells, compared to the parental cells. The downregulation of miR-423-5p was further validated in the rectal cancer tissues from radiotherapy-resistant patients. Silencing of miR-423-5p in parental HCT116 and RKO cells decreased the sensitivity to radiation treatment, and inhibited the radiation-induced apoptosis. In consistence, overexpression of miR-423-5p in HCT116-R and RKO-R cells partially rescued their sensitivity to radiotherapy, and promoted the radiation-induced apoptosis. Bcl-xL (Bcl-2-like protein 1) was predicted to be a potential target gene for miR-423-5p, and miR-423-5p/Bcl-xL axis could be a critical mediator of radiosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells. The current finding not only revealed a novel role of miR-423-5p in regulating the radiosensitivity in colorectal cancer, but also suggested miR-423-5p as a molecular candidate for combination therapy with radiation to treat colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shang
- Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuqing Zhou
- Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Gang Fu
- Department of General Surgery and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Nguyen L, Schilling D, Dobiasch S, Raulefs S, Santiago Franco M, Buschmann D, Pfaffl MW, Schmid TE, Combs SE. The Emerging Role of miRNAs for the Radiation Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123703. [PMID: 33317198 PMCID: PMC7763922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with a high mortality rate. Radiotherapy is one treatment option within a multimodal therapy approach for patients with locally advanced, non-resectable pancreatic tumors. However, radiotherapy is only effective in about one-third of the patients. Therefore, biomarkers that can predict the response to radiotherapy are of utmost importance. Recently, microRNAs, small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression, have come into focus as there is growing evidence that microRNAs could serve as diagnostic, predictive and prognostic biomarkers in various cancer entities, including pancreatic cancer. Moreover, their high stability in body fluids such as serum and plasma render them attractive candidates for non-invasive biomarkers. This article describes the role of microRNAs as suitable blood biomarkers and outlines an overview of radiation-induced microRNAs changes and the association with radioresistance in pancreatic cancer. Abstract Today, pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with a five-year overall survival rate of less than 7%. Only 15–20% of patients are eligible for curative intent surgery at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, neoadjuvant treatment regimens have been introduced in order to downsize the tumor by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To further increase the efficacy of radiotherapy, novel molecular biomarkers are urgently needed to define the subgroup of pancreatic cancer patients who would benefit most from radiotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) could have the potential to serve as novel predictive and prognostic biomarkers in patients with pancreatic cancer. In the present article, the role of miRNAs as blood biomarkers, which are associated with either radioresistance or radiation-induced changes of miRNAs in pancreatic cancer, is discussed. Furthermore, the manuscript provides own data of miRNAs identified in a pancreatic cancer mouse model as well as radiation-induced miRNA changes in the plasma of tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Nguyen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (L.N.); (D.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.); (M.S.F.); (T.E.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Schilling
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (L.N.); (D.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.); (M.S.F.); (T.E.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Dobiasch
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (L.N.); (D.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.); (M.S.F.); (T.E.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Raulefs
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (L.N.); (D.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.); (M.S.F.); (T.E.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Santiago Franco
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (L.N.); (D.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.); (M.S.F.); (T.E.S.)
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.B.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.B.); (M.W.P.)
| | - Thomas E. Schmid
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (L.N.); (D.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.); (M.S.F.); (T.E.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie E. Combs
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (L.N.); (D.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.); (M.S.F.); (T.E.S.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-4501
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18
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Liu Y, Wang D, Zhou M, Chen H, Wang H, Min J, Chen J, Wu S, Ni X, Zhang Y, Gong A, Xu M. The KRAS/Lin28B axis maintains stemness of pancreatic cancer cells via the let-7i/TET3 pathway. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:262-278. [PMID: 33107691 PMCID: PMC7782082 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that Lin28B plays critical roles in numerous biological processes including cell proliferation and stemness maintenance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Lin28B nuclear translocation remain poorly understood. Here, we found for the first time that KRAS promoted Lin28B nuclear translocation through PKCβ, which directly bound to and phosphorylated Lin28B at S243. Firstly, we observed that Lin28B was upregulated in pancreatic cancer, contributing to cellular migration and proliferation. Furthermore, nuclear Lin28B upregulated TET3 messenger RNA and protein levels by blocking the production of mature let‐7i. Subsequently, increased TET3 expression could also promote the expression of Lin28B, thereby forming a Lin28B/let‐7i/TET3 feedback loop. Our results suggest that the KRAS/Lin28B axis drives the let‐7i/TET3 pathway to maintain the stemness of pancreatic cancer cells. These findings illuminate the distinct mechanism of Lin28B nuclear translocation and its important roles in KRAS‐driven pancreatic cancer, and have important implications for development of novel therapeutic strategies for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingyu Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuhui Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiufan Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Youli Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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19
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Mehrgou A, Ebadollahi S, Seidi K, Ayoubi-Joshaghani MH, Ahmadieh Yazdi A, Zare P, Jaymand M, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. Roles of miRNAs in Colorectal Cancer: Therapeutic Implications and Clinical Opportunities. Adv Pharm Bull 2020; 11:233-247. [PMID: 33880345 PMCID: PMC8046386 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most disseminated diseases across the globe engaging the digestive system. Various therapeutic methods from traditional to the state-of-the-art ones have been applied in CRC patients, however, the attempts have been unfortunate to lead to a definite cure. MiRNAs are a smart group of non-coding RNAs having the capabilities of regulating and controlling coding genes. By utilizing this stock-in-trade biomolecules, not only disease’s symptoms can be eliminated, there may also be a good chance for the complete cure of the disease in the near future. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review delineating the therapeutic relationship between miRNAs and CRC. To this, various clinical aspects of miRNAs which act as a tumor suppressor and/or an oncogene, their underlying cellular processes and clinical outcomes, and, in particular, their effects and expression level changes in patients treated with chemo- and radiotherapy are discussed. Finally, based on the results deducted from scientific research studies, therapeutic opportunities based on targeting/utilizing miRNAs in the preclinical as well as clinical settings are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mehrgou
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Ebadollahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 9841 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Ayoubi-Joshaghani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 9841 Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committees, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 9841 Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Peyman Zare
- Dioscuri Center of Chromatin Biology and Epigenomics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 9841 Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Śliwińska-Mossoń M, Wadowska K, Trembecki Ł, Bil-Lula I. Markers Useful in Monitoring Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Lung Cancer Patients: A Review. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030072. [PMID: 32722546 PMCID: PMC7565537 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, lung cancer was the most common cancer and the most common cause of cancer death, accounting for a 1.76 million deaths. Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely used and effective non-surgical cancer treatment that induces remission in, and even cures, patients with lung cancer. However, RT faces some restrictions linked to the radioresistance and treatment toxicity, manifesting in radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). About 30–40% of lung cancer patients will develop RILI, which next to the local recurrence and distant metastasis is a substantial challenge to the successful management of lung cancer treatment. These data indicate an urgent need of looking for novel, precise biomarkers of individual response and risk of side effects in the course of RT. The aim of this review was to summarize both preclinical and clinical approaches in RILI monitoring that could be brought into clinical practice. Next to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) that was reported as one of the most important growth factors expressed in the tissues after ionizing radiation (IR), there is a group of novel, potential biomarkers—microRNAs—that may be used as predictive biomarkers in therapy response and disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Śliwińska-Mossoń
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Ś.-M.); (I.B.-L.)
| | - Katarzyna Wadowska
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Ś.-M.); (I.B.-L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Trembecki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center, pl. Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, pl. Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Bil-Lula
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Haematology, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Ś.-M.); (I.B.-L.)
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Sun C, Zeng X, Guo H, Wang T, Wei L, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Ma X, Zhang N. MicroRNA-125a-5p modulates radioresistance in LTEP-a2 non-small cell lung cancer cells by targeting SIRT7. Cancer Biomark 2020; 27:39-49. [PMID: 31683458 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-190381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro(mi)RNAs are a series of 20-24 nt non-coding small-molecule single-stranded RNAs that are believed to be closely related to tumor occurrence, development and other biological processes. MicroRNA-125a modulates radiochemotherapy sensitivity. However, the mechanism by which miRNA-125a regulates radiation resistance by lung cancer cells is yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to explore the biological role of miR-125a in regulating radioresistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of miR-125a was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR in the human lung cancer cell lines, A549 and LTEP-a2. Notably, we found that miRNA-125a-5p regulated lung cancer radiosensitivity. We found that miRNA-125a-5p was more highly expressed in LTEP-a2 cells, which showed radiosensitivity compared to A549 cells with lower expression of miRNA-125a-5p. In addition, we up-regulated or down-regulated miR-125a-5p expression using an miR-125a-5p mimic or inhibitor, respectively, to reverse radioresistance. Flow cytometry revealed that the mimic increased the apoptotic rate as well as the expression of the apoptosis-related protein, cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Gene detection by luciferase reporter showed that sirtuin (SIRT)7 is a direct target of miR-125a-5p. Inhibiting SIRT7 using a small interfering RNA (siSIRT) abrogated resistance to radiation. In addition, the overexpression of SIRT7 decreased radiation-induced cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the miR-125a level varies in NSCLC cell lines with different radiosensitivities. We demonstrated that miR-125a-5p upregulated SIRT7 and further upregulated apoptosis in lung cancer cells to increase their radiosensitivity. Our findings provide new directions for improving radiosensitivity in malignant lung tumors.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although extensively studied for over a decade, gene expression programs established at the epigenetic and/or transcriptional levels do not fully characterize cancer stem cells (CSC). This review will highlight the latest advances regarding the functional relevance of different key post-transcriptional regulations and how they are coordinated to control CSC homeostasis. RECENT FINDINGS In the past 2 years, several groups have identified master post-transcriptional regulators of CSC genetic programs, including RNA modifications, RNA-binding proteins, microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. Of particular interest, these studies reveal that different post-transcriptional mechanisms are coordinated to control key signalling pathways and transcription factors to either support or suppress CSC homeostasis. SUMMARY Deciphering molecular mechanisms coordinating plasticity, survival and tumourigenic capacities of CSCs in adult and paediatric cancers is essential to design new antitumour therapies. An entire field of research focusing on post-transcriptional gene expression regulation is currently emerging and will significantly improve our understanding of the complexity of the molecular circuitries driving CSC behaviours and of druggable CSC weaknesses.
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Differences in the early stage gene expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6572-6582. [PMID: 31788115 PMCID: PMC6865721 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of lung carcinoma subtype-specific gene expression changes has the potential to elucidate the molecular differences and provide personalized therapeutic targets for these pathologies. The aim of the present study was to characterize the genetic profiles of the early stages (IA/IB) of two non-small cell lung cancer subtypes, adenocarcinoma (AD) and squamous cell carcinoma (SC). RNA-Seq gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas was analyzed to compare the gene expression differences between AD and SC. The gene sets specific to each subtype were further analyzed to identify the enriched Gene Ontology terms, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and biological functions. The results demonstrated that a unique set of genes (145 upregulated and 27 downregulated) was altered in AD, but not in SC; another set of genes (146 upregulated and 103 downregulated) was significantly altered in SC, but not in AD. Genes highly upregulated specifically in AD included albumin (1,732-fold), protein lin-28 homolog A, which is a positive regulator of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (150-fold) and gastric lipase (81-fold). Genes highly upregulated specifically in SC included amelotin (618-fold), alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (57-fold), aclerosteosis (55-fold) and claudin-22 (54-fold). Several cancer/testis antigen family genes were notably upregulated in SC, but not in AD, whereas mucins were upregulated only in AD. Functional pathway analysis demonstrated that the dysregulation of genes associated with retinoid X receptors was common in AD and SC, genes associated with ‘lipid metabolism’ and ‘drug metabolism’ were dysregulated only in SC, whereas genes associated with ‘molecular transport’ and ‘cellular growth and proliferation’ were significantly enriched in AD specifically. These results reveal fundamental differences in the gene expression profiles of early-stage AD and SC. In addition, the present study identified molecular pathways that are uniquely associated with the pathogenesis of these subtypes.
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24
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Li M, Chen H, Wu T. LIN28: A cancer stem cell promoter for immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2019; 98:92-95. [PMID: 31574415 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lin28, a highly conserved RNA-binding protein, plays an important role in differentiation, metabolism, proliferation, pluripotency, and tumourigenicity. Lin28 overexpression promotes tumour-cell proliferation and metastasis in various human cancers, including head and neck cancer. Multiple studies demonstrate that Lin28 critically contributes to anti-tumour immunity and production of cancer stem cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Thus, Lin28 has potential application in HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianfu Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Zhang L, Pang Y, Cui X, Jia W, Cui W, Liu Y, Liu C, Li F. MicroRNA-410-3p upregulation suppresses proliferation, invasion and migration, and promotes apoptosis in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:936-943. [PMID: 31289572 PMCID: PMC6539531 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is one of the most common types of soft tissue sarcoma in children; however, the pathogenesis of RMS is unclear. MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in the development and progression of RMS. The role of miR-410-3p in RMS cell invasion, migration, proliferation and apoptosis, and its possible mechanism were investigated in the current study. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression of miR-410-3p in RMS tissues and cells. In addition, the present study investigated the expression levels of molecules associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Slug and Snail, and apoptotic factors, including Bcl-2-associated X protein (bax), cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), p53 and Bcl-2. Cell Counting Kit-8, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Transwell assays were conducted to determine the functional roles of miR-410-3p. Exogenous expression of miR-410-3p inhibited RMS cell invasion, migration and proliferation, induced apoptosis, suppressed the expression of Snail, Slug, N-cadherin and Bcl-2, and increased the expression of E-cadherin, bax, cleaved-caspase 3, cleaved PARP and p53. In summary, it was proposed that miR-410-3p overexpression suppressed invasion, migration and proliferation, downregulated the expression of EMT-associated molecules, and promoted apoptosis and the expression of apoptotic factors in RMS cells. Therefore, miR-410-3p may serve as a novel tumor suppressor gene in RMS, and could possess diagnostic and therapeutic potentials for the treatment of RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yuwen Pang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Cui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Cui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832002, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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26
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Long L, Zhang X, Bai J, Li Y, Wang X, Zhou Y. Tissue-specific and exosomal miRNAs in lung cancer radiotherapy: from regulatory mechanisms to clinical implications. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:4413-4424. [PMID: 31191004 PMCID: PMC6525830 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s198966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most prevalent and deadly malignancy. Radiotherapy is a major treatment modality for lung cancer. Nevertheless, radioresistance poses a daunting challenge that largely limits the efficacy of radiotherapy. There is a pressing need for deciphering molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance and elucidating novel therapeutic targets for individualized radiotherapy. MicroRNAs are categorized as small noncoding RNAs that modulate target-gene expression posttranscriptionally and are implicated in carcinogenesis and cancer resistance to treatment. Overwhelming evidence has unraveled that tissue-specific miRNAs are essential for regulation of the radiosensitivity in lung cancer cells through a complex interaction with multiple biological processes and radiation-induced pathways. Moreover, exosome-derived miRNAs are a novel horizon in lung cancer treatment in which exosomal miRNAs act as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of radiotherapy. In the present review, we discuss the mediation of key biological processes and signaling pathways by tissue-specific miRNAs in lung cancer radiotherapy. Additionally, we provide new insight into the potential significance of exosomal miRNAs in radiation response. Lastly, we highlight miRNAs as promising predictors and therapeutic targets to tailor personalized lung cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Long
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Bai
- Department of Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors and Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhou Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Urology, Research Lab/LIFE-Zentrum, University of Munich (LMU), München, Germany
| | - Yunfeng Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, People's Republic of China
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27
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Garajová I, Balsano R, Tommasi C, Giovannetti E. Noncoding Rnas Emerging as Novel Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4601-4604. [PMID: 30659532 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190119125804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs play important regulatory roles in diverse biological processes and their misregulation
might lead to different diseases, including cancer. Previous studies have reported the evolving role of miRNAs
as new potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, as well as predictive biomarkers of chemotherapy
response or therapeutic targets. In this review, we outline the involvement of noncoding RNA in pancreatic
cancer, providing an overview of known miRNAs in its diagnosis, prognosis and chemoresistance. In addition,
we discuss the influence of non-coding RNAs in the metastatic behavior of pancreatic cancer, as well as the role
of diet in epigenetic regulation of non-coding RNAs in cancer, which can, in turn, lead the development of new
prevention’s techniques or novel targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Garajová
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rita Balsano
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Tommasi
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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28
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Kong L, Wei Q, Hu X, Chen L, Li J. miR-193a-3p Promotes Radio-Resistance of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Cells by Targeting SRSF2 Gene and Hypoxia Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2019; 25:53-62. [PMID: 30773530 PMCID: PMC6394146 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.914572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radio-resistance is an important barrier in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment. MicroRNAs are gene expression core regulators in various biological procedures containing cancer radio-resistance. Nevertheless, the clinical association between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and miR-193a-3p/SRSF2 remains unclear. Material/Methods We examined the miR-193a-3p level in radio-sensitive CNE-2 and radio-resistant CNE-1 NPC cell lines, and, based on a literature review, predicted SRSF2 to be the target gene of miR-193a-3p. We explored the expression of SRSF2 at protein and mRNA levels by transfecting either miR-193a-3p-mimic or antagomiR. Finally, we performed signaling pathway analysis to assess the possible role of miR-193a-3p/SRSF2 in signaling pathways. Results miR-193a-3p promotes NPC radio-resistance, and the SRSF2 gene is the direct target for miR-193a-3p in NPC, and thus is negatively correlated with NPC radio-resistance. The hypoxia signaling pathway activity is strongly affected, and it is possible to use the downstream activity of the SRSF2 gene to show the effect of miR-193a-3p on radio-resistance in NPC cells. Conclusions miR-193a-3p mediates promotion of NPC radio-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingsuo Kong
- Shandong University Medical College, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Anesthesiology, West Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, West Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xianwen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
| | - Lanren Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, West Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Li
- Shandong University Medical College, Ji'nan, Shandong, China (mainland).,Department of Anesthesiology, South Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China (mainland)
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29
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Gong W, Su Y, Liu Y, Sun P, Wang X. Long non-coding RNA Linc00662 promotes cell invasion and contributes to cancer stem cell-like phenotypes in lung cancer cells. J Biochem 2019; 164:461-469. [PMID: 30256974 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is essential in regulation of cancer cell and cancer stem cells (CSCs) behaviour. Linc00662 is a newly identified human lung cancer related lncRNA. In this study, we aimed to explore the function of Linc00662 in human lung cancer. The expression level of Linc00662 was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell metastasis and invasive ability were detected by transwell and scratch wound healing assays. The stemness of CSCs was shown by tumorsphere formation assay and flow cytometry. The interaction between Linc00662 and Lin28 was confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pulldown assay. Overexpression of Linc00662 promoted the poor prognosis of lung cancer. Cell invasion, metastasis and CSCs stemness in H1299 and A549 could be influenced by Linc00662. Linc00662 had direct interaction with Lin28, and the Linc00662 function was dependent on Lin28. We demonstrate that overexpression of Linc00662 enhances lung cancer cell metastasis and CSC stemness by interacting with Lin28 in human lung cancer, which could be utilized as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Gong
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Institution, 20 Yudong Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yi Su
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Institution, 20 Yudong Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Institution, 20 Yudong Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Institution, 20 Yudong Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University Institution, 20 Yudong Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
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30
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Wang J, Zhao H, Yu J, Xu X, Liu W, Jing H, Li N, Tang Y, Li Y, Cai J, Jin J. MiR-92b targets p57kip2 to modulate the resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to ionizing radiation (IR) -based radiotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:646-655. [PMID: 30544064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common digestive system malignant tumors. Due to the resistance to radiotherapy, the prognosis in patients with HCC is poor. Based on previous studies and online tools prediction, we hypothesized that miR-92b, which was reported to promote HCC cell proliferation, might bind to p57kip2, a well-known tumor suppressor, to modulate the radioresistance of HCC to ionizing radiation (IR) -based radiotherapy. In the present study, a higher miR-92b expression in HCC tissues and cell lines was observed; a high miR-92b expression was correlated with poorer prognosis in patients with HCC. The overexpression of miR-92b enhanced the radioresistance of HCC to IR treatment by promoting cancer cell proliferation, attenuating cell apoptosis and remove IR-induced cell cycle at G2/M phase. Through directly binding to the 3'-UTR of p57kip2, miR-92b negatively regulated the protein levels of p57kip2; miR-92b inhibition enhanced the cell effect of IR on HCC cells, which could be attenuated by the p57kip2 knockdown, in other words, miR-92b modulated the radioresistance of HCC to IR-based radiotherapy through p57kip2. Taken together, miR-92b inhibits p57kip2 expression in HCC tissues and cell lines, thus enhancing the radioresistance of HCC to IR-based radiotherapy; targeting miR-92b to rescue p57kip2 expression in HCC might help sensitive HCC cells to IR-based radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wenyang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hao Jing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yexiong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianqiang Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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Lines KE, Newey PJ, Yates CJ, Stevenson M, Dyar R, Walls GV, Bowl MR, Thakker RV. MiR-15a/miR-16-1 expression inversely correlates with cyclin D1 levels in Men1 pituitary NETs. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0278.R2. [PMID: 30389902 PMCID: PMC6347280 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by the combined occurrence of parathyroid, pituitary and pancreatic islet tumours, and is due to mutations of the MEN1 gene, which encodes the tumour suppressor protein menin. Menin has multiple roles in genome stability, transcription, cell division and proliferation, but its mechanistic roles in tumourigenesis remain to be fully elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are non-coding single stranded RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and have been associated with tumour development, although the contribution of miRNAs to MEN1-associated tumourigenesis and their relationship with menin expression are not fully understood. Alterations in miRNA expression, including downregulation of three putative 'tumour suppressor' miRNAs, miR-15a, miR-16-1 and let-7a, have been reported in several tumour types including non-MEN1 pituitary adenomas. We have therefore investigated the expression of miR-15a, miR-16-1 and let-7a in pituitary tumours that developed after 12 months of age in female mice with heterozygous knock out of the Men1 gene (Men1+/- mice). The miRNAs miR-15a, miR-16-1 and let-7a were significantly downregulated in pituitary tumours (by 2.3-fold, p<0.05; 2.1-fold p<0.01 and 1.6-fold p<0.05, respectively) of Men1+/- mice, compared to normal wild type pituitaries. MiR-15a and miR-16-1 expression inversely correlated with expression of cyclin D1, a known pro-tumourigenic target of these miRNAs, and knock down of menin in a human cancer cell line (HeLa), and AtT20 mouse pituitary cell line resulted in significantly decreased expression of miR-15a (p<0.05), indicating that the decrease in miR-15a may be a direct result of lost menin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lines
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - P J Newey
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - C J Yates
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - M Stevenson
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R Dyar
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - G V Walls
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - M R Bowl
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Wang G, Zheng X, Tang J, Niu Y, Dai Y, Duan H, Zheng Y. LIN28B/let-7 axis mediates pulmonary inflammatory response induced by diesel exhaust particle exposure in mice. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:1-10. [PMID: 30172002 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust particle (DEP) is closely related to inflammatory response in respiratory system. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism by which DEP induces pulmonary inflammatory response, we conducted DEP exposure experiments in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, each mouse was exposed to DEP suspension (100 μg of DEP) or vehicle only once in single intra-tracheal instillation (IT) section, or was exposed to DEP suspension (12.5 μg or 50 μg of DEP) or vehicle 12 times in repeated IT section. DEP exposure induced significant pathological injuries with substantial neutrophils infiltration and the increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in mouse lungs. Consistently, elevated IL6 mRNA level was also observed in DEP treatment group (100 μg/ml) in vitro. In addition, DEP exposure exerted the similar influence on the expression of let-7d and let-7g microRNAs in vivo and in vitro. To verify the possible role of LIN28B/let-7 axis in the regulation of IL6 expression following DEP exposure, we applied RNAi technology in vitro, and found increased IL6 mRNA expression was alleviated or neutralized in DEP exposure groups after LIN28B silencing or after let-7d or let-7g over-expression. Taken together, we conclude that LIN28B/let-7 axis might be involved in inflammatory response induced by DEP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Jinglong Tang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China.
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Menezes MR, Balzeau J, Hagan JP. 3' RNA Uridylation in Epitranscriptomics, Gene Regulation, and Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 5:61. [PMID: 30057901 PMCID: PMC6053540 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates a wide range of post-transcriptional RNA modifications that play crucial roles in fundamental biological processes including regulating gene expression. Collectively, they are known as epitranscriptomics. Recent studies implicate 3' RNA uridylation, the non-templated addition of uridine(s) to the terminal end of RNA, as a key player in epitranscriptomics. In this review, we describe the functional roles and significance of 3' terminal RNA uridylation that has diverse functions in regulating both mRNAs and non-coding RNAs. In mammals, three Terminal Uridylyl Transferases (TUTases) are primarily responsible for 3' RNA uridylation. These enzymes are also referred to as polyU polymerases. TUTase 1 (TUT1) is implicated in U6 snRNA maturation via uridylation. The TUTases TUT4 and/or TUT7 are the predominant mediators of all other cellular uridylation. Terminal uridylation promotes turnover for many polyadenylated mRNAs, replication-dependent histone mRNAs that lack polyA-tails, and aberrant structured noncoding RNAs. In addition, uridylation regulates biogenesis of a subset of microRNAs and generates isomiRs, sequent variant microRNAs that have altered function in specific cases. For example, the RNA binding protein and proto-oncogene LIN28A and TUT4 work together to polyuridylate pre-let-7, thereby blocking biogenesis and function of the tumor suppressor let-7 microRNA family. In contrast, monouridylation of Group II pre-miRNAs creates an optimal 3' overhang that promotes recognition and subsequent cleavage by the Dicer-TRBP complex that then yields the mature microRNA. Also, uridylation may play a role in non-canonical microRNA biogenesis. The overall significance of 3' RNA uridylation is discussed with an emphasis on mammalian development, gene regulation, and disease, including cancer and Perlman syndrome. We also introduce recent changes to the HUGO-approved gene names for multiple terminal nucleotidyl transferases that affects in part TUTase nomenclature (TUT1/TENT1, TENT2/PAPD4/GLD2, TUT4/ZCCHC11/TENT3A, TUT7/ZCCHC6/TENT3B, TENT4A/PAPD7, TENT4B/PAPD5, TENT5A/FAM46A, TENT5B/FAM46B, TENT5C/FAM46C, TENT5D/FAM46D, MTPAP/TENT6/PAPD1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Menezes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Julien Balzeau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John P Hagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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34
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Ji C, Xu Q, Guo L, Wang X, Ren Y, Zhang H, Zhu W, Ming Z, Yuan Y, Ren X, Song J, Cheng Y, Yang J, Zhang Y. eEF-2 Kinase-targeted miR-449b confers radiation sensitivity to cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 418:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Xiong H, Zhao W, Wang J, Seifer BJ, Ye C, Chen Y, Jia Y, Chen C, Shen J, Wang L, Sui X, Zhou J. Oncogenic mechanisms of Lin28 in breast cancer: new functions and therapeutic opportunities. Oncotarget 2018; 8:25721-25735. [PMID: 28147339 PMCID: PMC5421965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA binding protein Lin28 is best known for the critical role in cell development, recent researches also have implied its oncogenic function in various human cancers, including breast cancer. Specifically, aberrant Lin28 participates in multiple pathological processes, such as proliferation, metastasis, radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance, metabolism, immunity and inflammation as well as stemness. In this review, we summarize the let-7-dependent and let-7-independent mechanism regulated by Lin28, focusing on its relation with tumor hallmarks in breast cancer, and subsequently discuss our present knowledge of Lin28 to develop a molecular-based therapeutic strategy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchu Xiong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhe Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Chenyang Ye
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention & Intervention, National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianguo Shen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linbo Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jichun Zhou
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Biomedical Research Center and Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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36
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Xiong K, Shao LH, Zhang HQ, Jin L, Wei W, Dong Z, Zhu YQ, Wu N, Jin SZ, Xue LX. MicroRNA-9 functions as a tumor suppressor and enhances radio-sensitivity in radio-resistant A549 cells by targeting neuropilin 1. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:2863-2870. [PMID: 29435012 PMCID: PMC5778782 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat lung cancer but may not kill all cancer cells, which may be attributed to the radiotherapy resistance that often occurs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). At present, the molecular mechanism of radio-resistance remains unclear. Neuropilin 1 (NRP1), a co-receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), was demonstrated to be associated with radio-resistance of NSCLC cells via the VEGF-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-nuclear factor-κB pathway in our previous study. It was hypothesized that certain microRNAs (miRs) may serve crucial functions in radio-sensitivity by regulating NRP1. Bioinformatics predicted that NRP1 was a potential target of miR-9, and this was validated by luciferase reporter assays. Functionally, miR-9-transfected A549 cells exhibited a decreased proliferation rate, increased apoptosis rate and attenuated migratory and invasive abilities. Additionally, a high expression of miR-9 also significantly enhanced the radio-sensitivity of A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. These data improve understanding of the mechanisms of cell radio-resistance, and suggest that miR-9 may be a molecular target for the prediction of radio-sensitivity in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Li Hong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Ministry of Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hai Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Ministry of Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Ministry of Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Ministry of Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Ministry of Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yue Quan Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Ministry of Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Li Xiang Xue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Research Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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37
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wong SH, Law PTY, Zhao S, Yu J, Chan MTV, Wu WKK. Common Deregulation of Seven Biological Processes by MicroRNAs in Gastrointestinal Cancers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3287. [PMID: 29459716 PMCID: PMC5818544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21573-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are frequently dysregulated in human neoplasms, including gastrointestinal cancers. Nevertheless, the global influence of microRNA dysregulation on cellular signaling is still unknown. Here we sought to elucidate cellular signaling dysregulation by microRNAs in gastrointestinal cancers at the systems biology level followed by experimental validation. Signature dysregulated microRNAs in gastric, colorectal and liver cancers were defined based on our previous studies. Targets of signature dysregulated miRNAs were predicted using multiple computer algorithms followed by gene enrichment analysis to identify biological processes perturbed by dysregulated microRNAs. Effects of microRNAs on endocytosis were measured by epidermal growth factor (EGF) internalization assay. Our analysis revealed that, aside from well-established cancer-related signaling pathways, several novel pathways, including axon guidance, neurotrophin/nerve growth factor signaling, and endocytosis, were found to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal cancers. The regulation of EGF receptor (EGFR) endocytosis by two predicted miRNAs, namely miR-17 and miR-145, was confirmed experimentally. Functionally, miR-145, which blocked EGFR endocytosis, prolonged EGFR membrane signaling and altered responsiveness of colon cancer cells to EGFR-targeting drugs. In conclusion, our analysis depicts a comprehensive picture of cellular signaling dysregulation, including endocytosis, by microRNAs in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny H Wong
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Priscilla T Y Law
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Digestive Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Institute of Digestive Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Sciences and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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38
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Mateu-Jimenez M, Curull V, Rodríguez-Fuster A, Aguiló R, Sánchez-Font A, Pijuan L, Gea J, Barreiro E. Profile of epigenetic mechanisms in lung tumors of patients with underlying chronic respiratory conditions. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:7. [PMID: 29371906 PMCID: PMC5771157 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and epigenetic events underlie lung cancer (LC) development. The study objective was that lung tumor expression levels of specific microRNAs and their downstream biomarkers may be differentially regulated in patients with and without COPD. Methods In lung specimens (tumor and non-tumor), microRNAs known to be involved in lung tumorigenesis (miR-21, miR-200b, miR-126, miR-451, miR-210, miR-let7c, miR-30a-30p, miR-155 and miR-let7a, qRT-PCR), DNA methylation, and downstream biomarkers were determined (qRT-PCR and immunoblotting) in 40 patients with LC (prospective study, subdivided into LC-COPD and LC, N = 20/group). Results Expression of miR-21, miR-200b, miR-210, and miR-let7c and DNA methylation were greater in lung tumor specimens of LC-COPD than of LC patients. Expression of downstream markers PTEN, MARCKs, TPM-1, PDCD4, SPRY-2, ETS-1, ZEB-2, FGFRL-1, EFNA-3, and k-RAS together with P53 were selectively downregulated in tumor samples of LC-COPD patients. In these patients, tumor expression of miR-126 and miR-451 and that of the biomarkers PTEN, MARCKs, FGFRL-1, SNAIL-1, P63, and k-RAS were reduced. Conclusions Biomarkers of mechanisms involved in tumor growth, angiogenesis, migration, and apoptosis were differentially expressed in tumors of patients with underlying respiratory disease. These findings shed light into the underlying biology of the reported greater risk to develop LC seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions. The presence of an underlying respiratory disease should be identified in all patients with LC as the differential biological profile may help determine tumor progression and the therapeutic response. Additionally, epigenetic events offer a niche for pharmacological therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Mateu-Jimenez
- Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Curull
- Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Aguiló
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Sánchez-Font
- Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lara Pijuan
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gea
- Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department, Lung Cancer and Muscle Research Group, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (PRBB), C/ Dr. Aiguader, 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
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Roszyk L, Kollenda S, Hennig S. Using a Specific RNA-Protein Interaction To Quench the Fluorescent RNA Spinach. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2958-2964. [PMID: 29058870 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
RNAs are involved in interaction networks with other biomolecules and are crucial for proper cell function. Yet their biochemical analysis remains challenging. For Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), a common tool to study such interaction networks, two interacting molecules have to be fluorescently labeled. "Spinach" is a genetically encodable RNA aptamer that starts to fluoresce upon binding of an organic molecule. Therefore, it is a biological fluorophore tag for RNAs. However, spinach has never been used in a FRET assembly before. Here, we describe how spinach is quenched when close to acceptors. We used RNA-DNA hybridization to bring quenchers or red organic dyes in close proximity to spinach. Furthermore, we investigate RNA-protein interactions quantitatively on the example of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phage coat protein 7 (PP7) and its interacting pp7-RNA. We utilize spinach quenching as a fully genetically encodable system even under lysate conditions. Therefore, this work represents a direct method to analyze RNA-protein interactions by quenching the spinach aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Roszyk
- Chemical
Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kollenda
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Hennig
- Chemical
Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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40
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Karmakar S, Kaushik G, Nimmakayala R, Rachagani S, Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK. MicroRNA regulation of K-Ras in pancreatic cancer and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 54:63-71. [PMID: 29199014 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Ras family of GTPases is involved in cell proliferation, cell survival, and angiogenesis. It is upregulated in several cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PC) and leads to uncontrolled growth and aggressiveness. PC is well known to be a lethal disease with poor prognosis, plagued by limited therapeutic modalities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are short non-coding RNA molecules, have recently emerged as regulators of signaling networks and have shown potential to target pathway components for therapeutic use in several malignancies. K-Ras mutations are widespread in PC cases (90%), with mutations detectable as early as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias and in later metastatic stages alike; therefore, these mutations in K-Ras are obvious drivers and potential targets for PC therapy. Several K-Ras targeting miRNAs have lately been discovered, and many of them have shown promise in combating pancreatic tumor growth in vitro and in mouse models. However, the field of miRNA therapy is still in its infancy, and miRNA mimics or anti-miRNA oligonucleotides that target Ras pathway have thus far not been evaluated in PC patients. In this review, we summarize the role of several miRNAs that regulate oncogenic K-Ras signaling in PC, with their prospective roles as therapeutic agents for targeting K-Ras pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Garima Kaushik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Nimmakayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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41
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Liamina D, Sibirnyj W, Khokhlova A, Saenko V, Rastorgueva E, Fomin A, Saenko Y. Radiation-Induced Changes of microRNA Expression Profiles in Radiosensitive and Radioresistant Leukemia Cell Lines with Different Levels of Chromosome Abnormalities. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100136. [PMID: 29027959 PMCID: PMC5664075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In our study, we estimate an effect from chromosome aberrations and genome mutations on changes in microRNA expression profiles in cancer cell lines demonstrating different radiosensitivity. Here, cell viability and microRNA spectrum have been estimated 1, 4, and 24 h after irradiation. MiSeq high-throughput sequencing system (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) is employed to perform microRNA spectrum estimation. In the K562 cell line, the number of expressed microRNAs in chromosomes demonstrates a more pronounced variation. An analysis of microRNA effects on signaling pathway activity demonstrates differences in post-transcriptional regulation of the expression of genes included into 40 signaling pathways. In the K562 cell line, microRNA dynamics analyzed for their dependence on chromosome localization show a wider scattering of microRNA expression values for a pair of chromosomes compared to the HL-60 cell line. An analysis of microRNAs expression in the K562 and HL-60 cell lines after irradiation has shown that chromosome abnormalities can affect microRNA expression changes. A study of radiation-induced changes of microRNA expression profiles in the K562 and HL-60 cell lines has revealed a dependence of microRNA expression changes on the number of chromosome aberrations and genome mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Liamina
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Lva Tolstogo St., Ulyanovsk 432017, Russia.
| | - Wladimir Sibirnyj
- Department of Bioenergetics and Food Analysis, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Ćwiklińskiej St., 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Anna Khokhlova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Lva Tolstogo St., Ulyanovsk 432017, Russia.
| | - Viacheslav Saenko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Lva Tolstogo St., Ulyanovsk 432017, Russia.
| | - Eugenia Rastorgueva
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Lva Tolstogo St., Ulyanovsk 432017, Russia.
| | - Aleksandr Fomin
- S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Lva Tolstogo St., Ulyanovsk 432017, Russia.
| | - Yury Saenko
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Lva Tolstogo St., Ulyanovsk 432017, Russia.
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42
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Ni J, Bucci J, Chang L, Malouf D, Graham P, Li Y. Targeting MicroRNAs in Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy. Theranostics 2017; 7:3243-3259. [PMID: 28900507 PMCID: PMC5595129 DOI: 10.7150/thno.19934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most important treatment options for localized early-stage or advanced-stage prostate cancer (CaP). Radioresistance (relapse after radiotherapy) is a major challenge for the current radiotherapy. There is great interest in investigating mechanisms of radioresistance and developing novel treatment strategies to overcome radioresistance. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, participating in numerous physiological and pathological processes including cancer invasion, progression, metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs play a critical role in the modulation of key cellular pathways that mediate response to radiation, influencing the radiosensitivity of the cancer cells through interplaying with other biological processes such as cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells. Here, we summarize several important miRNAs in CaP radiation response and then discuss the regulation of the major signalling pathways and biological processes by miRNAs in CaP radiotherapy. Finally, we emphasize on microRNAs as potential predictive biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets to improve CaP radiosensitivity.
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Li LN, Xiao T, Yi HM, Zheng Z, Qu JQ, Huang W, Ye X, Yi H, Lu SS, Li XH, Xiao ZQ. MiR-125b Increases Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Radioresistance by Targeting A20/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2094-2106. [PMID: 28698199 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radioresistance poses a major challenge in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment, but little is known about how miRNA regulates this phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the function and mechanism of miR-125b in NPC radioresistance, one of upregulated miRNAs in the radioresistant NPC cells identified by our previous microarray analysis. We observed that miR-125b was frequently upregulated in the radioresistant NPCs, and its increment was significantly correlated with NPC radioresistance, and was an independent predictor for poor patient survival. In vitro radioresponse assays showed that miR-125b inhibitor decreased, whereas miR-125b mimic increased NPC cell radioresistance. In a mouse model, therapeutic administration of miR-125b antagomir dramatically sensitized NPC xenografts to irradiation. Mechanistically, we confirmed that A20 was a direct target of miR-125b and found that miR-125b regulated NPC cell radioresponse by targeting A20/NF-κB signaling. With a combination of loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we further showed that A20 overexpression decreased while A20 knockdown increased NPC cell radioresistance both in vitro and in vivo Moreover, A20 was significantly downregulated while p-p65 (RelA) significantly upregulated in the radioresistant NPCs relative to radiosensitive NPCs, and miR-125b expression level was negatively associated with A20 expression level, whereas positively associated with p-p65 (RelA) level. Our data demonstrate that miR-125b and A20 are critical regulators of NPC radioresponse, and high miR-125b expression enhances NPC radioresistance through targeting A20 and then activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the miR-125b/A20/NF-κB axis in clinical NPC radiosensitization. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2094-106. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Li
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pathology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Ta Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Quan Qu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Oncology, Qianjiang Central Hospital of Chongqing, Jishou University, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Ye
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Yi
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan-Shan Lu
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin-Hui Li
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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miR-214 promotes radioresistance in human ovarian cancer cells by targeting PETN. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170327. [PMID: 28559385 PMCID: PMC6434173 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of death among gynecological malignancies. Increasing evidence indicate that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays an important role in tumor radioresistance. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether microRNA-214 (miR-214) was involved in radioresistance of human ovarian cancer. Here, we showed that miR-214 was significantly up-regulated in ovarian cancer tissues and radioresistance ovarian cancer cell lines. Transfection of miR-214 agomir in radiosensitive ovarian cancer cell lines promoted them for resistance to ionizing radiation, whereas transfection of miR-214 antagomir in radioresistance ovarian cancer cell lines sensitized them to ionizing radiation again. Furthermore, we found miR-214 effectively promoted tumor radioresistance in xenograft animal experiment. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that miR-214 negatively regulated PTEN in radioresistance ovarian cancer cell lines and ovarian cancer tissues. Taken together, our data conclude that miR-214 contributes to radioresistance of ovarian cancer by directly targeting PTEN.
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Different levels of let-7d expression modulate response of FaDu cells to irradiation and chemotherapeutics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180265. [PMID: 28665983 PMCID: PMC5493379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The implication of the let-7 family in cancer development is multifaceted. The family acts as tumor suppressor miRNA although overexpression of let-7 has also been described in many types of cancer, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The aim of this study includes whether different expression levels of let-7d has an influence on chemo- and radiosensitivity. FaDu cell line models with a gradually increased level of let-7d (models from A to E) were generated with the lentiviral system. Expression levels of pluripotency, chemo-radioresistance/apoptosis, and targets of mRNAs were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). Radiosensitivity was analyzed using a clonogenic assay after irradiation. Response to cisplatin, 5-FU, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel was done with MTT assay. Statistically significant decrease of K-RAS (p = 0.0369) and CASPASE3 (p = 0.0342) were observed with the growing expression level of let-7d. Cisplatin, 5-FU and doxorubicin caused similar decreased of cell survival with the increase of let-7d level (p = 0.004, post-trend p = 0.046; p = 0.004, post trend p = 0.0005 and p<0.0001, post trend p = 0.0001, respectively). All models were resistant to paclitaxel, irrespective of let-7d expression levels. Only two of the generated models (A and C) were radiosensitive (p = 0.0002). Conclusion: the above results indicated that the level of let-7d expression is an important factor for cell response to irradiation and chemotherapeutics.
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Abreu FBD, Liu X, Tsongalis GJ. miRNA analysis in pancreatic cancer: the Dartmouth experience. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:755-762. [PMID: 28343174 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is considered one of the most lethal cancers being the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in adults in the United States because of the lack of early signs and symptoms and the lack of early detection. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common histological type among pancreatic cancers, representing 80%-90% of all solid tumors of the pancreas. The majority of PDAC develops from three precursor lesions: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductual papillary mucinous neoplasm and mucinous cystic neoplasm. Although histologic tissue evaluation remains the gold standard for diagnosis, endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration has become the preferred modality for obtaining pathologic confirmation. At Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC),we have developed and validated a microRNA (miRNA) panel for patients with pancreatic diseases that can be used in association with the gold standard method for diagnosis. miRNAs have an important role in biological processes, such as apoptosis, metabolism, cell growth and differentiation. In cancer, miRNAs can be classified as either oncogenic or tumor suppressor according to their function in the carcinogenic process. In this study, we describe the expression of many miRNA in benign and malignant pancreatic tissues as well as their clinical significance. For this reason, miRNAs have been considered potential biomarkers of pancreatic diseases that could potentially contribute to an early diagnosis, predict disease progression, accurately monitor disease, contribute to better treatment strategies and reduce mortality by improving disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine B de Abreu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Gregory J Tsongalis
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756
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Balzeau J, Menezes MR, Cao S, Hagan JP. The LIN28/let-7 Pathway in Cancer. Front Genet 2017; 8:31. [PMID: 28400788 PMCID: PMC5368188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all tumor suppressor microRNAs, reduced let-7 expression occurs most frequently in cancer and typically correlates with poor prognosis. Activation of either LIN28A or LIN28B, two highly related RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and proto-oncogenes, is responsible for the global post-transcriptional downregulation of the let-7 microRNA family observed in many cancers. Specifically, LIN28A binds the terminal loop of precursor let-7 and recruits the Terminal Uridylyl Transferase (TUTase) ZCCHC11 that polyuridylates pre-let-7, thereby blocking microRNA biogenesis and tumor suppressor function. For LIN28B, the precise mechanism responsible for let-7 inhibition remains controversial. Functionally, the decrease in let-7 microRNAs leads to overexpression of their oncogenic targets such as MYC, RAS, HMGA2, BLIMP1, among others. Furthermore, mouse models demonstrate that ectopic LIN28 expression is sufficient to drive and/or accelerate tumorigenesis via a let-7 dependent mechanism. In this review, the LIN28/let-7 pathway is discussed, emphasizing its role in tumorigenesis, cancer stem cell biology, metabolomics, metastasis, and resistance to ionizing radiation and several chemotherapies. Also, emerging evidence will be presented suggesting that molecular targeting of this pathway may provide therapeutic benefit in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Balzeau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miriam R Menezes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siyu Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Hagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
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Huang D, Bian G, Pan Y, Han X, Sun Y, Wang Y, Shen G, Cheng M, Fang X, Hu S. MiR-20a-5p promotes radio-resistance by targeting Rab27B in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:32. [PMID: 28265202 PMCID: PMC5333421 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) was reported to be involved in cancer radio-resistance, which remains a major obstacle for effective cancer therapy. METHODS The differently expressed miRNAs were detected by RNA-seq experiment in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) cells. MiR-20a-5p was selected as our target, which was subject to finding its target gene Rab27B via bioinformatics analysis. The qRT-PCR, western blot and the luciferase reporter assays were performed to confirm Rab27B as the target of miR-20a-5p. In addition, the roles of miR-20a-5p in NPC radio-resistance were detected by transfection of either miR-20a-5p-mimic or miR-20a-5p-antagomiR. The involvement of Rab27B with NPC radio-resistance was also detected by the experiments with siRNA-mediated repression of Rab27B or over-expression of GFP-Rab27B. Wound healing and invasion assays were performed to detect the roles of both miR-20a-5p and Rab27B. RESULTS MiR-20a-5p promotes NPC radio-resistance. We identified that its target gene Rab27B negatively correlates with miR-20a-5p-mediated NPC radio-resistance by systematic studies of a radio-sensitive (CNE-2) and resistant (CNE-1) NPC cell lines. Repression of Rab27B by siRNA suppresses cell apoptosis and passivates CNE-2 cells, whereas over-expression of Rab27B triggered cell apoptosis and sensitizes CNE-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS MiR-20a-5p and its target gene Rab27B might be involved in the NPC radio-resistance. Thus the key players and regulators involved in this pathway might be the potential targets for developing effective therapeutic strategies against NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabing Huang
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, 250012 China.,Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230031 Anhui China.,Department of Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Geng Bian
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230031 Anhui China
| | - Yueyin Pan
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Xinghua Han
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Yubei Sun
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Guodong Shen
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Min Cheng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230031 Anhui China
| | - Shilian Hu
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, 250012 China.,Department of Geriatrics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230031 Anhui China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, 230001 China
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Xue Y, Ni T, Jiang Y, Li Y. Long Noncoding RNA GAS5 Inhibits Tumorigenesis and Enhances Radiosensitivity by Suppressing miR-135b Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1305-1316. [PMID: 28117028 PMCID: PMC7841232 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14850182723737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) has been demonstrated to correlate with clinicopathological characteristics and serve as a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the underlying mechanism of the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network involving GAS5 in NSCLC remains to be elucidated. In this study, qRT-PCR results showed that GAS5 was downregulated and miR-135b was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cells. The expressions of GAS5 and miR-135b changed inversely in response to irradiation. Gain-of-function experiments revealed that GAS5 overexpression and miR-135b downregulation significantly suppressed tumorigenesis by repressing cell proliferation and invasion, and enhanced the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells by reducing colony formation rates. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that GAS5 could directly target miR-135b and negatively regulate its expression. Moreover, rescue experiments demonstrated that miR-135b upregulation markedly abolished GAS5 overexpression-induced tumorigenesis inhibition and radiosensitivity improvement. Furthermore, xenograft model analysis validated that GAS5 overexpression suppressed tumor growth and improved radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells in vivo. Taken together, GAS5 inhibits tumorigenesis and enhances radiosensitivity by suppressing miR-135b expression in NSCLC cells, deepening our understanding of the mechanism of miRNA-lncRNA interaction and providing a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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50
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Lacombe J, Zenhausern F. Emergence of miR-34a in radiation therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 109:69-78. [PMID: 28010900 PMCID: PMC5199215 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressions of many microRNAs (miRNAs) in response to ionizing radiation (IR) have already been investigated and some of them seem to play an important role in the tumor radioresistance, normal tissue radiotoxicity or as predictive biomarkers to radiation. miR-34a is an emerging miRNA in recent radiobiology studies. Here, we review this miR-34 family member by detailing its different roles in radiation response and we will discuss about the role that it can play in radiation treatment. Thus, we will show that IR regulates miR-34a by increasing its expression. We will also highlight different biological processes involved in cellular response to IR and regulated by miR-34a in order to demonstrate the role it can play in tumor radio-response or normal tissue radiotoxicity as a radiosensitizer or radioprotector. miR-34a is poised to assert itself as an important player in radiobiology and should become more and more important in radiation therapy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Lacombe
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona, 145 S. 79th Street, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA.
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, University of Arizona, 145 S. 79th Street, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA; Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, 425 N. 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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