1
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Muñoz Forti K, Weisman GA, Jasmer KJ. Cell type-specific transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the regulation of salivary gland fibrosis and regeneration. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2024; 14:257-272. [PMID: 38559587 PMCID: PMC10979288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland damage and hypofunction result from various disorders, including autoimmune Sjögren's disease (SjD) and IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), as well as a side effect of radiotherapy for treating head and neck cancers. There are no therapeutic strategies to prevent the loss of salivary gland function in these disorders nor facilitate functional salivary gland regeneration. However, ongoing aquaporin-1 gene therapy trials to restore saliva flow show promise. To identify and develop novel therapeutic targets, we must better understand the cell-specific signaling processes involved in salivary gland regeneration. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is essential to tissue fibrosis, a major endpoint in salivary gland degeneration, which develops in the salivary glands of patients with SjD, IgG4-RD, and radiation-induced damage. Though the deposition and remodeling of extracellular matrix proteins are essential to repair salivary gland damage, pathological fibrosis results in tissue hardening and chronic salivary gland dysfunction orchestrated by multiple cell types, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, stromal cells, and lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune cell populations. This review is focused on the role of TGF-β signaling in the development of salivary gland fibrosis and the potential for targeting TGF-β as a novel therapeutic approach to regenerate functional salivary glands. The studies presented highlight the divergent roles of TGF-β signaling in salivary gland development and dysfunction and illuminate specific cell populations in damaged or diseased salivary glands that mediate the effects of TGF-β. Overall, these studies strongly support the premise that blocking TGF-β signaling holds promise for the regeneration of functional salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Muñoz Forti
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, United States
| | - Gary A. Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, United States
| | - Kimberly J. Jasmer
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, United States
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2
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Gunning JA, Gilman KE, Zúñiga TM, Simpson RJ, Limesand KH. Parotid glands have a dysregulated immune response following radiation therapy. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297387. [PMID: 38470874 PMCID: PMC10931461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer treatment often consists of surgical resection of the tumor followed by ionizing radiation (IR), which can damage surrounding tissues and cause adverse side effects. The underlying mechanisms of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction are not fully understood, and treatment options are scarce and ineffective. The wound healing process is a necessary response to tissue injury, and broadly consists of inflammatory, proliferative, and redifferentiation phases with immune cells playing key roles in all three phases. In this study, select immune cells were phenotyped and quantified, and certain cytokine and chemokine concentrations were measured in mouse parotid glands after IR. Further, we used a model where glandular function is restored to assess the immune phenotype in a regenerative response. These data suggest that irradiated parotid tissue does not progress through a typical inflammatory response observed in wounds that heal. Specifically, total immune cells (CD45+) decrease at days 2 and 5 following IR, macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+) decrease at day 2 and 5 and increase at day 30, while neutrophils (Ly6G+CD11b+) significantly increase at day 30 following IR. Additionally, radiation treatment reduces CD3- cells at all time points, significantly increases CD3+/CD4+CD8+ double positive cells, and significantly reduces CD3+/CD4-CD8- double negative cells at day 30 after IR. Previous data indicate that post-IR treatment with IGF-1 restores salivary gland function at day 30, and IGF-1 injections attenuate the increase in macrophages, neutrophils, and CD4+CD8+ T cells observed at day 30 following IR. Taken together, these data indicate that parotid salivary tissue exhibits a dysregulated immune response following radiation treatment which may contribute to chronic loss of function phenotype in head and neck cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Gunning
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kristy E. Gilman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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3
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Honma R, I T, Seki M, Iwatake M, Ogaeri T, Hasegawa K, Ohba S, Tran SD, Asahina I, Sumita Y. Immunomodulatory Macrophages Enable E-MNC Therapy for Radiation-Induced Salivary Gland Hypofunction. Cells 2023; 12:1417. [PMID: 37408251 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly developed therapy using effective-mononuclear cells (E-MNCs) is reportedly effective against radiation-damaged salivary glands (SGs) due to anti-inflammatory and revascularization effects. However, the cellular working mechanism of E-MNC therapy in SGs remains to be elucidated. In this study, E-MNCs were induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) by culture for 5-7 days in medium supplemented with five specific recombinant proteins (5G-culture). We analyzed the anti-inflammatory characteristics of macrophage fraction of E-MNCs using a co-culture model with CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMNCs. To test therapeutic efficacy in vivo, either E-MNCs or E-MNCs depleted of CD11b-positive cells were transplanted intraglandularly into mice with radiation-damaged SGs. Following transplantation, SG function recovery and immunohistochemical analyses of harvested SGs were assessed to determine if CD11b-positive macrophages contributed to tissue regeneration. The results indicated that CD11b/CD206-positive (M2-like) macrophages were specifically induced in E-MNCs during 5G-culture, and Msr1- and galectin3-positive cells (immunomodulatory macrophages) were predominant. CD11b-positive fraction of E-MNCs significantly inhibited the expression of inflammation-related genes in CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMNCs. Transplanted E-MNCs exhibited a therapeutic effect on saliva secretion and reduced tissue fibrosis in radiation-damaged SGs, whereas E-MNCs depleted of CD11b-positive cells and radiated controls did not. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed HMGB1 phagocytosis and IGF1 secretion by CD11b/Msr1-positive macrophages from both transplanted E-MNCs and host M2-macrophages. Thus, the anti-inflammatory and tissue-regenerative effects observed in E-MNC therapy against radiation-damaged SGs can be partly explained by the immunomodulatory effect of M2-dominant macrophage fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Honma
- Department of Medical Research and Development for Oral Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi I
- Department of Medical Research and Development for Oral Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | | | - Mayumi Iwatake
- Department of Medical Research and Development for Oral Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Takunori Ogaeri
- Department of Medical Research and Development for Oral Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kayo Hasegawa
- Department of Medical Research and Development for Oral Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Seigo Ohba
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Simon D Tran
- Laboratory of Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Izumi Asahina
- Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Sumita
- Department of Medical Research and Development for Oral Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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Meyer R, Gilman K, Rheinheimer B, Meeks L, Limesand K. AMPK Activation Restores Salivary Function Following Radiation Treatment. J Dent Res 2023; 102:546-554. [PMID: 36726289 PMCID: PMC10249004 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221148983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers represent a significant portion of cancer diagnoses, with head and neck cancer incidence increasing in some parts of the world. Typical treatment of early-stage head and neck cancers includes either surgery or radiotherapy; however, advanced cases often require surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Salivary gland damage following radiotherapy leads to severe and chronic hypofunction with decreased salivary output, xerostomia, impaired ability to chew and swallow, increased risk of developing oral mucositis, and malnutrition. There is currently no standard of care for radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction, and treatment is often limited to palliative treatment that provides only temporary relief. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an enzyme that activates catabolic processes and has been shown to influence the cell cycle, proliferation, and autophagy. In the present study, we found that radiation (IR) treatment decreases tissue levels of phosphorylated AMPK following radiation and decreases intracellular NAD+ and AMP while increasing intracellular adenosine triphosphate. Furthermore, expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) was lower 5 d following IR. Treatment with AMPK activators, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) and metformin, attenuated compensatory proliferation (days 6, 7, and 30) following IR and reversed chronic (day 30) salivary gland dysfunction post-IR. In addition, treatment with metformin or AICAR increased markers of apical/basolateral polarity (phosphorylated aPKCζT560-positive area) and differentiation (amylase-positive area) within irradiated parotid glands to levels similar to untreated controls. Taken together, these data suggest that AMPK may be a novel therapeutic target for treatment of radiation-induced salivary damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.K. Meyer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K.E. Gilman
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B.A. Rheinheimer
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - L. Meeks
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K.H. Limesand
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness,
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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5
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Cho JM, Yoon YJ, Lee S, Kim D, Choi D, Kim J, Lim JY. Retroductal Delivery of Epidermal Growth Factor Protects Salivary Progenitors after Irradiation. J Dent Res 2021; 100:883-890. [PMID: 33754871 DOI: 10.1177/0022034521999298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland hypofunction after irradiation is associated with a deficit of epithelial stem/progenitors in salivary glands. Although epidermal growth factor (EGF) is known to stimulate the proliferation of epithelial cells, the therapeutic effect of EGF on salivary epithelial stem/progenitors remains undetermined. In this study, we administered EGF to submandibular glands (SMGs) via a retrograde route through the SMG excretory duct before fractionated irradiation and examined whether EGF could protect salivary epithelial progenitor cells from radiation and alleviate radiation-induced salivary hypofunction. EGF-treated mice exhibited greater body and gland weights at 12 wk after irradiation than untreated mice. The retroductal delivery of EGF improved salivary secretory function and increased salivary amylase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Histological examinations highlighted the amelioration of the loss of keratine-14+ (KRT14+) basal ductal and/or MIST1+ acinar cells, as well as induction of fibrosis, following irradiation in EGF-treated mice. An additional in vitro experiment using a salivary gland organoid irradiation model indicated that the radioprotective effects of EGF promoted the growth and inhibited the apoptotic cell death of salivary epithelial cells. Our results suggest that retroductal delivery of EGF may be a promising therapeutic option for preventing radiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y J Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - D Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Y Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Meeks L, De Oliveira Pessoa D, Martinez JA, Limesand KH, Padi M. Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals convergent pathways driving radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:85-98. [PMID: 33522389 PMCID: PMC7988743 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer causes damage to the surrounding salivary glands, resulting in salivary gland hypofunction and xerostomia. Current treatments do not provide lasting restoration of salivary gland function following radiation; therefore, a new mechanistic understanding of the radiation-induced damage response is necessary for identifying therapeutic targets. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the metabolic phenotype of radiation-induced damage in parotid salivary glands by integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic data. Integrated data were then analyzed to identify significant gene-metabolite interactions. Mice received a single 5 Gy dose of targeted head and neck radiation. Parotid tissue samples were collected 5 days following treatment for RNA sequencing and metabolomics analysis. Altered metabolites and transcripts significantly converged on a specific region in the metabolic reaction network. Both integrative pathway enrichment using rank-based statistics and network analysis highlighted significantly coordinated changes in glutathione metabolism, energy metabolism (TCA cycle and thermogenesis), peroxisomal lipid metabolism, and bile acid production with radiation. Integrated changes observed in energy metabolism suggest that radiation induces a mitochondrial dysfunction phenotype. These findings validated previous pathways involved in the radiation-damage response, such as altered energy metabolism, and identified robust signatures in salivary glands, such as reduced glutathione metabolism, that may be driving salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Meeks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Jessica A Martinez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kirsten H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Megha Padi
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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7
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Radiation-Induced Salivary Gland Dysfunction: Mechanisms, Therapeutics and Future Directions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9124095. [PMID: 33353023 PMCID: PMC7767137 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands sustain collateral damage following radiotherapy (RT) to treat cancers of the head and neck, leading to complications, including mucositis, xerostomia and hyposalivation. Despite salivary gland-sparing techniques and modified dosing strategies, long-term hypofunction remains a significant problem. Current therapeutic interventions provide temporary symptom relief, but do not address irreversible glandular damage. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of mechanisms involved in RT-induced hyposalivation and provide a framework for future mechanistic studies. One glaring gap in published studies investigating RT-induced mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction concerns the effect of irradiation on adjacent non-irradiated tissue via paracrine, autocrine and direct cell-cell interactions, coined the bystander effect in other models of RT-induced damage. We hypothesize that purinergic receptor signaling involving P2 nucleotide receptors may play a key role in mediating the bystander effect. We also discuss promising new therapeutic approaches to prevent salivary gland damage due to RT.
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8
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Rocchi C, Emmerson E. Mouth-Watering Results: Clinical Need, Current Approaches, and Future Directions for Salivary Gland Regeneration. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:649-669. [PMID: 32371171 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Permanent damage to the salivary glands and resulting hyposalivation and xerostomia have a substantial impact on patient health, quality of life, and healthcare costs. Currently, patients rely on lifelong treatments that alleviate the symptoms, but no long-term restorative solutions exist. Recent advances in adult stem cell enrichment and transplantation, bioengineering, and gene transfer have proved successful in rescuing salivary gland function in a number of animal models that reflect human diseases and that result in hyposalivation and xerostomia. By overcoming the limitations of stem cell transplants and better understanding the mechanisms of cellular plasticity in the adult salivary gland, such studies provide encouraging evidence that a regenerative strategy for patients will be available in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rocchi
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Elaine Emmerson
- The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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9
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Gaillard D, Shechtman LA, Millar SE, Barlow LA. Fractionated head and neck irradiation impacts taste progenitors, differentiated taste cells, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in adult mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17934. [PMID: 31784592 PMCID: PMC6884601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer patients receiving conventional repeated, low dose radiotherapy (fractionated IR) suffer from taste dysfunction that can persist for months and often years after treatment. To understand the mechanisms underlying functional taste loss, we established a fractionated IR mouse model to characterize how taste buds are affected. Following fractionated IR, we found as in our previous study using single dose IR, taste progenitor proliferation was reduced and progenitor cell number declined, leading to interruption in the supply of new taste receptor cells to taste buds. However, in contrast to a single dose of IR, we did not encounter increased progenitor cell death in response to fractionated IR. Instead, fractionated IR induced death of cells within taste buds. Overall, taste buds were smaller and fewer following fractionated IR, and contained fewer differentiated cells. In response to fractionated IR, expression of Wnt pathway genes, Ctnnb1, Tcf7, Lef1 and Lgr5 were reduced concomitantly with reduced progenitor proliferation. However, recovery of Wnt signaling post-IR lagged behind proliferative recovery. Overall, our data suggest carefully timed, local activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may mitigate radiation injury and/or speed recovery of taste cell renewal following fractionated IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Gaillard
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8108, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8108, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Lauren A Shechtman
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8108, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8108, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sarah E Millar
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8108, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Mail Stop 8108, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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10
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Taniguchi A, Susa T, Kogo H, Iizuka-Kogo A, Yokoo S, Matsuzaki T. Long-term Pilocarpine Treatment Improves Salivary Flow in Irradiated Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2019; 52:45-58. [PMID: 31341340 PMCID: PMC6643095 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.19006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer frequently causes salivary gland dysfunction. Pilocarpine is a clinically approved and effective drug that induces saliva secretion, thereby keeping the oral mucosa moist and reducing discomfort in patients, but the effect is transient. We expected that this drug also has beneficial long-term effects that maintain the integrity of salivary glands by reducing, for instance, apoptosis. Here, we examined the effects of long-term pilocarpine administration in irradiated mice. The results indicated that long-term pilocarpine administration significantly improved salivary flow in irradiated mice, suggesting the potential beneficial effects of long-term administration. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we analyzed the histology, apoptosis, and proliferation of acinar cells, and the expression of functional membrane proteins such as transmembrane member 16A, aquaporin-5, and Na-K-Cl cotransporter. Long-term pilocarpine treatment seemed to decrease irradiation-induced apoptosis, although the change was not statistically significant. The present results indicated that long-term administration of pilocarpine has beneficial effects on salivary flow in irradiated mice, and suggested that long-term administration possibly decreases apoptosis in irradiated salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Taniguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Taketo Susa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Kogo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akiko Iizuka-Kogo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Yokoo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Plastic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toshiyuki Matsuzaki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine
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11
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Meyer R, Wong WY, Guzman R, Burd R, Limesand K. Radiation Treatment of Organotypic Cultures from Submandibular and Parotid Salivary Glands Models Key In Vivo Characteristics. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31157788 DOI: 10.3791/59484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyposalivation and xerostomia create chronic oral complications that decrease the quality of life in head and neck cancer patients who are treated with radiotherapy. Experimental approaches to understanding mechanisms of salivary gland dysfunction and restoration have focused on in vivo models, which are handicapped by an inability to systematically screen therapeutic candidates and efficiencies in transfection capability to manipulate specific genes. The purpose of this salivary gland organotypic culture protocol is to evaluate maximal time of culture viability and characterize cellular changes following ex vivo radiation treatment. We utilized immunofluorescent staining and confocal microscopy to determine when specific cell populations and markers are present during a 30-day culture period. In addition, cellular markers previously reported in in vivo radiation models are evaluated in cultures that are irradiated ex vivo. Moving forward, this method is an attractive platform for rapid ex vivo assessment of murine and human salivary gland tissue responses to therapeutic agents that improve salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Meyer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona
| | - Wen Yu Wong
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - Roberto Guzman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arizona
| | - Randy Burd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona
| | - Kirsten Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona;
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12
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Gilman KE, Camden JM, Klein RR, Zhang Q, Weisman GA, Limesand KH. P2X7 receptor deletion suppresses γ-radiation-induced hyposalivation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R687-R696. [PMID: 30892913 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00192.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer treatments typically involve a combination of surgery and radiotherapy, often leading to collateral damage to nearby tissues causing unwanted side effects. Radiation damage to salivary glands frequently leads to irreversible dysfunction by poorly understood mechanisms. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a ligand-gated ion channel activated by extracellular ATP released from damaged cells as "danger signals." P2X7R activation initiates apoptosis and is involved in numerous inflammatory disorders. In this study, we utilized P2X7R knockout (P2X7R-/-) mice to determine the role of the receptor in radiation-induced salivary gland damage. Results indicate a dose-dependent increase in γ-radiation-induced ATP release from primary parotid gland cells of wild-type but not P2X7R-/- mice. Despite these differences, apoptosis levels are similar in parotid glands of wild-type and P2X7R-/- mice 24-72 h after radiation. However, γ-radiation caused elevated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release from primary parotid cells of wild-type but not P2X7R-/- mice. To attempt to uncover the mechanism underlying differential PGE2 release, we evaluated the expression and activities of cyclooxygenase and PGE synthase isoforms. There were no consistent trends in these mediators following radiation that could explain the reduction in PGE2 release in P2X7R-/- mice. Irradiated P2X7R-/- mice have stimulated salivary flow rates similar to unirradiated controls, whereas irradiated wild-type mice have significantly decreased salivary flow rates compared with unirradiated controls. Notably, treatment with the P2X7R antagonist A438079 preserves stimulated salivary flow rates in wild-type mice following γ-radiation. These data suggest that P2X7R antagonism is a promising approach for preventing γ-radiation-induced hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy E Gilman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jean M Camden
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rob R Klein
- Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Qionghui Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Gary A Weisman
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kirsten H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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13
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Varghese JJ, Schmale IL, Wang Y, Hansen ME, Newlands SD, Ovitt CE, Benoit DSW. Retroductal Nanoparticle Injection to the Murine Submandibular Gland. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29781991 DOI: 10.3791/57521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two common goals of salivary gland therapeutics are prevention and cure of tissue dysfunction following either autoimmune or radiation injury. By locally delivering bioactive compounds to the salivary glands, greater tissue concentrations can be safely achieved versus systemic administration. Furthermore, off target tissue effects from extra-glandular accumulation of material can be dramatically reduced. In this regard, retroductal injection is a widely used method for investigating both salivary gland biology and pathophysiology. Retroductal administration of growth factors, primary cells, adenoviral vectors, and small molecule drugs has been shown to support gland function in the setting of injury. We have previously shown the efficacy of a retroductally injected nanoparticle-siRNA strategy to maintain gland function following irradiation. Here, a highly effective and reproducible method to administer nanomaterials to the murine submandibular gland through Wharton's duct is detailed (Figure 1). We describe accessing the oral cavity and outline the steps necessary to cannulate Wharton's duct, with further observations serving as quality checks throughout the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomy J Varghese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester;
| | - Isaac L Schmale
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester
| | | | - Shawn D Newlands
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center
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aPKCζ-dependent Repression of Yap is Necessary for Functional Restoration of Irradiated Salivary Glands with IGF-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6347. [PMID: 29679075 PMCID: PMC5910385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia and salivary hypofunction often result as a consequence of radiation therapy for head and neck cancers, which are diagnosed in roughly 60,000 individuals every year in the U.S. Due to the lack of effective treatments for radiation-induced salivary hypofunction, stem cell-based therapies have been suggested to regenerate the irradiated salivary glands. Pharmacologically, restoration of salivary gland function has been accomplished in mice by administering IGF-1 shortly after radiation treatment, but it is not known if salivary stem and progenitor cells play a role. We show that radiation inactivates aPKCζ and promotes nuclear redistribution of Yap in a population of label-retaining cells in the acinar compartment of the parotid gland (PG)- which comprises a heterogeneous pool of salivary progenitors. Administration of IGF-1 post-radiation maintains activation of aPKCζ and partially rescues Yap's cellular localization in label retaining cells, while restoring salivary function. Finally, IGF-1 fails to restore saliva production in mice lacking aPKCζ, demonstrating the importance of the kinase as a potential therapeutic target.
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15
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16
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Radioprotective effects of Keratinocyte Growth Factor-1 against irradiation-induced salivary gland hypofunction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13496-13508. [PMID: 28086221 PMCID: PMC5355115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation can cause salivary gland hypofunction, with hyposalivation producing discomfort, health risks, and reducing function in daily life. Despite increasing translational research interest in radioprotection, there are no satisfactory treatments available. Keratinocyte growth factor-1 stimulates proliferation of salivary epithelial cells or salivary stem/progenitor cells. However, the exact mechanism of its radioprotection against radiation-induced salivary hypofunction is not fully elucidated. Our results reveal that the radioprotective effects of keratinocyte growth factor-1 involved alleviation of growth inhibition and anti-apoptotic cell death of human parotid epithelial cells. Furthermore, keratinocyte growth factor-1 protected human parotid epithelial cells through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase - protein kinase B (Akt) pathway and inhibition of p53-mediated apoptosis through activation of mouse double minute 2. Local delivery of keratinocyte growth factor-1 into the irradiated salivary glands could protect radiation-induced salivary cell damages, suppress p53-mediated apoptosis and prevent salivary hypofunction in vivo. This suggests that keratinocyte growth factor-1 is a promising candidate to prevent radiation-induced salivary hypofunction and raise rational development keratinocyte growth factor-1 local delivery system.
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17
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Yun KL, Wang ZY. Target/signalling pathways of natural plant-derived radioprotective agents from treatment to potential candidates: A reverse thought on anti-tumour drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:1122-1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Galvão-Moreira LV, Santana T, da Cruz MCFN. A closer look at strategies for preserving salivary gland function after radiotherapy in the head and neck region. Oral Oncol 2016; 60:137-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Nair RP, Zheng C, Sunavala-Dossabhoy G. Retroductal Submandibular Gland Instillation and Localized Fractionated Irradiation in a Rat Model of Salivary Hypofunction. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27168158 DOI: 10.3791/53785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal tissues that lie within the portals of radiation are inadvertently damaged. Salivary glands are often injured during head and neck radiotherapy. Irreparable cell damage results in a chronic loss of salivary function that impairs basic oral activities, and increases the risk of oral infections and dental caries. Salivary hypofunction and its complications gravely impact a patient's comfort. Current symptomatic management of the condition is ineffective, and newer therapies to assuage the condition are needed. Salivary glands are exocrine glands, which expel their secretions into the mouth via excretory ducts. Cannulation of these ducts provides direct access to the glands. Retroductal delivery of a contrast agent to major salivary glands is a routine out-patient procedure for diagnostic imaging. Using a similar procedure, localized treatment of the glands is feasible. However, performing this technique in preclinical studies with small animals poses unique challenges. In this study we describe the technique of retroductal administration in rat submandibular glands, a procedure that was refined in Dr. Bruce Baum's laboratory (NIH)(1), and lay out a procedure for local gland irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS
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20
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Zeidan YH, Xiao N, Cao H, Kong C, Le QT, Sirjani D. Botulinum Toxin Confers Radioprotection in Murine Salivary Glands. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 94:1190-7. [PMID: 26907915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.12.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Xerostomia is a common radiation sequela, which has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer. Current treatment strategies offer only partial relief. Botulinum toxins (BTX) have been successfully used in treating a variety of radiation sequelae such as cystitis, proctitis, fibrosis, and facial pain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of BTX on radiation-induced salivary gland damage. METHODS AND MATERIALS We used a previously established model for murine salivary gland irradiation (IR). The submandibular glands (SMGs) of C5BL/6 mice (n=6/group) were injected with saline or BTX 72 hours before receiving 15 Gy of focal irradiation. Saliva flow was measured 3, 7, and 28 days after treatment. The SMGs were collected for immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting. A cytokine array consisting of 40 different mouse cytokines was used to evaluate cytokine profiles after radiation treatment. RESULTS Irradiated mice showed a 50% reduction in saliva flow after 3 days, whereas mice preinjected with BTX had 25% reduction in saliva flow (P<.05). Cell death detected by TUNEL staining was similar in SMG sections of both groups. However, neutrophil infiltrate, detected by myeloperoxidase staining, was 3-fold lower for the BTX treated mice. A cytokine array showed a 2-fold upregulation of LPS-induced chemokine (LIX/CXCL5) 3 days after IR. BTX pretreatment reduced LIX levels by 40%. At 4 weeks after IR, the saline (control) group showed a 40% reduction in basal SMG weight, compared with 20% in the BTX group. Histologically, BTX-pretreated glands showed relative preservation of acinar structures after radiation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that BTX pretreatment ameliorates radiation-induced saliva dysfunction. Moreover, we demonstrate a novel role for CXCL5 in the acute phase of salivary gland damage after radiation. These results carry important clinical implications for the treatment of xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef H Zeidan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
| | - Nan Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christina Kong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Davud Sirjani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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21
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Acauan MD, Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K, Gomes APN, Salum FG. Radiotherapy-induced salivary dysfunction: Structural changes, pathogenetic mechanisms and therapies. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1802-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Acauan MD, Gomes APN, Braga-Filho A, de Figueiredo MAZ, Cherubini K, Salum FG. Effect of low-level laser therapy on irradiated parotid glands--study in mice. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:108002. [PMID: 26502234 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.10.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on radiotherapy-induced morphological changes and caspase-3 immunodetection in parotids of mice. Forty-one Swiss mice were divided into control, radiotherapy, 2- and 4-J laser groups. The experimental groups were exposed to ionizing radiation in a single session of 10 Gy. In the laser groups, a GaAlAs laser (830 nm, 100 mW, 0.028 cm2, 3.57 W/cm2) was used on the region corresponding to the parotid glands, with 2-J energy (20 s, 71 J/cm2) or 4 J (40 s, 135 J/cm2) per point. LLLT was performed immediately before and 24 h after radiotherapy. One point was applied in each parotid gland. The animals were euthanized 48 h or 7 days after radiotherapy and parotid glands were dissected for morphological analysis and immunodetection of caspase-3. There was no significant difference between groups in the immunodetection of caspase-3, but the laser groups had a lower percentage compared to the radiotherapy group. LLLT promoted the preservation of acinar structure, reduced the occurrence of vacuolation, and stimulated parotid gland vascularization. Of the two LLLT protocols, the one using 4 J of energy showed better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Dossena Acauan
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Neutziling Gomes
- Federal University of Pelotas-UFPEL, Oral Pathology Division, Rua Gonçalves Chaves 457, CEP: 96015-560, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Aroldo Braga-Filho
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Radiotherapy Division, São Lucas Hospital, Brazil
| | - Maria Antonia Zancanaro de Figueiredo
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Cherubini
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Gonçalves Salum
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul-PUCRS, Oral Medicine Division, São Lucas Hospital, Avenue Ipiranga, 6690, Room 231, CEP: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Morgan-Bathke M, Lin HH, Ann DK, Limesand KH. The Role of Autophagy in Salivary Gland Homeostasis and Stress Responses. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1035-40. [PMID: 26092378 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515590796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that has been shown to have a role in many cellular processes including the removal of excessive or damaged proteins and protein aggregates. The salivary glands play a critical role in oral health, and their secretory capacity may be critically intertwined with the autophagic process. This review describes the role of autophagy activation in normal salivary gland homeostasis and during the glandular stress responses of therapeutic radiation, ductal ligation, autoimmunity, and salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morgan-Bathke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H H Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - D K Ann
- Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - K H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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24
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Han P, Suarez-Durall P, Mulligan R. Dry mouth: A critical topic for older adult patients. J Prosthodont Res 2015; 59:6-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpor.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Pharmacological activation of the EDA/EDAR signaling pathway restores salivary gland function following radiation-induced damage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112840. [PMID: 25409170 PMCID: PMC4237357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy of head and neck cancers often results in collateral damage to adjacent salivary glands associated with clinically significant hyposalivation and xerostomia. Due to the reduced capacity of salivary glands to regenerate, hyposalivation is treated by substitution with artificial saliva, rather than through functional restoration of the glands. During embryogenesis, the ectodysplasin/ectodysplasin receptor (EDA/EDAR) signaling pathway is a critical element in the development and growth of salivary glands. We have assessed the effects of pharmacological activation of this pathway in a mouse model of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction. We report that post-irradiation administration of an EDAR-agonist monoclonal antibody (mAbEDAR1) normalizes function of radiation damaged adult salivary glands as determined by stimulated salivary flow rates. In addition, salivary gland structure and homeostasis is restored to pre-irradiation levels. These results suggest that transient activation of pathways involved in salivary gland development could facilitate regeneration and restoration of function following damage.
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26
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Chibly AM, Querin L, Harris Z, Limesand KH. Label-retaining cells in the adult murine salivary glands possess characteristics of adult progenitor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107893. [PMID: 25238060 PMCID: PMC4169596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the primary treatment for patients with head and neck cancer, which account for roughly 500,000 annual cases worldwide. Dysfunction of the salivary glands and associated conditions like xerostomia and dysphagia are often developed by these patients, greatly diminishing their life quality. Current preventative and palliative care fail to deliver an improvement in the quality of life, thus accentuating the need for regenerative therapies. In this study, a model of label retaining cells (LRCs) in murine salivary glands was developed, in which LRCs demonstrated proliferative potential and possessed markers of putative salivary progenitors. Mice were labeled with 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) at postnatal day 10 and chased for 8 weeks. Tissue sections from salivary glands obtained at the end of chase demonstrated co-localization between LRCs and the salivary progenitor markers keratin 5 and keratin 14, as well as kit mRNA, indicating that LRCs encompass a heterogeneous population of salivary progenitors. Proliferative potential of LRCs was demonstrated by a sphere assay, in which LRCs were found in primary and secondary spheres and they co-localized with the proliferation marker Ki67 throughout sphere formation. Surprisingly, LRCs were shown to be radio-resistant and evade apoptosis following radiation treatment. The clinical significance of these findings lie in the potential of this model to study the mechanisms that prevent salivary progenitors from maintaining homeostasis upon exposure to radiation, which will in turn facilitate the development of regenerative therapies for salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M. Chibly
- The University of Arizona, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lauren Querin
- The University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zoey Harris
- The University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- The University of Arizona, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- The University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Morgan-Bathke M, Hill GA, Harris ZI, Lin HH, Chibly AM, Klein RR, Burd R, Ann DK, Limesand KH. Autophagy correlates with maintenance of salivary gland function following radiation. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5206. [PMID: 24903000 PMCID: PMC4047540 DOI: 10.1038/srep05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current standard of care for head and neck cancer includes surgical resection of the tumor followed by targeted head and neck radiation. This radiotherapy results in a multitude of negative side effects in adjacent normal tissues. Autophagy is a cellular mechanism that could be targeted to ameliorate these side effects based on its role in cellular homeostasis. In this study, we utilized Atg5f/f;Aqp5-Cre mice which harbor a conditional knockout of Atg5, in salivary acinar cells. These autophagy-deficient mice display increased radiosensitivity. Treatment of wild-type mice with radiation did not robustly induce autophagy following radiotherapy, however, using a model of preserved salivary gland function by IGF-1-treatment prior to irradiation, we demonstrate increased autophagosome formation 6–8 hours following radiation. Additionally, administration of IGF-1 to Atg5f/f;Aqp5-Cre mice did not preserve physiological function. Thus, autophagy appears to play a beneficial role in salivary glands following radiation and pharmacological induction of autophagy could alleviate the negative side effects associated with therapy for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Morgan-Bathke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Grace A Hill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Zoey I Harris
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Her H Lin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Alex M Chibly
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Rob R Klein
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Randy Burd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David K Ann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kirsten H Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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28
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Chibly AM, Nguyen T, Limesand KH. Palliative Care for Salivary Gland Dysfunction Highlights the Need for Regenerative Therapies: A Review on Radiation and Salivary Gland Stem Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 26693098 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7386.1000180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains the major course of treatment for Head and Neck cancer patients. A common consequence of radiation treatment is dysfunction of the salivary glands, which leads to a number of oral complications including xerostomia and dysphagia, for which there is no existent cure. Here, we briefly describe the current palliative treatments available for patients undergoing these conditions, such as oral lubricants, saliva substitutes, and saliva stimulants. None of these options achieves restoration of normal quality of life due to their limited effectiveness, and in some cases, adverse side effects of their own. Other therapies under development, such as acupuncture and electrostimulation have also yielded mixed results in clinical trials. Due to the ineffectiveness of palliative care to restore quality of life, it is reasonable to aim for the development of regenerative therapies that allow restoration of function of the salivary epithelium following radiation treatment. Adult stem cells are a necessary component of wound healing, and play important roles in preserving normal function of adult tissues. Thus, the present review mainly focuses on the effects of radiation on adult stem cells in a variety of tissues, which may be at play in the response of salivary glands to radiation treatment. This is of clinical importance because progenitor cells of the salivary glands have shown partial regenerative potential in mouse transplantation assays. Therefore, understanding how these progenitor cells are affected by radiation offers potential for development of new therapies for patients with xerostomia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thao Nguyen
- The University of Arizona Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kirsten H Limesand
- The University of Arizona Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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29
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Hai B, Qin L, Yang Z, Zhao Q, Shangguan L, Ti X, Zhao Y, Kim S, Rangaraj D, Liu F. Transient activation of hedgehog pathway rescued irradiation-induced hyposalivation by preserving salivary stem/progenitor cells and parasympathetic innervation. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:140-150. [PMID: 24150232 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects and mechanisms of transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway on rescuing radiotherapy-induced hyposalivation in survivors of head and neck cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mouse salivary glands and cultured human salivary epithelial cells were irradiated by a single 15-Gy dose. The Hedgehog pathway was transiently activated in mouse salivary glands, by briefly overexpressing the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) transgene or administrating smoothened agonist, and in human salivary epithelial cells, by infecting with adenovirus encoding Gli1. The activity of Hedgehog signaling was examined by the expression of the Ptch1-lacZ reporter and endogenous Hedgehog target genes. The salivary flow rate was measured following pilocarpine stimulation. Salivary stem/progenitor cells (SSPC), parasympathetic innervation, and expression of related genes were examined by flow cytometry, salisphere assay, immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. RESULTS Irradiation does not activate Hedgehog signaling in mouse salivary glands. Transient Shh overexpression activated the Hedgehog pathway in ductal epithelia and, after irradiation, rescued salivary function in male mice, which is related with preservation of functional SSPCs and parasympathetic innervation. The preservation of SSPCs was likely mediated by the rescue of signaling activities of the Bmi1 and Chrm1-HB-EGF pathways. The preservation of parasympathetic innervation was associated with the rescue of the expression of neurotrophic factors such as Bdnf and Nrtn. The expression of genes related with maintenance of SSPCs and parasympathetic innervation in female salivary glands and cultured human salivary epithelial cells was similarly affected by irradiation and transient Hedgehog activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that transient activation of the Hedgehog pathway has the potential to restore salivary gland function after irradiation-induced dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Lizheng Qin
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Qingguo Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Lei Shangguan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xinyu Ti
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA.,Lutheran Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11220, USA
| | - Sangroh Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Scott and White Hospital, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Dharanipathy Rangaraj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Scott and White Hospital, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine at Scott & White, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas 76502, USA
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30
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Morgan-Bathke M, Lin HH, Chibly AM, Zhang W, Sun X, Chen CH, Flodby P, Borok Z, Wu R, Arnett D, Klein RR, Ann DK, Limesand KH. Deletion of ATG5 shows a role of autophagy in salivary homeostatic control. J Dent Res 2013; 92:911-7. [PMID: 23884556 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513499350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway utilized to maintain a balance among the synthesis, degradation, and recycling of cellular components, thereby playing a role in cell growth, development, and homeostasis. Previous studies revealed that a conditional knockout of essential member(s) of autophagy in a variety of tissues causes changes in structure and function of these tissues. Acinar cell-specific expression of knocked-in Cre recombinase through control of aquaporin 5 (Aqp5) promoter/enhancer (Aqp5-Cre) allows us to specifically inactivate Atg5, a protein necessary for autophagy, in salivary acinar cells of Atg5(f/f);Aqp5-Cre mice. There was no difference in apoptotic or proliferation levels in salivary glands of Atg5/Cre mice from each genotype. However, H&E staining and electron microscopy studies revealed modestly enlarged acinar cells and accumulated secretory granules in salivary glands of Atg5(f/f);Aqp5-Cre mice. Salivary flow rates and amylase contents of Atg5/Cre mice indicated that acinar-specific inactivation of ATG5 did not alter carbachol-evoked saliva and amylase secretion. Conversely, autophagy intersected with salivary morphological and secretory manifestations induced by isoproterenol administration. These results identified a role for autophagy as a homeostasis control in salivary glands. Collectively, Atg5(f/f);Aqp5-Cre mice would be a useful tool to enhance our understanding of autophagy in adaptive responses following targeted head and neck radiation or Sjögren syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morgan-Bathke
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Sasportas LS, Hosford DN, Sodini MA, Waters DJ, Zambricki EA, Barral JK, Graves EE, Brinton TJ, Yock PG, Le QT, Sirjani D. Cost-effectiveness landscape analysis of treatments addressing xerostomia in patients receiving head and neck radiation therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:e37-51. [PMID: 23643579 PMCID: PMC4018820 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck (H&N) radiation therapy (RT) can induce irreversible damage to the salivary glands thereby causing long-term xerostomia or dry mouth in 68%-85% of the patients. Not only does xerostomia significantly impair patients' quality-of-life (QOL) but it also has important medical sequelae, incurring high medical and dental costs. In this article, we review various measures to assess xerostomia and evaluate current and emerging solutions to address this condition in H&N cancer patients. These solutions typically seek to accomplish 1 of the 4 objectives: (1) to protect the salivary glands during RT, (2) to stimulate the remaining gland function, (3) to treat the symptoms of xerostomia, or (4) to regenerate the salivary glands. For each treatment, we assess its mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety, clinical utilization, and cost. We conclude that intensity-modulated radiation therapy is both the most widely used prevention approach and the most cost-effective existing solution and we highlight novel and promising techniques on the cost-effectiveness landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Sasportas
- Department of Bioengineering, Biodesign Innovation Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Martin KL, Hill GA, Klein RR, Arnett DG, Burd R, Limesand KH. Prevention of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction utilizing a CDK inhibitor in a mouse model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51363. [PMID: 23236487 PMCID: PMC3517508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of head and neck cancer with radiation often results in damage to surrounding normal tissues such as salivary glands. Permanent loss of function in the salivary glands often leads patients to discontinue treatment due to incapacitating side effects. It has previously been shown that IGF-1 suppresses radiation-induced apoptosis and enhances G2/M arrest leading to preservation of salivary gland function. In an effort to recapitulate the effects of IGF-1, as well as increase the likelihood of translating these findings to the clinic, the small molecule therapeutic Roscovitine, is being tested. Roscovitine is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that acts to transiently inhibit cell cycle progression and allow for DNA repair in damaged tissues. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Treatment with Roscovitine prior to irradiation induced a significant increase in the percentage of cells in the G(2)/M phase, as demonstrated by flow cytometry. In contrast, mice treated with radiation exhibit no differences in the percentage of cells in G(2)/M when compared to unirradiated controls. Similar to previous studies utilizing IGF-1, pretreatment with Roscovitine leads to a significant up-regulation of p21 expression and a significant decrease in the number of PCNA positive cells. Radiation treatment leads to a significant increase in activated caspase-3 positive salivary acinar cells, which is suppressed by pretreatment with Roscovitine. Administration of Roscovitine prior to targeted head and neck irradiation preserves normal tissue function in mouse parotid salivary glands, both acutely and chronically, as measured by salivary output. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These studies suggest that induction of transient G(2)/M cell cycle arrest by Roscovitine allows for suppression of apoptosis, thus preserving normal salivary function following targeted head and neck irradiation. This could have an important clinical impact by preventing the negative side effects of radiation therapy in surrounding normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L. Martin
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Grace A. Hill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rob R. Klein
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Deborah G. Arnett
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Randy Burd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kirsten H. Limesand
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hai B, Yang Z, Shangguan L, Zhao Y, Boyer A, Liu F. Concurrent transient activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway prevents radiation damage to salivary glands. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:e109-16. [PMID: 22342093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Many head and neck cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy suffer from permanent impairment of their salivary gland function, for which few effective prevention or treatment options are available. This study explored the potential of transient activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in preventing radiation damage to salivary glands in a preclinical model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Wnt reporter transgenic mice were exposed to 15 Gy single-dose radiation in the head and neck area to evaluate the effects of radiation on Wnt activity in salivary glands. Transient Wnt1 overexpression in basal epithelia was induced in inducible Wnt1 transgenic mice before together with, after, or without local radiation, and then saliva flow rate, histology, apoptosis, proliferation, stem cell activity, and mRNA expression were evaluated. RESULTS Radiation damage did not significantly affect activity of Wnt/β-catenin pathway as physical damage did. Transient expression of Wnt1 in basal epithelia significantly activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in submandibular glands of male mice but not in those of females. Concurrent transient activation of the Wnt pathway prevented chronic salivary gland dysfunction following radiation by suppressing apoptosis and preserving functional salivary stem/progenitor cells. In contrast, Wnt activation 3 days before or after irradiation did not show significant beneficial effects, mainly due to failure to inhibit acute apoptosis after radiation. Excessive Wnt activation before radiation failed to inhibit apoptosis, likely due to extensive induction of mitosis and up-regulation of proapoptosis gene PUMA while that after radiation might miss the critical treatment window. CONCLUSION These results suggest that concurrent transient activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway could prevent radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Scott and White Hospital, Molecular and Cellular Medicine Department, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
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Victory K, Burd R, Fribley A, Sittadjody S, Arnett D, Klein R, Limesand K. Head and neck tumor cell radiation response occurs in the presence of IGF1. J Dent Res 2011; 90:347-52. [PMID: 21076120 PMCID: PMC3072050 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510388037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy for head and neck cancer results in severe secondary side-effects in salivary glands. We previously demonstrated that the administration of IGF1 preserves or restores salivary gland function following radiation. Based on these findings, we propose to study the effect of IGF1 on human head and neck carcinoma cells. Head and neck tumor cells treated with radiation have significant reductions in tumor cell survival, as measured by MTT and crystal violet assays, regardless of IGF1 pre-treatment. Head and neck squamous carcinoma cell xenografts treated with concurrent radiation+IGF1 also exhibit significant tumor growth delay; however, growth rates are elevated compared with those in irradiated xenografts. In contrast, administration of IGF1 after radiation treatment has no effect on tumor xenograft growth rates. Analysis of these data suggests that localized delivery may be required for concurrent therapy to prevent secondary side-effects of radiotherapy, while post-therapy administration of IGF1 could be considered for the restoration of salivary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Victory
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R. Burd
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - A. Fribley
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - S. Sittadjody
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - D. Arnett
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - R.R. Klein
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - K.H. Limesand
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, PO Box 210038, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Grundmann O, Fillinger JL, Victory KR, Burd R, Limesand KH. Restoration of radiation therapy-induced salivary gland dysfunction in mice by post therapy IGF-1 administration. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:417. [PMID: 20698985 PMCID: PMC3087323 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy for head and neck cancer results in severe and chronic salivary gland dysfunction in most individuals. This results in significant side effects including xerostomia, dysphagia, and malnutrition which are linked to significant reductions in patients' quality of life. Currently there are few xerostomia treatment approaches that provide long-term results without significant side effects. To address this problem we investigated the potential for post-therapeutic IGF-1 to reverse radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction. METHODS FVB mice were treated with targeted head and neck radiation and significant reductions in salivary function were confirmed 3 days after treatment. On days 4-8 after radiation, one group of mice was injected intravenously with IGF-1 while a second group served as a vehicle control. Stimulated salivary flow rates were evaluated on days 30, 60, and 90 and histological analysis was performed on days 9, 30, 60, and 90. RESULTS Irradiated animals receiving vehicle injections have 40-50% reductions in stimulated salivary flow rates throughout the entire time course. Mice receiving injections of IGF-1 have improved stimulated salivary flow rates 30 days after treatment. By days 60-90, IGF-1 injected mice have restored salivary flow rates to unirradiated control mice levels. Parotid tissue sections were stained for amylase as an indicator of functioning acinar cells and significant reductions in total amylase area are detected in irradiated animals compared to unirradiated groups on all days. Post-therapeutic injections of IGF-1 results in increased amylase-positive acinar cell area and improved amylase secretion. Irradiated mice receiving IGF-1 show similar proliferation indices as untreated mice suggesting a return to tissue homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Post-therapeutic IGF-1 treatment restores salivary gland function potentially through normalization of cell proliferation and improved expression of amylase. These findings could aid in the rational design of therapy protocols or drugs for the treatment of radiation-induced salivary gland dysfunction in patients who have completed their anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Grundmann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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