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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:39-64. [PMID: 38888769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process, named phagocytosis, for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this, he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate immune response. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In this chapter, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis performed mainly by professional phagocytes through antibody and complement receptors and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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2
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Rojas-Ortega DA, Rojas-Hernández S, Sánchez-Mendoza ME, Gómez-López M, Sánchez-Camacho JV, Rosales-Cruz E, Yépez MMC. Role of FcγRIII in the nasal cavity of BALB/c mice in the primary amebic meningoencephalitis protection model. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1087-1105. [PMID: 36913025 PMCID: PMC10009362 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07810-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Different mechanisms of the host immune response against the primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in the mouse protection model have been described. It has been proposed that antibodies opsonize Naegleria fowleri trophozoites; subsequently, the polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) surround the trophozoites to avoid the infection. FcγRs activate signaling pathways of adapter proteins such as Syk and Hck on PMNs to promote different effector cell functions which are induced by the Fc portion of the antibody-antigen complexes. In this work, we analyzed the activation of PMNs, epithelial cells, and nasal passage cells via the expression of Syk and Hck genes. Our results showed an increment of the FcγRIII and IgG subclasses in the nasal cavity from immunized mice as well as Syk and Hck expression was increased, whereas in the in vitro assay, we observed that when the trophozoites of N. fowleri were opsonized with IgG anti-N. fowleri and interacted with PMN, the expression of Syk and Hck was also increased. We suggest that PMNs are activated via their FcγRIII, which leads to the elimination of the trophozoites in vitro, while in the nasal cavity, the adhesion and consequently infection are avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alexander Rojas-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Saúl Rojas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - María Elena Sánchez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Modesto Gómez-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Jennifer Viridiana Sánchez-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Salvador Diaz Mirón Esq. Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Erika Rosales-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Hematopatología, Departamento de Morfología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Ciudad de Mexico, México
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3
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Simmons DP, Nguyen HN, Gomez-Rivas E, Jeong Y, Jonsson AH, Chen AF, Lange JK, Dyer GS, Blazar P, Earp BE, Coblyn JS, Massarotti EM, Sparks JA, Todd DJ, Rao DA, Kim EY, Brenner MB. SLAMF7 engagement superactivates macrophages in acute and chronic inflammation. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabf2846. [PMID: 35148199 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages regulate protective immune responses to infectious microbes, but aberrant macrophage activation frequently drives pathological inflammation. To identify regulators of vigorous macrophage activation, we analyzed RNA-seq data from synovial macrophages and identified SLAMF7 as a receptor associated with a superactivated macrophage state in rheumatoid arthritis. We implicated IFN-γ as a key regulator of SLAMF7 expression and engaging SLAMF7 drove a strong wave of inflammatory cytokine expression. Induction of TNF-α after SLAMF7 engagement amplified inflammation through an autocrine signaling loop. We observed SLAMF7-induced gene programs not only in macrophages from rheumatoid arthritis patients but also in gut macrophages from patients with active Crohn's disease and in lung macrophages from patients with severe COVID-19. This suggests a central role for SLAMF7 in macrophage superactivation with broad implications in human disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daimon P Simmons
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hung N Nguyen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emma Gomez-Rivas
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunju Jeong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Helena Jonsson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia F Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Lange
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George S Dyer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Blazar
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brandon E Earp
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Coblyn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena M Massarotti
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Derrick J Todd
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Deepak A Rao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edy Y Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Wang H, Wei W, Cao Q, Xu M, Chen Q, Lv Y, Tan C, Dai M, Xu X, Chen H, Wang X. Sialylated Lipooligosaccharide Contributes to Glaesserella parasuis Penetration of Porcine Respiratory Epithelial Barrier. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:661-671. [PMID: 33645216 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens utilize various mechanisms to escape host immunological surveillance, break down different tissue barriers, and cause infection. Sialylation is an important surface modification of bacterial outer membrane components, especially the lipooligosaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria. It is widely involved in multiple microbe-host interactions, such as bacterial virulence regulation, host recognition, and immune evasion. There are some sialylation modifications on the lipooligosaccharide structure of Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) virulent strains. However, the role of lipooligosaccharide sialylation modification in the process of G. parasuis infection and penetration of the porcine respiratory epithelial barrier is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanism of lsgB-mediated lipooligosaccharide sialylation in G. parasuis invasion of the host respiratory epithelial barrier. Specifically, G. parasuis lsgB-mediated lipooligosaccharide sialylation and sialylated-lipooligosaccharide interacted with Siglec1 on porcine alveolar macrophages 3D4/21 and triggered the subsequent generation of TGFβ1 through Siglec1/Dap12/Syk/p38 signaling cascade. TGFβ1 decreased the tracheal epithelial tight junctions and the expression of extracellular adhesion molecule fibronectin, thus assisting G. parasuis invasion and entry to the respiratory epithelial barrier. Characterizing the potential effects and mechanisms of lipooligosaccharide sialylation-mediated TGFβ1 production would further expand our current knowledge on the pathogenesis of G. parasuis which will contribute to better prevention and control of G. parasuis infection in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wenbin Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Manman Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qichao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yujin Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Chen Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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5
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Arima N. Dual effects of natural killer cells in transplantation for leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 158:103206. [PMID: 33388454 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally considered to belong to the innate immune system to play a protective role against tumor cells and viral infections. In human, they can recognize self and non-self HLA class 1 as their ligand. So, analyzing the outcomes of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a good opportunity to know the antitumor effects and regulatory effects of NK cells through HLA class 1 matching and mismatching of donor and recipient. In this review, I looked back on the main analysis results of the past transplants, summarized our reports consisting of many cases in a single ethnic, and showed that NK cells might work oppositely depending on the type of leukemia. New treatment strategies based on these concepts may offer individualized treatment options and ultimately increase offer the possibility of a cure for patients with leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyoshi Arima
- Department of Hematology, Shinko Hospital, 1-4-47, Wakihamacho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 651-0072, Hyogo, Japan.
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6
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Győri DS, Mócsai A. Osteoclast Signal Transduction During Bone Metastasis Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:507. [PMID: 32637413 PMCID: PMC7317091 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are myeloid lineage-derived bone-resorbing cells of hematopoietic origin. They differentiate from myeloid precursors through a complex regulation process where the differentiation of preosteoclasts is followed by intercellular fusion to generate large multinucleated cells. Under physiological conditions, osteoclastogenesis is primarily directed by interactions between CSF-1R and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, CSF-1), receptor activator of nuclear factor NF-κB (RANK) and RANK ligand (RANKL), as well as adhesion receptors (e.g., integrins) and their ligands. Osteoclasts play a central role in physiological and pathological bone resorption and are also required for excessive bone loss during osteoporosis, inflammatory bone and joint diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis) and cancer cell-induced osteolysis. Due to the major role of osteoclasts in these diseases the better understanding of their intracellular signaling pathways can lead to the identification of potential novel therapeutic targets. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases and lipid kinases play major roles in osteoclasts and small-molecule kinase inhibitors are emerging new therapeutics in diseases with pathological bone loss. During the last few years, we and others have shown that certain lipid (such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ) and tyrosine (Src-family and Syk) kinases play a critical role in osteoclast differentiation and function in humans and mice. Some of these signaling pathways shows similarity to immunoreceptor-like receptor signaling and involves important other enzymes (e.g., PLCγ2) and adapter proteins (such as the ITAM-bearing adapters DAP12 and the Fc-receptor γ-chain). Here, we review recently identified osteoclast signaling pathways and their role in osteoclast differentiation and function as well as pathological bone loss associated with osteolytic tumors of the bone. A better understanding of osteoclast signaling may facilitate the design of novel and more efficient therapies for pathological bone resorption and osteolytic skeletal metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid S. Győri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Phagocytosis: Our Current Understanding of a Universal Biological Process. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1066. [PMID: 32582172 PMCID: PMC7280488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells. Phagocytosis is found in many types of cells and it is, in consequence an essential process for tissue homeostasis. However, only specialized cells termed professional phagocytes accomplish phagocytosis with high efficiency. Macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and osteoclasts are among these dedicated cells. These professional phagocytes express several phagocytic receptors that activate signaling pathways resulting in phagocytosis. The process of phagocytosis involves several phases: i) detection of the particle to be ingested, ii) activation of the internalization process, iii) formation of a specialized vacuole called phagosome, and iv) maturation of the phagosome to transform it into a phagolysosome. In this review, we present a general view of our current understanding on cells, phagocytic receptors and phases involved in phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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8
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Németh T, Sperandio M, Mócsai A. Neutrophils as emerging therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:253-275. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Csete D, Simon E, Alatshan A, Aradi P, Dobó-Nagy C, Jakus Z, Benkő S, Győri DS, Mócsai A. Hematopoietic or Osteoclast-Specific Deletion of Syk Leads to Increased Bone Mass in Experimental Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:937. [PMID: 31134061 PMCID: PMC6524727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Syk is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase critically involved in signaling by various immunoreceptors including B-cell-receptors and activating Fc-receptors. We have previously shown that Syk also mediates immunoreceptor-like signals required for the in vitro development and function of osteoclasts. However, the perinatal lethality of Syk -/- mice precluded the analysis of the role of Syk in in vivo bone metabolism. To overcome that problem, we generated mice with osteoclast-specific (Syk ΔOC ) or hematopoietic (Syk ΔHaemo ) Syk deficiency by conditional deletion of Syk using Cre recombinase expressed under the control of the Ctsk or Vav1 promoter, respectively. Micro-CT analysis revealed increased bone trabecular density in both Syk ΔOC and Syk ΔHaemo mice, although hematopoietic Syk deficiency caused a more severe phenotype than osteoclast-specific Syk deficiency. Osteoclast-specific Syk deficiency reduced, whereas hematopoietic Syk deficiency completely blocked in vitro development of osteoclasts. Both interventions inhibited the resorptive activity of osteoclasts and osteoclast-specific gene expression. Kinetic analysis of Syk protein levels, Cre expression and the genomic deletion of the Syk flox allele revealed complete and early deletion of Syk from Syk ΔHaemo osteoclasts whereas Syk was incompletely deleted at a later stage of osteoclast development from Syk ΔOC cultures. Those results provide an explanation for the in vivo and in vitro difference between the Syk ΔOC and Syk ΔHaemo mutant strains and suggest late activation of, and incomplete target gene deletion upon, osteoclast-specific Cre expression driven by the Ctsk promoter. Taken together, our results indicate that Syk plays an indispensable role in osteoclast-mediated in vivo bone resorption and suggest that Syk-specific inhibitors may provide therapeutic benefit in inflammatory and other diseases characterized by excessive osteoclast-mediated bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Csete
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edina Simon
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ahmad Alatshan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Petra Aradi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Dobó-Nagy
- Department of Oral Diagnostics, Semmelweis University School of Dentistry, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid S Győri
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Németh T, Futosi K, Szabó M, Aradi P, Saito T, Mócsai A, Jakus Z. Importance of Fc Receptor γ-Chain ITAM Tyrosines in Neutrophil Activation and in vivo Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:252. [PMID: 30858848 PMCID: PMC6397848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating Fcγ receptors associated with Fc receptor γ-chain (FcRγ) are critical for mediating neutrophil effector functions in immune complex-mediated autoimmune diseases. FcRγ contains ITAM tyrosines and the in vivo role of these tyrosines has not been defined in neutrophils and arthritis. In this study, the in vivo functions of FcRγ ITAM tyrosines were characterized using wild type and ITAM tyrosine mutant (Y65F/Y76F) transgenic mice crossed to an FcRγ-deficient genetic background. FcRγ-deficient neutrophils showed undetectable cell surface expression of the activating Fcγ receptor IV, defective immune complex-induced superoxide production, degranulation and spreading. Although the re-expression of both the wild type and the ITAM tyrosine mutant (Y65F/Y76F) FcRγ could restore activating Fcγ receptor expression of FcRγ-deficient neutrophils, only the wild type transgenic form could mediate Fcγ receptor-dependent effector functions. In contrast, neutrophils carrying ITAM tyrosine mutant FcRγ were unable to produce superoxide, mediate degranulation and perform active spreading. In addition, our results confirmed the protection of FcRγ-deficient mice from autoimmune arthritis. Importantly, the presence of the wild type FcRγ transgene, in contrast to the ITAM tyrosine mutant transgene, partially reversed autoimmune arthritis development. The reversing effect of the wild type transgene was even more robust when animals carried the wild type transgene in a homozygous form. Collectively, FcRγ ITAM tyrosines play a critical role in the induction of neutrophil effector responses, the initiation and progression of an autoantibody-induced experimental arthritis in vivo, indicating a signaling, rather than just a receptor stabilizing function of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Németh
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Futosi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcell Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Aradi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-SE "Lendület" Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors A2 and A6 are Expressed in Avian Macrophages and Modulate Cytokine Production by Activating Multiple Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092710. [PMID: 30208630 PMCID: PMC6163679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activating leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRAs) play an important role in innate immunity. However, most of the LILRA members have not been characterized in avian species including chickens. The present study is the first attempt at cloning, structural analysis and functional characterization of two LILRAs (LILRA2 and LILRA6) in chickens. Multiple sequence alignments and construction of a phylogenetic tree of chicken LILRA2 and LILRA6 with mammalian proteins revealed high conservation between chicken LILRA2 and LILRA6 and a close relationship between the chicken and mammalian proteins. The mRNA expression of LILRA2 and LILRA6 was high in chicken HD11 macrophages and the small intestine compared to that in several other tissues and cells tested. To examine the function of LILRA2 and LILRA6 in chicken immunity, LILRA2 and LILRA6 were transfected into HD11 cells. Our findings indicated that LILRA2 and LILRA6 are associated with the phosphorylation of Src kinases and SHP2, which play a regulatory role in immune functions. Moreover, LILRA6 associated with and activated MHC class I, β2-microglobulin and induced the expression of transporters associated with antigen processing but LILRA2 did not. Furthermore, both LILRA2 and LILRA6 activated JAK-STAT, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways and induced Th1-, Th2- and Th17-type cytokines and Toll-like receptors. Collectively, this study indicates that LILRA2 and LILRA6 are essential for macrophage-mediated immune responses and they have the potential to complement the innate and adaptive immune system against pathogens.
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Tang M, Tian L, Luo G, Yu X. Interferon-Gamma-Mediated Osteoimmunology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1508. [PMID: 30008722 PMCID: PMC6033972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is the interdiscipline that focuses on the relationship between the skeletal and immune systems. They are interconnected by shared signal pathways and cytokines. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays important roles in immune responses and bone metabolism. IFN-γ enhances macrophage activation and antigen presentation. It regulates antiviral and antibacterial immunity as well as signal transduction. IFN-γ can promote osteoblast differentiation and inhibit bone marrow adipocyte formation. IFN-γ plays dual role in osteoclasts depending on its stage. Furthermore, IFN-γ is an important pathogenetic factor in some immune-mediated bone diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, postmenopausal osteoporosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This review will discuss the contradictory findings of IFN-γ in osteoimmunology and its clinical application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Tang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Tian
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guojing Luo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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13
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Fransen MF, Benonisson H, van Maren WW, Sow HS, Breukel C, Linssen MM, Claassens JWC, Brouwers C, van der Kaa J, Camps M, Kleinovink JW, Vonk KK, van Heiningen S, Klar N, van Beek L, van Harmelen V, Daxinger L, Nandakumar KS, Holmdahl R, Coward C, Lin Q, Hirose S, Salvatori D, van Hall T, van Kooten C, Mastroeni P, Ossendorp F, Verbeek JS. A Restricted Role for FcγR in the Regulation of Adaptive Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29523656 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
By their interaction with IgG immune complexes, FcγR and complement link innate and adaptive immunity, showing functional redundancy. In complement-deficient mice, IgG downstream effector functions are often impaired, as well as adaptive immunity. Based on a variety of model systems using FcγR-knockout mice, it has been concluded that FcγRs are also key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity; however, several of the model systems underpinning these conclusions suffer from flawed experimental design. To address this issue, we generated a novel mouse model deficient for all FcγRs (FcγRI/II/III/IV-/- mice). These mice displayed normal development and lymphoid and myeloid ontogeny. Although IgG effector pathways were impaired, adaptive immune responses to a variety of challenges, including bacterial infection and IgG immune complexes, were not. Like FcγRIIb-deficient mice, FcγRI/II/III/IV-/- mice developed higher Ab titers but no autoantibodies. These observations indicate a redundant role for activating FcγRs in the modulation of the adaptive immune response in vivo. We conclude that FcγRs are downstream IgG effector molecules with a restricted role in the ontogeny and maintenance of the immune system, as well as the regulation of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke F Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hreinn Benonisson
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy W van Maren
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Heng Sheng Sow
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cor Breukel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Margot M Linssen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jill W C Claassens
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Conny Brouwers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jos van der Kaa
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Camps
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Kleinovink
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kelly K Vonk
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra van Heiningen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ngaisah Klar
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lianne van Beek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Harmelen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lucia Daxinger
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kutty S Nandakumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris Coward
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Qingshun Lin
- Department of Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirose
- Toin Human Science and Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama 225-8502, Japan
| | - Daniela Salvatori
- Department of Anatomy, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; and
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cees van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Piero Mastroeni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands;
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Kot A, Zhong ZA, Zhang H, Lay YAE, Lane NE, Yao W. Sex dimorphic regulation of osteoprogenitor progesterone in bone stromal cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:351-363. [PMID: 28871061 PMCID: PMC5633481 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing peak bone mass is a promising strategy to prevent osteoporosis. A mouse model of global progesterone receptor (PR) ablation showed increased bone mass through a sex-dependent mechanism. Cre-Lox recombination was used to generate a mouse model of osteoprogenitor-specific PR inactivation, which recapitulated the high bone mass phenotype seen in the PR global knockout mouse mode. In this work, we employed RNA sequencing analysis to evaluate sex-independent and sex-dependent differences in gene transcription of osteoprogenitors of wild-type and PR conditional knockout mice. PR deletion caused marked sex hormone-dependent changes in gene transcription in male mice as compared to wild-type controls. These transcriptional differences revealed dysregulation in pathways involving immunomodulation, osteoclasts, bone anabolism, extracellular matrix interaction and matrix interaction. These results identified many potential mechanisms that may explain our observed high bone mass phenotype with sex differences when PR was selectively deleted in the MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kot
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Zhendong A Zhong
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Cancer and Cell BiologyProgram in Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Emergency MedicineCenter for Difficult Diagnoses and Rare Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital of the Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-An Evan Lay
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nancy E Lane
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Wei Yao
- Center for Musculoskeletal HealthDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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15
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Shen N, He R, Liang Y, Xu J, He M, Ren Y, Gu X, Lai W, Xie Y, Peng X, Yang G. Expression and characterisation of a Sarcoptes scabiei protein tyrosine kinase as a potential antigen for scabies diagnosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9639. [PMID: 28852108 PMCID: PMC5575040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a disease that harms humans and other animals that is caused by the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing into the stratum corneum of the skin. In the early stages of scabies, symptoms are often subclinical and there are no effective diagnostic methods. Herein, we cloned, expressed and characterised an S. scabiei protein tyrosine kinase (SsPTK) and evaluated its diagnostic value as a recombinant antigen in rabbit during the early stages of Sarcoptes infestation. The SsPTK protein is ~30 kDa, lacks a signal peptide, and shares high homology with a PTK from the rabbit ear mite Psoroptes ovis cuniculi. The protein was widely distributed at the front end of mites, particularly in the chewing mouthparts and legs. Indirect ELISA using recombinant SsPTK showed good diagnostic value, with 95.2% (40/42) sensitivity and 94.1% (48/51) specificity for detecting anti-PTK antibody in serum samples from naturally-infested rabbits. More importantly, PTK ELISA could diagnose infection in the early stages (infestation for 1 week) with an accuracy of 100% (24/24). SsPTK therefore shows potential as a sensitive antigen for the early diagnosis of parasitic mite infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengxing Shen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Manli He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yongjun Ren
- Sichuan Animal Sciences Academy, Sichuan Chengdu, 610066, China
- Animal Breeding and Genetics key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Weimin Lai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, 611130, China.
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Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in antimicrobial host defense, but their improper activation also contributes to inflammation-induced tissue damage. Therefore, understanding neutrophil biology is important for the understanding, diagnosis, and therapy of both infectious and inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils express a large number of cell-surface receptors that sense extracellular cues and trigger various functional responses through complex intracellular signaling pathways. During the last several years, we and others have shown that tyrosine kinases play a critical role in those processes. In particular, Src-family and Syk tyrosine kinases couple Fc-receptors and adhesion receptors (integrins and selectins) to various neutrophil effector functions. This pathway shows surprising similarity to lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling and involves various other enzymes (e.g. PLCγ2), exchange factors (e.g. Vav-family members) and adapter proteins (such as ITAM-containing adapters, SLP-76, and CARD9). Those mediators trigger various antimicrobial functions and play a critical role in coordinating the inflammatory response through the release of inflammatory mediators, such as chemokines and LTB4 . Interestingly, however, tyrosine kinases have a limited direct role in the migration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Here, we review the role of tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in neutrophils and how those pathways contribute to neutrophil activation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Futosi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Houslay DM, Anderson KE, Chessa T, Kulkarni S, Fritsch R, Downward J, Backer JM, Stephens LR, Hawkins PT. Coincident signals from GPCRs and receptor tyrosine kinases are uniquely transduced by PI3Kβ in myeloid cells. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra82. [PMID: 27531651 PMCID: PMC5417692 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aae0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) catalyze production of the lipid messenger phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3), which plays a central role in a complex signaling network regulating cell growth, survival, and movement. This network is overactivated in cancer and inflammation, and there is interest in determining the PI3K catalytic subunit (p110α, p110β, p110γ, or p110δ) that should be targeted in different therapeutic contexts. Previous studies have defined unique regulatory inputs for p110β, including direct interaction with Gβγ subunits, Rac, and Rab5. We generated mice with knock-in mutations of p110β that selectively blocked the interaction with Gβγ and investigated its contribution to the PI3K isoform dependency of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) responses in primary macrophages and neutrophils. We discovered a unique role for p110β in supporting synergistic PIP3 formation in response to the coactivation of macrophages by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and the complement protein C5a. In contrast, we found partially redundant roles for p110α, p110β, and p110δ downstream of M-CSF alone and a nonredundant role for p110γ downstream of C5a alone. This role for p110β completely depended on direct interaction with Gβγ, suggesting that p110β transduces GPCR signals in the context of coincident activation by an RTK. The p110β-Gβγ interaction was also required for neutrophils to generate reactive oxygen species in response to the Fcγ receptor-dependent recognition of immune complexes and for their β2 integrin-mediated adhesion to fibrinogen or poly-RGD+, directly implicating heterotrimeric G proteins in these two responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Houslay
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Karen E Anderson
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Tamara Chessa
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Suhasini Kulkarni
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Centre, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55 79106, Germany
| | - Julian Downward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Jonathan M Backer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 230, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Len R Stephens
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK.
| | - Phillip T Hawkins
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Babraham, Cambridge CB223AT, UK.
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18
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A respiratory chain controlled signal transduction cascade in the mitochondrial intermembrane space mediates hydrogen peroxide signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5679-88. [PMID: 26438848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1517932112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) govern cellular homeostasis by inducing signaling. H2O2 modulates the activity of phosphatases and many other signaling molecules through oxidation of critical cysteine residues, which led to the notion that initiation of ROS signaling is broad and nonspecific, and thus fundamentally distinct from other signaling pathways. Here, we report that H2O2 signaling bears hallmarks of a regular signal transduction cascade. It is controlled by hierarchical signaling events resulting in a focused response as the results place the mitochondrial respiratory chain upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn, Lyn upstream of tyrosine-protein kinase SYK (Syk), and Syk upstream of numerous targets involved in signaling, transcription, translation, metabolism, and cell cycle regulation. The active mediators of H2O2 signaling colocalize as H2O2 induces mitochondria-associated Lyn and Syk phosphorylation, and a pool of Lyn and Syk reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Finally, the same intermediaries control the signaling response in tissues and species responsive to H2O2 as the respiratory chain, Lyn, and Syk were similarly required for H2O2 signaling in mouse B cells, fibroblasts, and chicken DT40 B cells. Consistent with a broad role, the Syk pathway is coexpressed across tissues, is of early metazoan origin, and displays evidence of evolutionary constraint in the human. These results suggest that H2O2 signaling is under control of a signal transduction pathway that links the respiratory chain to the mitochondrial intermembrane space-localized, ubiquitous, and ancient Syk pathway in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells.
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Jaumouillé V, Farkash Y, Jaqaman K, Das R, Lowell CA, Grinstein S. Actin cytoskeleton reorganization by Syk regulates Fcγ receptor responsiveness by increasing its lateral mobility and clustering. Dev Cell 2014; 29:534-546. [PMID: 24914558 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of immunoreceptors upon association with multivalent ligands triggers important responses including phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines, and production of immunoglobulins. We applied single-molecule detection and tracking methods to study the factors that control the mobility and clustering of phagocytic Fcγ receptors (FcγR). While the receptors exist as monomers in resting macrophages, two distinct populations were discernible based on their mobility: some diffuse by apparent free motion, while others are confined within submicron boundaries that reduce the frequency of spontaneous collisions. Src-family and Syk kinases determine the structure of the actin cytoskeleton, which is fenestrated, accounting for the heterogeneous diffusion of the FcγR. Stimulation of these kinases during phagocytosis induces reorganization of the cytoskeleton both locally and distally in a manner that alters receptor mobility and clustering, generating a feedback loop that facilitates engagement of FcγR at the tip of pseudopods, directing the progression of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jaumouillé
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Yoav Farkash
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8816, USA
| | - Raibatak Das
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0100, USA
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada; Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5C 1N8, Canada.
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20
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Kane BA, Bryant KJ, McNeil HP, Tedla NT. Termination of immune activation: an essential component of healthy host immune responses. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:727-38. [PMID: 25033984 PMCID: PMC6741560 DOI: 10.1159/000363449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal immune response is rapid, proportionate and effective. Crucially, it must also be finite. An inflammatory response which is disproportionate or lasts too long risks injury to the host; chronic un-regulated inflammation in autoimmune diseases is one example of this. Thus, mechanisms to regulate and ultimately terminate immune responses are central to a healthy immune system. Despite extensive knowledge of what drives immune responses, our understanding of mechanisms of immune termination remains relatively sparse. It is clear that such processes are more complex than a one-dimensional homeostatic balance. Recent discoveries have revealed ever more nuanced mechanisms of signal termination, such as intrinsically self-limiting signals, multiple inhibitory mechanisms acting in tandem and activating proteins behaving differently in a variety of contexts. This review will summarise some important mechanisms, including termination by immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIM), inhibition by soluble antagonists, receptor endocytosis or ubiquitination, and auto-inhibition by newly synthesised intracellular inhibitory molecules. Several recent discoveries showing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs transducing inhibitory signals, ITIM mediating activating responses and the possible roles of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A. Kane
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Katherine J. Bryant
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | - H. Patrick McNeil
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
| | - Nicodemus T. Tedla
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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Yang Y, Su X, Zhang K, Zhou R. The Fc receptor-like 3 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases: An updated meta-analysis. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:547-58. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.835804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Mitsuhashi S, Mitsuhashi H, Alexander MS, Sugimoto H, Kang PB. Cysteine mutations cause defective tyrosine phosphorylation in MEGF10 myopathy. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2952-7. [PMID: 23954233 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recessive mutations in MEGF10 are known to cause a congenital myopathy in humans. Two mutations in the extracellular EGF-like domains of MEGF10, C326R and C774R, were associated with decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of MEGF10 in vitro. Y1030 was identified to be the major tyrosine phosphorylation site in MEGF10 and is phosphorylated at least in part by c-Src. Overexpression of wild-type MEGF10 enhanced C2C12 myoblast proliferation, while overexpression of Y1030F mutated MEGF10 did not. We conclude that MEGF10-mediated signaling via tyrosine phosphorylation helps to regulate myoblast proliferation. Defects in this signaling pathway may contribute to the disease mechanism of MEGF10 myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kraskouskaya D, Duodu E, Arpin CC, Gunning PT. Progress towards the development of SH2 domain inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:3337-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35449k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Kim K, Kim JH, Moon JB, Lee J, Kwak HB, Park YW, Kim N. The transmembrane adaptor protein, linker for activation of T cells (LAT), regulates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Mol Cells 2012; 33:401-6. [PMID: 22382685 PMCID: PMC3887798 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RANKL induces the formation of osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone resorption. Herein we investigate the role of the transmembrane adaptor proteins in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. LAT positively regulates osteoclast differentiation and is up-regulated by RANKL via c-Fos and NFATc1, whereas LAB and LIME act as negative modulators of osteoclastogenesis. In addition, silencing of LAT by RNA interference or overexpression of a LAT dominant negative in bone marrow-derived macrophage cells attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Furthermore, LAT is involved in RANKL-induced PLC(γ) activation and NFATc1 induction. Thus, our data suggest that LAT acts as a positive regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabsun Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Jang Bae Moon
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Jongwon Lee
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | - Han bok Kwak
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
| | | | - Nacksung Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Regulation of Bone Metabolism and Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 501-746,
Korea
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Abdulrehman AY, Jackson ECG, McNicol A. Platelet activation by Streptococcus sanguinis is accompanied by MAP kinase phosphorylation. Platelets 2012; 24:6-14. [PMID: 22372533 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2012.661105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role of infections in atherothrombotic conditions. In particular, bacteria, notably those of oral origin, have been shown to activate platelets using a variety of mechanisms. Previous studies have shown that S. sanguinis strain 2017-78 induces platelet aggregation which requires the presence of both vWF and IgG. This aggregation is accompanied by the consecutive phosphorylation/desphosphorylation/rephosphorylation of several signalling proteins. The first two phases are thromboxane-dependent whereas the rephosphorylation phase is mediated by engagement of the αIIbβ3 integrin. Here signalling events, specifically the potential role of MAP kinases, associated with S. sanguinis strain 2017-78-induced platelet activation have been further examined using an immunoblotting approach. The addition of S. sanguinis strain 2017-78 caused a similar triphasic phosphorylation profile of the platelet MAP kinase Erk2 to that seen with other phosphoproteins. Pretreatment with aspirin or RGDS did not affect 2017-78-induced Erk2 phosphorylation or desphosphorylation but both inhibited the rephosphorylation phase. In contrast the level of 2017-78-induced platelet MAP kinase p38 phosphorylation remained at an elevated level, and this was unaffected by aspirin. Similarly, 2017-78-induced cPLA(2) phosphorylation remained above basal levels during the aggregation process. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 inhibited S. sanguinis-induced aggregation with no effect on the phosphorylation of either p38 or cPLA(2). Thus the current study demonstrates the activation of both the Erk2 and p38 forms of MAP kinases, and of cPLA(2), in platelets stimulated with S. sanguinis strain 2017-78, and is consistent with a role for Erk2, but not for p38, in the cPLA(2) phosphorylation in response to S. sanguinis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y Abdulrehman
- Departments of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Coffey G, DeGuzman F, Inagaki M, Pak Y, Delaney SM, Ives D, Betz A, Jia ZJ, Pandey A, Baker D, Hollenbach SJ, Phillips DR, Sinha U. Specific inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase suppresses leukocyte immune function and inflammation in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:350-9. [PMID: 22040680 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.188441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on genetic studies that establish the role of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in immune function, inhibitors of this kinase are being investigated as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases. Because genetic studies eliminate both adapter functions and kinase activity of Syk, it is difficult to delineate the effect of kinase inhibition alone as would be the goal with small-molecule kinase inhibitors. We tested the hypothesis that specific pharmacological inhibition of Syk activity retains the immunomodulatory potential of Syk genetic deficiency. We report here on the discovery of (4-(3-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)phenylamino)-2-((1R,2S)-2-aminocyclohexylamino) pyrimidine-5-carboxamide acetate (P505-15), a highly specific and potent inhibitor of purified Syk (IC50 1-2 nM). In human whole blood, P505-15 potently inhibited B cell antigen receptor-mediated B cell signaling and activation (IC50 0.27 and 0.28 μM, respectively) and Fcε receptor 1-mediated basophil degranulation (IC50 0.15 μM). Similar levels of ex vivo inhibition were measured after dosing in mice (Syk signaling IC50 0.32 μM). Syk-independent signaling and activation were unaffected at much higher concentrations, demonstrating the specificity of kinase inhibition in cellular systems. Oral administration of P505-15 produced dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in two rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis. Statistically significant efficacy was observed at concentrations that specifically suppressed Syk activity by ∼67%. Thus specific Syk inhibition can mimic Syk genetic deficiency to modulate immune function, providing a therapeutic strategy in P505-15 for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Coffey
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Kim DS, Park JH, Kim JY, Kim D, Nam JH. A mechanism of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-like sequences in the capsid protein VP2 in viral growth and pathogenesis of Coxsackievirus B3. Virus Genes 2011; 44:176-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Wu Y, Zhu X, Li N, Chen T, Yang M, Yao M, Liu X, Jin B, Wang X, Cao X. CMRF-35–Like Molecule 3 Preferentially Promotes TLR9-Triggered Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Macrophages by Enhancing TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 Ubiquitination. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4881-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Regulation and function of syk tyrosine kinase in mast cell signaling and beyond. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:507291. [PMID: 21776385 PMCID: PMC3135164 DOI: 10.1155/2011/507291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine kinase Syk plays a critical role in FcεRI signaling in mast cells. Binding of Syk to phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (p-ITAM) of the receptor subunits results in conformational changes and tyrosine phosphorylation at multiple sites that leads to activation of Syk. The phosphorylated tyrosines throughout the molecule play an important role in the regulation of Syk-mediated signaling. Reconstitution of receptor-mediated signaling in Syk−/− cells by wild-type Syk or mutants which have substitution of these tyrosines with phenylalanine together with in vitro assays has been useful strategies to understand the regulation and function of Syk.
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Shanmugarajan S, Beeson CC, Reddy SV. Osteoclast inhibitory peptide-1 binding to the Fc gammaRIIB inhibits osteoclast differentiation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4389-99. [PMID: 20610564 PMCID: PMC2940506 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclast inhibitory peptide-1 (OIP) is an autocrine/paracrine inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation, and mice that overexpress OIP-1 in osteoclast lineage cells develop an osteopetrosis bone phenotype. In this study, we show that OIP-1 binding to the Fc gamma receptor IIB (Fc gammaRIIB) inhibits osteoclast differentiation. Confocal microscopy revealed colocalization of OIP-1 with Fc gammaRIIB in osteoclasts, and we observed that OIP-1 carboxy-terminal GPI-linked peptide forms a 1:1 complex with recombinant Fc gammaRIIB protein with an affinity binding of a dissociation constant of approximately 4 microm. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-bearing adapter proteins (FcR gamma and DNAX-activating protein of molecular mass 12 kDa) are critical for osteoclast development, and OIP-1 transgenic mouse-derived preosteoclast cells demonstrated suppression (6-fold) of ITAM phosphorylation of FcR gamma but not DNAX-activating protein of molecular mass 12 kDa. Interestingly, these preosteoclast cells demonstrated increased levels (4-fold) of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif phosphorylation of Fc gammaRIIB and Src homology 2-domain-containing proteins tyrosine phosphatase 1 activation. Further, OIP-1 mouse-derived preosteoclasts cells demonstrated inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase activation (4.5-fold), compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that cross-regulation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif and ITAM bearing Fc receptors may play a role in OIP-1 suppression of spleen tyrosine kinase activation and inhibition of osteoclast differentiation. Thus, OIP-1 is an important physiologic regulator of osteoclast development and may have therapeutic utility for bone diseases with high bone turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Shanmugarajan
- Charles P. Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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de Castro RO, Zhang J, Jamur MC, Oliver C, Siraganian RP. Tyrosines in the carboxyl terminus regulate Syk kinase activity and function. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26674-84. [PMID: 20554527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.134262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Syk tyrosine kinase family plays an essential role in immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling. The binding of Syk to tyrosine-phosphorylated ITAM subunits of immunoreceptors, such as FcepsilonRI on mast cells, results in a conformational change, with an increase of enzymatic activity of Syk. This conformational change exposes the COOH-terminal tail of Syk, which has three conserved Tyr residues (Tyr-623, Tyr-624, and Tyr-625 of rat Syk). To understand the role of these residues in signaling, wild-type and mutant Syk with these three Tyr mutated to Phe was expressed in Syk-deficient mast cells. There was decreased FcepsilonRI-induced degranulation, nuclear factor for T cell activation and NFkappaB activation with the mutated Syk together with reduced phosphorylation of MAP kinases p38 and p42/44 ERK. In non-stimulated cells, the mutated Syk was more tyrosine phosphorylated predominantly as a result of autophosphorylation. In vitro, there was reduced binding of mutated Syk to phosphorylated ITAM due to this increased phosphorylation. This mutated Syk from non-stimulated cells had significantly reduced kinase activity toward an exogenous substrate, whereas its autophosphorylation capacity was not affected. However, the kinase activity and the autophosphorylation capacity of this mutated Syk were dramatically decreased when the protein was dephosphorylated before the in vitro kinase reaction. Furthermore, mutation of these tyrosines in the COOH-terminal region of Syk transforms it to an enzyme, similar to its homolog ZAP-70, which depends on other tyrosine kinases for optimal activation. In testing Syk mutated singly at each one of the tyrosines, Tyr-624 but especially Tyr-625 had the major role in these reactions. Therefore, these results indicate that these tyrosines in the tail region play a critical role in regulating the kinase activity and function of Syk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo O de Castro
- Receptors and Signal Transduction Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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33
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Mócsai A, Ruland J, Tybulewicz VLJ. The SYK tyrosine kinase: a crucial player in diverse biological functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2010; 10:387-402. [PMID: 20467426 PMCID: PMC4782221 DOI: 10.1038/nri2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 956] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is known to have a crucial role in adaptive immune receptor signalling. However, recent reports indicate that SYK also mediates other, unexpectedly diverse biological functions, including cellular adhesion, innate immune recognition, osteoclast maturation, platelet activation and vascular development. SYK is activated by C-type lectins and integrins, and activates new targets, including the CARD9-BCL-10-MALT1 pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Studies using Drosophila melanogaster suggest that there is an evolutionarily ancient origin of SYK-mediated signalling. Moreover, SYK has a crucial role in autoimmune diseases and haematological malignancies. This Review summarizes our current understanding of the diverse functions of SYK and how this is being translated for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
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Rivas-Fuentes S, García-García E, Nieto-Castañeda G, Rosales C. Fcgamma receptors exhibit different phagocytosis potential in human neutrophils. Cell Immunol 2010; 263:114-21. [PMID: 20356573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In neutrophils, two receptors for IgG antibodies, namely FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIIB are constitutively expressed, and a third one, FcgammaRI, can be upregulated by interferon-gamma. Whether FcgammaRIIIB is capable of triggering phagocytosis by itself is still controversial. The main role of FcgammaRI has not been clearly established in these cells. To address this problem, neutrophils were treated with interferon-gamma, and then phagocytosis mediated by each type of Fcgamma receptor was evaluated by flow cytometry. FcgammaRIIA was the most efficient receptor for phagocytosis. FcgammaRIIIB could mediate phagocytosis but much less efficiently than FcgammaRIIA. Both FcgammaRIIA- and FcgammaRIIIB-mediated phagocytosis were blocked by inhibitors of Src family kinases, Syk, PI 3-K, and ERK. In contrast, interferon-gamma-induced FcgammaRI was not able to mediate phagocytosis. Also, FcgammaRI did not activate ERK in the nucleus, but was however able to stimulate an efficient calcium rise. These data show that different neutrophil Fcgamma receptors possess different phagocytosis capabilities: FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIIB, but not FcgammaRI, promote phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Rivas-Fuentes
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
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35
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Mayadas TN, Tsokos GC, Tsuboi N. Mechanisms of immune complex-mediated neutrophil recruitment and tissue injury. Circulation 2009; 120:2012-24. [PMID: 19917895 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.771170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N Mayadas
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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36
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SRC-mediated phosphorylation of dynamin and cortactin regulates the "constitutive" endocytosis of transferrin. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 30:781-92. [PMID: 19995918 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00330-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which epithelial cells regulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of transferrin are poorly defined and generally viewed as a constitutive process that occurs continuously without regulatory constraints. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that endocytosis of the transferrin receptor is a regulated process that requires activated Src kinase and, subsequently, phosphorylation of two important components of the endocytic machinery, namely, the large GTPase dynamin 2 (Dyn2) and its associated actin-binding protein, cortactin (Cort). To our knowledge these findings are among the first to implicate an Src-mediated endocytic cascade in what was previously presumed to be a nonregulated internalization process.
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37
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Lenox LE, Kambayashi T, Okumura M, Prieto C, Sauer K, Bunte RM, Jordan MS, Koretzky GA, Nichols KE. Mutation of tyrosine 145 of lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 protects mice from anaphylaxis and arthritis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:1088-98. [PMID: 19895996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, also known as Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kilodaltons (SLP-76), is an essential adaptor molecule in myeloid cells, where it regulates FcepsilonRI-induced mast cell (MC) and FcgammaR- and integrin-induced neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte [PMN]) functions. SLP-76 contains 3 N-terminal tyrosines at residues 112, 128, and 145 that together are critical for its function. OBJECTIVE We sought to explore the relative importance of tyrosines 112, 128, and 145 of SLP-76 during MC and PMN activation. METHODS We examined in vitro MC and PMN functions using cells isolated from knock-in mice harboring phenylalanine substitution mutations at tyrosines 112 and 128 (Y112/128F) or 145 (Y145F). We also examined the effects of these mutations on in vivo MC and PMN activation using models of anaphylaxis, dermal inflammation, and serum-induced arthritis. RESULTS Mutations at Y112/Y128 and Y145 both interfered with SLP-76 activity; however, Y145F had a greater effect than Y112/128F on most in vitro FcR-induced functions. In vitro functional defects were recapitulated in vivo, where mice expressing Y145F exhibited greater attenuation of MC-dependent passive systemic anaphylaxis and PMN-mediated inflammatory responses. Notably, the Y145F mutation completely protected mice against development of joint-specific inflammation in the MC and PMN-dependent K/B x N model of arthritis. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that Y145 is the most critical tyrosine supporting SLP-76 function in myeloid cells. Future efforts to dissect how Y145 mediates SLP-76-dependent signaling in MCs and PMNs will increase our understanding of these lineages and provide insights into the treatment of allergy and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie E Lenox
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Blank U, Launay P, Benhamou M, Monteiro RC. Inhibitory ITAMs as novel regulators of immunity. Immunol Rev 2009; 232:59-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Kochi Y, Myouzen K, Yamada R, Suzuki A, Kurosaki T, Nakamura Y, Yamamoto K. FCRL3, an Autoimmune Susceptibility Gene, Has Inhibitory Potential on B-Cell Receptor-Mediated Signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5502-10. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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40
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Tiemi Shio M, Eisenbarth SC, Savaria M, Vinet AF, Bellemare MJ, Harder KW, Sutterwala FS, Bohle DS, Descoteaux A, Flavell RA, Olivier M. Malarial hemozoin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome through Lyn and Syk kinases. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000559. [PMID: 19696895 PMCID: PMC2722371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic parasite Plasmodium—the causative agent of malaria—produces an inorganic crystal called hemozoin (Hz) during the heme detoxification process, which is released into the circulation during erythrocyte lysis. Hz is rapidly ingested by phagocytes and induces the production of several pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, the mechanism regulating Hz recognition and IL-1β maturation has not been identified. Here, we show that Hz induces IL-1β production. Using knockout mice, we showed that Hz-induced IL-1β and inflammation are dependent on NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3), ASC and caspase-1, but not NLRC4 (NLR containing CARD domain). Furthermore, the absence of NLRP3 or IL-1β augmented survival to malaria caused by P. chabaudi adami DS. Although much has been discovered regarding the NLRP3 inflammasome induction, the mechanism whereby this intracellular multimolecular complex is activated remains unclear. We further demonstrate, using pharmacological and genetic intervention, that the tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn play a critical role in activation of this inflammasome. These findings not only identify one way by which the immune system is alerted to malarial infection but also are one of the first to suggest a role for tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Malaria is widespread in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, and is responsible for 2–3 million deaths annually. This disease is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus. The parasite feeds on the hemoglobin of red blood cells and generates a metabolic waste called hemozoin (Hz). Hz is released into the blood circulation during the rupture of red blood cells, which coincides with the production of many cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), responsible in part for the periodic fever that is characteristic of the malaria disease. Here, we investigated how Hz activates macrophages (cells that engulf foreign material) to produce IL-1β. We found that Hz is taken up by macrophages initiating signals such as the tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn that communicate to intracellular receptors. We also showed that Hz-induced IL-1β production is dependent on activation of the intracellular receptor NLRP3, the adaptor protein ASC and a protease called caspase-1 that cleaves IL-1β, therefore allowing it to be released from the cells. These findings not only identify one way in which the immune system is alerted to malarial infection but also dissect some of the signaling events triggered by Hz in the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie C. Eisenbarth
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Myriam Savaria
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adrien F. Vinet
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Bellemare
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kenneth W. Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - D. Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Ohba K, Ryo A, Dewan MZ, Nishi M, Naito T, Qi X, Inagaki Y, Nagashima Y, Tanaka Y, Okamoto T, Terashima K, Yamamoto N. Follicular dendritic cells activate HIV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages through a juxtacrine mechanism mediated by P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:524-32. [PMID: 19542463 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are located in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues and play a pivotal role in the selection of memory B lymphocytes within the germinal center, a major site for HIV-1 infection. Germinal centers are composed of highly activated B cells, macrophages, CD4(+)T cells, and FDCs. However, the physiological role of FDCs in HIV-1 replication remains largely unknown. We demonstrate in our current study that FDCs can efficiently activate HIV-1 replication in latently infected monocytic cells via an intercellular communication network mediated by the P-selectin/P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) interaction. Upon coculture with FDCs, HIV-1 replication was significantly induced in infected monocytic cell lines, primary monocytes, or macrophages. These cocultures were found to synergistically induce the expression of P-selectin in FDCs via NF-kappaB activation and its cognate receptor PSGL-1 in HIV-1-infected cells. Consistent with this observation, we find that this response is significantly blocked by antagonistic Abs against PSGL-1 and almost completely inhibited by PSGL-1 small interfering RNA. Moreover, a selective inhibitor for Syk, which is a downstream effector of PSGL-1, blocked HIV-1 replication in our cultures. We have thus elucidated a novel regulatory mechanism in which FDCs are a potent positive bystander that facilitates HIV-1 replication in adjacent infected monocytic cells via a juxtacrine signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ohba
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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García-García E, Nieto-Castañeda G, Ruiz-Saldaña M, Mora N, Rosales C. FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIIB mediate nuclear factor activation through separate signaling pathways in human neutrophils. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4547-56. [PMID: 19342628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptors for IgG Abs (Fcgamma receptors) are capable of triggering diverse cell responses in leukocytes. In neutrophils, two Fcgamma receptors, namely FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIIB, are constitutively expressed. The signaling pathways that regulate FcgammaRIIA-mediated phagocytosis have been relatively well described. However, the different signaling pathways that lead to NF activation after engagement of each Fcgamma receptor have only been partially described. To address this problem, neutrophils were stimulated by cross-linking selectively each type of Fcgamma receptor with specific mAbs, and NF activation was then analyzed. FcgammaRIIIB, but not FcgammaRIIA, promoted a robust increase in phosphorylated ERK in the nucleus, and also efficient phosphorylation of the NF Elk-1. Complete mAb 3G8 (anti-FcgammaRIIIB) induced a higher response than did F(ab')(2) fragments of mAb 3G8, suggesting a possible synergistic effect of both FcgammaR receptors. However, mAb IV.3 (anti-FcgammaRIIA) alone did not cause an increase of phosphorylated ERK in the nucleus. FcgammaRIIIB-induced nuclear phosphorylation of ERK, and of Elk-1, was not affected by Syk, PI3K, or MEK inhibitors. In contrast, FcgammaRIIA- or FcgammaRIIIB-mediated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic ERK depended on Syk, PI3K, and MEK. Also, ERK, but not MEK, was constitutively present in the nucleus, and FcgammaRIIIB cross-linking did not increase the levels of nuclear ERK or MEK. These data clearly show that different neutrophil Fcgamma receptors possess different signaling capabilities. FcgammaRIIIB, but not FcgammaRIIA, activates a unique signaling pathway leading to the nuclear-restricted phosphorylation of ERK and Elk-1, independently of Syk, PI3K, or MEK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick García-García
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) can be variably spliced to encode 152,064 distinct single-pass transmembrane proteins. In addition to 19,008 possible ectodomains and two alternative transmembrane segments, it may carry endodomains containing or lacking exons 19 and 23. Here, we determine the role of Dscam endodomain diversity in neural development. Dscam with full-length endodomain is largely restricted to embryogenesis. In contrast, most Dscams lack exons 19 and 23 at postembryonic stages. As implicated from the expression patterns, removal of Dscam exon 19-containing variants disrupts wiring of embryonic neurons while silencing of Dscam transcripts lacking exon 19 or exon 23 effectively blocks postembryonic neuronal morphogenesis. Furthermore, compared with exon 19-containing Dscam, transgenic Dscam without exon 19 is more efficiently targeted to neurites and more potently suppresses axon bifurcation in Dscam mutant neurons. In sum, Dscam with or without exon 19 in its endodomain is used to govern different stage-specific neuronal morphogenetic processes, possibly due to differences in protein targeting.
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44
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Yu C, Ehrhardt GRA, Alder MN, Cooper MD, Xu A. Inhibitory signaling potential of a TCR-like molecule in lamprey. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:571-9. [PMID: 19130486 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A TCR-like molecule (TCRL) with two canonical ITIM has been identified in the sea lamprey. We show here that TCRL is preferentially expressed by lymphocytes bearing variable lymphocyte receptors. To examine the potential of the TCRL inhibitory motifs, chimeric proteins comprising the FcgammaRIIb extracellular and transmembrane domains and the TCRL intracellular domain were expressed in a mouse B-cell line. BCR co-ligation with the WT version of the FcgammaRIIb/TCRL chimeric protein resulted in its tyrosine phosphorylation and the inhibition of BCR-induced calcium mobilization, whole-cell protein tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk/Akt/JNK activation. Tyrosine to phenylalanine mutations in either or both ITIM compromised the inhibitory capacity of this receptor chimera. Analysis of receptor-associated proteins indicated that the inhibition is mediated by recruitment of the protein tyrosine kinases, SHP1 and SHP2. These findings demonstrate the inhibitory potential of TCRL and its expression by clonally diverse lymphocytes bearing the variable lymphocyte receptors, thereby implying an immunomodulatory role for this ancestral TCR relative in a jawless vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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45
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Waldburger JM, Firestein GS. Garden of therapeutic delights: new targets in rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:206. [PMID: 19232066 PMCID: PMC2688217 DOI: 10.1186/ar2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms in rheumatic disease fostered the advent of the targeted therapeutics era. Intense research activity continues to increase the number of potential targets at an accelerated pace. In this review, examples of promising targets and agents that are at various stages of clinical development are described. Cytokine inhibition remains at the forefront with the success of tumor necrosis factor blockers, and biologics that block interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-17, IL-12, and IL-23 and other cytokines are on the horizon. After the success of rituximab and abatacept, other cell-targeted approaches that inhibit or deplete lymphocytes have moved forward, such as blocking BAFF/BLyS (B-cell activation factor of the tumor necrosis factor family/B-lymphocyte stimulator) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) or suppressing T-cell activation with costimulation molecule blockers. Small-molecule inhibitors might eventually challenge the dominance of biologics in the future. In addition to plasma membrane G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, small molecules can be designed to block intracellular enzymes that control signaling pathways. Inhibitors of tyrosine kinases expressed in lymphocytes, such as spleen tyrosine kinase and Janus kinase, are being tested in autoimmune diseases. Inactivation of the more broadly expressed mitogen-activated protein kinases could suppress inflammation driven by macrophages and mesenchymal cells. Targeting tyrosine kinases downstream of growth factor receptors might also reduce fibrosis in conditions like systemic sclerosis. The abundance of potential targets suggests that new and creative ways of evaluating safety and efficacy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Waldburger
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Mail Code 0656, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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46
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Fc receptor gamma-chain, a constitutive component of the IL-3 receptor, is required for IL-3-induced IL-4 production in basophils. Nat Immunol 2008; 10:214-22. [PMID: 19098920 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The Fc receptor common gamma-chain (FcRgamma) is a widely expressed adaptor bearing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) that transduces activation signals from various immunoreceptors. We show here that basophils lacking FcRgamma developed normally and proliferated efficiently in response to interleukin 3 (IL-3) but were very impaired in IL-3-induced production of IL-4 and in supporting T helper type 2 differentiation. Through its transmembrane portion, FcRgamma associated constitutively with the common beta-chain of the IL-3 receptor and signaled by recruiting the kinase Syk. Retrovirus-mediated complementation demonstrated the essential function of the ITAM of FcRgamma in IL-3 signal transduction. Our results identify a previously unknown mechanism whereby FcRgamma functions to 'route' selective cytokine-triggered signals into the ITAM-mediated IL-4 production pathway.
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47
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Kasai S, Inui M, Nakamura K, Kakizaki Y, Endo S, Nakamura A, Ito S, Takai T. A novel regulatory role of gp49B on dendritic cells in T-cell priming. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2426-37. [PMID: 18792399 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play pivotal roles in the induction and regulation of both innate and acquired immunity. DC express several cell-surface immune inhibitory receptors. However, little is known about their potential immunoregulatory functions in the context of T-cell activation. Here we report that murine gp49B, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, harboring immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, is expressed on DC and downregulates cellular activity to prevent the excessive activation of T cells in vitro and in vivo. Bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) from newly generated gp49B-deficient (gp49B(-/-)) mice induced enhanced proliferation and IL-2 release of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells compared with BMDC from wild-type mice, in a cell-cell contact manner. The enhanced proliferation by gp49B(-/-) BMDC was also observed in allogeneic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Moreover, the transfer of allogeneic BALB/c splenocytes into C57BL/6 gp49B(-/-) mice induced severe acute graft-versus-host disease with an augmented upregulation of CD86 on CD11c(+) splenic gp49B(-/-) DC, while transfer of C57BL/6 gp49B(-/-) splenocytes into BALB/c mice did not, suggesting the exacerbation of the disease was due, at least in part, to augmented activation of recipient gp49B(-/-) DC. These findings demonstrate a novel regulatory role of gp49B in the function of DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kasai
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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48
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Zarbock A, Abram CL, Hundt M, Altman A, Lowell CA, Ley K. PSGL-1 engagement by E-selectin signals through Src kinase Fgr and ITAM adapters DAP12 and FcR gamma to induce slow leukocyte rolling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 205:2339-47. [PMID: 18794338 PMCID: PMC2556779 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20072660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
E-selectin binding to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) can activate the β2 integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 by signaling through spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). This signaling is independent of Gαi-protein–coupled receptors, results in slow rolling, and promotes neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation. However, the signaling pathways linking E-selectin engagement of PSGL-1 to Syk activation are unknown. To test the role of Src family kinases and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motif (ITAM)–containing adaptor proteins, we used different gene-deficient mice in flow chamber, intravital microscopy, and peritonitis studies. E-selectin–mediated phosphorylation of Syk and slow rolling was abolished in neutrophils from fgr−/− or hck−/− lyn−/− fgr−/− mice. Neutrophils from Tyrobp−/− Fcrg−/− mice lacking both DAP12 and FcRγ were incapable of sustaining slow neutrophil rolling on E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and were unable to phosphorylate Syk and p38 MAPK. This defect was confirmed in vivo by using mixed chimeric mice. Gαi-independent neutrophil recruitment into the inflamed peritoneal cavity was sharply suppressed in Tyrobp−/− Fcrg−/− mice. Our data demonstrate that an ITAM-dependent pathway involving the Src-family kinase Fgr and the ITAM-containing adaptor proteins DAP12 and FcRγ is involved in the initial signaling events downstream of PSGL-1 that are required to initiate neutrophil slow rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zarbock
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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49
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Tsuboi N, Asano K, Lauterbach M, Mayadas TN. Human neutrophil Fcgamma receptors initiate and play specialized nonredundant roles in antibody-mediated inflammatory diseases. Immunity 2008; 28:833-46. [PMID: 18538590 PMCID: PMC2577844 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by antibody-antigen complexes contributes to autoimmune diseases. Mice deficient in the common Fcgamma-chain are protected from IgG-mediated glomerulonephritis and the reverse passive Arthus (RPA) reaction and FcR-bearing macrophages, and mast cells have been assigned primary roles in these processes. Here we demonstrate that neutrophil-selective transgenic expression of the two uniquely human neutrophil Fc gamma receptors (FcgammaRs), FcgammaRIIA and FcgammaRIIIB, in Fcgamma-chain-deficient mice restored susceptibility to progressive glomerulonephritis and the cutaneous RPA reaction. FcgammaRIIIB and FcgammaRIIA mediated neutrophil accumulation, whereas FcgammaRIIA alone promoted organ injury. In a model of soluble immune complexes deposited within the vasculature, FcgammaRIIIB was responsible for neutrophil slow rolling and adhesion whereas in the cremaster RPA, induced by both vascular and tissue soluble immune complexes, FcgammaRIIA predominated. Thus, human FcgammaRs on neutrophils serve as molecular links between antibody and immunological disease, with FcgammaRIIA promoting tissue injury and FcgammaRIIIB and FcgammaRIIA displaying specialized context-dependent functions in neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotake Tsuboi
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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50
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Abram CL, Lowell CA. The diverse functions of Src family kinases in macrophages. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:4426-50. [PMID: 18508521 DOI: 10.2741/3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key components of the innate immune response. These cells possess a diverse repertoire of receptors that allow them to respond to a host of external stimuli including cytokines, chemokines, and pathogen-associated molecules. Signals resulting from these stimuli activate a number of macrophage functional responses such as adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, proliferation, survival, cytokine release and production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase Src and its family members (SFKs) have been implicated in many intracellular signaling pathways in macrophages, initiated by a diverse set of receptors ranging from integrins to Toll-like receptors. However, it has been difficult to implicate any given member of the family in any specific pathway. SFKs appear to have overlapping and complementary functions in many pathways. Perhaps the function of these enzymes is to modulate the overall intracellular signaling network in macrophages, rather than operating as exclusive signaling switches for defined pathways. In general, SFKs may function more like rheostats, influencing the amplitude of many pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Abram
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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