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Shbeer AM, Ahmed Robadi I. The role of Interleukin-21 in autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms, therapeutic Implications, and future directions. Cytokine 2024; 173:156437. [PMID: 37972478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
IL-21 is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates the functional activity of various immune cells. Initial studies have shown that IL-21 can influence the differentiation, proliferation and function of T and B cells, as well as promote the maturation and increase the cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells and NK cells. During humoral immune responses, IL-21 has significant effects on B cell activation, differentiation and apoptosis. In addition, IL-21 promotes the differentiation of both naive and memory B cells, ultimately leading to the activation of plasma cells. The function of IL-21 in the immune system is complex, as it has the ability to either stimulate or inhibit immune responses. in addition, IL-21 facilitates the differentiation of naive and memory B cells into plasma cells. The functionality of IL-21 in the immune system is diverse, as it has the ability to stimulate or inhibit immune responses. This cytokine has been implicated in several diseases including cancer, allergies and autoimmune diseases. Research has suggested that this cytokine is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Several studies have suggested that inhibition of IL-21 has a therapeutic effect on autoimmune diseases. Therefore, targeting both the cytokine's receptor and IL-21 in autoimmune diseases may be an effective approach to reduce the severity of the disease or to treat it. This review will examine the biological effects of IL-21 on various immune cells and the role of the cytokine in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Shbeer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Robadi
- Department of pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Nag S, Mitra O, Tripathi G, Samanta S, Bhattacharya B, Chandane P, Mohanto S, Sundararajan V, Malik S, Rustagi S, Adhikari S, Mohanty A, León‐Figueroa DA, Rodriguez‐Morales AJ, Barboza JJ, Sah R. Exploring the theranostic potentials of miRNA and epigenetic networks in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1121. [PMID: 38156400 PMCID: PMC10755504 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune diseases (AD) are severe pathophysiological ailments that are stimulated by an exaggerated immunogenic response towards self-antigens, which can cause systemic or site-specific organ damage. An array of complex genetic and epigenetic facets majorly contributes to the progression of AD, thus providing significant insight into the regulatory mechanism of microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are short, non-coding RNAs that have been identified as essential contributors to the post-transcriptional regulation of host genome expression and as crucial regulators of a myriad of biological processes such as immune homeostasis, T helper cell differentiation, central and peripheral tolerance, and immune cell development. AIMS This article tends to deliberate and conceptualize the brief pathogenesis and pertinent epigenetic regulatory mechanism as well as miRNA networks majorly affecting five different ADs namely rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) thereby providing novel miRNA-based theranostic interventions. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Pertaining to the differential expression of miRNA attributed in target tissues and cellular bodies of innate and adaptive immunity, a paradigm of scientific expeditions suggests an optimistic correlation between immunogenic dysfunction and miRNA alterations. CONCLUSION Therefore, it is not astonishing that dysregulations in miRNA expression patterns are now recognized in a wide spectrum of disorders, establishing themselves as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Owing to its theranostic potencies, miRNA targets have been widely utilized in the development of biosensors and other therapeutic molecules originating from the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Nag
- Department of Bio‐SciencesSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
- Integrative Multiomics LabSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
| | - Oishi Mitra
- Department of Bio‐SciencesSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
- Integrative Multiomics LabSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
| | - Garima Tripathi
- Department of Bio‐SciencesSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
| | - Souvik Samanta
- Department of Bio‐SciencesSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
| | - Bikramjit Bhattacharya
- Integrative Multiomics LabSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
- Department of Applied MicrobiologyVellore Institute of Technology (VIT)Tamil NaduIndia
| | - Priti Chandane
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadTelanganaIndia
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of PharmaceuticsYenepoya Pharmacy College & Research CentreYenepoya (Deemed to be University)MangaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Vino Sundararajan
- Integrative Multiomics LabSchool of Bio‐Sciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreTamil NaduIndia
| | - Sumira Malik
- Amity Institute of BiotechnologyAmity University JharkhandRanchiJharkhandIndia
- University Centre for Research and DevelopmentUniversity of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, GharuanMohaliPunjab
| | - Sarvesh Rustagi
- School of Applied and Life SciencesUttaranchal UniversityDehradunUttarakhandIndia
| | | | - Aroop Mohanty
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyAll India Institute of Medical SciencesGorakhpurUttar PradeshIndia
| | | | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez‐Morales
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of MedicineUniversidad Científica del SurLimaPeru
- Gilbert and Rose‐Marie Chagoury School of MedicineLebanese American UniversityBeirutLebanon
| | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyInstitute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching HospitalKathmanduNepal
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyDr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneIndia
- Department of Public Health DentistryDr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil VidyapeethPuneMaharashtraIndia
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Lahmar R, Chabchoub E, Zemni R, Anis M, Ghannouchi N, Slama FBH. Interleukin-21 receptor gene polymorphism (rs2285452 A/G) is associated with susceptibility to Behçet's disease. Int J Immunogenet 2023. [PMID: 37243939 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic auto inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. Recently, the dysregulation of interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) has been incriminated in different autoimmune and auto-inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. Herein, we aimed to investigate the association of two Il-21R gene polymorphisms with BD. IL-21R rs2214537 and IL-21R rs2285452 genotypings were investigated in a cohort of 110 adult patients with BD and 116 age and gender unmatched healthy controls. Genotyping was performed by mutagenically separated polymerase chain reaction with newly designed primers. IL-21R rs2285452 genotypes and alleles distribution were statistically different between patients with BD and controls. GA and AA genotypes carrying the minor A allele were more frequent in patients with BD than in healthy controls (37.3% and 11.8% vs. 23.3% and 3.4%, respectively). The minor A allele was associated with an increased BD risk (odds ratios = 2.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.214.87, p = .005). IL-21R rs2214537 GG genotype was found to be associated with susceptibility to BD in the recessive model (GG vs. CC + CG; p = .046, OR = 1.91, 95% CI = 1.003.650. IL-21R rs2285452 and IL-21R rs2214537 were not in linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.42). The AG haplotype was more frequently observed in patients with BD than in controls (0.247 vs. 0.056, p = .0001). This study for the first time reports the association of IL-21R rs2285452 and IL-21R rs2214537 with BD. Functional studies are required to elucidate the exact role of these genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa Lahmar
- Immunogenetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Elyes Chabchoub
- Immunogenetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ramzi Zemni
- Immunogenetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mzabi Anis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Sahloul, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Neirouz Ghannouchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Farhat, Hached, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Gharibi T, Barpour N, Hosseini A, Mohammadzadeh A, Marofi F, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Nejati-Koshki K, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Safaei S, Baghbani E, Baradaran B. STA-21, a small molecule STAT3 inhibitor, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by altering Th-17/Treg balance. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110160. [PMID: 37080068 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of T helper (Th) 17 and T regulatory (reg) cells and pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines related to these cells in the pathogenesis of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). STAT3 is one of the downstream signaling proteins of IL-23, IL-6, and IL-21 that are required for Th17 cells differentiation. STA-21 is a STAT3 inhibitor that functions by inhibiting STAT3 dimerization and binding to DNA impairing the expression of STAT3 target genes including, RORγt, IL-21 and IL-23R that are also required for Th17 cell differentiation. AIM In this study, we evaluated the effect of STA-21 on EAE Model and investigated how this small molecule can change Th17/Treg balance leading to amelioration of disease. METHODS After EAE induction and treatment with STA-21, its effects were assessed. Major assays were H&E and LFB staining, Flow cytometric analysis, Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and ELISA. RESULTS STA-21 ameliorated the EAE severity and decreased the EAE inflammation and demyelination. It also decreased STAT3 phosphorylation, the proportion of Th17 cells and the protein level of IL-17. In contrast, the balance of Tregs and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 increased in STA-21-treated mice. Moreover, STA-21 significantly decreased the expression of Th17 related transcription factors, RORɣt and IL-23R while FOXP3 expression associated with Treg differentiation was increased. CONCLUSION This study showed that STA-21 has therapeutic effects in EAE by reducing inflammation and shifting inflammatory immune responses to anti-inflammatory and can be used as a suitable treatment strategy for the treatment of EAE. The effectiveness of inhibiting or strengthening the functional cells of the immune system by these small molecules in terms of easy to access, simple construction and inexpensive expansion make them as a suitable tool for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nesa Barpour
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Meghdad Abdollahpour-Alitappeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran; Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Sahar Safaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Baghbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Carreño-Saavedra NM, Reyes-Pérez IV, Machado-Sulbaran AC, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Ramírez-Dueñas MG, Muñoz-Valle JF, Olaya-Valdiviezo V, García-Iglesias T, Martínez-García EA, Sánchez-Hernández PE. IL-21 (rs2055979 and rs2221903)/ IL-21R (rs3093301) Polymorphism and High Levels of IL-21 Are Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mexican Patients. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040878. [PMID: 37107636 PMCID: PMC10137781 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is characterized by joint destruction, chronic inflammation, and autoantibody production. IL-21/IL-21R plays an essential role in the immunopathology of RA. Elevated IL-21 serum levels have been associated with RA and disease activity. Here, we evaluated the association of IL-21/IL-21R polymorphisms and IL-21 serum levels with RA. The study included 275 RA patients and 280 Control subjects (CSs). Single nucleotide polymorphisms IL-21 (rs2055979 and rs2221903) and IL-21R (rs3093301) were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. Clinical activity was evaluated by DAS28-ESR; IL-21 and anti-CCP serum levels were quantified by ELISA. The IL-21 rs2055979 AA genotype was higher in RA patients than in the CS group (p = 0.0216, OR = 1.761, 95% CI = 1.085-2.859); furthermore, RA patients showed anti-CCP elevated levels compared to the CA genotype (p = 0.0296). The IL21R rs3093301 AA genotype was also higher in RA patients than in the CS group (p = 0.0122, OR = 1.965, 95% CI = 1.153-3.348). The AT haplotypes of IL-21 rs2055979 and rs2221903 were more frequent (49%) in the RA group (p = 0.006). IL-21 serum levels were significantly elevated in the RA group, but without an association with IL-21 polymorphisms. In conclusion, IL-21 rs2255979 and IL-21R rs3093301 are associated with a higher risk of RA, and could be a genetic marker. Moreover, the elevated IL-21 levels in RA suggest that IL-21/IL-21R could be a therapeutic target in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Magdalena Carreño-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Clínicas Médicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Itzel Viridiana Reyes-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Andrea Carolina Machado-Sulbaran
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Cuerpo Académico UDG-CA-1135 "Biomarcadores Inmunogenéticos y Factores Farmacológicos en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer en la Infancia y Adolescencia, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - María Guadalupe Ramírez-Dueñas
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Clínicas Médicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Cuerpo Académico UDG-CA-1135 "Biomarcadores Inmunogenéticos y Factores Farmacológicos en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Clínicas Médicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Valeria Olaya-Valdiviezo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Trinidad García-Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Cuerpo Académico UDG-CA-1135 "Biomarcadores Inmunogenéticos y Factores Farmacológicos en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer en la Infancia y Adolescencia, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erika Aurora Martínez-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Reumatología y del Sistema Músculo Esquelético (IIRSME), Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Pedro Ernesto Sánchez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Cuerpo Académico UDG-CA-1135 "Biomarcadores Inmunogenéticos y Factores Farmacológicos en Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas", Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación en Cáncer en la Infancia y Adolescencia, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UDG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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Jahangir M, Kahrizi MS, Natami M, Moaref Pour R, Ghoreishizadeh S, Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi H, Shomali N, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S. MicroRNA-155 acts as a potential prognostic and diagnostic factor in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by modulating SOCS3. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:553-563. [PMID: 36350418 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a progressive inflammatory disease. Our primary objective was to explore the role of miR-155 and its targeted factors in AS pathogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS PBMCs were isolated from 30 AS patients and 30 healthy individuals using the Ficoll-hypaque isolation approach. The expression of miR-155 and its associated targets, including Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3), STAT3, and IL-21, were determined using qT-qPCR. Then, PBMCs were cultured, and the effect of miR-155, SOCS3 siRNA (to suppress its expression), pEFSOCS3 (enforced expression), and their combination were investigated by qRT-PCR and western blotting. We also treated the cultured PBMCs with Brefeldin A, a potent inhibitor of cytokine secretion, to determine its effect on IL-21 expression and secretion. In addition, the association between miR-155 and patients' clinicopathological features was examined. The results showed that miR-155, IL-21, and STAT3 were increased in patients with AS, while SOCS3 had decreasing expression trend. It was also determined that miR-155 alleviates SOCS3 expression and increases IL-21 and STAT3 expression; it had a prominent effect when combined with SOCS3 siRNA. Besides, we showed that simultaneous transfection of miR-155 and pEFSOCS3 had no significant effect on IL-21 and STAT3 expression, revealing that miR-155 could alleviate the enforced expression of SOCS3. It was also proven that Brefledine A led to IL-21 up-regulation or accumulation while relieving its secretion. Also, a significant correlation between miR-155 and pathological features of AS patients was found. CONCLUSION miR-155 acts as a potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarker. Its up-regulation leads to the down-regulation of SOCS3 and increased expression of IL-21 and STAT3 as characteristic of TH-17 lymphocytes, leading to worsening inflammatory conditions in patients with AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Natami
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Moaref Pour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Siamak Sandoghchian Shotorbani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Zeng X, Lu S, Li M, Zheng M, Liu T, Kang R, Xu L, Xu Q, Song Y, Liu C. Inflammatory Cytokine-Neutralizing Antibody Treatment Prevented Increases in Follicular Helper T Cells and Follicular Regulatory T Cells in a Mouse Model of Arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3997-4011. [PMID: 35860232 PMCID: PMC9292064 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s355720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular T helper (TFH) and follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells play important roles in humoral immunity. Nevertheless, their significance in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. As an important treatment strategy, the effect of inflammatory factor-neutralizing antibodies on TFH and TFR in RA remains unclear. Methods We used the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model to illustrate the quantity and functional changes in TFH and TFR cells. The changes of plasmablast, TFH and TFR cells in the spleen and peripheral blood of CIA mice were analyzed by flow cytometry. The levels of TFH and TFR and their functional subsets in the spleen after anti-inflammatory antibody treatment were analyzed and compared. The functional changes of TFH and TFR in CIA mice before and after treatment were detected by in vitro culture experiments. Results Plasmablast levels were increased in CIA spleen and peripheral blood and both TFH and TFR cell levels were upregulated. TFH and TFR cells were decreased significantly after the anti-inflammatory antibody treatment. TIGIT+ and TIGIT+CD226− TFH cells in CIA mouse spleen were elevated and PD-1 and ICOS expression on spleen TFH and TFR cells was increased. Both the ability of TFH cells to secrete IL-21 and aid B cells and the ability of TFR cells to secrete IL-10 and inhibit TFH cells were enhanced in the CIA mice. After antibody treatment, the cell subsets and functions were recovered. Conclusion Germinal center TFH and TFR cells were increased and their functions were enhanced. With inflammatory factor-neutralizing antibody treatment, TFH and TFR subsets and their functions returned to normal. These findings provide important information on the dynamics of humoral immune-related cell subsets in RA and the effects of treatment on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Songsong Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohan Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianci Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinzhu Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Liu YW, Fu SH, Chien MW, Hsu CY, Lin MH, Dong JL, Lu RJH, Lee YJ, Chen PY, Wang CH, Sytwu HK. Blimp-1 moulds the epigenetic architecture of IL-21-mediated autoimmune diseases through an autoregulatory circuit. JCI Insight 2022; 7:151614. [PMID: 35503415 PMCID: PMC9220827 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive regulatory domain 1 (PRDM1) encodes B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1 (BLIMP1), also known as a master regulator of T cell homeostasis. We observed a negative relationship between Blimp-1 and IL-21 based on our previous data that Blimp-1 overexpression in T cells suppresses autoimmune diabetes while Blimp-1–deficient T cells contribute to colitis in NOD mice. Reanalysis of published data sets also revealed an inverse correlation between PRDM1 and IL21 in Crohn’s disease. Here, we illustrate that Blimp-1 repressed IL-21 by reducing chromatin accessibility and evicting an IL-21 activator, c-Maf, from the Il21 promoter. Moreover, Blimp-1 overexpression–mediated reduction in permissive chromatin structures at the Il21 promoter could override IL-21–accelerated autoimmune diabetogenesis in small ubiquitin-like modifier–defective c-Maf–transgenic mice. An autoregulatory feedback loop to harness IL-21 expression was unveiled by the evidence that IL-21 addition induced time-dependent Blimp-1 expression and subsequently enriched its binding to the Il21 promoter to suppress IL-21 overproduction. Furthermore, intervention of this feedback loop by IL-21 blockade, with IL-21R.Fc administration or IL-21 receptor deletion, attenuated Blimp-1 deficiency–mediated colitis and reinforced the circuit between Blimp-1 and IL-21 in the regulation of autoimmunity. We highlight the translation of Blimp-1–based epigenetic and transcriptomic profiles applicable to a personalized medicine approach in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Huei Fu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Chien
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yuan Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling Dong
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rita Jui-Hsien Lu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jing Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yang Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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9
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Simultaneous electrochemical immunosensing of relevant cytokines to diagnose and track cancer and autoimmune diseases. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 146:108157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Zhao C, Wu X, Chen J, Qian G. The therapeutic effect of IL-21 combined with IFN-γ inducing CD4 +CXCR5 +CD57 +T cells differentiation on hepatocellular carcinoma. J Adv Res 2022; 36:89-99. [PMID: 35127167 PMCID: PMC8799868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Liver cancer is a malignant tumor with high incidence and short survival time. In order to increase the cure rate and disease-free survival rate of liver cancer, it is necessary to seek effective treatment methods. Objectives The objective of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of IL-21 and IFN-γ inducing the formation of CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells on liver cancer. Methods The methods of analyze the relationship between CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells and the survival time of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and study the effect of IL-21 combined with IFN-γ in inducing stem cells to differentiate into CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells. The effects of IL-21 combined with IFN-γ induced CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells on liver cancer were studied through animal experiments, and the regulatory mechanism, and the effect of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on it. Results The study found that the number of CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells in serum of liver cancer patients with prolonged survival time increased significantly, the expression of CD4, CD57, and CXCR5 in the tumor microenvironment increased, and the serum IL-21 and IFN-γ concentrations increased. IL-21 and IFN-γ induce stem cells to differentiate into CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells and induce HepG2 cells apoptosis. HBV leads to a decrease in the number of CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells and a chronic inflammatory response. Treg cells can regulate CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells. IL-21 combined with IFN-γ induced an increase in the number of CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells in hepatocarcinoma-bearing mice, which has an inhibitory effect on H22 liver cancer. Conclusion The conclusion of the study is that IL-21 combined with IFN-γ induces stem cells to differentiate into CD4+CXCR5+CD57+T cells, Treg can control the increase in their number, and HBV can cause their number to decrease, which can control the growth of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Zhao
- School of Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Xianlin Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632,China
| | - Jia Chen
- School of Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
| | - Guoqiang Qian
- School of Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China
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11
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Hashemi S, Habibagahi Z, Heidari M, Abdollahpour-Alitappeh M, Karimi MH. Effects of combined aerobic and anaerobic exercise training on cytokine profiles in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); a randomized controlled trial. Transpl Immunol 2021; 70:101516. [PMID: 34922023 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by production of autoantibodies and organ damage. Elevated levels of cytokines have been reported in SLE patients. Physical activity could be considered one of the factors that affect the immune system status and function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an 8-week supervised aerobic and anaerobic training program on the immune system of SLE patients through evaluation of serum cytokine levels. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 24 SLE patients selected between September 2015 and March 2016. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, including exercise (n = 14) and control (n = 10) groups. The exercise group participated in an 8-week combined supervised exercise training program consisting of three times per week in 60-min exercise sessions. After collection of whole peripheral blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from the blood samples. Following RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, the expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 were determined using in-house SYBER Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Lastly, the data obtained were analyzed using t-test. RESULTS The mean and standard deviation of age were 29.00 ± 3.19 and 21.50 ± 5.52 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were found among the mean serum levels of IFN-γ, IL6, IL-9, IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-21 among SLE patients in the intervention and control groups. The mean serum levels of TNF-α, IL2, IL-4, and IL-5 decreased significantly in the intervention as compared with the control group. The mean serum levels of IL-10, IL-13 and IL-22 significantly increased in the control group after eight weeks, as compared with the intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that the 8-week supervised aerobic and anaerobic training program could result in decreased inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Hashemi
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Habibagahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Heidari
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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12
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SELMAN AE, GÖRGÜLÜ NG, DOĞAN B. Salivary Levels of IL-21 as a Potential Marker of Stage III Grade C Periodontitis. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.989487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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The Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Interleukin-21 in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2021; 2021:9621738. [PMID: 34471409 PMCID: PMC8405314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9621738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells represent a novel subset of CD4+ T cells which can provide critical help for germinal center (GC) formation and antibody production. The Tfh cells are characterized by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), programmed death 1 (PD-1), inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS), B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), and the secretion of interleukin-21 (IL-21). Given the important role of Tfh cells in B cell activation and high-affinity antibody production, Tfh cells are involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are the most studied types of IBD. Dysregulated mucosal immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. In recent years, many studies have identified the critical role of Tfh cells and IL-21 in the pathogenic process IBD. In this paper, we will discuss the role of Tfh cells and IL-21 in IBD pathogenesis.
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14
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, Reynolds EC, Darby IB, O'Brien-Simpson NM. A review of T helper 17 cell-related cytokines in serum and saliva in periodontitis. Cytokine 2020; 138:155340. [PMID: 33144024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a complex underlying immunopathology. Cytokines, as molecular mediators of inflammation, play a role in all stages of disease progression. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are thought to play a role in periodontitis. Th17 cell development and maintenance requires a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, with many of the cytokines implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Serum and saliva are easily accessible biofluids which can represent the systemic and local environment to promote the development of Th17 cells. Here we review human clinical studies that investigate IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, IFN-γ, sCD40L and TNF-α in serum and saliva in periodontitis. We highlight their putative role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and place them within a wider context of animal and other clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Katrina A Walsh
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia.
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15
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Winkler I, Woś J, Karczmarczyk A, Miotła P, Gogacz M, Skorupska K, Rechberger T, Tabarkiewicz J, Wolińska E, Skrzypczak M. An association of circulating Tregs and Th17 cells producing IL-21 and IL-22 with the ROMA in ovarian cancer patients. Cytokine 2020; 134:155194. [PMID: 32707423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the association of regulatory T cells (Tregs; CD4+ FOXP3+) and helper T lymphocytes (Th17) releasing interleukin (IL)-21 and IL-22, with the Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm (ROMA). Similar association was made with two additional tumour markers, human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) from patients serum. The presence of Tregs and Th17 was determined both in the peripheral blood and in the tissue of epithelial ovarian tumors. Mononuclear cells obtained from patient's peripheral blood (PBMCs) and from ovarian tissue were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. As a control group patients who had undergone surgery for infertility without ovarian pathology were selected. The percentage of Tregs and Th17 releasing IL-21 or IL-22 cells from both peripheral blood and tumor tissue was measured by flow cytometry. No differences in demographic parameters like body mass index, age, or gravidity were observed among the studied groups. However, an increased concentration of marker HE4 and value of ROMA was identified in individuals with ovarian cancer when compared with women with cystadenomas. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the ROMA value in the serum and Tregs from the peripheral blood of patients with cystadenoma ovarian tumors was detected. The presented work documents, for the first time, the negative association between peripheral blood Tregs and ROMA evaluation based on the tumour markers present in the serum of women with ovarian cystadenoma. Such an effect might result from the negative impact of Tregs on the inflammation process and on tumorigenesis caused by the persistent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Winkler
- IInd Department of Gynecology, St John's Center Oncology, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, 20-954 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Justyna Woś
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Lublin Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Karczmarczyk
- Department of Experimental Hematooncology, Lublin Medical University, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Miotła
- IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Gogacz
- IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skorupska
- IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Rechberger
- IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical Faculty of University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Ewa Wolińska
- Departament of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Skrzypczak
- IInd Department of Gynecology, Lublin Medical University, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Watanabe R, Berry GJ, Liang DH, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Cellular Signaling Pathways in Medium and Large Vessel Vasculitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587089. [PMID: 33072134 PMCID: PMC7544845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases of the medium and large arteries, including the aorta, cause life-threatening complications due to vessel wall destruction but also by wall remodeling, such as the formation of wall-penetrating microvessels and lumen-stenosing neointima. The two most frequent large vessel vasculitides, giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK), are HLA-associated diseases, strongly suggestive for a critical role of T cells and antigen recognition in disease pathogenesis. Recent studies have revealed a growing spectrum of effector functions through which T cells participate in the immunopathology of GCA and TAK; causing the disease-specific patterning of pathology and clinical outcome. Core pathogenic features of disease-relevant T cells rely on the interaction with endothelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages and lead to vessel wall invasion, formation of tissue-damaging granulomatous infiltrates and induction of the name-giving multinucleated giant cells. Besides antigen, pathogenic T cells encounter danger signals in their immediate microenvironment that they translate into disease-relevant effector functions. Decisive signaling pathways, such as the AKT pathway, the NOTCH pathway, and the JAK/STAT pathway modify antigen-induced T cell activation and emerge as promising therapeutic targets to halt disease progression and, eventually, reset the immune system to reestablish the immune privilege of the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Watanabe
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gerald J Berry
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - David H Liang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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17
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Liu H, Liu P, Sun D, Xing D, Wang X, Yang J, Wang S. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of interleukin-21 regulates the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:3006-3014. [PMID: 32782618 PMCID: PMC7400353 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is an important cytokine that is currently being investigated for its potential use in tumor immunotherapy in the future. In tumor cells, IL-21 stimulates the immune response by increasing the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells, B cells and CD8+ T cells, which in turn induces the apoptosis of tumor cells. The therapeutic effects of IL-21 have been investigated in several types of disease and numerous clinical trials are in progress. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of IL-21 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in vitro. IL-21 expression was detected in OSCC tissues via RT-qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses. The results demonstrated that IL-21 protein expression decreased in OSCC tissues. IL-21 was overexpressed using adenovirus in CAL-27 cells. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay demonstrated that overexpression of IL-21 inhibited cell proliferation. Furthermore, overexpression of IL-21 inhibited cell migration, detected by the wound healing assay, and promoted cell apoptosis, detected by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry analysis. The results demonstrated that overexpression of IL-21 inhibited activation of the JNK signaling pathway. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggest that IL-21 may function as a potent antitumor agent in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Di Sun
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Dayuan Xing
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Jinge Yang
- Department of Emergency, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Shengzhi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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18
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Gharibi T, Babaloo Z, Hosseini A, Abdollahpour-alitappeh M, Hashemi V, Marofi F, Nejati K, Baradaran B. Targeting STAT3 in cancer and autoimmune diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 878:173107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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19
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Gharibi T, Babaloo Z, Hosseini A, Marofi F, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Jahandideh S, Baradaran B. The role of B cells in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Immunology 2020; 160:325-335. [PMID: 32249925 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing debate on how B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The success of B-cell targeting therapies in MS highlighted the role of B cells, particularly the antibody-independent functions of these cells such as antigen presentation to T cells and modulation of the function of T cells and myeloid cells by secreting pathogenic and/or protective cytokines in the central nervous system. Here, we discuss the role of different antibody-dependent and antibody-independent functions of B cells in MS disease activity and progression proposing new therapeutic strategies for the optimization of B-cell targeting treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebrahimi-Kalan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Neurosciences and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Jahandideh
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Hosseini A, Gharibi T, Marofi F, Javadian M, Babaloo Z, Baradaran B. Janus kinase inhibitors: A therapeutic strategy for cancer and autoimmune diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5903-5924. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Tohid Gharibi
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Aging Research InstituteTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Mahsa Javadian
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Zohreh Babaloo
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Iran
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21
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Xu W, Fang S, Wang Y, Chi X, Ma X, Zhang T, Hu S. Receptor and signaling pathway involved in bovine lymphocyte activation by Atractylodis macrocephalae polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 234:115906. [PMID: 32070525 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying lymphocyte activation by total polysaccharides from Atractylodis macrocephalae (RAMPtp). The results showed that RAMPtp significantly promoted the secretions of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-21, IFN-α, CCL4, CXCL9 and CXCL10), increased the proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations, and enhanced the expressions of c-JUN, NFAT4, STAT1 and STAT3. microRNA sequencing identified 67 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in RAMPtp-stimulated SMLN lymphocytes, including 55 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the predicted DEMs-targeted genes indicated that they were associated with immune system pathways, including PI3K-Akt, MAPKs, Jak-STAT and Calcium signaling pathways, which were confirmed by western blot and pathway inhibition assays. RAMPtp was further observed to favor immunostimulatory effect on both T and B lymphocytes via binding to TCR and membrane Ig individually. These findings might explain the immunomodulatory mechanism of RAMPtp in ameliorating the bovine intramammary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Sijia Fang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqing Chi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Songhua Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hang Zhou, 310058, PR China.
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22
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Gong F, Zheng T, Zhou P. T Follicular Helper Cell Subsets and the Associated Cytokine IL-21 in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2918. [PMID: 31921177 PMCID: PMC6923700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, T helper 2 (TH2) cells have been considered to predominantly regulate the pathogenic manifestations of allergic asthma, such as IgE-mediated sensitization, airway hyperresponsiveness, and eosinophil infiltration. However, recent discoveries have significantly shifted our understanding of asthma from a simple TH2 cell-dependent disease to a heterogeneous disease regulated by multiple T cell subsets, including T follicular helper (TFH) cells. TFH cells, which are a specialized cell population that provides help to B cells, have attracted intensive attention in the past decade because of their crucial role in regulating antibody response in a broad range of diseases. In particular, TFH cells are essential for IgE antibody class-switching. In this review, we summarize the recent progress regarding the role of TFH cells and their signature cytokine interleukin (IL)-21 in asthma from mouse studies and clinical reports. We further discuss future therapeutic strategies to treat asthma by targeting TFH cells and IL-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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23
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Zhang H, Liu Y, Feng F, Liu G, Feng X, Zhang Z, Xie L, Liu J, Yu Y. Different Effects of Interleukin 21 and Interleukin 15 on In Vitro Expanded CD8+ T Cells Stimulated by Alloantigen. Transplant Proc 2019; 51:3456-3462. [PMID: 31733792 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of IL (interleukin) 21 on CD8+ T cells stimulated by alloantigen in the presence of IL-15 in vitro. METHODS CD8+ T cells sorted with MicroBeads from fresh human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with antigen-presenting cells derived from HLA-A, -B, and -DR full-mismatched individuals for 9 days without any cytokines, in the presence of IL-15, IL-21, and IL-15 combined with IL-21, respectively. The proliferation and phenotypic characteristics of CD28+ and CD28- subsets were measured after 9 days of culture. RESULTS The proliferation of CD8+ T cells can be promoted either by IL-15 alone or in combination with IL-21 compared with IL-21. Cells expanded in the presence of IL-15 are mainly CD8+CD28- T cells, while those expanded in the presence of IL-15 combined with IL-21 are mostly CD8+CD28+ T cells. In the presence of IL-15, most CD8+CD28+ T cells shifted to CD8+CD28- T cells during the process of proliferation, but In the presence of IL-15 combined with IL-21, CD8+CD28+ T cells didn't shift to CD8+CD28- T cells during proliferation, moreover, CD8+CD28- T cells cannot transform in reverse to CD8+CD28+ T cells. IL-21 combined with IL-15 can promote the expression of granzyme B and perforin in CD8+CD28+ and/or CD8+CD28- T cells compared with IL-15 alone. CONCLUSION IL-21 cannot promote the proliferation of CD8+ T cells under allogeneic stimulation unless combined with IL-15. IL-21 prevents the loss of CD28 molecules caused by IL-15 but cannot promote its re-expression in CD28- T cells. CD8+ T cells expanded by IL-21 combined with IL-15 is characterized by cytotoxic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu Feng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihuan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Feng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zedan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Lu Xie
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiumin Liu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Yu
- Department of Urology, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou, China.
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24
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IL-21 and IL-21-producing T cells are involved in multiple sclerosis severity and progression. Immunol Lett 2019; 216:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Ding T, Niu H, Zhao X, Gao C, Li X, Wang C. T-Follicular Regulatory Cells: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2709. [PMID: 31849938 PMCID: PMC6901970 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable aggressive chronic inflammatory joint disease with a worldwide prevalence. High levels of autoantibodies and chronic inflammation may be involved in the pathology. Notably, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells are critical mediators of T follicular helper (Tfh) cell generation and antibody production in the germinal center (GC) reaction. Changes in the number and function of Tfr cells may lead to dysregulation of the GC reaction and the production of aberrant autoantibodies. Regulation of the function and number of Tfr cells could be an effective strategy for precisely controlling antibody production, reestablishing immune homeostasis, and thereby improving the outcome of RA. This review summarizes advances in our understanding of the biology and functions of Tfr cells. The involvement of Tfr cells and other immune cell subsets in RA is also discussed. Furthermore, we highlight the potential therapeutic targets related to Tfr cells and restoring the Tfr/Tfh balance via cytokines, microRNAs, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and the gut microbiota, which will facilitate further research on RA and other immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongqing Niu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiangcong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Pathology, Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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26
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Blanter M, Sork H, Tuomela S, Flodström-Tullberg M. Genetic and Environmental Interaction in Type 1 Diabetes: a Relationship Between Genetic Risk Alleles and Molecular Traits of Enterovirus Infection? Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:82. [PMID: 31401790 PMCID: PMC6689284 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the natural history of human type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the documented associations between virus infections (in particular the enteroviruses) and disease development. We review studies that examine whether T1D-specific risk alleles in genes involved in the function of the immune system can alter susceptibility to virus infections or affect the magnitude of the host antiviral response. We also highlight where the major gaps in our knowledge exist and consider possible implications that new insights gained from the discussed gene-environment interaction studies may bring. RECENT FINDINGS A commonality between several of the studied T1D risk variants studied is their role in modulating the host immune response to viral infection. Generally, little support exists indicating that the risk variants increase susceptibility to infection and moreover, they usually appear to predispose the immune system towards a hyper-reactive state, decrease the risk of infection, and/or favor the establishment of viral persistence. In conclusion, although the current number of studies is limited, this type of research can provide important insights into the mechanisms that are central to disease pathogenesis and further describe how genetic and environmental factors jointly influence the risk of T1D development. The latter may provide genetic markers that could be used for patient stratification and for the selection of method(s) for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Blanter
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, EU Belgium
| | - Helena Sork
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soile Tuomela
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Mendes V, Galvão I, Vieira AT. Mechanisms by Which the Gut Microbiota Influences Cytokine Production and Modulates Host Inflammatory Responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:393-409. [PMID: 31013453 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract encounters a wide variety of microorganisms, including beneficial symbionts, pathobionts, and pathogens. Recent evidence has shown that the gut microbiota, directly or indirectly through its components, such as metabolites, actively participates in the host inflammatory response by cytokine-microbiota or microbiota-cytokine modulation interactions, both in the gut and systemically. Therefore, further elucidation of host cytokine molecular pathways and microbiota components will provide a novel and promising therapeutic approach to control or prevent inflammatory disease and to maintain host homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to summarize well-established scientific findings and provide an updated overview regarding the direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can influence the inflammatory response by modulating the host's cytokine pathways that are mostly involved, but not exclusively so, with gut homeostasis. In addition, we will highlight recent results from our group, which suggest that the microbiota promotes cytokine release from inflammatory cells though activation of microbial metabolite sensor receptors that are more highly expressed on inflammatory and intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani Mendes
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,2 Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- 3 Department of Cellular Biology ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angelica Thomaz Vieira
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,2 Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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28
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Jian L, Sun L, Li C, Yu R, Ma Z, Wang X, Zhao J, Liu X. Interleukin‐21 enhances Toll‐like receptor 2/4‐mediated cytokine production via phosphorylation in the STAT3, Akt and p38 MAPK signalling pathways in human monocytic THP‐1 cells. Scand J Immunol 2019; 89:e12761. [PMID: 30977163 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Jian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Changhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Zhenzhen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Jinxia Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
| | - Xiangyuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Peking University Third Hospital Beijing China
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29
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Shoraka S, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Hosseini Razavi A, Hatami Y, Sharifian A, Rostami-Nejad M, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H, Zali MR. Association between Interleukin-21 and Interleukin-21 receptor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection and HBV spontaneous clearance in Iranian population. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:263-267. [PMID: 30639626 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health concern due to the infection often leads to chronic infection, liver cirrhosis and also liver cancer. The host immune response to HBV infection and also genetic background play significant role in outcome of infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most important kind of variation in genetic sequences that caused by point mutations. As cytokines have major roles in viral infections, it seems that cytokine gene polymorphisms are independently associated with response to viral infections. Interleukin 21 (IL-21) plays an influential role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Its specific receptor, IL-21R, produced and located on the surface of T, B and natural killer (NK) cells and is critical for the proliferation and differentiation of these immune effector cells. Many studies confirmed that the IL-21 involved in response to viral infections. We aimed to investigate the association of G/T IL-21 (rs2055979) and C/T IL-21R (rs3093390) gene polymorphisms with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and HBV spontaneous clearance in Iranian population. METHODS In this study, blood samples were gathered from 320 patients with chronic HBV and 310 healthy controls and also 120 HBV spontaneous clearance individuals. Following genomic DNA extraction, genotypes of the selected SNPs determined by PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The results were analyzed by SPSS software using Chi-square, Logistic Regression, ANOVA and Independent Samples t-Test. RESULTS According to our results, in IL-21R (rs3093390 C/T) gene polymorphism, allele frequency of T is statistically different in the HBV spontaneous clearance group compared to chronic HBV cases. But there is no significant difference between G/T IL-21 (rs2055979) and C/T IL-21R (rs3093390) genotypes distribution in three groups. Also we found that higher serum aspartate transaminase (AST) level in HBV spontaneous clearance group is significantly associated with TT genotype of IL-21 (rs2055979) compared to GG genotype (P value = 0.006). DISCUSSION Our results showed that T allele frequency in IL-21R (rs3093390 C/T) gene polymorphism could consider as a host genetic factor for HBV spontaneous clearance. Probably we can serve it as a potential prognostic genetic marker for spontaneous clearance of HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Shoraka
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Hosseini Razavi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasin Hatami
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Sharifian
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Dai L, He L, Wang Z, Bai X, He Y, Cao L, Zhu M, Ruan C. Altered circulating T follicular helper cells in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2471-2477. [PMID: 30186484 PMCID: PMC6122441 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to illuminate the role of circulating T follicular helper (TFH) cells in patients diagnosed with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP). Fifty-four patients with cITP and 30 age-matched healthy control subjects were enrolled in the present study. TFH cell frequencies, expression of CD4+ TFH cell-associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-21 and associated regulatory mRNA expression levels including Bcl-6, c-Maf, Blimp-1 and PD-1 pre- and post-treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroids, were detected by flow cytometry, ELISA and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. TFH cell frequencies of patients were significantly higher compared with healthy controls pre-treatment (P<0.05). Following treatment, significantly decreased percentages of TFH cells were present in cITP responders (P<0.05). Correlation analysis revealed that the number of TFH cells was negatively correlated with the platelet count in the peripheral blood. Furthermore, analysis of inflammatory cytokines indicated significant differences in serum interleukin (IL)-21 and IL-10 between pretreated patients and healthy controls (P<0.05). Additionally, transcription factor B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-6, c-Maf and programmed death-ligand (PD)-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly different between cITP patients prior to treatment and the healthy controls (P<0.05). However, the expression levels of Bcl-6, C-Maf and PD-1 mRNA were significantly changed post-treatment (P<0.05). These data demonstrated that circulating TFH cells and CD4+ TFH cell-associated cytokines may serve a role in cITP. The findings suggest that the overactivation of TFH cells may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of cITP, thus blocking the pathway of TFH cells may be reasonable for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Dai
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Linyan He
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyue Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xia Bai
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yang He
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Cao
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Mingqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Changgeng Ruan
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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31
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Liu T, Hou Y, Dai TJ, Yan CZ. Upregulation of Interleukin 21 and Interleukin 21 Receptor in Patients with Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:2101-2106. [PMID: 28836555 PMCID: PMC5586180 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.213419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The immunopathologic mechanism underlying dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM) remains poorly understood. Many cytokines play a pathogenic role in DM and PM. Interleukin 21 (IL-21) has a pleiotropic effect on inflammation regulation. This study aimed to detect the serum IL-21 level and investigate the expression of IL-21 and IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) in muscle tissues of patients with DM and PM. Methods: Biopsied muscle samples were obtained from 11 patients with DM, 12 with PM, and six controls; mRNA levels of IL-21 and IL-21R were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; and immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate the protein expression of IL-21 and IL-21R. Serum samples were obtained from 36 patients with DM, 19 with PM, and 20 healthy controls. The serum IL-21 level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The expression of IL-21 was upregulated in patients with DM and PM. The IL-21 mRNA level was significantly increased in muscle tissues of patients with DM and PM (DM vs. control, P = 0.001; PM vs. control, P = 0.001), whereas IL-21R mRNA level in patients with DM/PM was not statistically different from that of healthy controls. Immunohistochemical staining showed both IL-21 and IL-21R were significantly expressed in the inflammatory cells in muscle tissues of patients with DM and PM. The serum IL-21 level was also significantly higher in patients with DM/PM than in controls (DM vs. control, 49.12 [45.28, 60.07] pg/ml vs. 42.54 [38.69, 48.85] pg/ml, P = 0.001; PM vs. control, 50.77 [44.19, 60.62] pg/ml vs. 42.54 [38.69, 48.85] pg/ml, P = 0.005). Conclusions: IL-21 expression is upregulated in patients with DM and PM in both muscle tissue and serum. In addition, IL-21R protein is highly expressed in affected muscle tissues of patients with DM and PM. IL-21 may play a pathogenic role through IL-21R in patients with DM and PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012; Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ting-Jun Dai
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Zhu Yan
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University; Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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32
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Debnath M, Nagappa M, Talukdar PM, Subbanna M, Sundaravadivel P, Shivakumar V, Dutta D, Wahatule R, Sinha S, Bindu PS, Periyavan S, Umamaheswara Rao GS, Taly AB. Comprehensive cytokine profiling provides evidence for a multi-lineage Th responses in Guillain Barré Syndrome. Cytokine 2018; 110:58-62. [PMID: 29704819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Guillain Barré Syndrome (GBS) is one of the commonest acquired immune-mediated neuropathies, often preceded by infections. Although cellular immune responses are shown to substantially account for the pathophysiology of GBS, the precise mechanistic basis of risk and disease course remains enigmatic till date. Cytokines are best known for their abilities to drive cellular immunity and inflammation through their co-ordinated actions. Data obtained from clinical and animal model studies suggest important implications of some of the cytokines in the progression and recovery of GBS. However, these studies were performed on few cytokines and small set of GBS patients, thereby lacking a complete understanding of the patterns of association of cytokines representing Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses with GBS. We studied 65 well-characterized GBS patients and 73 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. A panel of 15 cytokines representing Th1, Th2 and Th17 pathways was assayed using Multiplex Suspension Array platform. Plasma levels of five cytokines were found to be altered in GBS patients compared to healthy control subjects: (i) IL-1β exhibited reduced levels, and (ii) IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-21 and IL-33 were elevated in GBS patients. The most important finding of this study was up-regulated expression of IL-21 and IL-33 in patients with GBS. Given the role of IL-33 as an alarmin, the elevated level of this cytokine provides important indication about a much broader role of cytokines in GBS. This study also provides evidence towards a multi-lineage Th cells (Th1, Th2 and Th17) associated cytokine responses in the pathophysiology of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India.
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Pinku Mani Talukdar
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Manjula Subbanna
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - P Sundaravadivel
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Venkataram Shivakumar
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Debprasad Dutta
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Rahul Wahatule
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Parayil Sankaran Bindu
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Sundar Periyavan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Haematology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - G S Umamaheswara Rao
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia and Neurocritical Care, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Activation and propagation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from malignant pleural effusion and ascites with engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:1-8. [PMID: 29903664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) has shown an effect on mediating tumor regression in some patients with highly advanced, refractory metastatic malignancy. Here, the in vitro generation of TILs isolated from malignant pleural effusion and ascites was compared with which using engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement (ECCE) and 3 common γ-chain cytokines, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-7, and IL-15, alone or in combination. We showed the robust clinical-scale production of TILs with a less differentiated 'young' phenotype by expansion in the presence of ECCE combined with IL-2/7/15. Furthermore, a major fraction of the TILs generated in this fashion was shown to produce much more IFN-γ and TNF-α, and displayed cytolytic activity against target cells expressing the relevant antigens. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the combination of ECCE and IL-2/7/15 has been applied for the generation of TILs isolated from malignant pleural effusion and ascites.
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Hosseini A, Dolati S, Hashemi V, Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh M, Yousefi M. Regulatory T and T helper 17 cells: Their roles in preeclampsia. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6561-6573. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student's Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student's Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Vida Hashemi
- Department of Basic ScienceFaculty of MedicineMaragheh University of Medical SciencesMaraghehIran
| | - Meghdad Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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Baecher-Allan C, Kaskow BJ, Weiner HL. Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms and Immunotherapy. Neuron 2018; 97:742-768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhang R, Sage PT, Finn K, Huynh A, Blazar BR, Marangoni F, Mempel TR, Sharpe AH, Turka LA. B Cells Drive Autoimmunity in Mice with CD28-Deficient Regulatory T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:3972-3980. [PMID: 29093061 PMCID: PMC5716898 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells are a newly defined regulatory T cell (Treg) subset that suppresses follicular helper T cell-mediated B cell responses in the germinal center reaction. The precise costimulatory signal requirements for proper TFR cell differentiation and function are still not known. Using conditional knockout strategies of CD28, we previously demonstrated that loss of CD28 signaling in Tregs caused autoimmunity in mice (termed CD28-ΔTreg mice), characterized by lymphadenopathy, accumulation of activated T cells, and cell-mediated inflammation of the skin and lung. In this study, we show that CD28 signaling is required for TFR cell differentiation. Treg-specific deletion of CD28 caused a reduction in TFR cell numbers and function, which resulted in increased germinal center B cells and Ab production. Moreover, residual CD28-deficient TFR cells showed a diminished suppressive capacity as assessed by their ability to inhibit Ab responses in vitro. Surprisingly, genetic deletion of B cells in CD28-ΔTreg mice prevented the development of lymphadenopathy and CD4+ T cell activation, and autoimmunity that mainly targeted skin and lung tissues. Thus, autoimmunity occurring in mice with CD28-deficient Tregs appears to be driven primarily by loss of TFR cell differentiation and function with resulting B cell-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Zhang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Peter T Sage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kelsey Finn
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Alexandria Huynh
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129;
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Gong Y, Tong J, Wang S. Are Follicular Regulatory T Cells Involved in Autoimmune Diseases? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1790. [PMID: 29312316 PMCID: PMC5732443 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the germinal center (GC), follicular helper T (TFH) cells interact with B cells and undergo a series of GC reactions to ultimately produce high-affinity antibodies and memory plasma cells. Recent studies have found a subpopulation of regulatory T cells called follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells. TFR cells can inhibit TFH cells and/or B cells in a variety of ways to specifically regulate GC reactions. Dysfunction of TFR cells may lead to immune disorders and a variety of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the differentiation and function of TFR cells and provide an overview of TFR cells in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglu Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Tong
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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38
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Amrouche K, Jamin C. Influence of drug molecules on regulatory B cells. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Rydén AK, Perdue NR, Pagni PP, Gibson CB, Ratliff SS, Kirk RK, Friesen TJ, Haase C, Coppieters K, von Herrath MG, Boursalian TE. Anti-IL-21 monoclonal antibody combined with liraglutide effectively reverses established hyperglycemia in mouse models of type 1 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2017; 84:65-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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40
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Shao J, Xu Q, Su S, Meng F, Zou Z, Chen F, Du J, Qian X, Liu B. Engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement combined with IL-21 enhance the generation of PD-1-disrupted CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2017; 320:38-45. [PMID: 28935250 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of the immune cell checkpoint inhibitors programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has become a powerful tool in cancer treatment, which is effective across various solid cancer types and hematologic malignancies. Our previous studies showed that by reducing immune tolerance, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) modified cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) rank highly in terms of immune responses and cytotoxicity. In this study, a genetically modified K562 cell line with surface expression of 4-1BBL was developed to expand PD-1-disrupted CTLs in vitro for further adoptive immunotherapy against cancer. Our findings demonstrate that after a long-term, up to 28days, engineered cells for costimulatory enhancement (ECCE) combined with IL-21 promote the expansion of PD-1-disrupted CTLs with a less differentiated "young" phenotype, enhanced immune response and superior cytotoxic effector characteristics. These new in vitro conditions represent a nimble and cost-effective approach to developing PD-1-disrupted CTLs with improved therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shao
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shu Su
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fanyan Meng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhengyun Zou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fangjun Chen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Juan Du
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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41
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Todosenko NM, Khaziakhmatova OG, Yurova KA, Malinina IP, Litvinova LS. [The influence of methylprednisolone on the ability of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD95<sup>+</sup>HLA-DR<sup>+</sup> T-cells to produce proinflammatory medators in cultures of TCR-activated CD3<sup>+</sup>CD45RO<sup>+</sup> T-lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2017; 63:255-265. [PMID: 28781259 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20176303255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of different concentrations of the glucocorticoid (GC) methylprednisolone (MP) on CD4+CD95+HLA-DR+ T-cells and their ability to produce proinflammatory mediators in cultures of TCR-stimulated CD3+CD45RO+ T-lymphocytes in the in vitro system was investigated. T cells were obtained from healthy donors and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Under conditions of TCR-activation, MP increased the number of CD4+HLA-DR+CD95+ cells in CD3+CD45RO+ cultures obtained from RA patients and did not change their content in the control group. In general, MP decreased production of proinflammatory factors (IFN-, IL-2, IL-17, IL-21 and TNF-) by TCR-activated CD3+CD45RO+ cells from healthy donors and RA, consistent with the overall immunosuppressive mechanism of GC action. The correlation between CD4+CD45RO+HLA-DR+CD95+ T-cell contents and parameters reflecting production of proinflammatory mediators (IL-17, IL-21 and TNF-) in RA patients indicates maintenance of the pro-inflammatory potential of this T-cell population exposed to GC action. We suggest that relative resistance of CD4+CD45RO+CD95+HLA-DR+ T-cells of RA patients to the suppressor effect of GC leads to maintenance and even enhancement in the functional capacities of autoreactive cells in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - I P Malinina
- Department of Rheumatology Regional Clinical Hospital, Kaliningrad, Russia
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42
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Xu B, Wang S, Zhou M, Huang Y, Fu R, Guo C, Chen J, Zhao J, Gaskin F, Fu SM, Yang N. The ratio of circulating follicular T helper cell to follicular T regulatory cell is correlated with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:46-53. [PMID: 28709914 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Follicular T regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit follicular T helper (Tfh) cells mediated B cell responses. Tfh cells are involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the role of Tfr cells in SLE remains unclear. The frequency of circulating Tfr and Tfh cells were examined in SLE patients and healthy controls. The frequency of circulating Tfr cell decreased and Tfh/Tfr ratio increased in SLE patients. Serum anti-dsDNA antibody level positively correlated with frequency of Tfh cells and Tfh/Tfr ratios but negatively correlated with the frequency of Tfr cells. Moreover, the frequency of Tfr and Tfh/Tfr ratio but not that of Tfh was correlated with diseases activity. In addition, increase in Tfr cell numbers and decrease in the Tfh/Tfr ratios were observed with successful treatments. Thus, Tfr cells should be considered as a biomarker for SLE and their role in the pathogenesis of SLE warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Mianjing Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yuefang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Chaohuan Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Jingxian Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Felicia Gaskin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0133, USA
| | - Shu Man Fu
- Division of Rheumatology and Center of Inflammation, Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0133, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0133, USA
| | - Niansheng Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Hu Y, Yu P, Yu X, Hu X, Kawai T, Han X. IL-21/anti-Tim1/CD40 ligand promotes B10 activity in vitro and alleviates bone loss in experimental periodontitis in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2149-2157. [PMID: 28583714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IL-10-expressing regulatory B cells (B10) play an essential role in immune system balance by suppressing excessive inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated induction of B 10 cell's IL-10 competency in vitro and its effect on ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in vivo. Spleen B cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice and cultured for 48h under the following conditions: control, CD40L, IL-21, anti-Tim1, CD40L+IL-21, CD40L+anti-Tim1, CD40L+IL-21+anti-Tim1. Silk ligatures were tied around both maxillary second molars of C57BL/6J mice for two weeks. Optimized combination of CD40L, IL-21 and anti-Tim1 and vehicle were injected into contralateral side of palatal gingiva on days 3, 6 and 9. The palatal gingival tissues and maxillary bone were collected on day 14 to determine expressions of IL-10 and periodontal bone resorption respectively. Our results demonstrated that IL-10 expressions of cultured spleen B cells were significantly increased in the presence of CD40L, IL-21 and anti-Tim1 combination when compared with control groups. Gingival IL-10 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased after injection of CD40L, IL-21 and anti-Tim1 combination, when compared to the control side. The gingival RANKL expression and periodontal bone loss were significantly decreased on the combination treatment side, as compared to the control side. These results suggest that combination of IL-21, anti-Tim1 and CD40L treatment induced B10 cell's IL-10 competency in vitro and inhibited periodontal bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pei Yu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinbo Yu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xingxue Hu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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44
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Granzyme B producing B-cells in renal transplant patients. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:48-53. [PMID: 28461110 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A separate subset of Granzyme B (GrB) producing B-cells regulating T-cell mediated immunity has been identified. In the present study, we investigated the role of GrB+ B-cells in renal transplant patients (RTX). METHODS 12 healthy controls (HC) and 26 RTX patients were enrolled. In addition, 19 healthy volunteers treated with cyclosporine A (CsA) were enrolled. GrB+ B-cells were determined via flow cytometry. RESULTS RTX Patients showed a diminished fraction of GrB+ B-cells as compared to HC. CsA treatment of healthy volunteers had no impact on the development of GrB+ B-cells. RTX patients with a history of allograft rejection showed an increased frequency of GrB+ B-cells. RTX patients with at least one episode of CMV viremia tended to have lower GrB+ B-cells as compared to patients without viremic episodes. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that treatment with CsA does not impair the development of GrB+ B-cells. GrB+ B-cells may have a dual role in renal transplantation as regulatory cells to maintain allospecific tolerance and as effector cells enhancing viral control.
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45
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Wang J, Han W, Gao Z, Wang Y, Wu L, Zhang J, Lai W, Wang Z. Elevation of CD16 +CD56 + NK-cells and down-regulation of serum interleukin-21 (IL-21) and IL-1α after splenectomy in relapsed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis of unknown cause. Hematology 2017; 22:477-483. [PMID: 28413901 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2017.1311443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Encouraging progress has been made in application of splenectomy in the treatment of relapsed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) of unknown cause. The aim was to determine the roles of lymphocyte subpopulations and inflammatory cytokines in splenectomy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed changes in lymphocyte subpopulations and levels of inflammatory cytokines at different time-points before and after splenectomy in the patients with relapsed HLH of unknown cause, as well as the correlations between these changes and the disease prognosis. RESULTS During the period from June 2006 to June 2016, we enrolled 107 patients with relapsed HLH of unknown cause, of whom 29 were treated with splenectomy. Among the 29 patients, 7 cases were non-Hodgkin lymphomas based on spleen pathology, 1 case withdrew and the remaining 21 non-lymphoma cases were available for analysis. Results showed a significant increase in both percentage of CD16+CD56+ NK cells (P = 0.003) and NK cell activity (P = 0.028) at 24 wk after splenectomy compared to their baseline pre-surgery levels. We also examined seven patients for the changes in cytokine levels before and after splenectomy and found that IL-21 and IL-1α decreased at 4 wk after splenectomy (P < 0.05). Seven non-lymphoma patients determined as no response to treatment (NR) prior to splenectomy had significantly longer survival (P = 0.001) compared to the 24 patients with relapsed HLH of unknown cause who were also determined as NR but not treated by splenectomy. DISCUSSION Splenectomy can improve clinical symptoms and survival of patients with relapsed HLH of unknown cause. The mechanism is likely related to the changes in percent NK cells and cytokines (IL-21 and IL-1α) after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshi Wang
- a Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Wei Han
- b Department of General Surgery, Lu He Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhuo Gao
- a Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Yini Wang
- a Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Lin Wu
- a Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Jia Zhang
- a Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Wenyuan Lai
- a Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhao Wang
- a Department of Hematology, Beijing Friendship Hospital , Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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Wang K, Wen S, Jiao J, Tang T, Zhao X, Zhang M, Lv B, Lu Y, Zhou X, Li J, Nie S, Liao Y, Wang Q, Tu X, Mallat Z, Xia N, Cheng X. IL-21 promotes myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury through the modulation of neutrophil infiltration. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1329-1343. [PMID: 28294304 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The immune system plays an important role in driving the acute inflammatory response following myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). IL-21 is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple immunomodulatory effects, but its role in MIRI is not known. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Myocardial injury, neutrophil infiltration and the expression of neutrophil chemokines KC (CXCL1) and MIP-2 (CXCL2) were studied in a mouse model of MIRI. Effects of IL-21 on the expression of KC and MIP-2 in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were determined by real-time PCR and ELISA. The signalling mechanisms underlying these effects were explored by western blot analysis. KEY RESULTS IL-21 was elevated within the acute phase of murine MIRI. Neutralization of IL-21 attenuated myocardial injury, as illustrated by reduced infarct size, decreased cardiac troponin T levels and improved cardiac function, whereas exogenous IL-21 administration exerted opposite effects. IL-21 increased the infiltration of neutrophils and increased the expression of KC and MIP-2 in myocardial tissue following MIRI. Moreover, neutrophil depletion attenuated the IL-21-induced myocardial injury. Mechanistically, IL-21 increased the production of KC and MIP-2 in neonatal CMs and CFs, and enhanced neutrophil migration, as revealed by the migration assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this IL-21-mediated increase in chemokine expression involved the activation of Akt/NF-κB signalling in CMs and p38 MAPK/NF-κB signalling in CFs. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data provide novel evidence that IL-21 plays a pathogenic role in MIRI, most likely by promoting cardiac neutrophil infiltration. Therefore, targeting IL-21 may have therapeutic potential as a treatment for MIRI. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingjie Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingdi Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaofang Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Cardio-X Institute, College of Life Science and Technology and Center of Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziad Mallat
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei Province, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Immune Profile of Obese People and In Vitro Effects of Red Grape Polyphenols on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9210862. [PMID: 28243360 PMCID: PMC5294383 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro ability of polyphenols, extracted from red grape, to modulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses has been evaluated in 20 obese (Ob) people. With regard to cytokine release in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 were higher in the Ob than in healthy (H) subjects. Vice versa, IL-21 concentrations were detected only in H people but they were undetectable in the Ob counterpart. In general terms, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α were higher in Ob people when compared to H controls. On the other hand, polyphenols did not modify IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 levels. However, an increase in IL-2 was observed in H individuals, whereas its levels were decreased in the Ob counterpart. Polyphenols significantly increased IL-10 release from H donors, whereas a trend to increase was observed in Ob people. In addition, polyphenols were able to significantly increase levels of H IL-21, while this was not the case in Ob people. Since IL-21 is an inducer of Th17 cells, it is likely that polyphenols may suppress the sources of this cytokine via production of IL-10. Accordingly, polyphenols decreased IL-1β and IL-6 release in comparison to H controls.
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48
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Cheng Y, Sun L, Xie Z, Fan X, Cao Q, Han J, Zhu J, Jin T. Diversity of immune cell types in multiple sclerosis and its animal model: Pathological and therapeutic implications. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1973-1983. [PMID: 28084640 PMCID: PMC5573979 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with an autoimmune attack on the components of the myelin sheath and axons. The etiology of the disease remains largely unknown, but it is commonly acknowledged that the development of MS probably results from the interaction of environmental factors in conjunction with a genetic predisposition. Current therapeutic approaches can only ameliorate the clinical symptoms or reduce the frequency of relapse in MS. Most drugs used in this disease broadly suppress the functions of immune effector cells, which can result in serious side effects. Thus, new therapeutic methods resulting in greater efficacy and lower toxicity are needed. Toward this end, cell-based therapies are of increasing interest in the treatment of MS. Several immunoregulatory cell types, including regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells, M2 macrophages, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and stem cells, have been developed as novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of MS. In this Review, we summarize studies on the application of these cell populations for the treatment of MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and call for further research on applications and mechanisms by which these cells act in the treatment of MS. © 2017 The Authors Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongxiang Xie
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingqing Cao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Sorrenti V, Marenda B, Fortinguerra S, Cecchetto C, Quartesan R, Zorzi G, Zusso M, Giusti P, Buriani A. Reference Values for a Panel of Cytokinergic and Regulatory Lymphocyte Subpopulations. Immune Netw 2016; 16:344-357. [PMID: 28035210 PMCID: PMC5195844 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.6.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte subpopulations producing cytokines and exerting regulatory functions represent key immune elements. Given their reciprocal interdependency lymphocyte subpopulations are usually assayed as diagnostic panels, rather than single biomarkers for specialist clinical use. This retrospective analysis on lymphocyte subpopulations, analyzed over the last few years in an outpatient laboratory in Northeast Italy, contributes to the establishment of reference values for several regulatory lymphocytes currently lacking such reference ranges for the general population. Mean values and ranges in a sample of Caucasian patients (mean age 42±8,5 years), were provided for Th1, Th2, Th17, Th-reg, Tc-reg, Tc-CD57+ and B1 lymphocytes. The results are consistent with what is found in literature for the single subtypes and are: Th1 157.8±60.3/µl (7.3%±2.9); Th2 118.2±52.2/µl (5.4%±2.5); Th17 221.6±90.2/µl (10.5%±4.4); Th-reg 15.1±10.2/µl (0.7%±0.4); Tc-reg 5.8±4.7/µl (0.3%±0.2); Tc-CD57+ 103.7±114.1/µl (4.6%±4.7); B1 33.7±22.8/µl (1.5%±0.9); (Values are mean±SD). The results show that despite their variability, mean values are rather consistent in all age or sex groups and can be used as laboratory internal reference for this regulatory panel. Adding regulatory cells to lymphocyte subpopulations panels allows a more complete view of the state of the subject's immune network balance, thus improving the personalization and the "actionability" of diagnostic data in a systems medicine perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrenti
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group, Padova 35100, Italy.; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Bruno Marenda
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Stefano Fortinguerra
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group, Padova 35100, Italy.; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Claudia Cecchetto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Roberta Quartesan
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Giulia Zorzi
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy
| | - Alessandro Buriani
- Maria Paola Belloni Center for Personalized Medicine, Data Medica Group, Padova 35100, Italy.; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35100, Italy
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Vallières F, Girard D. Mechanism involved in interleukin-21-induced phagocytosis in human monocytes and macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:294-303. [PMID: 27774606 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-21/IL-21 receptor (R) is a promising system to be exploited for the development of therapeutic strategies. Although the biological activities of IL-21 and its cell signalling events have been largely studied in immunocytes, its interaction with human monocytes and macrophages have been neglected. Previously, we reported that IL-21 enhances Fc gamma receptor (FcRγ)-mediated phagocytosis in human monocytes and in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and identified Syk as a novel molecular target of IL-21. Here, we elucidate further how IL-21 promotes phagocytosis in these cells. Unlike its ability to enhance phagocytosis of opsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBCs), IL-21 did not promote phagocytosis of Escherichia coli and zymosan by monocytes and did not alter the cell surface expression of CD16, CD32 and CD64. In HMDM, IL-21 was found to enhance phagocytosis of zymosan. In addition, we found that IL-21 activates p38, protein kinase B (Akt), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 and STAT-3 in monocytes and HMDM. Using a pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that IL-21 enhances phagocytosis by activating some mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt and Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT pathways. These results obtained in human monocytes and macrophages have to be considered for a better exploitation of the IL-21/IL-21R system for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vallières
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - D Girard
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
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