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Palazzo S, Cinquantasei A, Chirico CD, Zurlo M, Aresta V, Chaoul N, Albanesi M. Frequency of Euroglyphus maynei sensitization in respiratory allergies: a real-life study with bioinformatic analysis and geographical exploration of allergen prevalence. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2024; 52:1-8. [PMID: 38970258 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v52i4.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae belong to the family Pyroglyphidae (subfamily: "Dermatophagoidinae") and have the respective allergenic proteins of Der p1, Der p2, and Der p23 and Der f1 and Der f2. Euroglyphus maynei, belongs to the family Pyroglyphidae (subfamily: "Pyroglyphinae") and its main allergenic protein is Eur m1, a source of sensitization. Sensitization to D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae is assessed through skin tests, while sensitization to E. maynei is assessed less frequently. OBJECTIVE This experimental work aims to analyze the prevalence of sensitization to E. maynei in patients with respiratory allergies treated at M. Albanesi Allergy and Immunology Unit in Bari, Italy, and the sequence homology of major allergenic proteins of E. maynei with D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus was analyzed. METHODS In this real-life study, 65 patients were enrolled. In particular, patients with respiratory allergy were subjected to skin prick tests for common respiratory allergens, including Euroglyphus maynei. The sequence homology analysis was performed between the major allergenic proteins of E. maynei and those of D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae. RESULTS Sensitization to E. maynei accounts for 41.5% of patients. All patients with E. maynei sensitization had concomitant sensitization to D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. The analysis of sequence homology of Der p1 and Der f1 proteins with the sequence of Eur m1 protein demonstrated an identity of 84.4% and 86%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Nearly 50% of house dust mites-sensitized patients have a concomitant sensitization to E. maynei. The cross-sensitization could be due to Der f1, Der p1, and Eur m1 similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palazzo
- M. Albanesi" Allergy and Immunology Unit, Bari, Italy
- The Allergist Srls, Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Technological and Innovation Sciences, Universitas Mercatorum - Piazza Mattei, 10, Rome, Italy; stefano.palazzo@-centroalbanesi.com
| | | | - Concetta De Chirico
- M. Albanesi" Allergy and Immunology Unit, Bari, Italy
- The Allergist Srls, Bari, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Pirto, 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Marco Zurlo
- M. Albanesi" Allergy and Immunology Unit, Bari, Italy
- "M. Albanesi' Allergy and Immunology Unit, Bari, Italy". He no longer works at the University of Verona
| | - Vincenzo Aresta
- M. Albanesi" Allergy and Immunology Unit, Bari, Italy
- The Allergist Srls, Bari, Italy
| | - Nada Chaoul
- M. Albanesi" Allergy and Immunology Unit, Bari, Italy
- The Allergist Srls, Bari, Italy
- Oncology Section, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Albanesi
- M. Albanesi" Allergy and Immunology Unit, Bari, Italy
- The Allergist Srls, Bari, Italy
- Allergolys, Asnieres-sur-Seine, France
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Ekpruke CD, Alford R, Rousselle D, Babayev M, Sharma S, Commodore S, Buechlein A, Rusch DB, Silveyra P. Transcriptomics analysis of allergen-induced inflammatory gene expression in the Four-Core Genotype mouse model. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:235-245. [PMID: 38047309 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00112.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in allergic inflammation have been reported, but the mechanisms underlying these differences remain unknown. Contributions of both sex hormones and sex-related genes to these mechanisms have been previously suggested in clinical and animal studies. Here, Four-Core Genotypes (FCG) mouse model was used to study the inflammatory response to house dust mite (HDM) challenge and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and regulatory pathways in lung tissue. Briefly, adult mice (8-10 wk old) of the FCG (XXM, XXF, XYM, XYF) were challenged intranasally with 25 μg of HDM or vehicle (PBS-control group) 5 days/wk for 5 wk (n = 3/10 group). At 72 h after the last exposure, we analyzed the eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of FCG mice. We extracted lung tissue and determined DEGs using Templated Oligo-Sequencing (TempO-Seq). DEG analysis was performed using the DESeq2 package and gene enrichment analysis was done using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. A total of 2,863 DEGs were identified in the FCG. Results revealed increased eosinophilia and neutrophilia in the HDM-treated group with the most significantly expressed genes in XYF phenotype and a predominant effect of female hormones vs. chromosomes. Regardless of the sex hormones, mice with female chromosomes had more downregulated genes in the HDM group but this was reversed in the control group. Interestingly, genes associated with inflammatory responses were overrepresented in the XXM and XYF genotypes treated with HDM. Sex hormones and chromosomes contribute to inflammatory responses to HDM challenge, with female hormones exerting a predominant effect mediated by inflammatory DEGs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gene expression profiling helps to provide deep insight into the global view of disease-related mechanisms and responses to therapy. Using the Four-Core Genotype mouse model, our findings revealed the influence of sex hormones and sex chromosomes in the gene expression of lungs exposed to an aeroallergen (House Dust Mite) and identified sex-specific pathways to better understand sex disparities associated with allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Damilola Ekpruke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Rachel Alford
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Dustin Rousselle
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Maksat Babayev
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Sarah Commodore
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Aaron Buechlein
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Douglas B Rusch
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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He K, Yang T, Yu J, Zang X, Jiang S, Xu S, Liu J, Xu Z, Wang W, Hong S. Dermatophagoides farinae microRNAs released to external environments via exosomes regulate inflammation-related gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1303265. [PMID: 38106417 PMCID: PMC10722260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dermatophagoides farinae (DFA) is an important species of house dust mites (HDMs) that causes allergic diseases. Previous studies have focused on allergens with protein components to explain the allergic effect of HDMs; however, there is little knowledge on the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the allergic effect of HDMs. This study aimed to unravel the new mechanism of dust mite sensitization from the perspective of cross-species transport of extracellular vesicles-encapsulated miRNAs from HDMs. Methods Small RNA (sRNA) sequencing was performed to detect miRNAs expression profiles from DFA, DFA-derived exosomes and DFA culture supernatants. A quantitative fluorescent real-time PCR (qPCR) assay was used to detect miRNAs expression in dust specimens. BEAS-2B cells endocytosed exosomes were modeled in vitro to detect miRNAs from DFA and the expression of related inflammatory factors. Representative dfa-miR-276-3p and dfa-novel-miR2 were transfected into BEAS-2B cells, and then differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed by RNA sequencing. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) terms enrichment analyses were performed on the first 300 nodes of DEGs. Results sRNA sequencing identified 42 conserved miRNAs and 66 novel miRNAs in DFA, DFA-derived exosomes, and DFA culture supernatants. A homology analysis was performed on the top 18 conserved miRNAs with high expression levels. The presence of dust mites and miRNAs from HDMs in living environment were also validated. Following uptake of DFA-derived exosomes by BEAS-2B cells, exosomes transported miRNAs from DFA to target cells and produced pro-inflammatory effects in corresponding cells. RNA sequencing identified DEGs in dfa-miR-276-3p and dfa-novel-miR2 transfected BEAS-2B cells. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed the role of exosomes with cross-species transporting of DFA miRNAs in inflammatory signaling pathways, such as JAK-STAT signaling pathway, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and IL-6-mediated signaling pathway. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the miRNAs expression profiles in DFA for the first time. The DFA miRNAs are delivered into living environments via exosomes, and engulfed by human bronchial epithelial cells, and cross-species regulation may contribute to inflammation-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Children’s Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyan Yu
- Graduate School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Zang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangde Jiang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyue Xu
- Graduate School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Graduate School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuyu Xu
- Graduate School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory on Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shanchao Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangnan University Medical Center, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Mondol E, Donado K, Regino R, Hernandez K, Mercado D, Mercado AC, Benedetti I, Puerta L, Zakzuk J, Caraballo L. The Allergenic Activity of Blo t 2, a Blomia tropicalis IgE-Binding Molecule. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065543. [PMID: 36982614 PMCID: PMC10053487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Only few allergens derived from house dust mite (HDM) species have been evaluated in terms of their potential to induce allergic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate different aspects of the allergenicity and allergenic activity of Blo t 2, a Blomia tropicalis allergen. Blo t 2 was produced as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Its allergenic activity was tested in humans by skin prick test and basophil activation assays, and in mice, by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and a model of allergic airway inflammation. Sensitization rate to Blo t 2 (54.3%) was similar to that found to Blo t 21 (57.2%) and higher than to Der p 2 (37.5%). Most Blo t 2-sensitized patients showed a low intensity response (99.5%). Blo t 2 elicited CD203c upregulation and allergen induced skin inflammation. Additionally, immunized animals produced anti-Blo t 2 IgE antibodies and passive transfer of their serum to non-immunized animals induced skin inflammation after allergen exposure. Immunized animals developed bronchial hyperreactivity and a strong inflammatory lung reaction (eosinophils and neutrophils). These results confirm the allergenic activity of Blo t 2 and supports its clinical relevance.
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Allegra A, Murdaca G, Gammeri L, Ettari R, Gangemi S. Alarmins and MicroRNAs, a New Axis in the Genesis of Respiratory Diseases: Possible Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021783. [PMID: 36675299 PMCID: PMC9861898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well ascertained that airway inflammation has a key role in the genesis of numerous respiratory pathologies, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Pulmonary tissue inflammation and anti-inflammatory responses implicate an intricate relationship between local and infiltrating immune cells and structural pulmonary cells. Alarmins are endogenic proteins discharged after cell injury in the extracellular microenvironment. The purpose of our review is to highlight the alterations in respiratory diseases involving some alarmins, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and interleukin (IL)-33, and their inter-relationships and relationships with genetic non-coding material, such as microRNAs. The role played by these alarmins in some pathophysiological processes confirms the existence of an axis composed of HMGB1 and IL-33. These alarmins have been implicated in ferroptosis, the onset of type 2 inflammation and airway alterations. Moreover, both factors can act on non-coding genetic material capable of modifying respiratory function. Finally, we present an outline of alarmins and RNA-based therapeutics that have been proposed to treat respiratory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Gammeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit and School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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6
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Jensen SA, Fiocchi A, Baars T, Jordakieva G, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Pali-Schöll I, Passanisi S, Pranger CL, Roth-Walter F, Takkinen K, Assa'ad AH, Venter C, Jensen-Jarolim E. Diagnosis and Rationale for Action against Cow's Milk Allergy (DRACMA) Guidelines update - III - Cow's milk allergens and mechanisms triggering immune activation. World Allergy Organ J 2022; 15:100668. [PMID: 36185551 PMCID: PMC9483786 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2022.100668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The immunopathogenesis of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is based on different mechanisms related to immune recognition of protein epitopes, which are affected by industrial processing. Purpose The purpose of this WAO DRACMA paper is to: (i) give a comprehensive overview of milk protein allergens, (ii) to review their immunogenicity and allergenicity in the context of industrial processing, and (iii) to review the milk-related immune mechanisms triggering IgE-mediated immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, mixed reactions and non-IgE mediated hypersensitivities. Results The main cow’s milk allergens – α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, serum albumin, caseins, bovine serum albumins, and others – may determine allergic reactions through a range of mechanisms. All marketed milk and milk products have undergone industrial processing that involves heating, filtration, and defatting. Milk processing results in structural changes of immunomodulatory proteins, leads to a loss of lipophilic compounds in the matrix, and hence to a higher allergenicity of industrially processed milk products. Thereby, the tolerogenic capacity of raw farm milk, associated with the whey proteins α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and their lipophilic ligands, is lost. Conclusion The spectrum of immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying cow's milk allergy (CMA) is wide. Unprocessed, fresh cow's milk, like human breast milk, contains various tolerogenic factors that are impaired by industrial processing. Further studies focusing on the immunological consequences of milk processing are warranted to understand on a molecular basis to what extent processing procedures make single milk compounds into allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Jensen
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,University Clinics for Ear Nose and Throat, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandro Fiocchi
- Allergy Unit - Area of Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ton Baars
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, Hassenfeld Childrens' Hospital, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Isabella Pali-Schöll
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,AllergyCare - Allergy Diagnosis Center Vienna, Private Clinics Döbling, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefano Passanisi
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Christina L Pranger
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Roth-Walter
- University Clinics for Ear Nose and Throat, Medical University Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amal H Assa'ad
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Carina Venter
- Childrenás Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Centre of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,AllergyCare - Allergy Diagnosis Center Vienna, Private Clinics Döbling, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Morozova AA, Kosyakova NI, Prokhorenko IR. Participation of MAPK and PI3K in Regulation of Cytokine Secretion by Peripheral Blood Monocular Cells in Response to Escherichia coli LPS and rDer p 2 Combination. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:538-547. [PMID: 35790413 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Search for the effective approaches to treat acute inflammation caused by combination of allergens and infectious agents is an important task for public health worldwide. House dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are the source of allergens of the Der p groups and of microbial compounds, in particular, lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS and Der p 2 induce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via activation of kinases p38 MAPK, MEK1/2, and PI3K. Participation of these kinases in the regulation of cells response to combined exposure to LPS and Der p 2 has not been sufficiently studied. We studied the effects of kinases (p38 MAPK, MEK1/2, and PI3K) inhibition on secretion of cytokines (TNF, IL-8, and IL-6) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy volunteers in response to E. coli LPS and rDer p 2. Contribution of kinases to the regulation of cell response to different agents (rDer p 2 and/or LPS) was revealed. It was found that p38 MAPK plays a key role in the regulation of secretion TNF by PBMC in response to the combination of LPS and rDer p 2. MEK1/2-dependent signaling is the main pathway for the synthesis of TNF and IL-8 in response to LPS and rDer p 2. PI3K-dependent signaling negatively regulates TNF production during rDer p 2-induced cell activation, but is not involved in the response to the combination of LPS and rDer p 2. PI3K-dependent signaling in the regulation of PBMC cytokine synthesis is most pronounced in response to their activation by rDer p 2. Understanding the mechanisms of immune cell responses to combinations of inflammatory agents could facilitate the search for new intracellular targets for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia A Morozova
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Ninel I Kosyakova
- Hospital of Pushchino Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
| | - Isabella R Prokhorenko
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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Wang YJ, Yu SJ, Tsai JJ, Yu CH, Liao EC. Antagonism of Protease Activated Receptor-2 by GB88 Reduces Inflammation Triggered by Protease Allergen Tyr-p3. Front Immunol 2021; 12:557433. [PMID: 34566947 PMCID: PMC8456102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.557433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of allergic diseases induced by aeroallergens has increased in the past decades. Among inhalant allergens, mites remain the important causal agent of allergic diseases. Storage mites- Tyrophagus putrescentiae are found in stored products or domestic environments. Major allergen Tyr-p3 plays a significant role in triggering IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. However, its effects on pulmonary inflammation, internalization, and activation in human epithelium remain elusive. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are activated upon cleavage by proteases. A549 cells were used as an epithelial model to examine the PAR activation by Tyr-p3 and therapeutic potential of PAR-2 antagonist (GB88) in allergic responses. Enzymatic properties and allergen localization of Tyr-p3 were performed. The release of inflammatory mediators, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and cell junction disruptions were evaluated after Tyr-p3 challenge. Enzymatic properties determined by substrate digestion and protease inhibitors indicated that Tyr-p3 processes a trypsin-like serine protease activity. The PAR-2 mRNA levels were significantly increased by nTyr-p3 but inhibited by protease inhibitors or GB88. Protease allergen of nTyr-p3 significantly increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), chemokine (IL-8), and IL-1β in epithelial cells. nTyr-p3 markedly increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and MAP kinase. When cells were pretreated with GB88 then added nTyr-p3, the phosphorylated ERK1/2 did not inhibit by GB88. GB88 increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human epithelium cells. GB88 is able to block PAR-2-mediated calcium signaling which inhibits the nTyr-p3-induced Ca2+ release. Among the pharmacologic inhibitors, the most effective inhibitor of the nTyr-p3 in the induction of IL-8 or IL-1β levels was GB88 followed by SBTI, MAPK/ERK, ERK, and p38 inhibitors. Levels of inflammatory mediators, including GM-CSF, VEGF, COX-2, TSLP, and IL-33 were reduced by treatment of GB88 or SBTI. Further, GB88 treatment down-regulated the nTyr-p3-induced PAR-2 expression in allergic patients with asthma or rhinitis. Tight junction and adherens junction were disrupted in epithelial cells by nTyr-p3 exposure; however, this effect was avoided by GB88. Immunostaining with frozen sections of the mite body showed the presence of Tyr-p3 throughout the intestinal digestive system, especially in the hindgut around the excretion site. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Tyr-p3 from domestic mites leads to disruption of the airway epithelial barrier after inhalation. Proteolytic activity of Tyr-p3 causes the PAR-2 mRNA expression, thus leading to the release of numerous inflammatory mediators. Antagonism of PAR2 activity suggests GB88 as the therapeutic potential for anti-inflammation medicine, especially in allergy development triggered by protease allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Jie Yu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - En-Chih Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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9
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Zhang R, Trower J, Wu T. Degradation of bacterial permeability family member A1 (BPIFA1) by house dust mite (HDM) cysteine protease Der p 1 abrogates immune modulator function. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4022-4031. [PMID: 32890564 PMCID: PMC7467078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial permeability family member A1 (BPIFA1) is one of the most abundant proteins present in normal airway surface liquid (ASL). It is known to be diminished in asthmatic patients' sputum, which causes airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). What is currently unclear is how environmental factors, such as allergens' impact on BPIFA1's abundance and functions in the context of allergic asthma. House dust mite (HDM) is a predominant domestic source of aeroallergens. The group of proteases found in HDM is thought to cleave multiple cellular protective mechanisms, and therefore foster the development of allergic asthma. Here, we show that BPIFA1 is cleaved by HDM proteases in a time-, dose-, and temperature-dependent manner. We have also shown the main component in HDM that is responsible for BPIFA1's degradation is Der p1. Fragmented BPIFA1 failed to bind E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and hence elevated TNFα and IL-6 secretion in human whole blood. BPIFA1 degradation is also observed in vivo in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) of mice which are intranasally instilled with HDM. These data suggest that proteases associated with environmental allergens such as HDM cleave BPIFA1 and therefore impair its immune modulator function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Jessika Trower
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 302 East Lawson Street, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tongde Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 302 East Lawson Street, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise (BRITE), 302 East Lawson Street, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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Wang Ms J, Kang Ms X, Huang Ms ZQ, Shen Ms L, Luo Md Q, Li Ms MY, Luo Ms LP, Tu Ms JH, Han Ms M, Ye J. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Decreased Zonula Occlidens-1 and Claudin-1 Expression and Induced Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction in Allergic Rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 35:26-35. [PMID: 32551923 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420932486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-modulated tight junctions (TJs) have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, immunopathogenesis remains to be investigated among patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the role of PAR-2 in the modulation of epithelial barrier function and the expression of TJs in the nasal mucosa of AR patients. METHODS The expression of TJs and PAR-2 of the nasal mucosa in AR patients and control subjects by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting. In vitro, Primary human nasal epithelial cells (pHNECs) of AR patients were stimulated by Der p1 to analyze the correlation between PAR-2 and TJs expression. Der p1-induced pHNECs were treated with the PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 and antagonist FSLLRY-NH2. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa detection was employed as an indicator of epithelial permeability. RESULTS Lower expression levels of TJs in the nasal epithelium of AR patients were observed in comparison with that in control subjects. The PAR-2 level was markedly increased following treatment with 1,000 ng/mL of Der p1 for 24 hours in a cellular model of AR. The expression of PAR-2 was increased in Der p1-induced pHNECs of AR patients and correlated inversely with zonula occlidens (ZO)-1 and claudin-1. Treatment with Der p1 further downregulated TJs expression and promoted an increased epithelial permeability in Der p1-induced pHNECs. CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 could downregulate the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1, which is involved in epithelial barrier dysfunction in AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Kang Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jiangxi Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Qun Huang Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li Shen Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Luo Md
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meng-Yue Li Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Li-Ping Luo Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jiangxi Children's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun-Hao Tu Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mei Han Ms
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Li B, Zou Z, Meng F, Raz E, Huang Y, Tao A, Ai Y. Dust mite-derived Der f 3 activates a pro-inflammatory program in airway epithelial cells via PAR-1 and PAR-2. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:1-11. [PMID: 30836204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease activity of allergens has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The major allergen Der f 3 from Dermatophagoides farinae harbors serine protease activity, but its immunopathogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to explore the effect of Der f 3 on the airway epithelial barrier and on the molecular pathways by which Der f 3 induces inflammation. RNA-seq was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in bronchial airway epithelial cells (AEC) between native Der f 3 and heat-inactivated (H) Der f 3, coupled with real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA for validation. Unlike other protease allergens such as that induce Th2-promoting alarmins (IL-25, IL-33, TSLP) in AECs, Der f 3 induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF, which are known to promote Th17 response. These pro-inflammatory mediators were induced by Der f 3 via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways as well as the store-operated calcium signaling. Gene silencing with small interfering RNA in A549 and BEAS-2B cells indicated that activation of AECs by Der f 3 was mainly dependent on protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), while PAR-1 was also required for the full activation of AECs. Double knock-down of PAR-1 and PAR-2 largely impaired Der f 3-inducecd IL-8 production and subsequent signaling pathways. Our data suggest that Der f 3 induces pro-inflammatory mediators in human epithelial cell lines via the PARs-MAPK-NF-κB axis. Our results provide a molecular mechanism by which Der f 3 may trigger the Th17-skewed allergic response toward house dust mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Zehong Zou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Fanmei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Eyal Raz
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, China; Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, United States
| | - Yuye Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Center for Inflammation, Immunity, & Immune-mediated Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, China.
| | - Yuncan Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China; Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
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