Resection of liver metastases from breast cancer: Towards a management guideline

Surgery for liver metastases from primary breast cancer: A reconstructed individual patient data meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Currently, the outcomes of standard-of-care palliative treatment for BCLM remain poor. Recent literature has shown promising results of hepatic resection, however, not all studies concur. Given the lack of standardized international guidelines in this field, the aim of this study is to provide gold-standard evidence for breast cancer liver metastases (BCLM) through a reconstructed individual patient data meta-analysis approach.

METHODS

Four databases were searched for articles comparing surgical and non-surgical treatment for BCLM. One-stage meta-analysis was performed using patient-level survival data reconstructed from Kaplan-Meier curves with plot digitizer software. Shared-frailty and stratified Cox models were fitted to compare survival endpoints.

RESULTS

Four propensity-score matched (PSM) studies involving 205 surgical and 291 non-surgical patients for BCLM were included. There was a significant difference between both groups for overall survival (OS) (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.40, 95%CI 0.32-0.51). Sensitivity analyses for hormone receptor status of breast cancer (HR = 0.41, 95%CI 0.31-0.55) and type of resection performed (HR = 0.45, 95%CI 0.33-0.61) yielded HRs in favor of surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis concludes that surgery offers superior OS outcomes, compared to non-surgery, in a select group of patients. Future randomized controlled trials and PSM studies are warranted, using this study as a point of reference for similar parameters.

A Predictive Model for the Early Death of Breast Cancer With Synchronous Liver Metastases: A Population-Based Study

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM) is a severe condition often resulting in early death. The identification of prognostic factors and the construction of accurate predictive models can guide clinical decision-making.

METHODS

A large sample of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was analyzed, including 3711 patients diagnosed with de novo BCLM between 2010 and 2015. Predictive models were developed using histograms, and stepwise regression addressed variable collinearity. Internal validation was performed, and results were compared to similar studies.

RESULTS

In this study of 3711 BCLM patients, 2571 didn't have early death. Out of the 1164 who died early, 1086 had cancer-specific early death. Prognostic factors for early death, including age, race, tumor size, and lymph node involvement, were identified. A nomogram based on these factors was constructed, accurately predicting early all-cause and cancer-specific death.

CONCLUSIONS

Valuable insights into the prognosis of BCLM patients were provided, and important prognostic factors for early death were identified. The developed nomogram can assist clinicians in identifying high-risk patients for early death and inform treatment decisions.

Testing the generalizability of ancestry-specific polygenic risk scores to predict prostate cancer in sub-Saharan Africa

BACKGROUND

Genome-wide association studies do not always replicate well across populations, limiting the generalizability of polygenic risk scores (PRS). Despite higher incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer in men of African descent, much of what is known about cancer genetics comes from populations of European descent. To understand how well genetic predictions perform in different populations, we evaluated test characteristics of PRS from three previous studies using data from the UK Biobank and a novel dataset of 1298 prostate cancer cases and 1333 controls from Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, and South Africa.

RESULTS

Allele frequency differences cause predicted risks of prostate cancer to vary across populations. However, natural selection is not the primary driver of these differences. Comparing continental datasets, we find that polygenic predictions of case vs. control status are more effective for European individuals (AUC 0.608-0.707, OR 2.37-5.71) than for African individuals (AUC 0.502-0.585, OR 0.95-2.01). Furthermore, PRS that leverage information from African Americans yield modest AUC and odds ratio improvements for sub-Saharan African individuals. These improvements were larger for West Africans than for South Africans. Finally, we find that existing PRS are largely unable to predict whether African individuals develop aggressive forms of prostate cancer, as specified by higher tumor stages or Gleason scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic predictions of prostate cancer perform poorly if the study sample does not match the ancestry of the original GWAS. PRS built from European GWAS may be inadequate for application in non-European populations and perpetuate existing health disparities.

Potential molecular mechanisms and clinical progress in liver metastasis of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women and the leading cause of cancer death in women. About 30% of breast cancer patients have metastasis every year, which greatly increases the mortality rate of breast cancer. The main target organs for metastasis are bone, brain, liver and lung. The breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM) mechanism is not fully clarified. This is a complex process involving multiple factors, which is not only related to the microenvironment of the primary tumor and liver, but also regulated by a variety of signaling pathways. Clarifying these mechanisms is of great help to guide clinical treatment. With the in-depth study of BCLM, a variety of new treatment schemes such as targeted therapy and endocrine therapy provide new ideas for the cure of BCLM. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanism and treatment of BCLM.

Survival Benefit of Surgical Treatment Added Into Systemic Treatment for Isolated Breast Cancer Liver Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Compared with systemic treatment alone, whether surgical treatment combined with systemic treatment can improve survival outcomes of patients with isolated breast cancer liver metastases (BCLM) is still controversial. This meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment for patients with isolated BCLM.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to May 13, 2021 was conducted for relevant studies. The primary outcome was overall survival. The meta-analysis was performed using R software. The quality of the pooled study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The publication bias was evaluated by funnel plots and Begg's and Egger's tests. Fixed- and random-effects models were applied according to heterogeneity.

Results: 9 retrospective studies involving 13 cohorts (7 unmatched cohorts and 6 matched cohorts) were included in this study. The surgical cohorts had better overall survival than the systemic cohorts in the pooled analysis of all the included studies, in the subgroup analysis of liver resection, and in the subset of the matched cohorts.

Conclusions: Compared with systemic treatment alone, surgical treatment combined with systemic treatment was proven to be associated with superior survival outcomes, which should be considered in selected patients with isolated BCLM.

Clinical Outcome of Patients Submitted to Liver Resection in the Context of Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Study of a Tertiary Hospital Center

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most incident cancer in the world, accounting for 25% of new cancers per year in females. It is the most frequent malignancy in women, being the fifth cause of death from cancer worldwide. Approximately 5 to 10% of patients already present with metastases at diagnosis, and the liver is the site of metastases in half of these cases. Liver metastasis (LM) resection, performed after neoadjuvant systemic treatment, has been reported to increase median overall survival in this population. Aim: The aim of this analysis is to assess the outcomes of patients undergoing breast cancer liver metastasis surgical resection, including impact on survival, compared to patients where metastasectomy was not performed. Methods: retrospective review of 55 female patients with breast cancer liver metastases, diagnosed and treated in a single tertiary university hospital from January 2011 to December 2016 was performed. Results: In 32/55 patients (58.2%), multi-organ metastases were identified (the most common sites being bone, lungs, and lymph nodes). Of the remaining 23 patients, the liver was the unique metastatic site; thirteen patients had diffuse bilobar hepatic metastases. The remaining ten patients were proposed for surgical treatment; three of them had peritoneal carcinomatosis identified during surgery, and no hepatic metastasectomy was performed. As a result, only seven (12.7%) patients underwent liver metastasectomy. Overall survival was higher in patients who had LM surgery (65 months [Interquartile Range (IQR) 54–120]), in comparison to those diagnosed with diffuse bilobar hepatic metastases (17.5 months [IQR 11–41]), and with those showing concurrent liver and bone metastases (16.5 months [IQR 6–36]) (p = 0.012). In univariable analysis, the latter two groups showed worse overall survival outcomes (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 3.447, 95%CI: 1.218–9.756, p = 0.02 and HR = 3.855, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.475–10.077, p = 0.006, respectively) when compared to patients with LM. Conclusion: In our series, patients submitted to metastasectomy had a median overall survival after diagnosis of LM three times greater than the non-operated patients with isolated LM, or concurrent LM and bone metastases (65 vs. 17.5 and 16.5 months, respectively). As is vastly known for colorectal cancer liver metastasis, resection of breast cancer liver metastasis may reduce tumor burden, and therefore may improve patient outcome.

Impact of Hepatic Metastasectomy in the Multimodal Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND

Surgical management of hepatic metastases in patients with stage IV breast cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of hepatic metastasectomy on long-term outcomes.

METHODS

The 2004-2015 National Cancer Database was queried for all patients diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer with metastases isolated to the liver. Patient demographics, disease-, treatment- and outcome-related data were analyzed.

RESULTS

Of 2,895 patients, only 90 (3.1%) underwent hepatic resection. Compared to patients who did not undergo metastasectomy, patients treated with metastasectomy tended to be younger (52 ± 12.7 versus 59.2 ± 14.6; P < 0.001) and have private insurance (74.4% versus 45.3%; P < 0.001). Independent predictors of metastasectomy included younger age (OR 0.98; CI 0.96-0.99; P = 0.01), lobular carcinoma (OR 2.26; CI 1.06-4.82; P = 0.03), and prior surgery of the primary site (partial mastectomy (OR 6.96; CI 3.47-13.95; P < 0.001) or total mastectomy (OR 5.74; CI 3.06-10.76; P < 0.001)). Compared to no metastasectomy, hepatic metastasectomy was independently associated with a 37% reduction in the risk of death (HR 0.63; CI 0.44-0.91; P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Stage IV breast cancer with metastases to the liver is rare and few patients undergo hepatic resection. However, in this select patient population, hepatic metastasectomy was associated with a significant survival advantage when included in the multimodal treatment of synchronous stage IV breast cancer.

Breast cancer liver metastasis: current and future treatment approaches

Nearly all fatalities arising from breast tumors are attributable to distant metastases. Breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM) is associated with poor prognoses, with the median survival time being 2 to 3 years. Tumor intrinsic subtype directs preferential metastasis to specific organs, with HER2-enriched tumors demonstrating the highest rates of metastasis to the liver, though all subtypes can grow in the liver. There is no singular established standard-of-care for BCLM; therapeutic selection is driven by histologic and molecular hallmarks of the primary tumor or biopsied metastasis samples. Given the poor prognosis of patients with hepatic spread, pre-clinical studies are necessary to identify and evaluate promising new treatment strategies. It is critical that these laboratory studies accurately recapitulate the BCLM disease process, standard progression, and histological attributes. In this review, we summarize the histologic and molecular characteristics of BCLM, evaluate the efficacy of existing surgical and medical treatment strategies, and discuss future approaches to preclinical study of BCLM.

Renewed considerations on the utility (or the futility) of hepatic resections for breast cancer liver metastases

Importance

Indication for liver resection (LR) for localized hepatic metastases from breast cancer (BC) is still a matter of debate.

Objective

A literature review of recent scientific papers pertaining to hepatectomies for BC liver metastases (LM).

Evidence Review

We based our systematic review on case series on literature reviews, comparative studies and cost-utility analysis which have been selected based on criteria regarding surgery, possible prognostic factors and evaluation of long-term survival.

Findings

There is a strong inhomogeneity in the reported data, with 5-year survivals ranging from 21% to 58%. There is no agreement in the evaluation of prognostic variables predicting good survival, with the only exception of the time of treatment of the primary BC until the diagnosis of metastases. Three out of the four comparative studies report better survivals for patients who underwent a hepatectomy in comparison to those treated with chemotherapy alone, but their strength in terms of scientific evidence is weak. The only cost-utility analysis revealed that 2 out of the 3 scenarios considered were in favor of the treatment with surgery followed by conventional chemotherapy.

Conclusions

There is no definitive proof on the effectiveness of LRs for BC LM. Surgery can be proposed when it is possible to perform radical surgery, with R0 margins and saving at least 30% of the liver with its vascular and biliary connections. Stable skeletal metastases are not a contraindication. The interval between treatment of the primary location and diagnosis of hepatic metastases is the only prognosis criteria available.

Surgical therapy for breast cancer liver metastases

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in females worldwide. If diagnosed early, patients generally have good outcomes. However, approximately 20% to 30% of all women diagnosed with breast cancer develop metastatic disease. Metastatic breast cancer is incurable, but there is growing evidence that resection or other local therapy for breast cancer liver metastases (BCLM) may improve survival. We aimed to review indications for and outcomes of perioperative liver resection and other local therapies for BCLM. In this series, we reviewed 11 articles (605 patients) focusing on surgical resection and 7 articles (266 patients) describing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for BCLM. Median disease-free survival (DFS) after surgical resection was 23 months (range, 14–29 months) and median overall survival (OS) was 39.5 months (range, 26–82 months). One, 3- and 5-year survivals were 89.5%, 70%, and 38%, respectively. The factors favoring better outcomes are hormone receptor positive primary breast cancer status, R0 resection, no extrahepatic metastases (EHM), small BCLM, and solitary liver metastases. On the other hand, the median DFS with RFA was 11 months, median OS was 32 months, and the 3- and 5-year OS were 43% and 27%, respectively. The clinical features that are indications for RFA are smaller tumor and higher EHM rate than those favoring surgical resection (2.4 vs. 4.0 cm and 46% vs. 27%). The merits of RFA are its high technical success rate, low morbidity, short hospital stay, and that it can be repeated. Although results are as yet limited, in carefully selected patients, resection or other local therapies such as RFA, render BCLM potentially provide prognostic improvement.

In vitro maturation of immature oocytes from ovarian tissue prior to shipment to a cryobank

PURPOSE

Female fertility preservation prior to gonadotoxic therapies can be achieved by the cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue. Immature oocytes may be recovered during the preparation, matured in vitro and lead to live births, thereby providing an additional option for fertility preservation. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of this approach in a setting with unilateral biopsy of a small piece of ovarian tissue and minimal tissue preparation prior to shipment to an external cryobank.

METHODS

A prospective observational clinical study in an academic center was performed from January 2018 through December 2019. Ovarian tissue was obtained laparoscopically. Immature oocytes were recovered by minimal preparation of the tissue before shipment to an external cryobank for cryopreservation. In vitro maturation was performed on recovered immature oocytes.

RESULTS

Twelve patients were enrolled. Immature oocytes could be recovered for all. The maturation rate was 38.9% (n = 14/36). Metaphase II (MII) were either directly used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with a fertilization rate of 66.6% (n = 4/6) or vitrified (n = 8). PNs were cryopreserved (n = 4). Vitrified MII were warmed with a post-warming vitality rate of 75.0% (n = 3/4) and used for ICSI with a fertilization rate of 33.3% (n = 1/3).

CONCLUSIONS

Immature oocytes can be successfully retrieved from ovarian tissue through minimal tissue preparation prior to shipment to a cryobank, matured in vitro, fertilized and cryopreserved for potential future fertility treatments. The total number of oocytes available for fertility preservation can be increased even without controlled ovarian stimulation in a situation where only ovarian biopsy for cryopreservation is performed.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), DRKS00013170. Registered 11 December 2017, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00013170 .

Oligometastatic Breast Cancer: Is This a Curable Entity? A Contemporary Review of the Literature

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Oligometastatic breast cancer (OMBC) remains a poorly understood entity for which no standard of care exists at this time. This review will focus on our biologic understanding of OMBC and provide an update on current treatment strategies.

RECENT FINDINGS

The introduction of micro RNA expression profiling has advanced our understanding of the biologic underpinnings of OMBC. Although most of the data regarding treatment have come from retrospective studies, there are now prospective randomized trials reporting progression-free survival and overall survival improvements with stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR). Ongoing studies designed to evaluate addition of SABR as well as other novel agents will further develop this field and provide new treatment options. A "cure" for OMBC remains elusive. With further basic research coupled with novel prospective trials, patients will hopefully enjoy increased progression-free survival and overall survival, and ideally a delay to more toxic systemic therapy.

Local Treatment of Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis

Breast cancer represents a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the advances in systemic therapies, the prognosis for patients with breast cancer liver metastasis (BCLM) remains poor. Especially in case of failure or cessation of systemic treatments, surgical resection for BCLMs has been considered as the treatment standard despite a lack of robust evidence of benefit. However, due to the extent and location of disease and physical condition, the number of patients with BCLM who are eligible for surgery is limited. Palliative locoregional treatments of liver metastases (LM) include transarterial embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT). Percutaneous thermal ablation methods, such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA), are considered potentially curative local treatment options. They are less invasive, less expensive and have fewer contraindications and complication rates than surgery. Because conventional ultrasound- and computed tomography-guided single-probe thermal ablation is limited by tumor size, multi-probe stereotactic radiofrequency ablation (SRFA) with intraoperative image fusion for immediate, reliable judgment has been developed in order to treat large and multiple tumors within one session. This review focuses on the different minimally invasive local and locoregional treatment options for BCLM and attempts to describe their current and future role in the multidisciplinary treatment setting.

AGO Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Locally Advanced and Metastatic Breast Cancer: Update 2019

Every year the Breast Committee of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie (German Gynecological Oncology Group, AGO), a group of gynecological oncologists specialized in breast cancer and interdisciplinary members specialized in pathology, radiologic diagnostics, medical oncology, and radiation oncology, prepares and updates evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with early and metastatic breast cancer. Every update is performed according to a documented rule-fixed algorithm, by thoroughly reviewing and scoring the recent publications for their scientific validity and clinical relevance. This current publication presents the 2019 update on the recommendations for metastatic breast cancer.

The role of liver resection in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review examining the survival impact

INTRODUCTION

Approximately 10% of breast cancer patients will present with solid organ metastases, while up to 30% will develop metastatic disease during their treatment course. Liver metastases are usually treated with systemic chemotherapy. Although colorectal liver metastases are routinely resected, this is not yet the standard of care for breast cancer-related liver metastases. This review examines the evidence for resection of breast cancer-related liver metastases.

METHODS

A systematic review identified 25 articles for inclusion, 12 papers concerning patients with isolated liver metastases, and 13 papers concerning patients with extrahepatic metastases. Data from 1080 patients were included.

RESULTS

Two hundred eighty patients underwent hepatic resections for breast cancer-associated metastases with no extrahepatic metastases. Reported 5-year survival ranged from 24.6 to 78%. Median overall survival ranged from 29.5 to 116 months. For patients with oligometastatic disease undergoing resection, 5-year survival ranged from 21 to 57%, with median overall survival ranging from 32 to 58 months. Reported 30-day morbidity ranged from 14 to 42% for isolated and multiple metastases.

CONCLUSION

Hepatic resection can be considered in the management of breast cancer patients with isolated liver metastases as well as those with oligometastatic disease.

Ten-Year Survival after Liver Resection for Breast Metastases: A Single-Center Experience

BACKGROUND

The role of liver resection for metastatic breast carcinoma is still debated.

METHODS

Fifty-one resected patients were reviewed. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of the primary tumor. Clinicopathological characteristics and immunohistochemistry expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), human epidermal growth factor (HER2), or Ki67 were evaluated.

RESULTS

The median number of metastases was 2; single metastases were present in 24 (47%) patients. The median tumor diameter was 4 cm. Major hepatectomies were performed in 31 (61%) patients. Postoperative mortality was null. Postoperative morbidity was 13.7%. The 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 92, 36, and 16% respectively. Eleven (21.6%) patients survived longer than 5 years and 8.9% are alive without recurrence 10 years after surgery. At the univariate analysis, tumor diameter, lymph node status, PR receptor status, and triple positive receptors (ER+/PR+/Her2+) were significantly related to survival. At the multivariate analysis, tumor diameter, PR receptor, and triple negative status were significantly related to the long-term outcome.

CONCLUSION

Liver resection seems to be a safe and effective treatment for metastases from breast cancer, and encouraging long-term survival can be obtained with acceptable risk in selected patients. Tumors less than 5 cm and positive hormone receptor status are the best prognostic factors.

Stereotactic Radiofrequency Ablation for Breast Cancer Liver Metastases

PURPOSE

To evaluate outcomes in patients with liver metastases from breast cancer treated with stereotactic radiofrequency (RF) ablation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 29 stereotactic RF ablation treatment sessions in 26 consecutive patients with 64 biopsy-proven breast cancer liver metastases (BCLMs) was conducted. Patients were included only if systemic treatment failed and all visible BCLMs were treatable.

RESULTS

Primary and secondary technical success rates were 96.9% (62 of 64) and 100%, respectively. There were no perioperative mortalities. Local recurrence was identified in 5 tumors (7.8%), with no significant differences among tumor sizes (P = .662): < 3 cm (9.3%), 3-5 cm (0%), and > 5 cm (8.3%). Median estimated overall survival (OS) from first stereotactic ablation treatment was 29.3 months ± 8.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.9-46.8 mo; mean, 28.7 mo) after a median follow-up of 23.1 months (mean, 31.3 mo; range, 0.1-100.8 mo). No significant differences in OS (P = .223) were observed among tumor volumes < 50 cm³ (median, 84.9 mo ± 53.1; mean, 58.4 mo), 50-100 cm³ (median, 37.8 mo ± 5.7; mean, 36.3 mo), and > 100 cm³ (median, 17.1 mo ± 3.5; mean, 21.8 mo). Numbers of metastases did not affect estimated OS, with a median OS of 32.7 months ± 10.4 (mean, 35.8 mo) for single lesions vs 17.7 months ± 3.2 (mean, 25.9 mo) for 2/3 lesions and a mean of 68.4 months ± 17.23 for > 3 lesions (P = .113).

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple-electrode stereotactic RF ablation proved to be a safe minimally invasive alternative to surgical liver resection in selected patients with BCLMs.

Hepatic Resection or Ablation for Isolated Breast Cancer Liver Metastasis: A Case-control Study With Comparison to Medically Treated Patients

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment for patients with isolated breast cancer liver metastases (BCLM).

BACKGROUND

Single-arm retrospective studies have shown promising results associated with surgery for isolated BCLM; however, this treatment remains controversial and its role is not well-defined.

METHODS

A review of 2150 patients with BCLM who underwent treatment in a single institution was conducted, and 167 (8%) patients with isolated BCLM were identified. A case-control study was conducted to compare outcomes in patients with isolated BCLM who underwent surgery and/or ablation to patients who underwent conventional medical therapy.

RESULTS

A total of 167 patients were included (surgery/ablation: 69; medical: 98), with a median follow-up for survivors of 73 months. Patients in the surgical cohort more frequently had estrogen receptor-positive tumors and received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy for their primary breast tumor. The hepatic tumor burden was less and the interval from breast cancer diagnosis to BCLM was significantly longer (53 vs 30 months) in the surgical cohort. Patients undergoing surgical treatment had a median recurrence-free interval of 28.5 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 19-38) with 10 patients (15%) recurrence free after 5 years. There was no significant difference in overall survival (OS) between the surgical and medical cohorts (median OS: 50 vs 45 months; 5-year OS: 38% vs 39%).

CONCLUSIONS

Hepatic resection and/or ablation was not associated with a survival advantage. However, significant recurrence-free intervals can be accomplished with surgical treatment. Surgical intervention might be considered in highly selected patients with the goal of providing time off of systemic chemotherapy.

Outcomes of immature oocytes collected from ovarian tissue for cryopreservation in adult and prepubertal patients

The efficiency of oocyte in-vitro maturation (IVM) and vitrification procedures after ex-vivo collection from ovarian tissue were assessed according to patient age, number of retrieved oocytes and tissue transport conditions. The combined procedure was performed in 136 patients: 130 adults (mean 27.6 ± 5.6 years) and six prepubertal girls (mean 8.7 ± 2.3 years). A higher mean number of oocytes were collected in girls compared with adults (11.5 ± 8.0 versus 3.8 ± 4.2, respectively, P < 0.001) but the percentage of degenerated oocytes was significantly higher in girls (35.5% versus 17.1%, respectively, P < 0.001). IVM rates were significantly lower in prepubertal than postpubertal population (10.3% versus 28.1%, P = 0.002). In adults, a negative correlation was observed between number of retrieved oocytes and age (P = 0.002; r = -0.271); the correlation was positive between anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and number of collected oocytes (P = 0.002; r = 0.264). IVM rates were not correlated with AMH levels (r = 0.06) or age (r = -0.033). At present, nine oocytes and one embryo have been warmed in four patients and one biochemical pregnancy obtained. This suggests the combined procedure could be an additional option for fertility preservation.

Liver resection for HER2-enriched breast cancer metastasis: case report and review of the literature

Liver metastasis from breast cancer usually results in the development of systemic metastasis. We report a breast cancer patient with an early isolated liver recurrence who survived more than 7 years with no recurrence. She was treated with aggressive HER2-directed chemotherapy and hepatic metastasectomy. Local hepatectomy with effective medical oncological therapy with curative intent is worth trying in patients with breast cancer liver metastasis.

The safety and effectiveness of liver resection for breast cancer liver metastases: A systematic review

Breast cancer liver metastases have traditionally been considered incurable and any treatment given therefore palliative. Liver resections for breast cancer metastases are being performed, despite there being no robust evidence for which patients benefit. This review aims to determine the safety and effectiveness of liver resection for breast cancer metastases. A systematic literature review was performed and resulted in 33 papers being assembled for analysis. All papers were case series and data extracted was heterogeneous so a meta-analysis was not possible. Safety outcomes were mortality and morbidity (in hospital and 30-day). Effectiveness outcomes were local recurrence, re-hepatectomy, survival (months), 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- year overall survival rate (%), disease free survival (months) and 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- year disease free survival rate (%). Overall median figures were calculated using unweighted median data given in each paper. Results demonstrated that mortality was low across all studies with a median of 0% and a maximum of 5.9%. The median morbidity rate was 15%. Overall survival was a median of 35.1 months and a median 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year survival of 84.55%, 71.4%, 52.85% and 33% respectively. Median disease free survival was 21.5 months with a 3- and 5-year median disease free survival of 36% and 18%. Whilst the results demonstrate seemingly satisfactory levels of overall survival and disease free survival, the data are of poor quality with multiple confounding variables and small study populations. Recommendations are for extensive pilot and feasibility work with the ultimate aim of conducting a large pragmatic randomised control trial to accurately determine which patients benefit from liver resection for breast cancer liver metastases.

Liver Resection for Non-Colorectal Liver Metastases - Standards and Extended Indications

Background

Due to the uncertain benefit of liver resection for non-colorectal liver metastases (NCLM), patient selection for surgery is generally difficult. Therefore, the aim of this article was to propose standard and extended indications for liver resection in this heterogeneous disease collective.

Methods

Review of the literature.

Results

The myriad of biologically different primary tumor entities as well as the mostly small and retrospective studies investigating the benefit of surgery for NCLM limits the proposal of general recommendations. Only resection of neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELM) appears to offer a clear benefit with a 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) of 74 and 51%, respectively, in the largest series. Resection of liver metastases from genitourinary primaries might offer reasonable benefit in selected cases – with a 5-year OS of up to 61% for breast cancer and of 38% for renal cell cancer. The long-term outcome following surgery for other entities was remarkably poorer, e.g., gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma reached a 5-year OS of 20-42, 17-25, and about 20%, respectively.

Conclusion

Liver resection for NELM can be defined as a standard indication for the resection of NCLM while lesions of genitourinary origin might be defined as an extended indication.

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Breast: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

: Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast is considered a rare entity, and for this reason there are no data from prospective clinical trials on its optimal management. Early stage tumors are usually treated with the same strategy used for the other types of invasive breast cancer. Anthracycline- and taxane-based regimens represent the most frequently administered chemotherapy in neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting, as well as for metastatic disease, although combinations of platinum compounds and etoposide have been widely used, in particular for small-cell histology and tumors with a high proliferation index. For metastatic disease, a multimodality therapeutic strategy can be considered on an individual basis, with chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of the above. In the near future, a better knowledge of the biology of these tumors will hopefully provide new therapeutic targets for personalized treatment. In this review, we discuss the current evidence and the future perspectives on diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast (NECB) is a distinct entity of breast cancer. Clinical features and morphology are not helpful to distinguish NECB from other subtypes of breast cancer; therefore, immunohistochemistry markers for neuroendocrine differentiation, mainly chromogranin and synaptophysin, should be routinely used to confirm the diagnosis, especially in cases of mucinous or solid papillary carcinoma in which the suspicion of NECB may be relevant. Adjuvant treatment should be offered according to the same recommendations given for the other types of invasive breast cancer. An accurate diagnosis of NECB is also important in the metastatic setting, in which a multimodality approach including specific therapies such as peptide receptor radionuclide therapy can be considered.

Trends in presentation, management and survival of patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer in a Southeast Asian setting

Up to 25% of breast cancer patients in Asia present with de novo metastatic disease. We examined the survival trends of Asian patients with metastatic breast cancer over fifteen years. The impact of changes in patient’s demography, tumor characteristics, tumor burden, and treatment on survival trend were examined. Patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer from three hospitals in Malaysia and Singapore (N = 856) were grouped by year of diagnosis: 1996–2000, 2001–2005 and 2006–2010. Step-wise multivariable Poisson regression was used to estimate the contribution of above-mentioned factors on the survival trend. Proportions of patients presenting with metastatic breast cancer were 10% in 1996–2000, 7% in 2001–2005, and 9% in 2006–2010. Patients in 2006–2010 were significantly older, appeared to have higher disease burden, and received more chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and surgery of primary tumor. The three-year relative survival in the above periods were 20·6% (95% CI: 13·9%–28·2%), 28·8% (95% CI: 23·4%–34·2%), and 33·6% (95% CI: 28·8%–38·5%), respectively. Adjustment for treatment considerably attenuated the relative excess risk of mortality in recent years, compared to other factors. Substantial improvements in survival were observed in patients with de novo metastatic breast cancer in this study.

Neuroendocrine breast carcinoma metastatic to the liver: Report of a case and review of the literature

INTRODUCTION

Primary neuroendocrine breast carcinoma (NEBC) is a rare entity of breast cancer.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We herein report a case of right hepatectomy for a NEBC liver metastasis.

DISCUSSION

Little is known about its evolution, bilologic behavior and optimal treatment. Its malignant potential has been addressed in few reports, with cases of metachronous metastases in diverse sites, even years following treatment of the breast primarily.

CONCLUSION

Treating this kind of cancer implies both breast and hepatic surgery.

Primary neuroendocrine breast carcinoma (NEBC) is a rare entity of breast cancer. Little is known about its evolution, biologic behavior and optimal treatment. Its malignant potential has been addressed in few reports, with cases of metachronous metastases in diverse sites, even years following treatment of the breast primarily. We herein report a case of right hepatectomy for a NEBC liver metastasis.

Oligometastatic breast cancer: a shift from palliative to potentially curative treatment?

A distinctive subset of metastatic breast cancer is represented by the so called 'oligometastatic' disease, characterized by single/few detectable metastatic lesions. A more aggressive multidisciplinary approach can be considered in this patient population: available data report favorable results of 'radical' local therapy for limited metastatic disease at least in a subset of selected patients. Selection bias and the retrospective nature of data do not allow for generalization of the results: the use of such approaches must be individualized and managed within a multidisciplinary team of dedicated specialists. Improvement in surgical and radiation techniques, development of new tools to deliver local chemotherapy, and new procedures (i.e. cryosurgery, laser and microwave ablation) mandate careful evaluation of such single and combined modalities in controlled clinical trials. A more accurate identification of patients with limited metastases and better definition of treatment endpoints will also allow correct patient selection for locally aggressive therapies. This paper focusses on local treatment of the primary tumor and of the most frequent distant disease sites in the presence of oligometastatic disease.

Hepatic resection for metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Systemic chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for metastatic breast cancer with the role of surgery being strictly limited for palliation of metastatic complications or locoregional relapse. An increasing number of studies examining the role of therapeutic hepatic metastasectomy show encouraging survival results. A systematic review was undertaken to define its safety, efficacy and to identify prognostic factors associated with survival.

METHODS

Electronic search of the MEDLINE and PubMed databases (January 2000-January 2011) to identify studies reporting outcomes of hepatectomy for breast cancer liver metastases (BCLM) with hepatectomy was undertaken. Two reviewers independently appraised each study using a predetermined protocol. Safety and clinical efficacy was synthesised through a narrative review with full tabulation of results of all included studies.

RESULTS

Nineteen studies were examined. This comprised of 553 patients. Hepatectomy for BCLM was performed at a rate of 1.8 (range, 0.7-7.7) cases per year in reported series. The median time to liver metastases occurred at a median of 40 (range, 23-77) months. The median mortality and complication rate were 0% (range, 0-6%) and 21% (range, 0-44%), respectively. The median overall survival was 40 (range, 15-74) months and median 5-year survival rate was 40% (range, 21-80%). Potential prognostic factors associated with a poorer overall survival include a positive liver surgical margin and hormone refractory disease.

CONCLUSION

Hepatectomy is rarely performed for BCLM but the studies described in this review indicate consistent results with superior 5-year survival for selected patients with isolated liver metastases and in those with well controlled minimal extrahepatic disease. To evaluate its efficacy and control for selection bias, a randomised trial of standard chemotherapy with or without hepatectomy for BCLM is warranted.