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Zheng LY, Duan Y, He PY, Wu MY, Wei ST, Du XH, Yao RQ, Yao YM. Dysregulated dendritic cells in sepsis: functional impairment and regulated cell death. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:81. [PMID: 38816685 PMCID: PMC11140885 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Studies have indicated that immune dysfunction plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the emergence of immune dysfunction in sepsis. The major manifestations of DCs in the septic state are abnormal functions and depletion in numbers, which are linked to higher mortality and vulnerability to secondary infections in sepsis. Apoptosis is the most widely studied pathway of number reduction in DCs. In the past few years, there has been a surge in studies focusing on regulated cell death (RCD). This emerging field encompasses various forms of cell death, such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD). Regulation of DC's RCD can serve as a possible therapeutic focus for the treatment of sepsis. Throughout time, numerous tactics have been devised and effectively implemented to improve abnormal immune response during sepsis progression, including modifying the functions of DCs and inhibiting DC cell death. In this review, we provide an overview of the functional impairment and RCD of DCs in septic states. Also, we highlight recent advances in targeting DCs to regulate host immune response following septic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yu Zheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Chenzhou Hospital (the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou), Southern Medical University, Chenzhou, 423000, China
| | - Peng-Yi He
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shu-Ting Wei
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Du
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
- Department of General Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Pei F, Gu B, Miao SM, Guan XD, Wu JF. Clinical practice of sepsis-induced immunosuppression: Current immunotherapy and future options. Chin J Traumatol 2024; 27:63-70. [PMID: 38040590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of one or more organs due to a disordered host response to infection. The development of sepsis is closely linked to immune dysfunction. As a result, immunotherapy has gained traction as a promising approach to sepsis treatment, as it holds the potential to reverse immunosuppression and restore immune balance, thereby improving the prognosis of septic patients. However, due to the highly heterogeneous nature of sepsis, it is crucial to carefully select the appropriate patient population for immunotherapy. This review summarizes the current and evolved treatments for sepsis-induced immunosuppression to enhance clinicians' understanding and practical application of immunotherapy in the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Shu-Min Miao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Guan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jian-Feng Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Espinar-Buitrago MS, Vazquez-Alejo E, Magro-Lopez E, Tarancon-Diez L, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. Immune modulation via dendritic cells by the effect of Thymosin-alpha-1 on immune synapse in HCMV infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111103. [PMID: 38149577 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Tα1 (Thymosin-alpha-1) is a thymus-derived hormone that has been demonstrated to be effective on diverse immune cell subsets. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of Tα1 in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by negative selection and cultured in the presence or absence of Tα1. The immunophenotyping of DCs was characterised by multiparametric flow cytometry assessing CD40, CD80, TIM-3 and PDL-1 markers, as well as intracellular TNFα production. Then, autologous CD4+ or CD8+ T-Lymphocytes (TLs) isolated by negative selection from PBMCs were co-cultured with DCs previously treated with Tα1 in the presence or absence of HCMV. Intracellular TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2 production, CD40-L and PD-1 expression were assessed through immunophenotyping, and polyfunctionality in total TLs and memory subsets were evaluated. The results showed that Tα1 increased CD40, CD80, TIM-3 and TNFα intracellular production while decreasing PDL-1 expression, particularly on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Therefore, Tα1 modulated the production of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-2 in both total and memory subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ TLs by upregulating CD40/CD40-L and downregulating PDL-1/PD-1 expression. Our study concludes that Tα1 enhances antigen-presenting capacity of DCs, improves TLs responses to HCMV infection, and enhances the polyfunctionality of CD8+ TLs. Consequently, Tα1 could be an alternative adjuvant for use in therapeutic cell therapy for immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Espinar-Buitrago
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vazquez-Alejo
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Magro-Lopez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Tarancon-Diez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, 41014 Sevilla, Spain; Hogar Residencia de la Santa Caridad, 41001 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernandez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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Espinar-Buitrago MS, Tarancon-Diez L, Vazquez-Alejo E, Magro-Lopez E, Genebat M, Romero-Candau F, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. The use of alpha 1 thymosin as an immunomodulator of the response against SARS-Cov2. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:32. [PMID: 37408063 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the beginning of SARS-CoV2 pandemic, the mortality rate among elderly patients (60-90 years) has been around 50%, so age has been a determining factor of a worse COVID-19 prognosis. Associated with age, the thymic function involution and depletion plays an important role, that could be related to a dysregulated and ineffective innate and adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV2. Our study aims to further in vitro effect of human Thymosin-alpha-1 (α1Thy) treatment on the immune system in population groups with different thymic function levels in the scenario of SARS-CoV2 infection. RESULTS Activation markers such as CD40, CD80 and TIM-3 were upregulated in α1Thy presence, especially in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and, with increased TNFα production was observed compared to untreated condition. Co-cultures of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells with DCs treated with α1Thy in response to SARS-CoV2 peptides showed a decrease in the cytokine production compared to the condition without α1Thy pre-treated. A decrease in CD40L activation co-receptor expression in CD8 + LTs was also observed, as well as an increase in PD1 in CD4 + TLs expression in both age groups. In fact, there are no age-related differences in the immunomodulatory effect of the hormone, and it seems that effector memory and terminally differentiated memory T lymphocyte subsets were the most actively influenced by the immunomodulatory α1Thy effect. Finally, the polyfunctionality measured in SARS-CoV2 Specific-T cells response was maintained in α1Thy presence in total and memory subpopulations CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells, despite decreased proinflammatory cytokines production. CONCLUSION The hormone α1Thy could reduce, through the modulation of DCs, the amount of proinflammatory cytokines produced by T cells. Moreover, α1Thy improve lymphocyte functionality and could become a beneficial therapeutic alternative as an adjuvant in SARS-CoV2 treatment either in the acute phase after infection or reinfection. In addition, the effect on the T immune response means that α1Thy can be incorporated into the vaccination regimen, especially in the most immunologically vulnerable individuals such as the elderly. SUBJECTS Thymosin alpha 1, Dendritic cells, SARS-CoV2-specific T cells response, Immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Espinar-Buitrago
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Tarancon-Diez
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vazquez-Alejo
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Magro-Lopez
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Genebat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Fátima, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F Romero-Candau
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, 41014, Seville, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, 41014, Seville, Spain
- Home Residencia de la Santa Caridad, 41001, Seville, Spain
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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Tao N, Xu X, Ying Y, Hu S, Sun Q, Lv G, Gao J. Thymosin α1 and Its Role in Viral Infectious Diseases: The Mechanism and Clinical Application. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083539. [PMID: 37110771 PMCID: PMC10144173 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is an immunostimulatory peptide that is commonly used as an immune enhancer in viral infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Tα1 can influence the functions of immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, by interacting with various Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Generally, Tα1 can bind to TLR3/4/9 and activate downstream IRF3 and NF-κB signal pathways, thus promoting the proliferation and activation of target immune cells. Moreover, TLR2 and TLR7 are also associated with Tα1. TLR2/NF-κB, TLR2/p38MAPK, or TLR7/MyD88 signaling pathways are activated by Tα1 to promote the production of various cytokines, thereby enhancing the innate and adaptive immune responses. At present, there are many reports on the clinical application and pharmacological research of Tα1, but there is no systematic review to analyze its exact clinical efficacy in these viral infectious diseases via its modulation of immune function. This review offers an overview and discussion of the characteristics of Tα1, its immunomodulatory properties, the molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects, and its clinical applications in antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Tao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xie Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yuyuan Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shiyu Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qingru Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Guiyuan Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Jianli Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China
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6
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Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109744. [PMID: 36812669 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Thymosin α-1 (Tα-1) is an immunomodulating polypeptide of 28 amino acids, which was the first peptide isolated from thymic tissue and has been widely used for the treatment of viral infections, immunodeficiencies, and especially malignancies. Tα-1 stimulates both innate and adaptive immune responses, and its regulation of innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells varies under different disease conditions. Pleiotropic regulation of immune cells by Tα-1 depends on activation of Toll-like receptors and its downstream signaling pathways in various immune microenvironments. For treatment of malignancies, the combination of Tα-1 and chemotherapy has a strong synergistic effect by enhancing the anti-tumor immune response. On the basis of the pleiotropic effect of Tα-1 on immune cells and the promising results of preclinical studies, Tα-1 may be a favorable immunomodulator to enhance the curative effect and decrease immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors to develop novel cancer therapies.
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7
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Liao Y, Xiao N, Wang X, Dai S, Wang G. Promoting effect of Tmsb4x on the differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to dendritic cells during septicemia. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109002. [PMID: 35932611 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin beta 4 × (Tmsb4x) has been highlighted as an important regulator in immune and inflammation responses. Promoted differentiation of mononuclear cells into dendritic cells (DCs) exert a beneficial effect on septicemia. Herein, we investigated the effects of Tmsb4x on the mononuclear cells to affect immune responses during septicemia. METHODS Initially, we isolated peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals and patients with septicemia for extraction of mononuclear cells, followed by Tmsb4x expression quantification. A cell model was constructed with mononuclear cells through lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The viability and apoptosis were evaluated in response to Tmsb4x silencing or re-expression. Additionally, the proportion of DCs was assessed by determining levels of inflammatory factors as well as by flow cytometric analysis. A mouse septicemia model was developed for in vivo validation. RESULTS Cell and animal models demonstrated decreased Tmsb4x expression in the setting of septicemia, which led to increased inflammatory response and reduced proportion of DCs, along with inhibited mononuclear cell viability and promoted apoptosis. However, restoration of Tmsb4x facilitated the differentiation of mononuclear cells into DCs. CONCLUSION To conclude, upregulated Tmsb4x promoted the generation of DCs from mononuclear cells, which contributed to deep understanding of underpinning mechanisms in the development of septicemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China.
| | - Ni Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Senhua Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
| | - Guiliang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangxi Pingxiang People's Hospital, Pingxiang 337055, China
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Chen JF, Chen SR, Lei ZY, Cao HJ, Zhang SQ, Weng WZ, Xiong J, Lin DN, Zhang J, Zheng YB, Gao ZL, Lin BL. Safety and efficacy of Thymosin α1 in the treatment of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatol Int 2022; 16:775-788. [PMID: 35616850 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Mortality from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is high. Severe infection is the most important complication that affects the outcomes of ACLF patients. Thymosin α1 (Tα1) can improve immune imbalance and this study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of Tα1 treatment for HBV-related ACLF. METHODS From 2017 to 2019, 120 patients with HBV-related ACLF were enrolled in this open-label, randomized, and controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrial ID: NCT03082885). The control group (N = 58) was treated with standard medical therapy (SMT) only. The experimental group (N = 56) was subcutaneously injected with 1.6 mg of Tα1 once a day for the first week and then twice a week from week 2 to week 12. RESULTS The 90-day cumulated liver transplantation free survival rate of the Tα1 group was 75.0% (95% confidence interval 63.2-86.8%) versus 53.4% (95% confidence interval 39.7-67.1%) for the SMT group (p = 0.030). No significant difference was found in the survival using competitive risk analysis. The incidences of new infection and hepatic encephalopathy in the Tα1 group were much lower than those in the SMT group (32.1% vs 58.6%, p = 0.005; 8.9% vs 24.1%, p = 0.029, respectively). Mortality from severe infection in the SMT group was higher than in the Tα1 group (24.1% vs 8.9%, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION Tα1 is safe for patients with HBV-related ACLF and significantly improves the 90-day liver transplantation-free survival rate. There may be a subgroup which may benefit from Tα1 therapy by the mechanism of preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Feng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shu-Ru Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zi-Ying Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hui-Juan Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shao-Quan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wei-Zhen Weng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Deng-Na Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yu-Bao Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing-Liang Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600 Tianhe Road, Tianhe Area, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Al-Suhaimi EA, Aljafary MA, Alkhulaifi FM, Aldossary HA, Alshammari T, AL-Qaaneh A, Aldahhan R, Alkhalifah Z, Gaymalov ZZ, Shehzad A, Homeida AM. Thymus Gland: A Double Edge Sword for Coronaviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101119. [PMID: 34696231 PMCID: PMC8539924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the main lymphoid organ that regulates the immune and endocrine systems by controlling thymic cell proliferation and differentiation. The gland is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for generating mature T cells into CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells, contributing to cellular immunity. Regarding humoral immunity, the thymic plasma cells almost exclusively secrete IgG1 and IgG3, the two main complement-fixing effector IgG subclasses. Deformity in the thymus can lead to inflammatory diseases. Hassall’s corpuscles’ epithelial lining produces thymic stromal lymphopoietin, which induces differentiation of CDs thymocytes into regulatory T cells within the thymus medulla. Thymic B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins and immunoregulating hormones, including thymosin. Modulation in T cell and naive T cells decrement due to thymus deformity induce alteration in the secretion of various inflammatory factors, resulting in multiple diseases. Influenza virus activates thymic CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes and a large amount of IFNγ. IFNs limit virus spread, enhance macrophages’ phagocytosis, and promote the natural killer cell restriction activity against infected cells. Th2 lymphocytes-produced cytokine IL-4 can bind to antiviral INFγ, decreasing the cell susceptibility and downregulating viral receptors. COVID-19 epitopes (S, M, and N proteins) with ≥90% identity to the SARS-CoV sequence have been predicted. These epitopes trigger immunity for antibodies production. Boosting the immune system by improving thymus function can be a therapeutic strategy for preventing virus-related diseases. This review aims to summarize the endocrine-immunoregulatory functions of the thymus and the underlying mechanisms in the prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam A. Al-Suhaimi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-133-332-444
| | - Meneerah A. Aljafary
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Fadwa M. Alkhulaifi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Hanan A. Aldossary
- Epidemic Diseases Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; or
| | - Thamer Alshammari
- Genetic Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.A.-Q.); (Z.A.)
| | - Ayman AL-Qaaneh
- Genetic Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.A.-Q.); (Z.A.)
- Clinical Pharmacy Services Division, Pharmacy Services Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (JHAH), Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Aldahhan
- Stem Cell Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zahra Alkhalifah
- Genetic Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (T.A.); (A.A.-Q.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zagit Z. Gaymalov
- Earlystage OÜ, Lasnamäe Linnaosa, Sepapaja tn 6, Harju Maakond, 15551 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Adeeb Shehzad
- Clinical Pharmacy Research Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdelgadir M. Homeida
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (F.M.A.); (A.M.H.)
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10
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Bersanelli M, Giannarelli D, Leonetti A, Buti S, Tiseo M, Nouvenne A, Ticinesi A, Meschi T, Procopio G, Danielli R. The right immune-modulation at the right time: thymosin α1 for prevention of severe COVID-19 in cancer patients. Future Oncol 2021; 17:1097-1104. [PMID: 33538178 PMCID: PMC7874885 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We presented the rationale for the use of thymosin α1 as prophylaxis of severe COVID-19 in cancer patients undergoing active treatment, constituting the background for the PROTHYMOS study, a prospective, multicenter, open-label, Phase II randomized study, currently in its start-up phase (Eudract no. 2020-006020-13). We aim to offer new hope for this incurable disease, especially to frail patient population, such as patients with cancer. The hypothesis of an effective prophylactic approach to COVID-19 would have immediate clinical relevance, especially given the lack of curative approaches. Moreover, in the ‘COVID-19 vaccine race era’ both clinical and biological results coming from the PROTHYMOS trials could even support the rationale for future combinatorial approaches, trying to rise vaccine efficacy in frail individuals. We present scientific evidence in favor of using a drug (thymosin-α1) that modulates the immune system functions to try and prevent severe COVID-19 in cancer patients who are currently receiving anticancer treatment. Thymosin-α1 is produced normally by the body in the thymus, which is present in children but not in adults. Given the better outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children, we thought that thymosin-α1 could help to protect adults from severe infections as well. In this review, we explain some scientific evidence and the background of our clinical trial, PROTHYMOS, which is investigating this preventive treatment. Our aim is to offer a new hope to these at-risk cancer patients, particularly for the elderly who are at most risk of developing severe COVID-19. Given the lack of approaches that can provide cures to COVID-19, any possibility to prevent severe infection should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bersanelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.,Medicine & Surgery Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Diana Giannarelli
- Biostatistical Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leonetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.,Medicine & Surgery Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Buti
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.,Medicine & Surgery Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Marcello Tiseo
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.,Medicine & Surgery Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Antonio Nouvenne
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Medical Department, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Medicine & Surgery Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.,Geriatric Rehabilitation Medical Department, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Tiziana Meschi
- Medicine & Surgery Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.,Geriatric Rehabilitation Medical Department, University Hospital of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Procopio
- Genito-Urinary Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Danielli
- Immuno-Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci 16, Siena, 53100, Italy
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11
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Renga G, Bellet MM, Pariano M, Gargaro M, Stincardini C, D'Onofrio F, Mosci P, Brancorsini S, Bartoli A, Goldstein AL, Garaci E, Romani L, Costantini C. Thymosin α1 protects from CTLA-4 intestinal immunopathology. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/10/e202000662. [PMID: 32817121 PMCID: PMC7441522 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that Tα1 protects mice from anti–CTLA-4–induced colitis and sustains its antitumor activity, thus suggesting that Tα1 may be used in combination protocols. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has represented a major boost in cancer therapy, but safety concerns are increasingly being recognized. Indeed, although beneficial at the tumor site, unlocking a safeguard mechanism of the immune response may trigger autoimmune-like effects at the periphery, thus making the safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors a research priority. Herein, we demonstrate that thymosin α1 (Tα1), an endogenous peptide with immunomodulatory activities, can protect mice from intestinal toxicity in a murine model of immune checkpoint inhibitor–induced colitis. Specifically, Tα1 efficiently prevented immune adverse pathology in the gut by promoting the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1–dependent tolerogenic immune pathway. Notably, Tα1 did not induce IDO1 in the tumor microenvironment, but rather modulated the infiltration of T-cell subsets by inverting the ratio between CD8+ and Treg cells, an effect that may depend on Tα1 ability to regulate the differentiation and chemokine expression profile of DCs. Thus, through distinct mechanisms that are contingent upon the context, Tα1 represents a plausible candidate to improve the safety/efficacy profile of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina M Bellet
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Fiorella D'Onofrio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Mosci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Allan L Goldstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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12
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Wu M, Ji JJ, Zhong L, Shao ZY, Xie QF, Liu ZY, Wang CL, Su L, Feng YW, Liu ZF, Yao YM. Thymosin α1 therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 88:106873. [PMID: 32795897 PMCID: PMC7409727 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin α1can markedly decrease 28-day mortality (HR, 0.11, 95% CI 0.02–0.63, P = 0.013) and attenuate acute lung injury (P = 0.036) in critical type COVID-19 patients. Thymosin α1 can markedly prolonged the hospital length of stay (P = 0.024) as well as the total duration of the disease (P = 0.001) in the critical type COVID-19 patients.
Background COVID-19 characterized by refractory hypoxemia increases patient mortality because of immunosuppression effects. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of immunomodulatory with thymosin α1 for critical COVID-19 patients. Methods This multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed in 8 government-designated treatment centers for COVID-19 patients in China from Dec. 2019 to Mar. 2020. Thymosin α1 was administrated with 1.6 mg qd or q12 h for >5 days. The primary outcomes were the 28-day and 60-day mortality, the secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay and the total duration of the disease. Subgroup analysis was carried out according to clinical classification. Results Of the 334 enrolled COVID-19 patients, 42 (12.6%) died within 28 days, and 55 (16.5%) died within 60 days of hospitalization. There was a significant difference in the 28-day mortality between the thymosin α1 and non-thymosin α1-treated groups in adjusted model (P = 0.016), without obvious differences in the 60-day mortality and survival time in the overall cohort (P > 0.05). In the subgroup analysis, it was found that thymosin α1 therapy significantly reduced 28-day mortality (Hazards Ratios HR, 0.11, 95% confidence interval CI 0.02–0.63, P=0.013) via improvement of Pa02/FiO2 (P = 0.036) and prolonged the hospital length of stay (P = 0.024) as well as the total duration of the disease (P=0.001) in the critical type patients, especially those aged over 64 years, with white blood cell >6.8×109/L, neutrophil >5.3×109/L, lymphocyte < 0.73 × 109/L, PaO2/FiO2 < 196, SOFA > 3, and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II > 7. Conclusion These results suggest that treatment with thymosin α1 can markedly decrease 28-day mortality and attenuate acute lung injury in critical type COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen & First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ji
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Zi-Yun Shao
- Department of Nephrology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi-Feng Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Zhe-Ying Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Cong-Lin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Yong-Wen Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Hospital Infection Prevention and Control, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen & First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Zhi-Feng Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China; Key Laboratory of Hot Zone Trauma Care and Tissue Repair of PLA, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Department of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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13
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Lewis PE, Poteet EC, Liu D, Chen C, LaBranche CC, Stanfield-Oakley SA, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Yao Q. CTLA-4 Blockade, during HIV Virus-Like Particles Immunization, Alters HIV-Specific B-Cell Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E284. [PMID: 32517277 PMCID: PMC7349993 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that blockade of CTLA-4 promoted the expansion of germinal center B-cells in viral infection or immunization with model antigens. Few studies have evaluated the immunological consequences of CTLA-4 blockade during immunization against relevant vaccine candidates. Here, we investigated the effects of CTLA-4 blockade on HIV virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccination in a C57BL/6J mouse model. We found that CTLA-4 blockade during HIV VLP immunization resulted in increased CD4+ T-cell activation, promoted the expansion of HIV envelope (Env)-specific follicular helper T cell (Tfh) cells, and significantly increased HIV Gag- and Env-specific IgG with higher avidity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capabilities. Furthermore, after only a single immunization, CTLA-4 blockade accelerated T-cell dependent IgG class switching and the induction of significantly high serum levels of the B-cell survival factor, A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). Although no significant increase in neutralizing antibodies was observed, increased levels of class-switched Env- and Gag-specific IgG are indicative of increased polyclonal B-cell activation, which demonstrated the ability to mediate and enhance ADCC in this study. Altogether, our findings show that CTLA-4 blockade can increase the levels of HIV antigen-specific B-cell and antigen-specific Tfh cell activity and impact humoral immune responses when combined with a clinically relevant HIV VLP-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe E. Lewis
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ethan C. Poteet
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Dongliang Liu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Changyi Chen
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Sherry A. Stanfield-Oakley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Medicine, Immunology, Surgery, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27708, USA; (C.C.L.); (S.A.S.-O.); (D.C.M.); (G.F.)
| | - Qizhi Yao
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (P.E.L.); (E.C.P.); (D.L.); (C.C.)
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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14
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Wagner M, Mahlmann A, Deindl E, Zuschratter W, Riek-Burchardt M, Kostin S, Luani B, Baer C, Youssef A, Herold J. Clinical improvement and enhanced collateral vessel growth after xenogenic monocyte transplantation. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:4063-4076. [PMID: 31396318 PMCID: PMC6684892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Monocytes (Mo) are the most important mediators in arteriogenesis. Previous results from our group demonstrated the great potential of allogenic Mo transplantation for improving collateral vessel growth, which appeared to be due to a considerable host vs. graft reaction. To prove this hypothesis and introduce this new method in clinical practice, we performed transplantation of human Mo (HuMo) in a mouse model. Methods and results: We ligated the femoral artery of BALB/c mice and transplanted Mo via the tail vein. Perfusion was measured by laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI). We also performed clinical scoring based on behavior, wound healing, signs of inflammation and mobility of the ligated extremity. Finally, arteriogenesis and angiogenesis were examined histologically and by quantitative RT-PCR of the hind limb musculature. LDPI increased within one week after ligation when HuMo were transplanted and increased further up to day 21 (0.63±0.12 (n=12) in HuMo vs. 0.50±0.12 (n=17) in the control group (P<0.01)). A histological evaluation showed significantly more collateral arteries within the adductor muscles after HuMo transplantation. The promotion of collateral vessel growth after HuMo transplantation resulted in better clinical scores (0.33±0.26 (n=12) vs. 3.3 (n=9), SEM; P<0.01). Conclusions: Transplantation of HuMo improves collateral vessel growth and clinical outcomes in mice. These results verify our hypothesis that controlled triggering of the inflammatory mechanism resulted in collateral vessel growth by a local host vs. a graft reaction in the ischemic hind limbs and could represent a further step in the development of a clinical strategy for promoting arteriogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wagner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke University of MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Mahlmann
- Department of Medicine - Section Angiology, Carl Gustav Carus University of DresdenGermany
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Walter Brendel CentreMunich, Germany
| | | | - Monika Riek-Burchardt
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University of MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Blerim Luani
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke University of MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Baer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke University of MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Akram Youssef
- Department for Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of DresdenGermany
| | - Joerg Herold
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke University of MagdeburgMagdeburg, Germany
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Max-Ratschow Clinic for AngiologyDarmstadt, Germany
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15
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Zhong M, Zhong C, Cui W, Wang G, Zheng G, Li L, Zhang J, Ren R, Gao H, Wang T, Li X, Che J, Gohda E. Induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells by activated TGF-β/Akt/Smad2 signaling in RIG-I-deficient stemness-high human liver cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:439. [PMID: 31088527 PMCID: PMC6515680 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) alter their role from being immunostimulatory to immunosuppressive at advanced stages of tumor progression, but the influence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their secreted factors on generation and phenotypic change of DCs is unknown. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) plays a role in regulation of other cellular processes including leukemic stemness besides its antiviral function. METHODS Short hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing was employed to generate stable RIG-I-knocked-down human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Expression levels of genes and proteins in spheres of those HCC cells were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western bot, respectively. Levels of secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA. The surface molecule expression levels of DCs were analyzed using flow cytometry. The ability of DCs to induce proliferation of T cells was assessed by a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. RESULTS RIG-I-knocked-down HCC cells showed upregulated expression of stem cell marker genes, enhanced secretion of factors suppressing in vitro generation of DCs into the conditioned medium (CM), and induction of a phenotype of tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) with low levels of DC markers in their tumors in nude mice. Those DCs and TIDCs showed reduced MLR, indicating RIG-I deficiency-induced immunotolerance. The RIG-I-deficient HCC cells secreted more TGF-β1 than did reference cells. The tumors formed after injection of RIG-I-deficient HCC cells had higher TGF-β1 contents than did tumors derived from control cells. DC generation and MLR suppressed by the CM of RIG-I-deficient HCC cells were restored by an anti-TGF-β1 antibody. TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Akt was enhanced in RIG-I-deficient HCC spheres, knockdown of AKT gene expression abolishing the augmentation of TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation. Akt and p-Akt were co-immunoprecipitated with Smad2 in cytoplasmic proteins of RIG-I-deficient spheres but not in those of control spheres, the amounts of co-immunoprecipitated Akt and p-Akt being increased by TGF-β stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that RIG-I deficiency in HCC cells induced their stemness, enhanced secretion and signaling of TGF-β1, tolerogenic TIDCs and less generation of DCs, and the results suggest involvement of TGF-β1 in those RIG-I deficiency-induced tolerogenic changes and involvement of CSCs in DC-mediated immunotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Cui
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Gongpu Zheng
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Rujing Ren
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Huijei Gao
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | | | - Xin Li
- People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Jiantu Che
- S&V Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Eiichi Gohda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by host immune response to infection. In this regard, modifying host immune response may help to eliminate systemic infection and restore organ function. Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1), acting as an immune modulator, exerts great biological influence in activating and restoring the dysregulated immune response for patients with sepsis. AREAS COVERED In this review, we summarize the clinical studies of Tα1 treatment alone and in combination with anti-inflammatory for patients with sepsis or septic shock. Clinical studies were collected from available English and Chinese databases. EXPERT OPINION In previous studies, single or combined treatment with Tα1 reduced the mortality rate of sepsis, improved the expression of HLA-DR on monocyte, and diminished the incidence of secondary infection. Based on the existing studies, Tα1 seems to be a promising alternative adjuvant therapy for sepsis. However, sepsis is a remarkably heterogeneous clinical syndrome, so much so that it is impossible to generalize the clinical results to all septic patients. Also, the present studies on Tα1 treatment are not able to focus on the immunosuppressive individuals. We believe that selecting septic patients with immunosuppression will be more likely to reveal the efficacy of Tα1 in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Pei
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xiangdong Guan
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- a Department of Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
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17
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Pica F, Gaziano R, Casalinuovo IA, Moroni G, Buè C, Limongi D, D'Agostini C, Tomino C, Perricone R, Palamara AT, Sinibaldi Vallebona P, Garaci E. Serum thymosin alpha 1 levels in normal and pathological conditions. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 18:13-21. [PMID: 30063864 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1474197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymosin alpha 1 (Ta1) is a natural occurring peptide hormone that is crucial for the maintenance of the organism homeostasis. It has been chemically synthesized and used in diseases where the immune system is hindered or malfunctioning. AREAS COVERED Many clinical trials investigate the Ta1 effects in patients with cancer, infectious diseases and as a vaccine enhancer. The number of diseases that could benefit from Ta1 treatment is increasing. To date, questions remain about the physiological basal levels of Ta1 and the most effective dose and schedule of treatment. Evidence is growing that diseases characterized by deregulation of immune and/or inflammatory responses are associated with serum levels of Ta1 significantly lower than those of healthy individuals: to date, B hepatitis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis and sepsis. The sputum of cystic fibrosis patients contains lower levels of Ta1 than healthy controls. These data are consistent with the role of Ta1 as a regulator of immunity, tolerance and inflammation. EXPERT OPINION Low serum Ta1 levels are predictive and/or associated with different pathological conditions. In case of Ta1 treatment, it is crucial to know the patient's baseline serum Ta1 level to establish effective treatment protocols and monitor their effectiveness over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pica
- a Departments of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- a Departments of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Moroni
- a Departments of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Cristina Buè
- a Departments of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Dolores Limongi
- b IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Telematic University , Rome , Italy
| | - Cartesio D'Agostini
- a Departments of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo Tomino
- b IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Telematic University , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberto Perricone
- c Medicine of Systems, Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- b IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Telematic University , Rome , Italy.,d Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Enrico Garaci
- a Departments of Experimental Medicine and Surgery , University Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy.,b IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Telematic University , Rome , Italy
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King R, Tuthill C. Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 102:151-78. [PMID: 27450734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin alpha 1 (Ta1) is a peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue as the compound responsible for restoring immune function to thymectomized mice. Ta1 has a pleiotropic mechanism of action, affecting multiple immune cell subsets that are involved in immune suppression. Ta1 acts through Toll-like receptors in both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, leading to activation and stimulation of signaling pathways and initiation of production of immune-related cytokines. Due to the immune stimulating effects of Ta1, the compound would be expected to show utility for treatment of immune suppression, whether related to aging or to diseases such as infection or cancer. Extensive studies in both the preclinical and clinical setting will be summarized in the subsequent sections. These studies have demonstrated improvements in immune system cell subsets and the potential of Ta1 for the treatment of a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R King
- SciClone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States.
| | - C Tuthill
- SciClone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Foster City, CA, United States
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Li X, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhong R, Song A, Sun L. Effect of thymosin α₁ on the phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:6093-7. [PMID: 26239360 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the effect of thymosin α1 (Tα1) on the phenotypic and functional maturation of HL‑60 cells, freeze‑thaw antigen‑loaded dendritic cells (DCs) were derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The DCs were generated from the PBMC samples that were collected from the PB of 10 consecutive ALL children. On day 3 of culturing, the cells in the antigen + no Tα1 (AN) and antigen + Tα1 (AT) groups were incubated with 100 µl lysates obtained from freeze‑thaw cycling. After 5 days of incubation, the AT group was administered with 100 ng/ml Tα1. On day 8, the DCs were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate‑conjugated cluster of differentiation (CD)1a, CD83 and HLA‑DR antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. In addition, the killing activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from the different groups on wild‑type leukemia cells was measured. The DCs in the AT group exhibited more apparent, characteristic dendritic morphologies than the control and AN group DCs. Furthermore, the lowest expression level of CD1a, and the highest expression of CD83 and HLA‑DR were observed in the AT group when compared with the AN and control groups (P<0.05). The lactate dehydrogenase release assay demonstrated that the killing rate of CTL in the AT group was significantly higher than that in the control and AN groups (P<0.01). Thus, Tα1 may markedly promote the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs, and may serve as a suitable immunomodulator of DC‑based immunotherapy for treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Li
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ren Zhong
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Aiqin Song
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Sun
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Garaci E, Pica F, Matteucci C, Gaziano R, D’Agostini C, Miele MT, Camerini R, Palamara AT, Favalli C, Mastino A, Serafino A, Sinibaldi Vallebona P. Historical review on thymosin α1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S31-9. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1017466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymosin α 1 (Tα1) is a peptidic biological response modifier, which plays a significant role in activating and regulating various cells of the immune system. For the above-mentioned activities it is expected to exert a clinical benefit in the treatment of diseases where the immune system is altered. AREAS COVERED Several clinical trials have been carried out with Tα1 for treatment or prevention of many different infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and C, sepsis and Aspergillosis in bone marrow-transplanted patients. Data available on the use of Tα1 in infectious disease as well as a vaccine enhancer will be reviewed to possibly generate new working hypothesis. EXPERT OPINION Tα1 has been widely used in thousands of patients. Nevertheless, there are some issues that have not yet been properly addressed (i.e., dose, schedule, combination treatments, end-points to be evaluated in clinical trials). In the most recent clinical trials Tα1 has been used at higher doses than those commonly used in the past showing a direct proportionality between the dose and the effect. The safety profile of Tα1 is excellent and it is virtually devoid of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Camerini
- Sigma-tau SpA, R&D Department , Via Pontina km 30.400, 00040 Pomezia , Italy +390691393562 ;
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Giacomini E, Severa M, Cruciani M, Etna MP, Rizzo F, Pardini M, Scagnolari C, Garaci E, Coccia EM. Dual effect of Thymosin α 1 on human monocyte-derived dendritic cell in vitro stimulated with viral and bacterial toll-like receptor agonists. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15 Suppl 1:S59-70. [PMID: 26096650 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1019460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thymosin α 1 (Tα1) recently gained interest as immune adjuvant for vaccines because of its ability to modulate the T-cell/dendritic cell (DC) axis and to improve antibody production. The objective of this study was to determine whether Tα1 would address in vitro the response of human primary monocyte-derived DC, crucial regulators of vaccine-induced immunity, upon exposure to different toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists or infection with viruses or bacteria. METHODS DC maturation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. RESULTS Our data revealed a dual effect of Tα1 on DC biology upon viral or bacterial stimulation. Interestingly, Tα1 enhanced human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I and II surface expression and secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8 when DCs were treated with viral TLR3 and TLR7/8 agonists. Similarly, in pandemic H1N1 influenza A-infected DCs, Tα1 raised the expression of maturation markers and type I and III Interferon (IFN). In contrast, following bacterial TLR2 and 4 stimulation, as well as upon Bacillus Calmette-Guerin infection, the presence of Tα1 in DC cultures drastically lowered the analyzed cellular parameters. CONCLUSION The knowledge that Tα1 pleiotropic effect might ameliorate anti-viral immune responses and, at the same time, dampen inflammation caused by bacterial infections could lay the groundwork for a more appropriate therapeutic application of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Giacomini
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Viale Regina Elena, Rome, 00151 , Italy +39 06 49903638 ; +39 06 49903638 ;
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Herold J, Francke A, Weinert S, Schmeisser A, Hebel K, Schraven B, Roehl FW, Strasser RH, Braun-Dullaeus RC. Tetanus toxoid-pulsed monocyte vaccination for augmentation of collateral vessel growth. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000611. [PMID: 24732919 PMCID: PMC4187481 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of collateral growth (arteriogenesis) has been linked to both the innate and adaptive immune systems. While therapeutic approaches for the augmentation of arteriogenesis have focused on innate immunity, exploiting both innate and adaptive immune responses has not been examined. We hypothesized that tetanus toxoid (tt) immunization of mice followed by transplantation of monocytes (Mo) exposed ex vivo to tt augments arteriogenesis after ligation of the hind limb. Methods and Results Mo were generated from nonimmunized BALB/c mice, exposed ex vivo to tt for 24 hours and intravenously injected (ttMo, 2.5×106) into the tail veins of tt‐immunized syngeneic mice whose hind limbs had been ligated 24 hours prior to transplantation. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was applied, and a perfusion index (PI) was calculated (ratio ligated/unligated). Twenty‐one days after ligation, the arteriogenesis of untreated BALB/c mice was limited (PI=0.49±0.09). Hind limb function was impaired in 80% of animals. Injection of non‐engineered Mo insignificantly increased the PI to 0.56±0.07. However, ttMo transplantation resulted in a strong increase of the PI to 0.82±0.08 (n=7; P<0.001), with no (0%) detectable functional impairment. ttMo injected into nonimmunized mice had no effect. The strong arteriogenic response of ttMo transplantation into immunized mice was prevented when mice had been depleted of T‐helper cells by CD4‐antibody pretreatment (PI=0.50±0.08; n=17; P<0.001), supporting the hypothesis that transplanted cells interact with recipient lymphocytes. Conclusions Transplantation of ttMo into pre‐immunized mice strongly promotes arteriogenesis. This therapeutic approach is feasible and highly attractive for the alleviation of morbidity associated with vascular occlusive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Herold
- Internal Medicine/Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, Magdeburg University, Germany
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Tuthill C, Rios I, De Rosa A, Camerini R. Thymosin α1 continues to show promise as an enhancer for vaccine response. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1270:21-7. [PMID: 23050813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is an immune-modulating peptide that can be expected to improve response to vaccinations, as stimulated dendritic cells and T cells can act in concert to increase antibody production along with an improved cytotoxic response from the T cells themselves. Tα1 demonstrated efficacy in preclinical studies; subsequently, it was shown to enhance response to vaccinations in difficult-to-treat populations, including individuals immune suppressed due to age or hemodialysis, and leading to a decrease in later infections. During the 2009 pandemic outbreak of H1N1 influenza, mouse and ferret studies confirmed that the use of higher doses of Tα1 allowed for fewer injections than those used in the previous clinical studies. In addition, a clinical study with Focetria™ MF59-adjuvanted monovalent H1N1 vaccine showed that treatment with Tα1 twice provided an earlier and greater response to the vaccine (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tuthill
- SciClone Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, USA.
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Dalm VA, de Wit H, Drexhage HA. Thymosin α1: a novel therapeutic option for patients with refractory chronic purulent rhinosinusitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1270:1-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Li J, Liu CH, Wang FS. Thymosin alpha 1: biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production. Peptides 2010; 31:2151-8. [PMID: 20699109 PMCID: PMC7115394 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1), a 28-amino acid peptide, was first described and characterized from calf thymuses in 1977. This peptide can enhance T-cell, dendritic cell (DC) and antibody responses, modulate cytokines and chemokines production and block steroid-induced apoptosis of thymocytes. Due to its pleiotropic biological activities, Tα1 has gained increasing interest in recent years and has been used for the treatment of various diseases in clinic. Accordingly, there is an increasing need for the production of this peptide. So far, Tα1 used in clinic is synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis. Here, we summarize the genetic engineering methods to produce Tα1 using prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems. The effectiveness of these biological products in increasing the secretion of cytokines and in promoting lymphocyte proliferation were investigated in vitro studies. This opens the possibility for biotechnological production of Tα1 for the research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chun Hui Liu
- Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Feng Shan Wang
- Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. Tel.: +86 531 88382589; fax: +86 531 88382548.
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Liu Q, Zhang H, Zhou G, Xie S, Zou H, Yu Y, Li G, Sun D, Zhang G, Lu Y, Zhong Y. In vitro and in vivo study of thymosin alpha1 biodegradable in situ forming poly(lactide-co-glycolide) implants. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Matteucci C, Minutolo A, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Palamara AT, Rasi G, Mastino A, Garaci E. Transcription profile of human lymphocytes following in vitro treatment with thymosin alpha-1. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1194:6-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Rivas-Caicedo A, Soldevila G, Fortoul TI, Castell-Rodríguez A, Flores-Romo L, García-Zepeda EA. Jak3 is involved in dendritic cell maturation and CCR7-dependent migration. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7066. [PMID: 19759904 PMCID: PMC2738966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CCR7-mediated signalling is important for dendritic cell maturation and homing to the lymph nodes. We have previously demonstrated that Jak3 participates in the signalling pathway of CCR7 in T lymphocytes. Methodology and Principal Findings Here, we used Jak3−/− mice to analyze the role of Jak3 in CCR7-mediated dendritic cells migration and function. First, we found no differences in the generation of DCs from Jak3−/− bone marrow progenitors, when compared to wild type cells. However, phenotypic analysis of the bone marrow derived DCs obtained from Jak3−/− mice showed reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules compared to wild type (Jak3+/+). In addition, when we analyzed the migration of Jak3−/− and Jak3+/+ mature DCs in response to CCL19 and CCL21 chemokines, we found that the absence of Jak3 results in impaired chemotactic responses both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, lymphocyte proliferation and contact hypersensitivity experiments showed that DC-mediated T lymphocyte activation is reduced in the absence of Jak3. Conclusion/Significance Altogether, our data provide strong evidence that Jak3 is important for DC maturation, migration and function, through a CCR7-mediated signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rivas-Caicedo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gloria Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Teresa I. Fortoul
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Andrés Castell-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Mexico
| | | | - Eduardo A. García-Zepeda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, México, D.F., Mexico
- * E-mail:
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