1
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Zhang X, Greve PF, Minh TTN, Wubbolts R, Demir AY, Zaal EA, Berkers CR, Boes M, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles from seminal plasma interact with T cells in vitro and drive their differentiation into regulatory T-cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12457. [PMID: 39007430 PMCID: PMC11247398 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma induces immune tolerance towards paternal allogenic antigens within the female reproductive tract and during foetal development. Recent evidence suggests a role for extracellular vesicles in seminal plasma (spEVs). We isolated spEVs from seminal plasma that was donated by vasectomized men, thereby excluding any contributions from the testis or epididymis. Previous analysis demonstrated that such isolated spEVs originate mainly from the prostate. Here we observed that when isolated fluorescently labelled spEVs were mixed with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, they were endocytosed predominantly by monocytes, and to a lesser extent also by T-cells. In a mixed lymphocyte reaction, T-cell proliferation was inhibited by spEVs. A direct effect of spEVs on T-cells was demonstrated when isolated T cells were activated by anti-CD3/CD28 coated beads. Again, spEVs interfered with T cell proliferation, as well as with the expression of CD25 and the release of IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-2. Moreover, spEVs stimulated the expression of Foxp3 and IL-10 by CD4+CD25+CD127- T cells, indicating differentiation into regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Prior treatment of spEVs with proteinase K revoked their effects on T-cells, indicating a requirement for surface-exposed spEV proteins. The adenosine A2A receptor-specific antagonist CPI-444 also reduced effects of spEVs on T-cells, consistent with the notion that the development of Tregs and their immune suppressive functions are under the influence of adenosine-A2A receptor signalling. We found that adenosine is highly enriched in spEVs and propose that spEVs are targeted to and endocytosed by T-cells, after which they may release their adenosine content into the lumen of endosomes, thus allowing endosome-localized A2A receptor signalling in spEVs targeted T-cells. Collectively, these data support the idea that spEVs can prime T cells directly for differentiation into Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick F. Greve
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thi Tran Ngoc Minh
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Richard Wubbolts
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Ayşe Y. Demir
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and HematologyMeander Medical CentreAmersfoortThe Netherlands
| | - Esther A. Zaal
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Celia R. Berkers
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne Boes
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Translational ImmunologyUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Willem Stoorvogel
- Department of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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2
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Izadpanah M, Yalameha B, Sani MZ, Cheragh PK, Mahdipour M, Rezabakhsh A, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomes as Theranostic Agents in Reproduction System. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300258. [PMID: 37955866 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exos), belonging to extracellular vesicles, are cell-derived nano-sized vesicles with the potential to carry different kinds of biological molecules. Many studies have proved the impacts of exosomal cargo on several biological processes in female and male reproductive systems. It is also hypothesized that changes in exosomal cargo are integral to the promotion of certain pathological conditions, thus Exos can be used as valid biomarkers for the diagnosis of infertility and other abnormal conditions. Here, efforts are made to collect some recent data related to the physiological significance of Exos in the reproductive system, and their potential therapeutic effects. It is anticipated that the current review article will lay the groundwork for elucidating the source and mechanisms by which Exos control the reproductive system additionally supplying fresh methods and concepts for the detection and treatment of disorders associated with fertility for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Izadpanah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Banafsheh Yalameha
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamani Sani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Troisi A, Schrank M, Bellezza I, Fallarino F, Pastore S, Verstegen JP, Pieramati C, Di Michele A, Talesa VN, Martìnez Barbitta M, Orlandi R, Polisca A. Expression of CD13 and CD26 on extracellular vesicles in canine seminal plasma: preliminary results. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:357-366. [PMID: 37707657 PMCID: PMC10811140 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Canine seminal plasma is a complex fluid containing proteins, peptides, enzymes, hormones as well as extracellular vesicles that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes including reproduction. We examined the expression of the extracellular vesicles surface antigens Aminopeptidase-N (CD13) and Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) by flow cytometry. For this study, third fraction of the ejaculate, from fertile adult male German Shepherd dogs, was manually collected twice, two days apart. FACS analyses revealed that CD13 and CD26 are co-expressed on the 69.3 ± 3.7% of extracellular vesicles and only a 2.0 ± 0.5% of extracellular vesicles express CD26 alone. On the other hand, 28.6 ± 3.6% of seminal EVs express CD13 alone. Our results agree with the hypothesis that CD26 needs to be co-expressed with other signal-transducing molecules, while CD13, can perform functions independently of the presence or co-expression of CD26. The results obtained in normal fertile dogs could represent physiological expression of these enzymes. Therefore, it would be interesting to carry out further studies to evaluate the expression of CD13 and CD26 on extracellular vesicles as biomarker for prostate pathological condition in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Troisi
- School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, Università Di Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica (Macerata), Italy
| | - Magdalena Schrank
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health Università Degli Studi Di Padova, Agripolis Viale Dell'Università - 35020 Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Di Perugia, P.Le Gambuli, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Di Perugia, P.Le Gambuli, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Pastore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - John P Verstegen
- TherioExpert LLc. and College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Camillo Pieramati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Michele
- Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Via Pascoli, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nicola Talesa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Di Perugia, P.Le Gambuli, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcelo Martìnez Barbitta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
- Integral Veterinary Reproductive Service URUGUAY (SRVI_UY); Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - University of Republic (UdelaR - UY), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - University of Republic (UdelaR - UY), Uruguay, Uruguay
| | - Riccardo Orlandi
- Tyrus Veterinary Clinic, Via Aldo Bartocci, 1G, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | - Angela Polisca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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4
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Suresh PS, Thankachan S, Venkatesh T. Landscape of Clinically Relevant Exosomal tRNA-Derived Non-coding RNAs. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:300-310. [PMID: 35997930 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extra-cellular vesicles that are < 150 nm that is formed by invagination of the plasma membrane and are released as vesicles. These contain proteins, RNA, and DNA as their cargo. In recent times, the non-coding RNA (ncRNA) present within exosomes has been studied extensively in the context of sorting, localization, and their potential as biomarkers. For example, miR-1246, miR-1290, miR-21, and miR-23a are exosomal biomarkers of cancer, and YBX1 (Y-Box Binding Protein 1) is attributed to exosomal RNA sorting. Transfer RNA-derived fragments are a class of small ncRNAs that were discovered in 2009. They are classified as tRFs (tRNA-derived fragments) and tsRNAs (tRNA halves). Interestingly, these tRNA-derived ncRNAs are emerging as biomarkers in various diseases, and these are found in exosomes. To date, the literature has covered only the biomarker potential of plasma/serum tRNA-derived ncRNAs. Hence, in the current review, we discuss the exosomal tRNA-derived fragments that are clinically relevant in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanaban S Suresh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India
| | - Sanu Thankachan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India
| | - Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kerala, 671316, Periye, Kasaragod, India.
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5
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Ma Y, Ma QW, Sun Y, Chen XF. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the testis. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:334-351. [PMID: 36728671 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-bounded particles, released by all cells and capable of transporting bioactive cargoes, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to regulate a variety of biological functions. Seminal plasma is enriched in EVs, and extensive evidence has revealed the role of EVs (e.g. prostasomes and epididymosomes) in the male genital tract. Recently, EVs released from testicular cells have been isolated and identified, and some new insights have been generated on their role in maintaining normal spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in the testis. In the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cell-derived EVs can promote the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), and EVs secreted from undifferentiated A spermatogonia can inhibit the proliferation of SSCs. In the testicular interstitium, EVs have been identified in endothelial cells, macrophages, telocytes, and Leydig cells, although their roles are still elusive. Testicular EVs can also pass through the blood-testis barrier and mediate inter-compartment communication between the seminiferous tubules and the interstitium. Immature Sertoli cell-derived EVs can promote survival and suppress the steroidogenesis of Leydig cells. Exosomes isolated from macrophages can protect spermatogonia from radiation-induced injury. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, testicular EVs may also participate in the removal of aberrant proteins and the delivery of antigens for immune tolerance. EVs released from testicular cells can be detected in seminal plasma, which makes them potential biomarkers reflecting testicular function and disease status. The testicular EVs in seminal plasma may also affect the female reproductive tract to facilitate conception and may even affect early embryogenesis through modulating sperm RNA. EVs represent a new type of intercellular messenger in the testis. A detailed understanding of the role of testicular EV may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms causing male infertility and enable the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of infertile men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Wen Ma
- Shanghai Xinzhu Middle School, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai, China
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6
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Chen C, Zhang Z, Gu X, Sheng X, Xiao L, Wang X. Exosomes: New regulators of reproductive development. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100608. [PMID: 36969697 PMCID: PMC10034510 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a size range between 30 and 150 nm, which can be released by the majority of cell types and circulate in body fluid. They function as a long-distance cell-to-cell communication mechanism that modulates the gene expression profile and fate of target cells. Increasing evidence has indicated exosomes' central role in regulating various complex reproductive processes. However, to our knowledge, a review that focally and vividly describes the role of exosomes in reproductive development is still lacking. This review highlights our knowledge about the contribution of exosomes to early mammalian reproduction, such as gametogenesis, fertilization, early embryonic development, implantation, placentation and pregnancy. The discussion is primarily drawn from literature pertaining to the mammalian lineage with emphasis on the roles of exosomes in human reproduction and laboratory and livestock models.
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7
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Goss DM, Vasilescu SA, Sacks G, Gardner DK, Warkiani ME. Microfluidics facilitating the use of small extracellular vesicles in innovative approaches to male infertility. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:66-95. [PMID: 36348030 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sperm are transcriptionally and translationally quiescent and, therefore, rely on the seminal plasma microenvironment for function, survival and fertilization of the oocyte in the oviduct. The male reproductive system influences sperm function via the binding and fusion of secreted epididymal (epididymosomes) and prostatic (prostasomes) small extracellular vesicles (S-EVs) that facilitate the transfer of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to sperm. Seminal plasma S-EVs have important roles in sperm maturation, immune and oxidative stress protection, capacitation, fertilization and endometrial implantation and receptivity. Supplementing asthenozoospermic samples with normospermic-derived S-EVs can improve sperm motility and S-EV microRNAs can be used to predict non-obstructive azoospermia. Thus, S-EV influence on sperm physiology might have both therapeutic and diagnostic potential; however, the isolation of pure populations of S-EVs from bodily fluids with current conventional methods presents a substantial hurdle. Many conventional techniques lack accuracy, effectiveness, and practicality; yet microfluidic technology has the potential to simplify and improve S-EV isolation and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale M Goss
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- IVF Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven A Vasilescu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NeoGenix Biosciences pty ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gavin Sacks
- IVF Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Majid E Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Fan W, Qi Y, Wang Y, Yan H, Li X, Zhang Y. Messenger roles of extracellular vesicles during fertilization of gametes, development and implantation: Recent advances. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1079387. [PMID: 36684431 PMCID: PMC9849778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1079387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become a research hotspot in recent years because they act as messengers between cells in the physiological and pathological processes of the human body. It can be produced by the follicle, prostate, embryo, uterus, and oviduct in the reproductive field and exists in the extracellular environment as follicular fluid, semen, uterine cavity fluid, and oviduct fluid. Because extracellular vesicles are more stable at transmitting information, it allows all cells involved in the physiological processes of embryo formation, development, and implantation to communicate with one another. Extracellular vesicles carried miRNAs and proteins as mail, and when the messenger delivers the mail to the recipient cell, the recipient cell undergoes a series of changes. Current research begins with intercepting and decoding the information carried by extracellular vesicles. This information may help us gain a better understanding of the secrets of reproduction, as well as assist reproductive technology as an emerging marker and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisen Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yinghua Qi
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huiting Yan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xuan Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Yingjie Zhang,
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Vickram AS, Anbarasu K, Gulothungan G, Thanigaivel S, Nanmaran R, Palanivelu J. Characterization of human prostasomes protein Clusterin (macromolecule) – a novel biomarker for male infertility diagnosis and prognosis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:3979-3988. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1852960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Vickram
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Anbarasu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, VISTAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Gulothungan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Thanigaivel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Nanmaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyanthi Palanivelu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
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10
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Song H, Kim NH, Kim JH. The role of extracellular vesicles in animal reproduction and diseases. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:62. [PMID: 35681164 PMCID: PMC9185900 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-enclosed compartments that serve as messengers in cell-to-cell communication, both in normal physiology and in pathological conditions. EVs can transfer functional proteins and genetic information to alter the phenotype and function of recipient cells, which undergo different changes that positively affect their structural and functional integrity. Biological fluids are enriched with several subpopulations of EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies carrying several cargoes, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs associated with the reproductive system are actively involved in the regulation of different physiological events, including gamete maturation, fertilization, and embryo and fetal development. EVs can influence follicle development, oocyte maturation, embryo production, and endometrial-conceptus communication. EVs loaded with cargoes are used to diagnose various diseases, including pregnancy disorders; however, these are dependent on the type of cell of origin and pathological characteristics. EV-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins in the placenta regulate inflammatory responses and trophoblast invasion through intercellular delivery in the placental microenvironment. This review presents evidence regarding the types of extracellular vesicles, and general aspects of isolation, purification, and characterization of EVs, particularly from various types of embryos. Further, we discuss EVs as mediators and messengers in reproductive biology, the effects of EVs on placentation and pregnancy disorders, the role of EVs in animal reproduction, in the male reproductive system, and mother and embryo cross-communication. In addition, we emphasize the role of microRNAs in embryo implantation and the role of EVs in reproductive and therapeutic medicine. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives of EVs in reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Nam Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal models for Biomedicine, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
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11
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Neyroud AS, Chiechio R, Yefimova M, Lo Faro MJ, Dejucq-Rainsford N, Jaillard S, Even-Hernandez P, Marchi V, Ravel C. Extra-cellular vesicles of the male genital tract: new actors in male fertility? Basic Clin Androl 2021; 31:25. [PMID: 34645388 PMCID: PMC8515699 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-021-00141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are membrane-limited particles containing proteins, lipids, metabolites and nucleic acids that are secreted by healthy and cancerous cells. These vesicles are very heterogeneous in size and content and mediate a variety of biological functions. Three subtypes of EV have been described in the male genital tract: microvesicles, myelinosomes and exosomes. Each type of EVs depends on the location of secretion such as the testis, prostate or epididymis. It has been shown that EVs can fuse together and deliver information to recipient cells, for example spermatozoa in the male genital tract. Cryo-electron microscopy remains the reference technique for determining EV morphology, but quantifying the absolute concentration of these EVs in biological fluids remains a challenge from a clinical point of view. The field of bio detection has considerably increased with the introduction of nanomaterials in biosensors and will provide a better understanding of the impact of these EVs. However, functional modifications of male gametes result from interactions with the components of the intraluminal fluid all along the genital tract and depend on the secretion and absorption of proteins and lipids from the local microenvironment. We cannot therefore exclude the possibility of epigenetic modulation of the information that will be transmitted to the embryo and therefore to the next generation via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Neyroud
- CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, 35000, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Régina Chiechio
- Physics and Astronomy Department "E. Majorana", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marina Yefimova
- CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, 35000, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry RAS, St-Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - Maria Josè Lo Faro
- Physics and Astronomy Department "E. Majorana", University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Pascale Even-Hernandez
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Marchi
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Célia Ravel
- CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, 35000, Rennes, France.
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.
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12
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Conditioned medium derived from seminal extracellular vesicles-exposed endometrial stromal cells induces inflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 262:174-181. [PMID: 34034196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seminal plasma (SP) contains large numbers of sub-cellular structures called extracellular vesicles (EV) which have been postulated to have immunological functions due to their bioactive contents including proteins and small non-coding RNAs. Although the response of endometrial cells to seminal EV (SEV) is recently being elucidated, the impact of these signaling vesicles on stroma-immune crosstalk is still unknown. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effect of conditioned medium (CM) derived from SEV-exposed endometrial stromal cells (eSC) on cytokine secretion by macrophages. STUDY DESIGN SEV were isolated from SP samples of healthy donors and characterized by common methods needed for EV characterization, including size determination by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and western blot analysis of EV markers. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from healthy individuals and eSC were isolated and characterized. EV internalization assay was performed by labeling the SEV with PKH67 green fluorescent dye. Then, the eSC were exposed to SEV and the CM was collected. Finally, the CM from SEV-exposed eSC was added to the macrophage culture and the level of inflammatory (interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were measured in the culture supernatant of macrophages. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the CM derived from SEV-exposed eSC induce IL-1α and IL-6 secretion by the macrophages, while the secretion of IL-10 was reduced. CONCLUSION Our results support the idea that the stroma-immune interaction is affected by SEV. This effect may be a part of immunoregulatory function of SP inside upper female genital tract and have an obvious impact during peri-implantation period.
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Kharazi U, Badalzadeh R. A review on the stem cell therapy and an introduction to exosomes as a new tool in reproductive medicine. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:447-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Proteomic Profiling of Two Distinct Populations of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Human Seminal Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217957. [PMID: 33114768 PMCID: PMC7663558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fluids contain many populations of extracellular vesicles (EV) that differ in size, cellular origin, molecular composition, and biological activities. EV in seminal plasma are in majority originating from prostate epithelial cells, and hence are also referred to as prostasomes. Nevertheless, EV are also contributed by other accessory sex glands, as well as by the testis and epididymis. In a previous study, we isolated EV from seminal plasma of vasectomized men, thereby excluding contributions from the testis and epididymis, and identified two distinct EV populations with diameters of 50 and 100 nm, respectively. In the current study, we comprehensively analyzed the protein composition of these two EV populations using quantitative Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In total 1558 proteins were identified. Of these, ≈45% was found only in the isolated 100 nm EV, 1% only in the isolated 50 nm EV, and 54% in both 100 nm and 50 nm EV. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggest that both originate from the prostate, but with distinct biogenesis pathways. Finally, nine proteins, including KLK3, KLK2, MSMB, NEFH, PSCA, PABPC1, TGM4, ALOX15B, and ANO7, with known prostate specific expression and alternate expression levels in prostate cancer tissue were identified. These data have potential for the discovery of EV associated prostate cancer biomarkers in blood.
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15
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Tamessar CT, Trigg NA, Nixon B, Skerrett-Byrne DA, Sharkey DJ, Robertson SA, Bromfield EG, Schjenken JE. Roles of male reproductive tract extracellular vesicles in reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 85:e13338. [PMID: 32885533 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted cell-derived membrane structures present in all organisms across animal, bacterial, and plant phyla. These vesicles play important roles in cell-cell communication in many processes integral to health and disease. Recent studies demonstrate that EVs and their cargo have influential and conserved roles in male reproduction. While EVs have been isolated from virtually all specialized tissues comprising the male reproductive tract, they are best characterized in the epididymis (epididymosomes) and seminal fluid (seminal fluid extracellular vesicles or prostasomes). Broadly speaking, EVs promote reproductive success through supporting sperm development and function, as well as influencing the physiology of female reproductive tract cells after mating. In this review, we present current knowledge on the composition and function of male reproductive tract EV populations in both normal physiology and pathology, and argue that their functions identify them as critical regulators of fertility and fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cottrell T Tamessar
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Natalie A Trigg
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - David A Skerrett-Byrne
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - David J Sharkey
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John E Schjenken
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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16
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Leahy T, Rickard JP, Pini T, Gadella BM, Graaf SP. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Seminal Plasma, Sperm Membrane Proteins, and Seminal Extracellular Vesicles Suggests Vesicular Mechanisms Aid in the Removal and Addition of Proteins to the Ram Sperm Membrane. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900289. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Leahy
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Jessica P. Rickard
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
| | - Taylor Pini
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine Lone Tree Colorado 80124 USA
| | - Bart M. Gadella
- Department of Farm Animal Health and Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht University Yalelaan 2, CM Utrecht 3584 The Netherlands
| | - Simon P. Graaf
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Sydney Sydney New South Wales 2006 Australia
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17
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Abstract
Seminal fluid is often assumed to have just one function in mammalian reproduction, delivering sperm to fertilize oocytes. But seminal fluid also transmits signaling agents that interact with female reproductive tissues to facilitate conception and .pregnancy. Upon seminal fluid contact, female tissues initiate a controlled inflammatory response that affects several aspects of reproductive function to ultimately maximize the chances of a male producing healthy offspring. This effect is best characterized in mice, where the female response involves several steps. Initially, seminal fluid factors cause leukocytes to infiltrate the female reproductive tract, and to selectively target and eliminate excess sperm. Other signals stimulate ovulation, induce an altered transcriptional program in female tract tissues that modulates embryo developmental programming, and initiate immune adaptations to promote receptivity to implantation and placental development. A key result is expansion of the pool of regulatory T cells that assist implantation by suppressing inflammation, mediating tolerance to male transplantation antigens, and promoting uterine vascular adaptation and placental development. Principal signaling agents in seminal fluid include prostaglandins and transforming growth factor-β. The balance of male signals affects the nature of the female response, providing a mechanism of ‟cryptic female choiceˮ that influences female reproductive investment. Male-female seminal fluid signaling is evident in all mammalian species investigated including human, and effects of seminal fluid in invertebrates indicate evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. Understanding the female response to seminal fluid will shed new light on infertility and pregnancy disorders and is critical to defining how events at conception influence offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schjenken
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles secreted by wide variety of cells and found in abundance in biological fluids including semen. They contain cargo of lipids, proteins, microRNAs and mRNAs, and are known to play a major role in intracellular communication. Seminal exosomes mainly include epididymosomes and prostasomes. Most of the proteins associated with the epididymosomes are transferred to the sperm subcellular or membranous domains during their epididymal transit and are involved in the acquisition of fertilizing ability, modulation of motility and protection against oxidative stress. Proteins associated with prostasomes stimulate sperm motility and regulate the timing of capacitation to avoid premature induction of acrosome reaction. Furthermore, prostasomes protect the sperm from immune responses within the female reproductive tract. Overall, exosome-associated proteins play an indispensable role in maturation of spermatozoa and therefore, serve as an excellent biomarker in early diagnosis of male infertility.
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19
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Vickram AS, Samad HA, Latheef SK, Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Sridharan TB, Sundaram T, Gulothungan G. Human prostasomes an extracellular vesicle - Biomarkers for male infertility and prostrate cancer: The journey from identification to current knowledge. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 146:946-958. [PMID: 31730983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining attention among the cell biologists and researchers over the last two decades. Prostasomes are considered to be (Evs) secreted by prostate epithelial cells into the semen during emission or ejaculation. Prostasomes contain various proteins required for immune regulation namely, amino and dipeptidyl peptidase; endopeptidase (neutral); decay accelerating factor; angiotensin-converting enzyme. Sperm cells need a few prerequisites in order to fertilize the egg. The role of prostasomes in enhancing the male fertility was reviewed extensively throughout the manuscript. Also, prostasomes have an immunosuppressive, immunomodulatory, antibacterial role in the female reproductive tract, and in some cases they can be used as immunocontraceptive agent to regulate the fertility status. This review will give insights to many active researchers in the field of prostasomal research and male infertility/fertility research. This review will open many unanswered mechanisms of prostasomes with respect to structure-function analysis, fatty acids patterns in diagnosis as well as prognosis of male infertility/fertility. More scientific reports are in need to support the mechanism of prostasomes and its role in immunomodulation. The development of prostasomes as a biomarker for the prostate cancer is still miserable with a lot of controversial results by various researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Vickram
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai 602 105, India.
| | - Hari Abdul Samad
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shyma K Latheef
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.K. Nagar, West Tripura 799008, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T B Sridharan
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanigaivel Sundaram
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - G Gulothungan
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Chennai 602 105, India
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20
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Vojtech L, Zhang M, Davé V, Levy C, Hughes SM, Wang R, Calienes F, Prlic M, Nance E, Hladik F. Extracellular vesicles in human semen modulate antigen-presenting cell function and decrease downstream antiviral T cell responses. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223901. [PMID: 31622420 PMCID: PMC6797208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human semen contains trillions of extracellular vesicles (SEV) similar in size to sexually transmitted viruses and loaded with potentially bioactive miRNAs, proteins and lipids. SEV were shown to inhibit HIV and Zika virus infectivity, but whether SEV are able also to affect subsequent immune responses is unknown. We found that SEV efficiently bound to and entered antigen-presenting cells (APC) and thus we set out to further dissect the impact of SEV on APC function and the impact on downstream T cell responses. In an APC–T cell co-culture system, SEV exposure to APC alone markedly reduced antigen-specific cytokine production, degranulation and cytotoxicity by antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells. In contrast, inhibition of CD4+ T cell responses required both APC and T cell exposure to SEV. Surprisingly, SEV did not alter MHC or co-stimulatory receptor expression on APCs, but caused APCs to upregulate indoleamine 2,3 deoxygenase, an enzyme known to indirectly inhibit T cells. Thus, SEV reduce the ability of APCs to activate T cells. We propose here that these immune-inhibitory properties of SEV may be intended to prevent immune responses against semen-derived antigens, but can be hi-jacked by genitally acquired viral infections to compromise adaptive cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LV); (FH)
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruofan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fernanda Calienes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LV); (FH)
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21
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Archana SS, Selvaraju S, Binsila BK, Arangasamy A, Krawetz SA. Immune regulatory molecules as modifiers of semen and fertility: A review. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:1485-1504. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Siddalingappa Archana
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
- Department of BiochemistryJain University Bengaluru India
| | - Sellappan Selvaraju
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
| | - B. Krishnan Binsila
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
| | - Arunachalam Arangasamy
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology DivisionICAR‐National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology Bengaluru India
| | - Stephen A. Krawetz
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and GeneticsC.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan
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22
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Kaminski VDL, Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Extracellular vesicles in host-pathogen interactions and immune regulation - exosomes as emerging actors in the immunological theater of pregnancy. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02355. [PMID: 31592031 PMCID: PMC6771614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review correlates and summarizes the role of the maternal-fetal interface in the immune tolerance of the fetus and the processes that lead to infection avoidance, emphasizing the participation of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in both situations. Exosomes are released into the extracellular medium by several cell types and are excellent carriers of biomolecules. Host-derived exosomes and the transport of pathogen-derived molecules by exosomes impact infections in different ways. The interactions of exosomes with the maternal immune system are pivotal to a favorable gestational outcome. In this review, we highlight the potential role of exosomes in the establishment of an adequate milieu that enables embryo implantation and discuss the participation of exosomes released at the maternal-fetal interface during the establishment of an immune-privileged compartment for fetal development. The placenta is a component where important strategies are used to minimize the risk of infection. To present a contrast, we also discuss possible mechanisms used by pathogens to cross the maternal-fetal interface. We review the processes, mechanisms, and potential consequences of dysregulation in all of the abovementioned phenomena. Basic information about exosomes and their roles in viral immune evasion is also presented. The interactions between extracellular vesicles and bacteria, fungi, parasites and proteinaceous infectious agents are addressed. The discovery of the placental microbiota and the implications of this new microbiota are also discussed, and current proposals that explain fetal/placental colonization by both pathogenic and commensal microbes are addressed. The comprehension of such interactions will help us to understand the immune dynamics of human pregnancy and the mechanisms of immune evasion used by different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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23
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Ouattara LA, Anderson SM, Doncel GF. Seminal exosomes and HIV-1 transmission. Andrologia 2019; 50:e13220. [PMID: 30569645 PMCID: PMC6378409 DOI: 10.1111/and.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal‐derived membrane‐confined nanovesicles secreted by many (if not all) cell types and isolated from every human bodily fluid examined up to now including plasma, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. Exosomes are thought to represent a new player in cell‐to‐cell communication pathways and immune regulation, and be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Susceptibility to HIV‐1 infection can be impacted by exosomes, while HIV‐1 pathogenesis can alter exosomal function and composition. Exosomes isolated from semen and vaginal fluid of healthy individuals can inhibit HIV‐1 infection and/or potently block viral transfer in vitro. However, the role of exosomes in HIV‐1 transmission and progression is not fully understood yet and some studies show conflicting results, mainly for exosomes isolated from plasma and breast milk. Determining the composition of exosomes from infected donors and studying their interaction with HIV‐1 in vitro compared to exosomes isolated from uninfected donors will provide insights into the role exosomes play in HIV‐1 transmission during sexual intercourse and breastfeeding.
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24
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Paktinat S, Hashemi SM, Ghaffari Novin M, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Salehpour S, Karamian A, Nazarian H. Seminal exosomes induce interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 secretion by human endometrial stromal cells. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2019; 235:71-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The terms extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, oncosomes, or exosomes are often used interchangeably as descriptors of particles that are released from cells and comprise a lipid membrane that encapsulates nucleic acids and proteins. Although these entities are defined based on a specific size range and/or mechanism of release, the terminology is often ambiguous. Nevertheless, these vesicles are increasingly recognized as important modulators of intercellular communication. The generic characterization of extracellular vesicles could also be used as a descriptor of enveloped viruses, highlighting the fact that extracellular vesicles and enveloped viruses are similar in both composition and function. Their high degree of similarity makes differentiating between vesicles and enveloped viruses in biological specimens particularly difficult. Because viral particles and extracellular vesicles are produced simultaneously in infected cells, it is necessary to separate these populations to understand their independent functions. We summarize current understanding of the similarities and differences of extracellular vesicles, which henceforth we will refer to as exosomes, and the enveloped retrovirus, HIV-1. Here, we focus on the presence of these particles in semen, as these are of particular importance during HIV-1 sexual transmission. While there is overlap in the terminology and physical qualities between HIV-1 virions and exosomes, these two types of intercellular vehicles may differ depending on the bio-fluid source. Recent data have demonstrated that exosomes from human semen serve as regulators of HIV-1 infection that may contribute to the remarkably low risk of infection per sexual exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Pharmacologic Sciences, Basic Sciences Tower, Rm 8-142, Stony Brook, University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
- Chioma M. Okeoma,
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26
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Driedonks TAP, van der Grein SG, Ariyurek Y, Buermans HPJ, Jekel H, Chow FWN, Wauben MHM, Buck AH, 't Hoen PAC, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Immune stimuli shape the small non-coding transcriptome of extracellular vesicles released by dendritic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3857-3875. [PMID: 29808415 PMCID: PMC6154026 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The release and uptake of nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EV) is a highly conserved means of intercellular communication. The molecular composition of EV, and thereby their signaling function to target cells, is regulated by cellular activation and differentiation stimuli. EV are regarded as snapshots of cells and are, therefore, in the limelight as biomarkers for disease. Although research on EV-associated RNA has predominantly focused on microRNAs, the transcriptome of EV consists of multiple classes of small non-coding RNAs with potential gene-regulatory functions. It is not known whether environmental cues imposed on cells induce specific changes in a broad range of EV-associated RNA classes. Here, we investigated whether immune-activating or -suppressing stimuli imposed on primary dendritic cells affected the release of various small non-coding RNAs via EV. The small RNA transcriptomes of highly pure EV populations free from ribonucleoprotein particles were analyzed by RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR. Immune stimulus-specific changes were found in the miRNA, snoRNA, and Y-RNA content of EV from dendritic cells, whereas tRNA and snRNA levels were much less affected. Only part of the changes in EV-RNA content reflected changes in cellular RNA, which urges caution in interpreting EV as snapshots of cells. By comprehensive analysis of RNA obtained from highly purified EV, we demonstrate that multiple RNA classes contribute to genetic messages conveyed via EV. The identification of multiple RNA classes that display cell stimulation-dependent association with EV is the prelude to unraveling the function and biomarker potential of these EV-RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A P Driedonks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne G van der Grein
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yavuz Ariyurek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P J Buermans
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrike Jekel
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franklin W N Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amy H Buck
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter A C 't Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biomolecular and Molecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Downregulation of MicroRNA eca-mir-128 in Seminal Exosomes and Enhanced Expression of CXCL16 in the Stallion Reproductive Tract Are Associated with Long-Term Persistence of Equine Arteritis Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00015-18. [PMID: 29444949 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00015-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) can establish long-term persistent infection in the reproductive tract of stallions and is shed in the semen. Previous studies showed that long-term persistence is associated with a specific allele of the CXCL16 gene (CXCL16S) and that persistent infection is maintained despite the presence of a local inflammatory and humoral and mucosal antibody responses. In this study, we demonstrated that equine seminal exosomes (SEs) are enriched in a small subset of microRNAs (miRNAs). Most importantly, we demonstrated that long-term EAV persistence is associated with the downregulation of an SE-associated miRNA (eca-mir-128) and with an enhanced expression of CXCL16 in the reproductive tract, a putative target of eca-mir-128. The findings presented here suggest that SE eca-mir-128 is implicated in the regulation of the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in the reproductive tract of persistently infected stallions, a chemokine axis strongly implicated in EAV persistence. This is a novel finding and warrants further investigation to identify its specific mechanism in modulating the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in the reproductive tract of the EAV long-term carrier stallion.IMPORTANCE Equine arteritis virus (EAV) has the ability to establish long-term persistent infection in the stallion reproductive tract and to be shed in semen, which jeopardizes its worldwide control. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of viral persistence are being unraveled, and these are essential for the development of effective therapeutics to eliminate persistent infection. Recently, it has been determined that long-term persistence is associated with a specific allele of the CXCL16 gene (CXCL16S) and is maintained despite induction of local inflammatory, humoral, and mucosal antibody responses. This study demonstrated that long-term persistence is associated with the downregulation of seminal exosome miRNA eca-mir-128 and enhanced expression of its putative target, CXCL16, in the reproductive tract. For the first time, this study suggests complex interactions between eca-mir-128 and cellular elements at the site of EAV persistence and implicates this miRNA in the regulation of the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis in the reproductive tract during long-term persistence.
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Simple isolation and characterization of seminal plasma extracellular vesicle and its total RNA in an academic lab. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:139. [PMID: 29484278 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound sacs, identified in many body fluids of humans. Standard extracellular vesicle separation methods such as differential and ultracentrifugation are very expensive, not affordable in academic labs. So, the current research tried to isolate seminal plasma EVs using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation process. Normospermia semen from "Milann - The Fertility Center" processed to isolate EVs by PEG method. Nanodrop spectrophotometer showed presence of EVs by indirectly measuring protein content of precipitated EVs. EVs isolated by PEG precipitation showed a wide size range from 30 to 1000 nm with Z average of 75.4 nm and a PI of 0.464, whereas ultracentrifuge sample showed size range of 60-1000 nm with Z average of 501.3 nm with a PI of 0.692. Edax analysis also showed good elemental pattern. Total RNA extraction from PEG EVs analysed with nanodrop spectrophotometer, showed presence of RNA content in varying concentrations obtained from different ratios in nanograms. Thus, the current study concludes that seminal plasma EVs isolated by PEG precipitation is simple, reproducible and non-sensitive to carry out at academic labs.
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Modulation of innate and adaptive cellular immunity relevant to HIV-1 vaccine design by seminal plasma. AIDS 2017; 31:333-342. [PMID: 27835615 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mucosal exposure to HIV-1 infection generally occurs in the presence of semen. Immunomodulation by seminal plasma is well described in the reproductive biology literature. Little is known, however, about the impact of seminal plasma on innate and adaptive anti-HIV-1 cellular immunity. DESIGN The study investigated the effects of seminal plasma on immune responses considered important for prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine development, namely innate and adaptive cellular immunity mediated by natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, respectively. METHODS The ability of seminal plasma to modulate direct, antibody-dependent and cytokine-stimulated NK cell activation was assessed utilizing intracellular cytokine staining. Direct and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase release assays. The effects of seminal plasma on T-cell activation upon stimulation with staphylococcus enterotoxin B or HIV-1 Gag peptides were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining. The impact of seminal plasma on redirected cytolysis mediated by T cells was measured using lactate dehydrogenase release assays. RESULTS Both direct and antibody-dependent NK cell activation were dramatically impaired by the presence of either HIV-1-uninfected or HIV-1-infected seminal plasma in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, seminal plasma suppressed both direct and antibody-dependent NK cell-mediated cytolysis, including anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent cytolysis of gp120-pulsed CEM.NKr-CCR5 cells. Finally, seminal plasma attenuated both HIV-1 Gag-specific and staphylococcus enterotoxin B-induced CTL activation. CONCLUSIONS Semen contains potent immunosuppressors of both NK cell and CD8 T-cell-mediated anti-HIV-1 immune responses. This could impede attempts to provide vaccine-induced immunity to HIV-1.
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Höög JL, Lötvall J. Diversity of extracellular vesicles in human ejaculates revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:28680. [PMID: 26563734 PMCID: PMC4643196 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ejaculates contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), that to a large extent are considered to originate from the prostate gland, and are often denominated “prostasomes.” These EVs are important for human fertility, for example by promoting sperm motility and by inducing immune tolerance of the female immune system to the spermatozoa. So far, the EVs present in human ejaculate have not been studied in their native state, inside the seminal fluid without prior purification and isolation procedures. Using cryo-electron microscopy and tomography, we performed a comprehensive inventory of human ejaculate EVs. The sample was neither centrifuged, fixed, filtered or sectioned, nor were heavy metals added. Approximately 1,500 extracellular structures were imaged and categorized. The extracellular environment of human ejaculate was found to be diverse, with 5 major subcategories of EVs and 6 subcategories of extracellular membrane compartments, including lamellar bodies. Furthermore, 3 morphological features, including electron density, double membrane bilayers and coated surface, are described in all subcategories. This study reveals that the extracellular environment in human ejaculate is multifaceted. Several novel morphological EV subcategories are identified and clues to their cellular origin may be found in their morphology. This inventory is therefore important for developing future experimental approaches, and to interpret previously published data to understand the role of EVs for human male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Höög
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ronquist G. Prostasomes: Their Characterisation: Implications for Human Reproduction: Prostasomes and Human Reproduction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 868:191-209. [PMID: 26178851 PMCID: PMC7120776 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18881-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The prostate is a principal accessory genital gland that is vital for normal fertility. Epithelial cells lining the prostate acini release in a defined fashion (exocytosis) organellar nanosized structures named prostasomes. They are involved in the protection of sperm cells against immune response in the female reproductive tract by modulating the complement system and by inhibiting monocyte and neutrophil phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation. The immunomodulatory function most probably involves small non-coding RNAs present in prostasomes. Prostasomes have also been proposed to regulate the timing of sperm cell capacitation and induction of the acrosome reaction, since they are rich in various transferable bioactive molecules (e.g. receptors and enzymes) that promote the fertilising ability of sperm cells. Antigenicity of sperm cells has been well documented and implicated in involuntary immunological infertility of human couples, and antisperm antibodies (ASA) occur in several body fluids. The propensity of sperm cells to carry attached prostasomes suggests that they are a new category of sperm antigens. Circulating human ASA recognise prostasomes, and among 12 identified prostasomal antigens, prolactin- inducible protein (95 %) and clusterin (85 %) were immunodominant at the expense of the other 10 that were sporadically occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Ronquist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, The University of Uppsala, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden,
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Agarwal A, Ayaz A, Samanta L, Sharma R, Assidi M, Abuzenadah AM, Sabanegh E. Comparative proteomic network signatures in seminal plasma of infertile men as a function of reactive oxygen species. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:23. [PMID: 26321892 PMCID: PMC4552280 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a major role in the pathology of male infertility. It is an independent biomarker of sperm function. Seminal plasma is a natural reservoir of antioxidants responsible for the nourishment, protection, capacitation, and motility of sperm within the female reproductive tract resulting in successful fertilization and implantation of the embryo. A comparative proteomic analysis of seminal plasma proteins from fertile men and infertile men with varying levels of ROS was carried out to identify signature proteins involved in ROS-mediated reproductive dysfunction. Methods A total of 42 infertile men presenting with infertility and 17 proven fertile donors were enrolled in the study. ROS levels were measured in the seminal ejaculates by chemiluminescence assay. Infertile men were subdivided into Low ROS (0–<93 RLU/s/106 sperm; n = 11), Medium ROS (>93–500 RLU/s/106 sperm; n = 17) and High ROS (>500 RLU/s/106 sperm; n = 14) groups and compared with fertile men (4–50 RLU/s/106 sperm). 4 subjects from fertile group and 4 each from the Low, Medium and High ROS were pooled. 1D gel electrophoresis followed by in-gel digestion and LC/MS–MS in a LTQ-Orbitrap Elite hybrid mass spectrometer system was used for proteome analysis. Identification of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), their cellular localization and involvement in different pathways were examined utilizing bioinformatics tools. Results The results indicate that proteins involved in biomolecule metabolism, protein folding and protein degradation are differentially modulated in all three infertile patient groups in comparison to fertile controls. Membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME) was uniformly overexpressed (>2 fold) in all infertile groups. Pathway involving 35 focus proteins in post-translational modification of proteins, protein folding (heat shock proteins, molecular chaperones) and developmental disorder was overexpressed in the High ROS group compared with fertile control group. MME was one of the key proteins in the pathway. FAM3D was uniquely expressed in fertile group. Conclusion We have for the first time demonstrated the presence of 35 DEPs of a single pathway that may lead to impairment of sperm function in men with Low, Medium or High ROS levels by altering protein turn over. MME and FAM3D along with ROS levels in the seminal plasma may serve as good markers for diagnosis of male infertility. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9094-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Agarwal
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Ahmet Ayaz
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Luna Samanta
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha 751003 India
| | - Rakesh Sharma
- American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Mourad Assidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine at King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M Abuzenadah
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia ; KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine at King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edmund Sabanegh
- Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
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Abstract
Exosomes are membranous nanovesicles of endocytic origin that carry host and pathogen derived genomic, proteomic, and lipid cargos. Exosomes are secreted by most cell types into the extracellular milieu and are subsequently internalized by recipient cells. Upon internalization, exosomes condition recipient cells by donating their cargos and/or activating various signal transduction pathways, consequently regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. The role of exosomes in viral pathogenesis, especially human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] is beginning to unravel. Recent research reports suggest that exosomes from various sources play important but different roles in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. From these reports, it appears that the source of exosomes is the defining factor for the exosomal effect on HIV-1. In this review, we will describe how HIV-1 infection is modulated by exosomes and in turn how exosomes are targeted by HIV-1 factors. Finally, we will discuss potentially emerging therapeutic options based on exosomal cargos that may have promise in preventing HIV-1 transmission.
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Extracellular vesicles such as prostate cancer cell fragments as a fluid biopsy for prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2015; 18:213-20. [DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang B, Yin Y, Lai RC, Lim SK. Immunotherapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2014; 5:518. [PMID: 25374570 PMCID: PMC4205852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle or EV is a term that encompasses all classes of secreted lipid membrane vesicles. Despite being scientific novelties, EVs are gaining importance as a mediator of important physiological and pathological intercellular activities possibly through the transfer of their cargo of protein and RNA between cells. In particular, exosomes, the currently best characterized EVs have been notable for their in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities. Exosomes are nanometer-sized endosome-derived vesicles secreted by many cell types and their immunomodulatory potential is independent of their cell source. Besides immune cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and T cells, cancer and stem cells also secrete immunologically active exosomes that could influence both physiological and pathological processes. The immunological activities of exosomes affect both innate and adaptive immunity and include antigen presentation, T cell activation, T cell polarization to regulatory T cells, immune suppression, and anti-inflammation. As such, exosomes carry much immunotherapeutic potential as a therapeutic agent and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore
| | - Yijun Yin
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Exosome and Secreted Nano-vesicle Group, ASTAR Institute of Medical Biology , Singapore ; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Andreu Z, Yáñez-Mó M. Tetraspanins in extracellular vesicle formation and function. Front Immunol 2014; 5:442. [PMID: 25278937 PMCID: PMC4165315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 884] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a novel mechanism of intercellular communication as vehicles for intercellular transfer of functional membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNAs. Microvesicles, ectosomes, shedding vesicles, microparticles, and exosomes are the most common terms to refer to the different kinds of EVs based on their origin, composition, size, and density. Exosomes have an endosomal origin and are released by many different cell types, participating in different physiological and/or pathological processes. Depending on their origin, they can alter the fate of recipient cells according to the information transferred. In the last two decades, EVs have become the focus of many studies because of their putative use as non-invasive biomarkers and their potential in bioengineering and clinical applications. In order to exploit this ability of EVs many aspects of their biology should be deciphered. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in EV biogenesis, assembly, recruitment of selected proteins, and genetic material as well as the uptake mechanisms by target cells in an effort to understand EV functions and their utility in clinical applications. In these contexts, the role of proteins from the tetraspanin superfamily, which are among the most abundant membrane proteins of EVs, will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoraida Andreu
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa , Madrid , Spain
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Tannetta D, Dragovic R, Alyahyaei Z, Southcombe J. Extracellular vesicles and reproduction-promotion of successful pregnancy. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:548-63. [PMID: 24954226 PMCID: PMC4220835 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound complexes secreted from cells under both physiological and pathological conditions. They contain proteins, nucleic acids and lipids and act as messengers for cell–cell communication and signalling, particularly between immune cells. EV research is a rapidly evolving and expanding field, and it appears that all biological fluids contain very large numbers of EVs; they are produced from all cells that have been studied to date, and are known to have roles in several reproductive processes. This review analyses the evidence for the role of EVs throughout human reproduction, starting with the paternal and maternal gametes, followed by the establishment and continuation of successful pregnancies, with specific focus, where possible, on the interaction of EVs with the maternal immune system. Importantly, variations within the EV populations are identified in various reproductive disorders, such as pre-term labour and pre-eclampsia.
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Vojtech L, Woo S, Hughes S, Levy C, Ballweber L, Sauteraud RP, Strobl J, Westerberg K, Gottardo R, Tewari M, Hladik F. Exosomes in human semen carry a distinctive repertoire of small non-coding RNAs with potential regulatory functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7290-304. [PMID: 24838567 PMCID: PMC4066774 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Semen contains relatively ill-defined regulatory components that likely aid fertilization, but which could also interfere with defense against infection. Each ejaculate contains trillions of exosomes, membrane-enclosed subcellular microvesicles, which have immunosuppressive effects on cells important in the genital mucosa. Exosomes in general are believed to mediate inter-cellular communication, possibly by transferring small RNA molecules. We found that seminal exosome (SE) preparations contain a substantial amount of RNA from 20 to 100 nucleotides (nts) in length. We sequenced 20-40 and 40-100 nt fractions of SE RNA separately from six semen donors. We found various classes of small non-coding RNA, including microRNA (21.7% of the RNA in the 20-40 nt fraction) as well as abundant Y RNAs and tRNAs present in both fractions. Specific RNAs were consistently present in all donors. For example, 10 (of ∼2600 known) microRNAs constituted over 40% of mature microRNA in SE. Additionally, tRNA fragments were strongly enriched for 5'-ends of 18-19 or 30-34 nts in length; such tRNA fragments repress translation. Thus, SE could potentially deliver regulatory signals to the recipient mucosa via transfer of small RNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sangsoon Woo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Sean Hughes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Claire Levy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Renan P Sauteraud
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Johanna Strobl
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Katharine Westerberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Muneesh Tewari
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Aalberts M, Stout TAE, Stoorvogel W. Prostasomes: extracellular vesicles from the prostate. Reproduction 2013; 147:R1-14. [PMID: 24149515 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The term 'prostasomes' is generally used to classify the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into prostatic fluid by prostate epithelial cells. However, other epithelia within the male reproductive tract also release EVs that mix with 'true' prostasomes during semen emission or ejaculation. Prostasomes have been proposed to regulate the timing of sperm cell capacitation and induction of the acrosome reaction, as well as to stimulate sperm motility where all three are prerequisite processes for spermatozoa to attain fertilising capacity. Other proposed functions of prostasomes include interfering with the destruction of spermatozoa by immune cells within the female reproductive tract. On the other hand, it is unclear whether the distinct presumed functions are performed collectively by a single type of prostasome or by separate distinct sub-populations of EVs. Moreover, the exact molecular mechanisms through which prostasomes exert their functions have not been fully resolved. Besides their physiological functions, prostasomes produced by prostate tumour cells have been suggested to support prostate cancer spread development, and prostasomes in peripheral blood plasma may prove to be valuable biomarkers for prostate cancer.
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Brouwers JF, Aalberts M, Jansen JWA, van Niel G, Wauben MH, Stout TAE, Helms JB, Stoorvogel W. Distinct lipid compositions of two types of human prostasomes. Proteomics 2013; 13:1660-6. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos F. Brouwers
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University, Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen W. A. Jansen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University, Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume van Niel
- Institut Curie; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche; Paris; France
| | - Marca H. Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University, Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Tom A. E. Stout
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - J. Bernd Helms
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University, Utrecht; The Netherlands
| | - Willem Stoorvogel
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University, Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Corrado C, Raimondo S, Chiesi A, Ciccia F, De Leo G, Alessandro R. Exosomes as intercellular signaling organelles involved in health and disease: basic science and clinical applications. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:5338-66. [PMID: 23466882 PMCID: PMC3634447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14035338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell to cell communication is essential for the coordination and proper organization of different cell types in multicellular systems. Cells exchange information through a multitude of mechanisms such as secreted growth factors and chemokines, small molecules (peptides, ions, bioactive lipids and nucleotides), cell-cell contact and the secretion of extracellular matrix components. Over the last few years, however, a considerable amount of experimental evidence has demonstrated the occurrence of a sophisticated method of cell communication based on the release of specialized membranous nano-sized vesicles termed exosomes. Exosome biogenesis involves the endosomal compartment, the multivesicular bodies (MVB), which contain internal vesicles packed with an extraordinary set of molecules including enzymes, cytokines, nucleic acids and different bioactive compounds. In response to stimuli, MVB fuse with the plasma membrane and vesicles are released in the extracellular space where they can interact with neighboring cells and directly induce a signaling pathway or affect the cellular phenotype through the transfer of new receptors or even genetic material. This review will focus on exosomes as intercellular signaling organelles involved in a number of physiological as well as pathological processes and their potential use in clinical diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Corrado
- Department of Biopathology and Biomedical and Forensic Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy; E-Mails: (C.C.); (S.R.); (G.D.L.)
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Biopathology and Biomedical and Forensic Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy; E-Mails: (C.C.); (S.R.); (G.D.L.)
| | | | - Francesco Ciccia
- Department of Internal and Specialistic Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90129, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Giacomo De Leo
- Department of Biopathology and Biomedical and Forensic Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy; E-Mails: (C.C.); (S.R.); (G.D.L.)
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biopathology and Biomedical and Forensic Biotechnologies, Section of Biology and Genetics, Università di Palermo, Palermo 90133, Italy; E-Mails: (C.C.); (S.R.); (G.D.L.)
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Aalberts M, Sostaric E, Wubbolts R, Wauben MWM, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Gadella BM, Stout TAE, Stoorvogel W. Spermatozoa recruit prostasomes in response to capacitation induction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1834:2326-35. [PMID: 22940639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Seminal plasma contains various types of extracellular vesicles, including 'prostasomes'. Prostasomes are small vesicles secreted by prostatic epithelial cells that can be recruited by and fuse with sperm cells in response of progesterone that is released by oocyte surrounding cumulus cells. This delivers Ca(2+) signaling tools that allow the sperm cell to gain hypermotility and undergo the acrosome reaction. Conditions for binding of prostasomes to sperm cells are however unclear. We found that classically used prostasome markers are in fact heterogeneously expressed on distinct populations of small and large vesicles in seminal plasma. To study interactions between prostasomes and spermatozoa we used the stallion as a model organism. A homogeneous population of ~60nm prostasomes was first separated from larger vesicles and labeled with biotin. Binding of biotinylated prostasomes to individual live spermatozoa was then monitored by flow cytometry. Contrary to assumptions in the literature, we found that such highly purified prostasomes bound to live sperm only after capacitation had been initiated, and specifically at pH ≥7.5. Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that prostasomes bound primarily to the head of live sperm. We propose that in vivo, prostasomes may bind to sperm cells in the uterus, to be carried in association with sperm cells into oviduct and to fuse with the sperm cell only during the final approach of the oocyte. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Aalberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Aalberts M, van Dissel-Emiliani FMF, van Adrichem NPH, van Wijnen M, Wauben MHM, Stout TAE, Stoorvogel W. Identification of distinct populations of prostasomes that differentially express prostate stem cell antigen, annexin A1, and GLIPR2 in humans. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:82. [PMID: 22133690 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.095760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to sperm cells, seminal fluid contains various small membranous vesicles. These include prostasomes, membrane vesicles secreted by prostate epithelial cells. Prostasomes have been proposed to perform a variety of functions, including modulation of (immune) cell activity within the female reproductive tract and stimulation of sperm motility and capacitation. How prostasomes mediate such diverse functions, however, remains unclear. In many studies, vesicles from the seminal plasma have been categorized collectively as a single population of prostasomes; in fact, they more likely represent a heterogeneous mixture of vesicles produced by different reproductive glands and secretory mechanisms. We here characterized membranous vesicles from seminal fluid obtained from vasectomized men, thereby excluding material from the testes or epididymides. Two distinct populations of vesicles with characteristic sizes (56 ± 13 nm vs. 105 ± 25 nm) but similar equilibrium buoyant density (∼1.15 g/ml) could be separated by using the distinct rates with which they floated into sucrose gradients. Both types of vesicle resembled exosomes in terms of their buoyant density, size, and the presence of the ubiquitous exosome marker CD9. The protein GLIPR2 was found to be specifically enriched in the lumen of the smaller vesicles, while annexin A1 was uniquely associated with the surface of the larger vesicles. Prostate stem-cell antigen (PSCA), a prostate-specific protein, was present on both populations, thereby confirming their origin. PSCA was, however, absent from membrane vesicles in the seminal fluid of some donors, indicating heterogeneity of prostasome characteristics between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Aalberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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DelaRosa O, Sánchez-Correa B, Morgado S, Ramírez C, del Río B, Menta R, Lombardo E, Tarazona R, Casado JG. Human adipose-derived stem cells impair natural killer cell function and exhibit low susceptibility to natural killer-mediated lysis. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1333-43. [PMID: 21867426 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) have been successfully used in treating numerous diseases. However, several aspects need to be considered, particularly in the context of allogeneic cell therapy. To better understand hASCs-host interactions, we studied the phenotype of hASCs and their modulatory effect on natural killer (NK) cells by using bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) as a reference. The hASCs displayed a lower susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis and a lower expression of ligands for DNAM-1 when compared with hBM-MSCs. Moreover, here we demonstrated that hASCs and hBM-MSCs can modulate NK cells through the action of soluble factors such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Altogether, these results suggest that for an adoptive cell therapy based on the transfer of allogeneic hASCs, the NK-hASCs crosstalk will not result in an immediate recognition of the transferred cells. Thus, hASCs may remain in the tissue long enough to balance the immune response before being cleared.
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Bobrie A, Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Exosome Secretion: Molecular Mechanisms and Roles in Immune Responses. Traffic 2011; 12:1659-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bronson R. Biology of the Male Reproductive Tract: Its Cellular and Morphological Considerations. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 65:212-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Bostik P, Takahashi Y, Mayne AE, Ansari AA. Innate immune natural killer cells and their role in HIV and SIV infection. HIV THERAPY 2010; 4:483-504. [PMID: 20730028 PMCID: PMC2922771 DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The findings that early events during HIV-1 and SIV infection of Asian rhesus macaques dictate the levels of viremia and rate of disease progression prior to the establishment of mature and effective adaptive immune responses strongly suggest an important role for innate immune mechanisms. In addition, the fact that the major target of HIV and SIV during this period of acute infection is the gastrointestinal tissue suggests that whatever role the innate immune system plays must either directly and/or indirectly focus on the GI tract. The object of this article is to provide a general overview of the innate immune system with a focus on natural killer (NK) cells and their role in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infection. The studies summarized include our current understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity, the putative functions ascribed to the subsets, the maturation/differentiation of NK cells, the mechanisms by which their function is mediated and regulated, the studies of these NK-cell subsets, with a focus on killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in nonhuman primates and humans, and finally, how HIV and SIV infection affects these NK cells in vivo. Clearly much has yet to be learnt on how the innate immune system influences the interaction between lentiviruses and the host within the GI tract, knowledge of which is reasoned to be critical for the formulation of effective vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bostik
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense & Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles University School of Medicine, Hradec-Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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