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Arbildi P, Muniz-Lagos AC, Fernández E, Giorgi R, Wiater K, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Fernández V. Immunization with a Mu-class glutathione transferase from Echinococcus granulosus induces efficient antibody responses and confers long-term protection against secondary cystic echinococcosis. Microbes Infect 2024:105364. [PMID: 38777107 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, a zoonosis caused by cestodes belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) genetic complex, affects humans and diverse livestock species. Although a veterinary vaccine exhibiting high levels of antibody-mediated protection has successfully reached the market, the large genetic diversity among parasite isolates and their particular host preferences, makes still necessary the search for novel vaccine candidates. Glutathione transferases (GSTs) constitute attractive targets for immunoprophylaxis due to their outstanding relevance in helminth detoxification processes, against both exogenous and endogenous stressors. Among the six GSTs known to be expressed in E. granulosus s.l., EgGST1 (Mu-class), EgGST2 (Sigma-class), and EgGST3 (a still non-classifiable isoenzyme), show the highest proteomic expression. Therefore, their recombinant forms -rEgGST1, rEgGST2 and rEgGST3- were herein analyzed regarding their potential to induce long-term antiparasite protection in mice. Only immunization with rEgGST1 induced long-lasting protection; and accordingly, rEgGST1-specific antibodies enhanced the parasite killing through both the classical activation of the host complement system and the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by macrophages. These results support further testing of rEgGST1 as a vaccine candidate in diverse hosts due to the broad expression of EgGST1 in different parasite stages and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Arbildi
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Clara Muniz-Lagos
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eugenia Fernández
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rosina Giorgi
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kai Wiater
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Verónica Fernández
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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2
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García-Luna J, Rivero-Osorio F, González-Porcile MC, Arbildi P, Miles S, Magnone J, Velasco-De-Andrés M, Dematteis S, Lozano F, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Recombinant CD5 and CD6 Ectodomains Induce Antiparasitic and Immunomodulatory Effects in Secondary Cystic Echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13034. [PMID: 38625016 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Scavenger receptors participate in a wide range of biological functions after binding to multiple non-self or altered self-ligands. Among them, CD5 and CD6 are lymphocyte scavenger receptors known to interact with different microbial-associated molecular patterns, and the administration of the recombinant soluble ectodomains of human CD5 (rshCD5) and/or CD6 (rshCD6) has shown therapeutic/prophylactic potential in experimental models of fungal, bacterial and echinococcal infections. The latter is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, which in humans can induce secondary cystic echinococcosis (CE) after the spillage of protoscoleces contained within fertile cysts, either spontaneously or during surgical removal of primary hydatid cysts. Herein, we have analysed the mechanisms behind the significant protection observed in the mouse model of secondary CE following prophylactic administration of rshCD5 or rshCD6. Our results show that both molecules exhibit intrinsic antiparasitic activities in vitro, as well as immunomodulatory functions during early secondary CE, mainly through Th1/Th17 cytokine bias and promotion of peritoneal polyreactive antibodies. These data support the relevance of the parasite components bound by rshCD5 and rshCD6, as well as the potential of their prophylactic administration as a useful strategy to reduce secondary CE in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín García-Luna
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Rivero-Osorio
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Clara González-Porcile
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula Arbildi
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Magnone
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Velasco-De-Andrés
- Group of Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Group of Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facltuat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene 'Prof. Arnoldo Berta', Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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González-Porcile MC, Muniz-Lagos AC, Cucher MA, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Mouse model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 185:115-136. [PMID: 38556444 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.), a genetic complex composed of five species: E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.), E. equinus, E. ortleppi, E. canadensis, and E. felidis. The parasite requires two mammalian hosts to complete its life cycle: a definitive host (mainly dogs) harboring the adult parasite in its intestines, and an intermediate host (mostly farm and wild ungulates) where hydatid cysts develop mainly in the liver and lungs. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts, being susceptible to either primary or secondary forms of CE; the first one due to the ingestion of oncospheres, and the second one because of the spillage of protoscoleces (PSC) contained within a primary cyst. Secondary CE is a serious medical problem, and can be modeled in immunocompetent mice (a non-natural intermediate host) through the intraperitoneal inoculation of viable PSC from E. granulosus s. l. This model is useful to study not only the immunobiology of CE, but also to test new chemotherapeutics or therapeutical protocols, to explore novel vaccine candidates, and to evaluate alternative diagnostic and/or follow-up tools. The mouse model of secondary CE involves two sequential stages: an early stage of parasite pre-encystment (PSC develop into hydatid cysts in the peritoneal cavity of mice), and a late or chronic stage of parasite post-encystment (already differentiated cysts slowly grow during the whole host lifespan). This model is a time-consuming infection, whose outcome depends on several factors like the parasite infective dose, the mouse strain, and the parasite species/genotype. Thus, such variables should always be adjusted according to the research objectives. Herein, the general materials and procedures needed to establish secondary CE in mice are described, as well as several useful tips and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clara González-Porcile
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Clara Muniz-Lagos
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcela Alejandra Cucher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Research on Microbiology and Medical Parasitology (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (DEPBIO), Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Unidad Asociada de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Higiene "Prof. Arnoldo Berta", Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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4
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Yan M, Liu H, Su Y, Bi X, Yang N, Lin R, Lü G. Inhibition of AMPK activation in Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto limits the parasite's glucose metabolism and survival. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0120223. [PMID: 38349157 PMCID: PMC10916388 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01202-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by larvae of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster. There is an urgent need to develop new drug targets and drug molecules to treat CE. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase consisting of α, β, and γ subunits, plays a key role in the regulation of energy metabolism. However, the role of AMPK in regulating glucose metabolism in E. granulosus s.l. and its effects on parasite viability is unknown. In this study, we found that targeted knockdown of EgAMPKα or a small-molecule AMPK inhibitor inhibited the viability of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) and disrupted the ultrastructure. The results of in vivo experiments showed that the AMPK inhibitor had a significant therapeutic effect on E. granulosus s.s.-infected mice and resulted in the loss of cellular structures of the germinal layer. In addition, the inhibition of the EgAMPK/EgGLUT1 pathway limited glucose uptake and glucose metabolism functions in E. granulosus s.s.. Overall, our results suggest that EgAMPK can be a potential drug target for CE and that inhibition of EgAMPK activation is an effective strategy for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yansen Su
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
- Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Ye C, Zhang L, Tang L, Duan Y, Liu J, Zhou H. Host genetic backgrounds: the key to determining parasite-host adaptation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1228206. [PMID: 37637465 PMCID: PMC10449477 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1228206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases pose a significant threat to global public health, particularly in developing countries. Host genetic factors play a crucial role in determining susceptibility and resistance to infection. Recent advances in molecular and biological technologies have enabled significant breakthroughs in understanding the impact of host genes on parasite adaptation. In this comprehensive review, we analyze the host genetic factors that influence parasite adaptation, including hormones, nitric oxide, immune cells, cytokine gene polymorphisms, parasite-specific receptors, and metabolites. We also establish an interactive network to better illustrate the complex relationship between host genetic factors and parasite-host adaptation. Additionally, we discuss future directions and collaborative research priorities in the parasite-host adaptation field, including investigating the impact of host genes on the microbiome, developing more sophisticated models, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific receptors, utilizing patient-derived sera as diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and developing novel treatments and management strategies targeting specific host genetic factors. This review highlights the need for a comprehensive and systematic approach to investigating the underlying mechanisms of parasite-host adaptation, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations among biologists, geneticists, immunologists, and clinicians. By deepening our understanding of the complex interactions between host genetics and parasite adaptation, we can develop more effective and targeted interventions to prevent and treat parasitic diseases. Overall, this review provides a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians working in the parasitology field and offers insights into the future directions of this critical research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Ye
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Yunyang Women and Children’s Hospital (Yunyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Surgery, Yunyang Women and Children’s Hospital (Yunyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Lili Tang
- The 3rd Affiliated Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Affiliated Tumor Hospital), Urumqi, China
| | - Yongjun Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yunyang Women and Children’s Hospital (Yunyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital), Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Barrios AA, Mouhape C, Schreiber L, Zhang L, Nell J, Suárez-Martins M, Schlapp G, Meikle MN, Mulet AP, Hsu TL, Hsieh SL, Mourglia-Ettlin G, González C, Crispo M, Barth TFE, Casaravilla C, Jenkins SJ, Díaz Á. Mucins Shed from the Laminated Layer in Cystic Echinococcosis Are Captured by Kupffer Cells via the Lectin Receptor Clec4F. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0003123. [PMID: 37162364 PMCID: PMC10269144 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00031-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is caused by the larval stages (hydatids) of cestode parasites belonging to the species cluster Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, with E. granulosus sensu stricto being the main infecting species. Hydatids are bladderlike structures that attain large sizes within various internal organs of livestock ungulates and humans. Hydatids are protected by the massive acellular laminated layer (LL), composed mainly of mucins. Parasite growth requires LL turnover, and abundant LL-derived particles are found at infection sites in infected humans, raising the question of how LL materials are dealt with by the hosts. In this article, we show that E. granulosus sensu stricto LL mucins injected into mice are taken up by Kupffer cells, the liver macrophages exposed to the vascular space. This uptake is largely dependent on the intact mucin glycans and on Clec4F, a C-type lectin receptor which, in rodents, is selectively expressed in Kupffer cells. This uptake mechanism operates on mucins injected both in soluble form intravenously (i.v.) and in particulate form intraperitoneally (i.p.). In mice harboring intraperitoneal infections by the same species, LL mucins were found essentially only at the infection site and in the liver, where they were taken up by Kupffer cells via Clec4F. Therefore, shed LL materials circulate in the host, and Kupffer cells can act as a sink for these materials, even when the parasite grows in sites other than the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella A. Barrios
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camila Mouhape
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Linyun Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juliane Nell
- Institute of Pathology, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mariana Suárez-Martins
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Geraldine Schlapp
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Noel Meikle
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Paula Mulet
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tsui-Ling Hsu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Martina Crispo
- Unidad de Biotecnología en Animales de Laboratorio, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Cecilia Casaravilla
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Stephen J. Jenkins
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Cátedra de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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7
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Miles S, Velasco-de-Andrés M, Lozano F, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Interactome analysis of CD5 and CD6 ectodomains with tegumental antigens from the helminth parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3718-3728. [PMID: 32891642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a cestode parasite affecting both human and livestock health. Recombinant ectodomains of human scavenger receptors CD5 (rshCD5) and CD6 (rshCD6) were previously reported to bind its tegumental antigens and to exert prophylactic effects in a murine model of infection. Although the properties of mammalian scavenger receptors include the binding to diverse pathogen-derived structures, their interaction with helminth parasites has been scarcely explored. Therefore, we report here a search for CD5 and CD6 interactors within E. granulosus s.l. antigens. Mass spectrometry analysis of pull-downs from soluble tegumental components with biotinylated rshCD5 and rshCD6 resulted in 17 and 11 overrepresented interactors, respectively, 8 of which were shared. The interactors included previously reported protective molecules against E. granulosus s.l. and/or other helminths. Similar studies performed with 11-mer peptides mapping to each of the three extracellular scavenger domains of CD5 and CD6 allowed an estimated molecular topology of the interactions. In conclusion, the fact that most helminth interactors identified for rshCD5 and rshCD6 were already reported as vaccine candidates or pharmacological targets against different helminthiases, supports the view that their beneficial effects in experimental infection results from binding to multiple relevant tegumental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Velasco-de-Andrés
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Servei d'Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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8
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García-Luna J, Magnone J, Miles S, López-Santurio C, Dematteis S, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Polyreactive antibodies as potential humoral biomarkers of host resistance to cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12802. [PMID: 33098129 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyreactive antibodies (pAb) bind to a broad range of unrelated structures, providing hosts with functional components able to rapidly recognize and protect against different pathogens. However, their roles against helminth parasites are still unexplored. Here, pAb profiles were analysed in cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Levels of anti-DNP (2,4-dinitrophenyl-hapten) antibodies were measured as a surrogate parameter of pAb in different biological settings. Firstly, levels of serum and peritoneal pAb were measured during early experimental secondary CE, using both high (Balb/c) and low (C57Bl/6) susceptible mouse strains. Serum pAb mostly differed in normal mice, being pAb levels of IgG subclasses with poor anti-parasite activities predominant in Balb/c animals. Conversely, peritoneal pAb isotypes/subclasses with efficient anti-parasite activities predominated in normal and infected C57Bl/6 mice. Secondly, sera from potentially resistant patients, susceptible individuals and healthy donors were analysed, showing higher pAb levels of the IgA and IgG-particularly IgG1-isotypes in potentially resistant individuals compared to control groups. Finally, since remarkable differences were observed in pAb profiles according to the intrinsic host susceptibility to the infection, we proposed here that pAb might be considered as potential humoral biomarkers for host resistance to CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín García-Luna
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Magnone
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Camila López-Santurio
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
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9
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Miles S, Magnone J, Cyrklaff M, Arbildi P, Frischknecht F, Dematteis S, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Linking murine resistance to secondary cystic echinococcosis with antibody responses targeting Echinococcus granulosus tegumental antigens. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151916. [PMID: 32107022 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Successful establishment of a parasite infection depends partially on the host intrinsic susceptibility to the pathogen. In cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus, the infection outcome in the murine model of secondary CE varies according to the mouse strain used. In this regard, intrinsic differences in susceptibility to the infection were previously reported for Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice, being C57Bl/6 animals less permissive to secondary CE. Induction of parasite-specific antibodies has been suggested to play relevant roles in such susceptibility/resistance phenomena. Here, we report an in deep comparison of antibody responses induced in both mouse strains. Firstly, only C57Bl/6 mice were shown to induce specific-antibodies with efficient anti-parasite activities during early secondary CE. Then, through ImmunoTEM and Serological Proteome Analysis (SERPA), an evaluation of specific antibody responses targeting parasite tegumental antigens was performed. Both strategies showed that infected C57Bl/6 mice -unlike Balb/c animals- narrowed their IgG recognition repertoire against tegumental antigens, targeting fewer but potentially more relevant parasite components. In this sense, tegumental antigens recognition between Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice, either by natural and/or induced antibodies, was analyzed through SERPA and MALDI-TOF/TOF studies. A total of 13 differentially recognized proteins (DRPs) uniquely targeted by antibodies from C57Bl/6 mice were successfully identified, wherein a subset of 7 DRPs were only recognized by infection-induced antibodies, suggesting their potential as natural protective antigens. In this regard, immunoinformatic analyses showed that such DRPs exhibited higher numbers of possible T cell epitopes towards the H-2-IAb haplotype, which is present in C57Bl/6 mice but absent in Balb/c animals. In summary, our results showed that the genetic predisposition to generate better T-dependent antibody responses against particular tegumental antigens might be a key factor influencing host susceptibility in the murine model of secondary CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB - Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Javier Magnone
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB - Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula Arbildi
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB - Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB - Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB - Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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10
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Li Z, Zhang C, Li L, Bi X, Li L, Yang S, Zhang N, Wang H, Yang N, Abulizi A, Aini A, Lin R, Vuitton DA, Wen H. The local immune response during Echinococcus granulosus growth in a quantitative hepatic experimental model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19612. [PMID: 31873157 PMCID: PMC6928226 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The local immune mechanisms responsible for the establishment and development of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto infection in the liver, have been little explored. We developed a suitable experimental model that mimics naturally infected livers using portal injection of protoscoleces. Opposite to Echinococcus multilocularis infection which is dose-dependent, fully mature hydatid cysts can be established in the liver whatever the injection dose; although most of the infection sites were seen at the establishment phase as inflammatory granulomas associated with fibrosis, they never matured into cysts. At the establishment phase, a strong immune response was composed of T and B cells, with T1-type, T2-type cells and cytokines and IL-10-secreting CD8+ T cells in the liver. At the established phase, results suggested a local production of antibodies by B cells, and an involvement of NK and NKT cells. Infection outcome and local immune response in the liver, were different in the mouse models of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus multilocularis respectively; however, only early specificities at the microenvironment level might explain the major differences found between the lesions induced by the two species. Our quantitative experimental model appears fully appropriate to further study this microenvironment and its relationship with each cestode species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhide Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Basic Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- Chronic Disease Laboratory, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Abuduaini Abulizi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Abudusalamu Aini
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.,Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Renyong Lin
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dominique A Vuitton
- French National Reference Center for Echinococcosis, Department of Parasitology, University Hospital, Besançon, France.,University Bourgogne Franche-Comté (EA 3181), Besançon, France
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. .,Department of Hepatic Hydatid and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Digestive and Vascular Surgery Centre, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China. .,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, and WHO-Collaborating Center on Prevention and Care Management of Echinococcosis, Clinical Research Institute, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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11
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Sun X, Liu C, Shi Y, Li C, Sun L, Hou L, Wang X. The assessment of xenogeneic bone immunotoxicity and risk management study. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:108. [PMID: 31727050 PMCID: PMC6857292 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Xenogeneic bone has been widely used in a variety of clinical bone-related disease to promote bone healing and restore bone defects. However, the adverse effects of immune system limit its application in the clinic. The aim of this study was to evaluate xenogeneic bone safety of immunotoxicity and explore the methods for immune risk supervision. Results Xenogeneic bone, which is freeze-dried bovine cancellous bone, was implanted into the muscle of mice. On day 7, 14 and 28, the effects of xenogeneic bone were examined on humoral immunity and cellular immunity, including the levels of IgG, IgM, C3, inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the lymphocyte phenotype. The data showed that xenogeneic bone implantation had no potential to induce immune responses not only in humoral immunity but also in cellular immunity. To reveal the risk of immunogenicity, the residual DNA and the clearance of α-gal epitope were analyzed in 2 different bones (bone 1 is deproteinized bone, bone 2 is acellular and defatted bone). It was suggested that DNA of xenogeneic bone can be limited to < 50 ng per mg dry weight for the repair or regeneration with the acceptable immune risk. And α-gal clearance of xenogeneic bone could be an effective risk factor for improving xenograft quality management. Conclusions Through the detection of xenogeneic bone immunotoxicity, our findings indicated that the supervisions of risk factors could contribute to reduce the immune risk. And the risk factors under the acceptable limitation could decrease or replace animal experiment. However, it still needs to be studied on the limitation of α-gal epitope to predict rejection of xenogeneic bone more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chenghu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Shi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Likui Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hou
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biological Evaluation for Medical Devices, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Quality Inspection Center for Medical Devices, No. 15166 Century Avenue, Jinan H-T Industrial Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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12
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Barrios AA, Grezzi L, Miles S, Mariconti M, Mourglia-Ettlin G, Seoane PI, Díaz A. Inefficient and abortive classical complement pathway activation by the calcium inositol hexakisphosphate component of the Echinococcus granulosus laminated layer. Immunobiology 2019; 224:710-719. [PMID: 31178241 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent extracellular tissue-dwelling pathogens face the challenge of antibody-dependent activation of the classical complement pathway (CCP). A prime example of this situation is the larva of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, causing cystic echinococcosis. This tissue-dwelling, bladder-like larva is bounded by a cellular layer protected by the outermost acellular "laminated layer" (LL), to which host antibodies bind. The LL is made up of a mucin meshwork and interspersed nano-deposits of calcium inositol hexakisphosphate (calcium InsP6). We previously reported that calcium InsP6 bound C1q, apparently initiating CCP activation. The present work dissects CCP activation on the LL. Most of the C1 binding activity in the LL corresponded to calcium InsP6, and this binding was enhanced by partial proteolysis of the mucin meshwork. The remaining C1 binding activity was attributable to host antibodies, which included CCP-activating IgG isotypes. Calcium InsP6 made only a weak contribution to early CCP activation on the LL, suggesting inefficient C1 complex activation as reported for other polyanions. CCP activation on calcium InsP6 gave rise to a dominant population of C3b deposited onto calcium InsP6 itself that appeared to be quickly inactivated. Apparently as a result of inefficient initiation plus C3b inactivation, calcium InsP6 made no net contribution to C5 activation. We propose that the LL protects the underlying parasite cells from CCP activation through the combined effects of inefficient permeation of C1 through the mucins and C1 retention on calcium InsP6. This mechanism does not result in C5 activation, which is known to drive parasite-damaging inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabella A Barrios
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Leticia Grezzi
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián Miles
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mara Mariconti
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Paula I Seoane
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alvaro Díaz
- Área/Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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13
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Miles S, Portela M, Cyrklaff M, Ancarola ME, Frischknecht F, Durán R, Dematteis S, Mourglia-Ettlin G. Combining proteomics and bioinformatics to explore novel tegumental antigens as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus infection. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:15320-15336. [PMID: 31038784 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the parasite responsible for cystic echinococcosis (CE), an important worldwide-distributed zoonosis. New effective vaccines against CE could potentially have great economic and health benefits. Here, we describe an innovative vaccine design scheme starting from an antigenic fraction enriched in tegumental antigens from the protoscolex stage (termed PSEx) already known to induce protection against CE. We first used mass spectrometry to characterize the protein composition of PSEx followed by Gene Ontology analysis to study the potential Biological Processes, Molecular Functions, and Cellular Localizations of the identified proteins. Following, antigenicity predictions and determination of conservancy degree against other organisms were determined. Thus, nine novel proteins were identified as potential vaccine candidates. Furthermore, linear B cell epitopes free of posttranslational modifications were predicted in the whole PSEx proteome through colocalization of in silico predicted epitopes within peptide fragments identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-TOF/TOF. Resulting peptides were termed "clean linear B cell epitopes," and through BLASTp scanning against all nonhelminth proteins, those with 100% identity against any other protein were discarded. Then, the secondary structure was predicted for peptides and their corresponding proteins. Peptides with highly similar secondary structure respect to their parental protein were selected, and those potentially toxic and/or allergenic were discarded. Finally, the selected clean linear B cell epitopes were mapped within their corresponding 3D-modeled protein to analyze their possible antibody accessibilities, resulting in 14 putative peptide vaccine candidates. We propose nine novel proteins and 14 peptides to be further tested as vaccine candidates against CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madelón Portela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo and IIBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marek Cyrklaff
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María Eugenia Ancarola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosario Durán
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo and IIBCE, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, DEPBIO/IQB, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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14
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Han L, Meng M, Guo M, Cheng D, Shi L, Wang X, Wang C. Immunomodulatory activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from highland barley on immunosuppressive mice models. Food Funct 2019; 10:304-314. [PMID: 30574978 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01991f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble polysaccharide (BP-1) was extracted and purified from highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its average molecular weight was about 6.7 × 104 Da. In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of BP-1 on the immunosuppressive BALB/c mice model and its molecular mechanism were elucidated. It was found that the weight indexes of spleen and thymus were significantly increased by BP-1 (80 mg kg-1 and 160 mg kg-1) treatment in the immunosuppressive mice model. The results showed that BP-1 (80 mg kg-1 and 160 mg kg-1) could significantly increase the number of bone marrow cells (BMC) and peripheral blood white blood cells (WBC) in the immunosuppressive mice model. In addition, the result further confirmed that BP-1 could increase the serum levels of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ, so as to improve the immune function of immunosuppressive mice. The results showed that BP-1 (80 mg kg-1 and 160 mg kg-1) could promote the proliferation of spleen cells and the natural killer (NK) cell activity in vivo. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and ELISA results revealed that BP-1 (80 mg kg-1 and 160 mg kg-1) could enhance the production of IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IgG and IgM in the spleen of immunosuppressive mice. The HE (hematoxylin and eosin) stained histopathological images showed that BP-1 (80 mg kg-1 and 160 mg kg-1) could repair the damage induced by CTX in the spleen cells of immunosuppressive mice. The result of macrophages showed that BP-1 (80 mg kg-1 and 160 mg kg-1) could promote the proliferation and phagocytosis activity of macrophages in immunosuppressive mice. Furthermore, BP-1 could activate macrophages by the TLR-4, TRAF6, TAK1 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 pathways in vivo. These results suggested that BP-1 has a remarkable immunomodulatory activity on the immunosuppressive mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety", Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, People Republic of China.
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15
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Mourglia-Ettlin G, Miles S, Velasco-De-Andrés M, Armiger-Borràs N, Cucher M, Dematteis S, Lozano F. The ectodomains of the lymphocyte scavenger receptors CD5 and CD6 interact with tegumental antigens from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and protect mice against secondary cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006891. [PMID: 30500820 PMCID: PMC6267981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scavenger Receptors (SRs) from the host’s innate immune system are known to bind multiple ligands to promote the removal of non-self or altered-self targets. CD5 and CD6 are two highly homologous class I SRs mainly expressed on all T cells and the B1a cell subset, and involved in the fine tuning of activation and differentiation signals delivered by the antigen-specific receptors (TCR and BCR, respectively), to which they physically associate. Additionally, CD5 and CD6 have been shown to interact with and sense the presence of conserved pathogen-associated structures from bacteria, fungi and/or viruses. Methodology/Principal findings We report herein the interaction of CD5 and CD6 lymphocyte surface receptors with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Binding studies show that both soluble and membrane-bound forms of CD5 and CD6 bind to intact viable protoscoleces from E. granulosus s.l. through recognition of metaperiodate-resistant tegumental components. Proteomic analyses allowed identification of thioredoxin peroxidase for CD5, and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (cyclophilin) and endophilin B1 (antigen P-29) for CD6, as their potential interactors. Further in vitro assays demonstrate that membrane-bound or soluble CD5 and CD6 forms differentially modulate the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release induced following peritoneal cells exposure to E. granulosus s.l. tegumental components. Importantly, prophylactic infusion of soluble CD5 or CD6 significantly ameliorated the infection outcome in the mouse model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, the results expand the pathogen binding properties of CD5 and CD6 and provide novel evidence for their therapeutic potential in human cystic echinococcosis. Scavenger Receptors (SRs) are constituents of host’s innate immune system able to sense and remove altered-self and/or pathogen components. Data on their interaction with helminth parasites is scarce. In this work, we describe that CD5 and CD6 -two lymphoid SRs previously reported to interact with conserved structures from bacteria, fungi and viruses- recognize tegumental components in the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.). Moreover, both receptors differentially modulate the cytokine release by host cells exposed to E. granulosus s.l. tegumental components. Importantly, the infusion of soluble forms of CD5 or CD6 improve infection outcomes in a murine model of secondary cystic echinococcosis. In summary, our results expand the pathogen binding properties of CD5 and CD6 and suggest their therapeutic potential against helminth infections.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CD5 Antigens/genetics
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Echinococcosis/genetics
- Echinococcosis/metabolism
- Echinococcosis/parasitology
- Echinococcus granulosus/genetics
- Echinococcus granulosus/metabolism
- Female
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Binding
- Proteomics
- Receptors, Scavenger/genetics
- Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (GM-E); (FL)
| | - Sebastián Miles
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Velasco-De-Andrés
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Área Inmunología, Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias, DEPBIO/IQB, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Servei d’Immunologia, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (GM-E); (FL)
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Bao J, Zheng H, Wang Y, Zheng X, He L, Qi W, Wang T, Guo B, Guo G, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Li J, McManus DP. Echinococcus granulosus Infection Results in an Increase in Eisenbergiella and Parabacteroides Genera in the Gut of Mice. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2890. [PMID: 30555437 PMCID: PMC6281689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. To confirm whether the infection impacts on the gut microbiota, we established a mouse model of E. granulosus infection in this study whereby BALB/c mice were infected with micro-cysts of E. granulosus. After 4 months of infection, fecal samples were collected for high-throughput sequencing of the hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequence analysis revealed a total of 13,353 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with only 40.6% of the OTUs having genera reference information and 101 of the OTUs were significantly increased in infected mice. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the common core microbiota were not significantly changed at family level. However, two genera (Eisenbergiella and Parabacteroides) were enriched in the infected mice (P AMOV A < 0.05) at genus level. Functional analysis indicated that seven pathways were altered in the E. granulosus Infection Group compared with the Uninfected Group. Spearman correlation analysis showed strong correlations of IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a with nine major genera. E. granulosus cyst infection may change the gut microbiota which may be associated with metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Huajun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuezhu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, SIPPR, IRD, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Tian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Immunization of mice with egG1Y162-1/2 provides protection against Echinococcus granulosus infection in BALB/c mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:183-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Hui W, Jiang S, Liu X, Ban Q, Chen S, Jia B. Gene Expression Profile in the Liver of Sheep Infected with Cystic Echinococcosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160000. [PMID: 27467147 PMCID: PMC4965101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), caused by infection with the Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), represents considerable health problems in both humans and livestock. Nevertheless, the genetic program that regulates the host response to E. granulosus infection is largely unknown. Previously, using microarray analysis, we found that the innate immunity played a vital role in the E. granulosus defense of the intestine tissue where E. granulosus first invaded. Subsequently, we turned our attention to investigating the molecular immune mechanism in its organ target, the liver, which is where the E. granulosus metacestodes are established and live for very long periods. In this work, the microarray-based methodology was used to study gene expression profiles in the liver of sheep infected with E. granulosus at 8 weeks post infection, corresponding to the early cystic established phase. Methods A total of 6 female-1-year-old healthy Kazakh sheep were used for the experiments. Three Kazakh sheep were orally infected with E. granulosus eggs, and the others remained untreated and served as controls. Sheep were humanely euthanized and necropsized at 8 weeks post-infection (the early stage of cyst established). The microarray was used to detect differential hepatic gene expression between CE infection sheep and healthy controls at this time point. Real-time PCR was used to validate the microarray data. Results We found that E. granulosus infection induces 153 differentially expressed genes in the livers of infected sheep compared with healthy controls. Among them, 87 genes were up-regulated, and 66 genes were notably down-regulated. Functional analysis showed that these genes were associated with three major functional categories: (a) metabolism, (b) the immune system and (c) signaling and transport. Deeper analysis indicated that complement together with other genes associated with metabolism, played important roles in the defense of E. granulosus infection. Conclusion The present study identified genes profiling in the liver tissue of E. granulosus infection in sheep. The expression pattern obtained here could be helpful for understanding the molecular immunity mechanisms of host responses to E. granulosus infection. However, it is necessary to carry out further studies to evalute the role of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiao Hui
- Institute of Animal Husbandary and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Road Nongkenan, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianxia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Ban
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Road Jiulong, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QB); (SC); (BJ)
| | - Sheng Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandary and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Road Nongkenan, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QB); (SC); (BJ)
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QB); (SC); (BJ)
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19
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Mourglia-Ettlin G, Merlino A, Capurro R, Dematteis S. Susceptibility and resistance to Echinococcus granulosus infection: Associations between mouse strains and early peritoneal immune responses. Immunobiology 2015; 221:418-26. [PMID: 26658113 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In helminth infections, there are no easy associations between host susceptibility and immune responses. Interestingly, immunity to cestodes - unlike most helminths - seems to require Th1-type effectors. In this sense, we reported recently that Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice are high and low susceptible strains, respectively, to experimental infection by Echinococcus granulosus. However, the role of the early cellular peritoneal response in such differential susceptibility is unknown. Here, we analyzed the kinetics of cytokines expression and cellular phenotypes in peritoneal cells from infected Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice. Additionally, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were conducted to highlight the most relevant differences between strains. Finally, the anti-parasite activities of peritoneal cells were assessed through in vitro systems. PCAs clustered C57Bl/6 mice by their early mixed IL-5/TNF-α responses and less intense expression of Th2-type cytokines. Moreover, they exhibited lower counts of eosinophils and higher numbers of macrophages and B cells. Functional studies showed that peritoneal cells from infected C57Bl/6 mice displayed greater anti-parasite activities, in accordance with higher rates of NO production and more efficient ADCC responses. In conclusion, mild Th2-responses and active cellular mechanisms are key determinants in murine resistance to E. granulosus infection, supporting the cestode immune exception among helminth parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Mourglia-Ettlin
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Avda. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Alicia Merlino
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica y Computacional, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República Iguá 4225, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Rafael Capurro
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Avda. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Sylvia Dematteis
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Avda. Alfredo Navarro 3051, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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