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Sawaid IO, Samson AO. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cancer Risk: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiological and Mechanistic Evidence. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1970. [PMID: 38610738 PMCID: PMC11012754 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly prescribed long-acting drugs used to treat acid reflux, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and peptic ulcers. Recently, concerns have been raised about their safety, particularly due to the association between long-term PPI use and cancer development. Multiple comprehensive studies have consistently suggested a noteworthy link between prolonged PPI usage and an increased risk of developing gastric, esophageal, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers, yet the precise underlying mechanism remains elusive. Methods: First, we review the extensive body of research that investigates the intricate relationship between cancer and PPIs. Then, we predict PPI toxicity using the prodrug structures with the ProTox-II webserver. Finally, we predict the relative risk of cancer for each PPI, using PubMed citation counts of each drug and keywords related to cancer. Results: Our review indicates that prolonged PPI use (exceeding three months) is significantly associated with an elevated risk of cancer, while shorter-term usage (less than three months) appears to pose a comparatively lower risk. Our review encompasses various proposed mechanisms, such as pH and microbiome alterations, vitamin and mineral malabsorption, hypergastrinemia, and enterochromaffin-like cell proliferation, while ProTox-II also suggests aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding. Potentially, the PubMed citations count suggests that the PPIs omeprazole and lansoprazole are more associated with cancer than pantoprazole and esomeprazole. In comparison, the H2R blocker, famotidine, is potentially less associated with cancer than PPIs, and may serve as a safer alternative treatment for periods beyond 3 months. Conclusions: Despite the well-established cancer risk associated with PPIs, it is notable that these medications continue to be widely prescribed for periods longer than 3 months. Thus, it is of paramount importance for clinicians and patients to thoughtfully evaluate the potential risks and benefits of long-term PPI usage and explore alternative treatments before making informed decisions regarding their medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abraham O. Samson
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel;
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2
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Huang J, Wu Q, Geller DA, Yan Y. Macrophage metabolism, phenotype, function, and therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). J Transl Med 2023; 21:815. [PMID: 37968714 PMCID: PMC10652641 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the initiation and advancement of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is widely acknowledged, as it fosters the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells. Within the intricate TME of HCC, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a significant constituent of non-malignant cells. TAMs engage in direct communication with cancer cells in HCC, while also exerting influence on other immune cells to adopt a tumor-supportive phenotype that facilitates tumor progression. Among the multifaceted mechanisms at play, the metabolic reprogramming of both tumor cells and macrophages leads to phenotypic alterations and functional modifications in macrophages. This comprehensive review elucidates the intricate interplay between cellular metabolism and macrophage phenotype/polarization, while also providing an overview of the associated signaling molecules and potential therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingquan Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiulin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - David A Geller
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
| | - Yihe Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, Guangxi, China.
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3
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Mehta A, Ratre YK, Soni VK, Shukla D, Sonkar SC, Kumar A, Vishvakarma NK. Orchestral role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in T-cell malignancy. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1122789. [PMID: 37256177 PMCID: PMC10226149 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1122789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune function of normal T cells partially depends on the maneuvering of lipid metabolism through various stages and subsets. Interestingly, T-cell malignancies also reprogram their lipid metabolism to fulfill bioenergetic demand for rapid division. The rewiring of lipid metabolism in T-cell malignancies not only provides survival benefits but also contributes to their stemness, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Owing to distinctive lipid metabolic programming in T-cell cancer, quantitative, qualitative, and spatial enrichment of specific lipid molecules occur. The formation of lipid rafts rich in cholesterol confers physical strength and sustains survival signals. The accumulation of lipids through de novo synthesis and uptake of free lipids contribute to the bioenergetic reserve required for robust demand during migration and metastasis. Lipid storage in cells leads to the formation of specialized structures known as lipid droplets. The inimitable changes in fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are in dynamic balance in T-cell malignancies. FAO fuels the molecular pumps causing chemoresistance, while FAS offers structural and signaling lipids for rapid division. Lipid metabolism in T-cell cancer provides molecules having immunosuppressive abilities. Moreover, the distinctive composition of membrane lipids has implications for immune evasion by malignant cells of T-cell origin. Lipid droplets and lipid rafts are contributors to maintaining hallmarks of cancer in malignancies of T cells. In preclinical settings, molecular targeting of lipid metabolism in T-cell cancer potentiates the antitumor immunity and chemotherapeutic response. Thus, the direct and adjunct benefit of lipid metabolic targeting is expected to improve the clinical management of T-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Yashwant Kumar Ratre
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Dhananjay Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Subhash C. Sonkar
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Maulana Azad Medical College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Effect of Antacid Use on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Solid Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Immunother 2023; 46:43-55. [PMID: 36301729 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The influence of antacids use on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy remains unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine-2-receptor antagonists (H2RAs) on ICI efficacy in advanced solid cancer patients. A systematic literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science was performed to retrieve studies investigating the effect of antacid use on ICI efficacy. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and immune-related adverse events were measured using hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs). Thirty studies enrolling 16,147 advanced cancer patients receiving ICI treatment were included. The pooled analysis indicated that PPI use was associated with shorter OS (HR=1.40, 95% CI, 1.25-1.57) and PFS (HR=1.34, 95% CI, 1.19-1.52) in advanced cancer patients treated with ICIs. PPI use did not show effect on ORR or immune-related adverse event of advanced cancer patients receiving ICI treatment. OS, PFS, and ORR did not differ between H2RA users and non-H2RA users. In subgroup analyses, PPI use was associated with shorter OS and PFS in NSCLC and urothelial carcinoma patients and in patients treated with anti-programmed cell death 1 or anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 monotherapy. In addition, ICI efficacy was different in the antacid exposure time frame subgroups. In conclusion, PPI use has a negative effect on OS and PFS among advanced cancer patients receiving ICI treatment. PPIs should be cautiously administered among advanced cancer patients treated with ICI. The safety of H2RAs and the influence of H2RAs on ICI efficacy need further investigation.
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Heuser C, Renner K, Kreutz M, Gattinoni L. Targeting lactate metabolism for cancer immunotherapy - a matter of precision. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:32-45. [PMID: 36496155 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T cell therapies have been valuable additions to the toolbox in the fight against cancer. These treatments have profoundly increased the number of patients with a realistic perspective toward a return to a cancer-free life. Yet, in a number of patients and tumor entities, cancer immunotherapies have been ineffective so far. In solid tumors, immune exclusion and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment represent substantial roadblocks to successful therapeutic outcomes. A major contributing factor to the depressed anti-tumor activity of immune cells in tumors is the harsh metabolic environment. Hypoxia, nutrient competition with tumor and stromal cells, and accumulating noxious waste products, including lactic acid, pose massive constraints to anti-tumor immune cells. Numerous strategies are being developed to exploit the metabolic vulnerabilities of tumor cells in the hope that these would also alleviate metabolism-inflicted immune suppression. While promising in principle, especially in combination with immunotherapies, these strategies need to be scrutinized for their effect on tumor-fighting immune cells, which share some of their key metabolic properties with tumor cells. Here, we provide an overview of strategies that seek to tackle lactate metabolism in tumor or immune cells to unleash anti-tumor immune responses, thereby opening therapeutic options for patients whose tumors are currently not treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heuser
- Division of Functional Immune Cell Modulation, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Clinical Cooperation Group Immunometabolomics, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Center for Immunomedicine in Transplantation and Oncology (CITO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Division of Functional Immune Cell Modulation, Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy (LIT), 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Center for Immunomedicine in Transplantation and Oncology (CITO), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Li B, Liu Y, Sun S. Pump proton inhibitors display anti-tumour potential in glioma. Cell Prolif 2022:e13321. [PMID: 35961680 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glioma is one of the most aggressive brain tumours with poor overall survival despite advanced technology in surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiation. Progression and recurrence are the hinge causes of low survival. Our aim is to explain the concrete mechanism in the proliferation and progression of tumours based on tumour microenvironment (TME). The main purpose is to illustrate the mechanism of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in affecting acidity, hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and autophagy based on the TME to induce apoptosis and enhance the sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy. FINDINGS TME is the main medium for tumour growth and progression. Acidity, hypoxia, inflammatory response, autophagy, angiogenesis and so on are the main causes of tumour progress. PPIs, as a common clinical drug to inhibit gastric acid secretion, have the advantages of fast onset, long action time and small adverse reactions. Nowadays, several kinds of literature highlight the potential of PPIs in inhibiting tumour progression. However, long-term use of PPIs alone also has obvious side effects. Therefore, till now, how to apply PPIs to promote the effect of radio-chemotherapy and find the concrete dose and concentration of combined use are novel challenges. CONCLUSIONS PPIs display the potential in enhancing the sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy to defend against glioma based on TME. In the clinic, it is also necessary to explore specific concentrations and dosages in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shilong Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Wada H, Hamaguchi R, Narui R, Morikawa H. Meaning and Significance of “Alkalization Therapy for Cancer”. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920843. [PMID: 35965526 PMCID: PMC9364696 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives of the Study Our research aims to answer the following questions. Can cancer progression be stopped by changing the body condition of person with cancer? Can cancer be cured?If cancer progression can be stopped, what is the underlying mechanism? Theoretical Rationale for Alkalization Therapy Almost 70 years ago, Goldblatt H. & Cameron G. reported on the idea of alkalization therapy. Before that, Otto Warburg had been studying the metabolism of cancer and had discovered the essential nature of cancer. He published a review in Science in 1956 under the title “On the origin of cancer cells”. From his phenomena described above, we established the theoretical rationale for alkalization therapy, based on the question of “How does cancer form and what is its nature”? Limitations of Deductive Methods and Inductive Approaches In this paper, we describe a method to reconstruct the limitations and weaknesses of modern cancer medicine as Science-based Medicine using an inductive method, and to present a new vision of cancer therapy. How should we treat cancer? (Case presentation): Using a specific clinical case, we present patients in whom were successfully treated with no or few anticancer drugs. Summary The biggest weakness of current cancer treatments is that they only treat the cancer and not the actual patient. The “alkalization therapy” that we advocate does not compete with any of the current standard treatments, but improves the effectiveness of standard treatments, reduces side effects, and lowers medical costs.
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The Correlation between the Use of the Proton Pump Inhibitor and the Clinical Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1001796. [PMID: 35855807 PMCID: PMC9288308 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. To determine if the use of the Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI) impacts the clinical efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC), a meta-analysis was conducted. Method. Eleven studies from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and other databases up to May 2022, were selected. The pertinent clinical outcomes were assessed by applying the Progression-free survival (PFS), Overall Survival (OS), Hazard Ratio (HR), and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Result. This study included eleven articles containing 7,893 NSCLC patients. The result indicated that PPI use was dramatically related to poor OS (HR: 1.30 [1.10–1.54]), and poor PFS (HR: 1.25 [1.09–1.42]) in case of patients treated with ICIs. With regard to the subgroup analysis, PPI use was dramatically associated with poor OS (Europe: HR = 1.48 [1.26, 1.74], Worldwide: HR = 1.54 [1.24, 1.91]), and poor PFS (Europe: HR = 1.36 [1.18, 1.57], Worldwide: HR = 1.34 [1.16, 1.55]) in patients from Europe and multi-center studies across the world, poor OS in patients with age less than or equal to 65 (HR = 1.56 [1.14, 2.15]), poor PFS in patients aged more than 65 (HR = 1.36 [1.18, 1.57]), poor OS for patients receiving with PD-1 (HR = 1.37 [1.04, 1.79]), poor PFS for patients receiving with PD-L1 (HR = 1.33 [1.19, 1.49]), and poor OS (−30: HR = 1.89 [1.29, 2.78], ±30: HR = 1.44 [1.27, 1.64]) and poor PFS (−30: HR = 1.51 [1.11, 2.05], ±30: HR = 1.32 [1.20, 1.45]) for patients who received PPI at 30 days before and/or after starting the ICIs treatment. Conclusion. Our meta-analysis indicated that PPI combined with ICIs in the treatment of NSCLC patients could result in poor OS and PFS. PPI use should be extremely cautious in clinical practices to avoid the impact on the efficacy of the ICIs.
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Navarro F, Casares N, Martín-Otal C, Lasarte-Cía A, Gorraiz M, Sarrión P, Llopiz D, Reparaz D, Varo N, Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Prosper F, Hervás-Stubbs S, Lozano T, Lasarte JJ. Overcoming T cell dysfunction in acidic pH to enhance adoptive T cell transfer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2070337. [PMID: 35529677 PMCID: PMC9067511 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2070337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The high metabolic activity and insufficient perfusion of tumors leads to the acidification of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that may inhibit the antitumor T cell activity. We found that pharmacological inhibition of the acid loader chloride/bicarbonate anion exchanger 2 (Ae2), with 4,4’-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2’-disulfonicacid (DIDS) enhancedCD4+ andCD8+ T cell function upon TCR activation in vitro, especially under low pH conditions. In vivo, DIDS administration delayed B16OVA tumor growth in immunocompetent mice as monotherapy or when combined with adoptive T cell transfer of OVA-specificT cells. Notably, genetic Ae2 silencing in OVA-specificT cells improvedCD4+/CD8+ T cell function in vitro as well as their antitumor activity in vivo. Similarly, genetic modification of OVA-specificT cells to overexpress Hvcn1, a selectiveH+ outward current mediator that prevents cell acidification, significantly improved T cell function in vitro, even at low pH conditions. The adoptive transfer of OVA-specificT cells overexpressing Hvcn1 exerted a better antitumor activity in B16OVA tumor-bearingmice. Hvcn1 overexpression also improved the antitumor activity of CAR T cells specific for Glypican 3 (GPC3) in mice bearing PM299L-GPC3tumors. Our results suggest that preventing intracellular acidification by regulating the expression of acidifier ion channels such as Ae2 or alkalinizer channels like Hvcn1 in tumor-specificlymphocytes enhances their antitumor response by making them more resistant to the acidic TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Navarro
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Celia Martín-Otal
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cía
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Gorraiz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Sarrión
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diana Llopiz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Reparaz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Varo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Roberto Rodriguez-Madoz
- Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNAHemato-Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, IdiSNAHemato-Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Hematology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBERONC, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
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Syeda S, Rawat K, Shrivastava A. Pharmacological Inhibition of Exosome Machinery: An Emerging Prospect in Cancer Therapeutics. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:560-576. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220401093316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Exosomes are nanocarriers that mediate intercellular communication, crucial for normal physiological functions. However, exponentially emerging reports have correlated their dysregulated release with various pathologies, including cancer. In cancer, from stromal remodeling to metastasis, where tumor cells bypass the immune surveillance and show drug resistivity, it has been established to be mediated via tumor-derived exosomes. Owing to their role in cancer pathogenicity, exosome-based strategies offer enormous potential in treatment regimens. These strategies include the use of exosomes as a drug carrier or as an immunotherapeutic agent, which requires advanced nanotechnologies for exosome isolation and characterization. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of exosome machinery surpasses the requisites of nanotechnology and thus emerges as an essential prospect in cancer therapeutics. In this line, researchers are currently trying to dissect the molecular pathways to reveal the involvement of key regulatory proteins that facilitate the release of tumor-derived exosomes. Subsequently, screening of various molecules in targeting these proteins, with eventual abatement of exosome-induced cancer pathogenicity, is being done. However, their clinical translation requires more extensive studies. Here we comprehensively review the molecular mechanisms regulating exosome release in cancer. Moreover, we give insight into the key findings that highlight the effect of various drugs as exosome blockers, which will add to the route of drug development in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Syeda
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Kavita Rawat
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
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Xiao M, He J, Yin L, Chen X, Zu X, Shen Y. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Critical Players in Drug Resistance of Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 12:799428. [PMID: 34992609 PMCID: PMC8724912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.799428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the most critical challenges in breast cancer (BC) treatment. The occurrence and development of drug resistance are closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most important immune cells in TIME, are essential for drug resistance in BC treatment. In this article, we summarize the effects of TAMs on the resistance of various drugs in endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, and their underlying mechanisms. Based on the current overview of the key role of TAMs in drug resistance, we discuss the potential possibility for targeting TAMs to reduce drug resistance in BC treatment, By inhibiting the recruitment of TAMs, depleting the number of TAMs, regulating the polarization of TAMs and enhancing the phagocytosis of TAMs. Evidences in our review support it is important to develop novel therapeutic strategies to target TAMs in BC to overcome the treatment of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyu Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Nanhua Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Liyang Yin
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiguan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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12
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Andreucci E, Peppicelli S, Ruzzolini J, Bianchini F, Calorini L. Physicochemical aspects of the tumour microenvironment as drivers of vasculogenic mimicry. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:935-951. [PMID: 36224457 PMCID: PMC9758104 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumour vascularisation is vital for cancer sustainment representing not only the main source of nutrients and oxygen supply but also an escape route for single or clustered cancer cells that, once detached from the primary mass, enter the blood circulation and disseminate to distant organs. Among the mechanisms identified to contribute to tumour vascularisation, vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is gaining increasing interest in the scientific community representing an intriguing target for cancer treatment. VM indeed associates with highly aggressive tumour phenotypes and strongly impairs patient outcomes. Differently from vessels of healthy tissues, tumour vasculature is extremely heterogeneous and tortuous, impeding efficient chemotherapy delivery, and at the meantime hyperpermeable and thus extremely accessible to metastasising cancer cells. Moreover, tumour vessel disorganisation creates a self-reinforcing vicious circle fuelling cancer malignancy and progression. Because of the inefficient oxygen delivery and metabolic waste removal from tumour vessels, many cells within the tumour mass indeed experience hypoxia and acidosis, now considered hallmarks of cancer. Being strong inducers of vascularisation, therapy resistance, inflammation and metastasis, hypoxia and acidosis create a permissive microenvironment for cancer progression and dissemination. Along with these considerations, we decided to focus our attention on the relationship between hypoxia/acidosis and VM. Indeed, besides tumour angiogenesis, VM is strongly influenced by both hypoxia and acidosis, which could potentiate each other and fuel this vicious circle. Thus, targeting hypoxia and acidosis may represent a potential target to treat VM to impair tumour perfusion and cancer cell sustainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Andreucci
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Peppicelli
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lido Calorini
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Giordan Q, Salleron J, Vallance C, Moriana C, Clement-Duchene C. Impact of Antibiotics and Proton Pump Inhibitors on Efficacy and Tolerance of Anti-PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716317. [PMID: 34777340 PMCID: PMC8578856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of antibiotics (ATB) and proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) alters the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota, which can influence the immune system, consequently interfering with response to anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). We assessed the impact of ATB and/or PPI use on the efficacy and safety of ICI. Methods Two hundred twelve patients treated with anti-PD1 ICI for non-small cell lung carcinoma, melanoma, upper airway & digestive tract carcinoma or renal cell carcinoma were retrospectively included. Patients having received ATB within 60 days before ICI initiation were included in the ATB+ group. Patients having received PPI within 30 days before ICI initiation were included in the PPI+ group. Four groups were thus considered: ATB-/PPI-, ATB+/PPI-, ATB-/PPI+, ATB+/PPI+. Response rate was assessed by RECIST v1.1. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and adverse events, recorded using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 5, were compared using inverse probability of treatment weighting to account for selection bias. Results PFS at 6 months was 56.7 %, 95%CI (49.6%; 63.2%) and 47.2 %, 95%CI (39.8%;54.1%) at 12 months. OS was 81.6%, 95%CI (75.6%; 86.2%) at 6 months, and 69.4%, 95%CI (61.9%;75.7%) at 12 months. Compared to ATB-/PPI- group, PFS was lower for the ATB+/PPI- group [Hazard ratio (HR) 1.90, 95%CI (1.41;2.57)] and the ATB-/PPI+ group [HR 1.51, 95%CI (1.11;2.05)], and lowest in the ATB+/PPI+ group [HR 3.65, 95%CI (2.75;4.84)]. For OS, the use of ATB alone or PPI alone or in combination was a risk factor for death, with each increasing HR values by a similar magnitude, and the combination of ATB and PPI did not increase risk further. AEs were observed in 78 cases (36.8%) with no significant impact of ATB or PPI use. Conclusions This study reveals that ATB and/or PPI use can alter response to anti-PD1 ICI, and the prognosis of cancer patients. The microbiota mechanisms involved in the response to ICI should be investigated to optimize patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Giordan
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier Régional de Metz-Thionville, Metz, France
| | - Julia Salleron
- Biostatistics Unit, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Catherine Vallance
- Department of Pharmacy, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Clothilde Moriana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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14
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Yang M, Zhong X, Yuan Y. Does Baking Soda Function as a Magic Bullet for Patients With Cancer? A Mini Review. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 19:1534735420922579. [PMID: 32448009 PMCID: PMC7249593 DOI: 10.1177/1534735420922579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is widely used in the clinic
as an antacid for treating gastric hyperacidity, among other conditions. Chao et
al have reported a clinical trial about targeting intratumor lactic
acidosis–transarterial chemoembolization. Based on conventional transarterial
chemoembolization, the authors added a 5% sodium bicarbonate solution to
cytotoxic drugs, resulting in a high local control rate. The explanation for the
antitumor effects of sodium bicarbonate is related to acidosis in the tumor
microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the findings from studies
administering sodium bicarbonate alone or in combination with other anticancer
therapies as cancer treatments, and discuss methods for safe and effective use
of sodium bicarbonate in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Ugel S, Canè S, De Sanctis F, Bronte V. Monocytes in the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:93-122. [PMID: 33497262 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment over the past decade. Nonetheless, prolonged survival is limited to relatively few patients. Cancers enforce a multifaceted immune-suppressive network whose nature is progressively shaped by systemic and local cues during tumor development. Monocytes bridge innate and adaptive immune responses and can affect the tumor microenvironment through various mechanisms that induce immune tolerance, angiogenesis, and increased dissemination of tumor cells. Yet monocytes can also give rise to antitumor effectors and activate antigen-presenting cells. This yin-yang activity relies on the plasticity of monocytes in response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the ontogeny, heterogeneity, and functions of monocytes and monocyte-derived cells in cancer, pinpointing the main pathways that are important for modeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ugel
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
| | - Stefania Canè
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
| | - Francesco De Sanctis
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
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16
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Xu L, Xie X, Luo Y. The role of macrophage in regulating tumour microenvironment and the strategies for reprogramming tumour-associated macrophages in antitumour therapy. Eur J Cell Biol 2021; 100:151153. [PMID: 33476912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2021.151153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) that present abundantly in the tumour microenvironment (TME) exhibit a protumour property, such as promoting genetic instability, tumour metastasis and immunosuppression. Macrophage-targeted therapeutic approaches hence have been applied and shown their significances in the process of tumour immune treatment, including blocking TAM recruitment, depleting or transforming TAMs that already exist in the tumour site. Here, we summarized the functional regulation of TAMs in the respects of hypoxia environment, metabolism in the tumour microenvironment and the transcription factors involved. We reviewed the strategies for transforming TAMs, including immune stimuli targeting TAMs, inhibitors against TAMs, pathogen or irradiation stimulation on TAMs, and the application of natural compounds in TAMs. Furthermore, we also discussed the macrophage-targeted therapies in the clinical studies. Taken together, this review tries to shed light on the TAM regulation and the main strategies of TAM reprogramming for an enhanced immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China
| | - Ying Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory & Drug Development on Common Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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17
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Repurposing Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs to Promote Antitumor Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 25:88-99. [PMID: 30896530 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There has been a major resurgence of interest in immune-based approaches to treat cancer, based largely on the success of checkpoint inhibitors (anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, anti-programmed cell death 1, and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 antibodies) in several malignancies. However, not all tumors respond to checkpoint therapy, and there is clearly a need for additional approaches for enhancing tumor immunity. We summarize the critical elements necessary for mounting an efficacious T-cell response to a tumor. We cite drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for no-cancer indications that could be repurposed and used as part of an antitumor immune cocktail. We also list cancer drugs not initially intended to impact tumor immunity (soft repurposing) but that have been found to modulate the immune system. We highlight those drugs that might be used in combination with checkpoint inhibitors to increase response rates and survival of cancer patients. Our focus will be on drugs for which there are limited but existing human data. We cite supporting mechanistic mouse data as well. Repurposing drugs to modulate antitumor immunity is an opportunity to rapidly bring new, effective, and affordable treatments to cancer patients.
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18
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Soni VK, Shukla D, Kumar A, Vishvakarma NK. Curcumin circumvent lactate-induced chemoresistance in hepatic cancer cells through modulation of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor-1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 123:105752. [PMID: 32325281 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has been demonstrated to affect the chemoresistance in cancer cells of various origins. However, its ability to modulate lactate-induced chemoresistance remains unclear. The Present investigation demonstrates that curcumin inhibits the survival of HepG2 and HuT78 cells and can modulate chemo-susceptibility of HepG2 cells. Experimental simulation of simultaneous and pre-treatment suggest cooperatively between curcumin and anticancer drugs as well as the modulation of molecular regulators. Inhibition of glucose consumption, lactate production, extracellular acidity and augmented level of Nitric oxide were observed. DAPI staining revealed hyper condensation of chromatin in curcumin-treated HepG2 cells. Curcumin also diminished the lactate-induced chemoresistance against doxorubicin in hepatic cancer cells along with down regulation of lactate receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor-1; HCAR-1/GPR81). Alteration of the extracellular milieu along with inhibited expression of genes (hif-1α, ldh-a, mct-1, mdr-1 and stat-3) and proteins (HIF-1α and HCAR-1) are indicated to be involved in curcumin-induced reversal of chemoresistance in HepG2 cells. Findings of present investigation contribute to knowledge of curcumin mediated chemosensitization and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Dhananjay Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495 009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Vishvakarma
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495 009, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Siska PJ, Singer K, Evert K, Renner K, Kreutz M. The immunological Warburg effect: Can a metabolic-tumor-stroma score (MeTS) guide cancer immunotherapy? Immunol Rev 2020; 295:187-202. [PMID: 32157706 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The "glycolytic switch" also known as the "Warburg effect" is a key feature of tumor cells and leads to the accumulation of lactate and protons in the tumor environment. Intriguingly, non-malignant lymphocytes or stromal cells such as tumor-associated macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to the lactate accumulation in the tumor environment, a phenomenon described as the "Reverse Warburg effect." Localized lactic acidosis has a strong immunosuppressive effect and mediates an immune escape of tumors. However, some tumors do not display the Warburg phenotype and either rely on respiration or appear as a mosaic of cells with different metabolic properties. Based on these findings and on the knowledge that T cell infiltration is predictive for patient outcome, we suggest a metabolic-tumor-stroma score to determine the likelihood of a successful anti-tumor immune response: (a) a respiring tumor with high T cell infiltration ("hot"); (b) a reverse Warburg type with respiring tumor cells but glycolytic stromal cells; (c) a mixed type with glycolytic and respiring compartments; and (d) a glycolytic (Warburg) tumor with low T cell infiltration ("cold"). Here, we provide evidence that these types can be independent of the organ of origin, prognostically relevant and might help select the appropriate immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Siska
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Singer
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Spugnini EP, Fais S. Drug repurposing for anticancer therapies. A lesson from proton pump inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 30:15-25. [PMID: 31847622 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1704733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Worldwide, the annual expenditure on anticancer drugs is grossly calculated to be in the order of US$100 billion, and is expected to escalate up to $150 billion by 2020. It is evident that the vast majority of the most recently devised anticancer drugs are unaffordable in economically developing nations, frequently resulting in subpar therapies. In this complex medical and economic scenario, the repurposing of older drugs for anticancer therapies becomes a necessity. The repurposing of antiacid drugs such as the proton pump inhibitors as antitumoral agents and chemosensitizers is probably one of the most recent and promising phenomenon in oncology.Areas covered: Important research articles and patents focusing on proton pump inhibitors as a potential class of therapeutics, published between the period of 2006-2019, have been covered. This review mainly focuses on the therapeutic applications, as direct anticancer agents as well as modifiers of the tumor microenvironment and modulator of chemoresistance.Expert opinion: PPIs have significant anticancer applications and are proving to be safe, effective and inexpensive. Here the authors review the current knowledge regarding the influence of PPIs on the efficacy and safety of cancer chemotherapeutics through the regulation of targets other than the H+/K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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21
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Jin HS, Choi DS, Ko M, Kim D, Lee DH, Lee S, Lee AY, Kang SG, Kim SH, Jung Y, Jeong Y, Chung JJ, Park Y. Extracellular pH modulating injectable gel for enhancing immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. J Control Release 2019; 315:65-75. [PMID: 31669264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical data from diverse cancer types shows that the increased T cell infiltration in tumors correlates with improved patient prognosis. Acidic extracellular pH is a major attribute of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that promotes immune evasion and tumor progression. Therefore, antagonizing tumor acidity can be a powerful approach in cancer immunotherapy. Here, Pluronic F-127 is used as a NaHCO3 releasing carrier to focally alleviate extracellular tumor acidity. In a mouse tumor model, intratumoral treatment with pH modulating injectable gel (pHe-MIG) generates immune-favorable TME, as evidenced by the decrease of immune-suppressive cells and increase of tumor infiltrating CD8+T cells. The combination of pHe-MIG with immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-PD-1 and anti-TIGIT antibodies, increases intratumoral T cell function, which leads to tumor clearance. Mechanistically, extracellular acidity was shown to upregulate co-inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors and inhibit mTOR signaling pathways in memory CD8+T cells, which impaired effector functions. Furthermore, an acidic pH environment increased the expression and engagement of TIGIT and its ligand CD155, which suggested that the extracellular pH can regulate the suppressive function of TIGIT pathway. Collectively, these findings suggest that pHe-MIG holds potential as a new TME modulator for effective immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Seung Jin
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Da-Som Choi
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Ko
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkap Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- ASAN Institute for Life Sciences, ASAN Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Lee
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Young Lee
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Division of Biomedical Convergence, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Jeong
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Justin J Chung
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Park
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Albatany M, Ostapchenko VG, Meakin S, Bartha R. Brain tumor acidification using drugs simultaneously targeting multiple pH regulatory mechanisms. J Neurooncol 2019; 144:453-462. [PMID: 31392597 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-invasively distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive brain tumors is an important clinical challenge. Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation is essential for normal cell function and is normally maintained within a narrow range. Cancer cells are characterized by a reversed intracellular to extracellular pH gradient, compared to healthy cells, that is maintained by several distinct mechanisms. Previous studies have demonstrated acute pH modulation in glioblastoma detectable by chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after blocking individual pH regulatory mechanisms. The purpose of the current study was to simultaneously block five pH regulatory mechanisms while also providing glucose as an energy substrate. We hypothesized that this approach would increase the acute pH modulation effect allowing the identification of aggressive cancer. METHODS Using a 9.4 T MRI scanner, CEST spectra were acquired sensitive to pHi using amine/amide concentration independent detection (AACID). Twelve mice were scanned approximately 11 ± 1 days after implanting 105 U87 human glioblastoma multiforme cells in the brain, before and after intraperitoneal injection of a combination of five drugs (quercetin, cariporide, dichloroacetate, acetazolamide, and pantoprazole) with and without glucose. RESULTS Two hours after combination drug injection there was a significant 0.1 ± 0.03 increase in tumor AACID value corresponding to a 0.4 decrease in pHi. After injecting the drug combination with glucose the AACID value increased by 0.18 ± 0.03 corresponding to a 0.72 decrease in pHi. AACID values were also slightly increased in contralateral tissue. CONCLUSIONS The combined drug treatment with glucose produced a large acute CEST MRI contrast indicating tumor acidification, which could be used to help localize brain cancer and monitor tumor response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Albatany
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
| | - Valeriy G Ostapchenko
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
| | - Susan Meakin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N65B7, Canada
| | - Robert Bartha
- Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N65B7, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N65B7, Canada.
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23
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Yadav S, Pandey SK, Goel Y, Temre MK, Singh SM. Diverse Stakeholders of Tumor Metabolism: An Appraisal of the Emerging Approach of Multifaceted Metabolic Targeting by 3-Bromopyruvate. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:728. [PMID: 31333455 PMCID: PMC6620530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cells possess a unique metabolic machinery to endure unobstructed cell survival. It comprises several levels of metabolic networking consisting of 1) upregulated expression of membrane-associated transporter proteins, facilitating unhindered uptake of substrates; 2) upregulated metabolic pathways for efficient substrate utilization; 3) pH and redox homeostasis, conducive for driving metabolism; 4) tumor metabolism-dependent reconstitution of tumor growth promoting the external environment; 5) upregulated expression of receptors and signaling mediators; and 6) distinctive genetic and regulatory makeup to generate and sustain rearranged metabolism. This feat is achieved by a "battery of molecular patrons," which acts in a highly cohesive and mutually coordinated manner to bestow immortality to neoplastic cells. Consequently, it is necessary to develop a multitargeted therapeutic approach to achieve a formidable inhibition of the diverse arrays of tumor metabolism. Among the emerging agents capable of such multifaceted targeting of tumor metabolism, an alkylating agent designated as 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) has gained immense research focus because of its broad spectrum and specific antineoplastic action. Inhibitory effects of 3-BP are imparted on a variety of metabolic target molecules, including transporters, metabolic enzymes, and several other crucial stakeholders of tumor metabolism. Moreover, 3-BP ushers a reconstitution of the tumor microenvironment, a reversal of tumor acidosis, and recuperative action on vital organs and systems of the tumor-bearing host. Studies have been conducted to identify targets of 3-BP and its derivatives and characterization of target binding for further optimization. This review presents a brief and comprehensive discussion about the current state of knowledge concerning various aspects of tumor metabolism and explores the prospects of 3-BP as a safe and effective antineoplastic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sukh Mahendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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24
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Wang Y, Lin YX, Qiao SL, Wang J, Wang H. Progress in Tumor-Associated Macrophages: From Bench to Bedside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800232. [PMID: 32627370 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are of great interest in cancer immunology as they play an important role in the tumor microenvironment as cancer stromal cells recruited from circulating monocytes. TAMs are closely associated with tumor progression, including initiation, trophic growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis; moreover, in clinical practice, their quantity can be related to poor prognosis. Fundamental and translational studies imply that TAMs are one of the most promising targets in tumor therapy. Herein, the biological origination and classification of TAMs, which correspond to their functions and differentiations, are reviewed in detail. In addition, recent basic research and clinical preprocess of TAMs in tumor immunotherapy are also discussed. Finally, the advances in the use of nanotechnology and TAMs for tumor therapy are discussed. This review focuses on the background and status of basic research and clinical significance of TAMs, points out the potential of TAMs in tumor immunological therapy, and clarifies the possibility of translation TAM-targeting therapies in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Xin Lin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Lin Qiao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
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25
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Lacroix R, Rozeman EA, Kreutz M, Renner K, Blank CU. Targeting tumor-associated acidity in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1331-1348. [PMID: 29974196 PMCID: PMC11028141 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibodies have changed profoundly the treatment of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, and bladder cancer. Currently, they are tested in various tumor entities as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapies or targeted therapies. However, only a subgroup of patients benefit from checkpoint blockade (combinations). This raises the question, which all mechanisms inhibit T cell function in the tumor environment, restricting the efficacy of these immunotherapeutic approaches. Serum activity of lactate dehydrogenase, likely reflecting the glycolytic activity of the tumor cells and thus acidity within the tumor microenvironment, turned out to be one of the strongest markers predicting response to checkpoint inhibition. In this review, we discuss the impact of tumor-associated acidity on the efficacy of T cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy and possible approaches to break this barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Lacroix
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa A Rozeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian U Blank
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Protective and recuperative effects of 3-bromopyruvate on immunological, hepatic and renal homeostasis in a murine host bearing ascitic lymphoma: Implication of niche dependent differential roles of macrophages. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:970-985. [PMID: 29689702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) possesses promising antineoplastic potential, however, its effects on immunological homeostasis vis a vis hepatic and renal functions in a tumor bearing host remain unclear. Therefore, the effect of 3-BP administration to a murine host bearing a progressively growing tumor of thymoma origin, designated as Dalton's lymphoma (DL), on immunological, renal and hepatic homeostasis was investigated. Administration of 3-BP (4 mg/kg) to the tumor bearing host reversed tumor growth associated thymic atrophy and splenomegaly, accompanied by altered cell survival and repertoire of splenic, bone marrow and tumor associated macrophages (TAM). TAM displayed augmented phagocytic, tumoricidal activities and production of IL-1 and TNF-α. 3-BP-induced activation of TAM was of indirect nature, mediated by IFN-γ. Blood count of T lymphocytes (CD4+ & CD8+) and NK cells showed a rise in 3-BP administered tumor bearing mice. Moreover, 3-BP administration triggered modulation of immunomodulatory cytokines in serum along with refurbished hepatic and renal functions. The study indicates the role of altered cytokines balance, site specific differential macrophage functions and myelopoiesis in restoration of lymphoid organ homeostasis in 3-BP administered tumor bearing host. These observations will have long lasting impact in understanding of alternate mechanisms underlying the antitumor action of 3-BP accompanying appraisal of safety issues for optimizing its antineoplastic actions.
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Abstract
This narrative review summarises the benefits, risks and appropriate use of acid-suppressing drugs (ASDs), proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists, advocating a rationale balanced and individualised approach aimed to minimise any serious adverse consequences. It focuses on current controversies on the potential of ASDs to contribute to infections-bacterial, parasitic, fungal, protozoan and viral, particularly in the elderly, comprehensively and critically discusses the growing body of observational literature linking ASD use to a variety of enteric, respiratory, skin and systemic infectious diseases and complications (Clostridium difficile diarrhoea, pneumonia, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, septicaemia and other). The proposed pathogenic mechanisms of ASD-associated infections (related and unrelated to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion, alterations of the gut microbiome and immunity), and drug-drug interactions are also described. Both probiotics use and correcting vitamin D status may have a significant protective effect decreasing the incidence of ASD-associated infections, especially in the elderly. Despite the limitations of the existing data, the importance of individualised therapy and caution in long-term ASD use considering the balance of benefits and potential harms, factors that may predispose to and actions that may prevent/attenuate adverse effects is evident. A six-step practical algorithm for ASD therapy based on the best available evidence is presented.
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Yadav S, Kujur PK, Pandey SK, Goel Y, Maurya BN, Verma A, Kumar A, Singh RP, Singh SM. Antitumor action of 3-bromopyruvate implicates reorganized tumor growth regulatory components of tumor milieu, cell cycle arrest and induction of mitochondria-dependent tumor cell death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 339:52-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Peppicelli S, Andreucci E, Ruzzolini J, Laurenzana A, Margheri F, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M, Bianchini F, Calorini L. The acidic microenvironment as a possible niche of dormant tumor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2761-2771. [PMID: 28331999 PMCID: PMC11107711 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although surgical excision, chemo-, and radio-therapy are clearly advanced, tumors may relapse due to cells of the so-called "minimal residual disease". Indeed, small clusters of tumor cells persist in host tissues after treatment of the primary tumor elaborating strategies to survive and escape from immunological attacks before their relapse: this variable period of remission is known as "cancer dormancy". Therefore, it is crucial to understand and consider the major concepts addressing dormancy, to identify new targets and disclose potential clinical strategies. Here, we have particularly focused the relationships between tumor microenvironment and cancer dormancy, looking at a re-appreciated aspect of this compartment that is the low extracellular pH. Accumulating evidences indicate that acidity of tumor microenvironment is associated with a poor prognosis of tumor-bearing patients, stimulates a chemo- and radio-therapy resistant phenotype, and suppresses the tumoricidal activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and all these aspects are useful for dormancy. Therefore, this review discusses the possibility that acidity of tumor microenvironment may provide a new, not previously suggested, adequate milieu for "dormancy" of tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acidosis/complications
- Acidosis/immunology
- Acidosis/pathology
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Cell Proliferation
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/etiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm, Residual/complications
- Neoplasm, Residual/immunology
- Neoplasm, Residual/pathology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/immunology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Prognosis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Peppicelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Andreucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Jessica Ruzzolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Laurenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Margheri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fibbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mario Del Rosso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Lido Calorini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Sperimentali e Cliniche "Mario Serio", Università di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 50, 50134, Firenze, Italy.
- Istituto Toscano Tumori, Firenze, Italy.
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Balza E, Castellani P, Moreno PS, Piccioli P, Medraño-Fernandez I, Semino C, Rubartelli A. Restoring microenvironmental redox and pH homeostasis inhibits neoplastic cell growth and migration: therapeutic efficacy of esomeprazole plus sulfasalazine on 3-MCA-induced sarcoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67482-67496. [PMID: 28978047 PMCID: PMC5620187 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic cells live in a stressful context and survive thanks to their ability to overcome stress. Thus, tumor cell responses to stress are potential therapeutic targets. We selected two such responses in melanoma and sarcoma cells: the xc- antioxidant system, that opposes oxidative stress, and surface v-ATPases that counteract the low pHi by extruding protons, and targeted them with the xc- blocker sulfasalazine and the proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole. Sulfasalazine inhibited the cystine/cysteine redox cycle and esomeprazole decreased pHi while increasing pHe in tumor cell lines. Although the single treatment with either drug slightly inhibited cell proliferation and motility, the association of sulfasalazine and esomeprazole powerfully decreased sarcoma and melanoma growth and migration. In the 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA)-induced sarcoma model, the combined therapy strongly reduced the tumor burden and increased the survival time: notably, 22 % of double-treated mice recovered and survived off therapy. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) displaying M2 markers, that abundantly infiltrate sarcoma and melanoma, overexpress xc- and membrane v-ATPases and were drastically decreased in tumors from mice undergone the combined therapy. Thus, the double targeting of tumor cells and macrophages by sulfasalazine and esomeprazole has a double therapeutic effect, as decreasing TAM infiltration deprives tumor cells of a crucial allied. Sulfasalazine and esomeprazole may therefore display unexpected therapeutic values, especially in case of hard-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Balza
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Paola Sanchez Moreno
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, 16132 Genoa, Italy.,Present address: Nanobiointeractions and Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Iria Medraño-Fernandez
- Protein Transport Unit, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, San Raffaele Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Semino
- Protein Transport Unit, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, San Raffaele Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS AOU San Martino - IST, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Linking tumor glycolysis and immune evasion in cancer: Emerging concepts and therapeutic opportunities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:212-220. [PMID: 28400131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion are two hallmarks of cancer. Metabolic reprogramming is exemplified by cancer's propensity to utilize glucose at an exponential rate which in turn is linked with "aerobic glycolysis", popularly known as the "Warburg effect". Tumor glycolysis is pivotal for the efficient management of cellular bioenergetics and uninterrupted cancer growth. Mounting evidence suggests that tumor glycolysis also plays a key role in instigating immunosuppressive networks that are critical for cancer cells to escape immune surveillance ("immune evasion"). Recent data show that induction of cellular stress or metabolic dysregulation sensitize cancer cells to antitumor immune cells implying that metabolic reprogramming and immune evasion harmonize during cancer progression. However, the molecular link between these two hallmarks of cancer remains obscure. In this review the molecular intricacies of tumor glycolysis that facilitate immune evasion has been discussed in the light of recent research to explore immunotherapeutic potential of targeting cancer metabolism.
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Cancer acidity: An ultimate frontier of tumor immune escape and a novel target of immunomodulation. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:74-89. [PMID: 28267587 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The link between cancer metabolism and immunosuppression, inflammation and immune escape has generated major interest in investigating the effects of low pH on tumor immunity. Indeed, microenvironmental acidity may differentially impact on diverse components of tumor immune surveillance, eventually contributing to immune escape and cancer progression. Although the molecular pathways underlying acidity-related immune dysfunctions are just emerging, initial evidence indicates that antitumor effectors such as T and NK cells tend to lose their function and undergo a state of mostly reversible anergy followed by apoptosis, when exposed to low pH environment. At opposite, immunosuppressive components such as myeloid cells and regulatory T cells are engaged by tumor acidity to sustain tumor growth while blocking antitumor immune responses. Local acidity could also profoundly influence bioactivity and distribution of antibodies, thus potentially interfering with the clinical efficacy of therapeutic antibodies including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Hence tumor acidity is a central regulator of cancer immunity that orchestrates both local and systemic immunosuppression and that may offer a broad panel of therapeutic targets. This review outlines the fundamental pathways of acidity-driven immune dysfunctions and sheds light on the potential strategies that could be envisaged to potentiate immune-mediated tumor control in cancer patients.
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Kolosenko I, Avnet S, Baldini N, Viklund J, De Milito A. Therapeutic implications of tumor interstitial acidification. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 43:119-133. [PMID: 28188829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial acidification is a hallmark of solid tumor tissues resulting from the combination of different factors, including cellular buffering systems, defective tissue perfusion and high rates of cellular metabolism. Besides contributing to tumor pathogenesis and promoting tumor progression, tumor acidosis constitutes an important intrinsic and extrinsic mechanism modulating therapy sensitivity and drug resistance. In fact, pharmacological properties of anticancer drugs can be affected not only by tissue structure and organization but also by the distribution of the interstitial tumor pH. The acidic tumor environment is believed to create a chemical barrier that limits the effects and activity of many anticancer drugs. In this review article we will discuss the general protumorigenic effects of acidosis, the role of tumor acidosis in the modulation of therapeutic efficacy and potential strategies to overcome pH-dependent therapy-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kolosenko
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Avnet
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Orthopaedic Pathophysiology and Regenerative Medicine Unit, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Angelo De Milito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
The highly regulated pH of cells and the less-regulated pH of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is the result of a delicate balance between metabolic processes and proton production, proton transportation, chemical buffering, and vascular removal of waste products. Malignant cells show a pronounced increase in metabolic processes where the 10- to 15-fold rise in glucose consumption is only the tip of the iceberg. Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) is one of the hallmarks of cancer metabolism that implies excessive production of protons, which if stayed inside the cells would result in fatal intracellular acidosis (maintaining a strict acid-base balance is essential for the survival of eukaryotic cells). Malignant cells solve this problem by increasing mechanisms of proton transportation which expel the excess acidity. This allows cancer cells to keep a normal intracellular pH, or even overshooting this mechanism permits a slightly alkaline intracellular tendency. The proton excess expelled from malignant cells accumulates in the ECM, where chronic hypoxia and relative lack of enough blood vessels impede adequate proton clearance, thus creating an acidic microenvironment. This microenvironment is quite heterogeneous due to the tumor's metabolic heterogeneity and variable degrees of hypoxia inside the tumor mass. The acidic environment (plus other necessary cellular modifications) stimulates migration and invasion and finally intravasation of malignant cells which eventually may result in metastasis. Targeting tumor pH may go in two directions: 1) increasing extracellular pH which should result in less migration, invasion, and metastasis; and 2) decreasing intracellular pH which may result in acidic stress and apoptosis. Both objectives seem achievable at the present state of the art with repurposed drugs. This hypothesis analyzes the altered pH of tumors and its implications for progression and metastasis and also possible repurposed drug combinations targeting this vulnerable side of cancer development. It also analyzes the double-edged approach, which consists in pharmacologically increasing intracellular proton production and simultaneously decreasing proton extrusion creating intracellular acidity, acid stress, and eventual apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Obra Social del Personal de la, Industria Alimenticia, Filial Capital Federal, Republic of Argentina
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35
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Kim DI, Kim E, Kim YA, Cho SW, Lim JA, Park YJ. Macrophage Densities Correlated with CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Expression and Related with Poor Survival in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:469-475. [PMID: 27491720 PMCID: PMC5053061 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.3.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) have emerged as potential biomarkers in various human cancers. The aims of this study were to investigate the clinical characteristics of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) patients according to the TAM numbers in the tumor tissue, and to evaluate the associations between CXCR4 expressions and macrophage densities in ATC tumor microenvironment. METHODS Total 14 ATC samples from thyroid tissue microarray were used. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-CD163 and anti-CXCR4 antibodies. According to the immunoreactivity of CD163, all subjects were divided into two groups: low-CD163 (n=8) and high-CD163 (n=6) groups. RESULTS The mean diagnostic age was 65±7 years and the median tumor size was 4.3 cm, ranging 2.5 to 15 cm. Clinicopathological characteristics were not significantly different between low-CD163 and high-CD163 groups, while age of diagnosis was younger in high-CD163 group than that of low-CD163 group with marginal significance (56.9±5.5 years vs. 67.5±6.8 years, P=0.09). However, overall survival was significantly reduced in high-CD163 group (5.5 months [range, 1 to 10]) compared with low-CD163 groups (8.8 months [range, 6 to 121); log-rank test, P=0.0443). Moreover, high-CD163 group showed strong CXCR4 expressions in both cancer and stromal compartments, while low-CD163 group showed relatively weak, stromal-dominant CXCR4 expressions. Additionally, CD163 and CXCR4 expressions showed a strong positive correlation (γ²=0.432, P=0.013). CONCLUSION Increased number of TAMs showed poor overall survival in ATC, suggesting TAMs are potentially a prognostic biomarker for ATC. CXCR4 expression was significantly correlated with CD163-positive TAM densities, which suggest the possible role of CXCR4 in TAM recruitments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae In Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jung Ah Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Pilon-Thomas S, Kodumudi KN, El-Kenawi AE, Russell S, Weber AM, Luddy K, Damaghi M, Wojtkowiak JW, Mulé JJ, Ibrahim-Hashim A, Gillies RJ. Neutralization of Tumor Acidity Improves Antitumor Responses to Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2015; 76:1381-90. [PMID: 26719539 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade or adoptive T-cell transfer, can lead to durable responses in the clinic, but response rates remain low due to undefined suppression mechanisms. Solid tumors are characterized by a highly acidic microenvironment that might blunt the effectiveness of antitumor immunity. In this study, we directly investigated the effects of tumor acidity on the efficacy of immunotherapy. An acidic pH environment blocked T-cell activation and limited glycolysis in vitro. IFNγ release blocked by acidic pH did not occur at the level of steady-state mRNA, implying that the effect of acidity was posttranslational. Acidification did not affect cytoplasmic pH, suggesting that signals transduced by external acidity were likely mediated by specific acid-sensing receptors, four of which are expressed by T cells. Notably, neutralizing tumor acidity with bicarbonate monotherapy impaired the growth of some cancer types in mice where it was associated with increased T-cell infiltration. Furthermore, combining bicarbonate therapy with anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1, or adoptive T-cell transfer improved antitumor responses in multiple models, including cures in some subjects. Overall, our findings show how raising intratumoral pH through oral buffers therapy can improve responses to immunotherapy, with the potential for immediate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari Pilon-Thomas
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Krithika N Kodumudi
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Asmaa E El-Kenawi
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shonagh Russell
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Amy M Weber
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kimberly Luddy
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jonathan W Wojtkowiak
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - James J Mulé
- Department of Immunology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Arig Ibrahim-Hashim
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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Singh SV, Ajay AK, Mohammad N, Malvi P, Chaube B, Meena AS, Bhat MK. Proteasomal inhibition sensitizes cervical cancer cells to mitomycin C-induced bystander effect: the role of tumor microenvironment. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1934. [PMID: 26492368 PMCID: PMC4632313 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inaccessibility of drugs to poorly vascularized strata of tumor is one of the limiting factors in cancer therapy. With the advent of bystander effect (BE), it is possible to perpetuate the cellular damage from drug-exposed cells to the unexposed ones. However, the role of infiltrating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, in further intensifying BE remains obscure. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of mitomycin C (MMC), a chemotherapeutic drug, to induce BE in cervical carcinoma. By using cervical cancer cells and differentiated macrophages, we demonstrate that MMC induces the expression of FasL via upregulation of PPARγ in both cell types (effector cells) in vitro, but it failed to induce bystander killing in cervical cancer cells. This effect was primarily owing to the proteasomal degradation of death receptors in the cervical cancer cells. Pre-treatment of cervical cancer cells with MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, facilitates MMC-mediated bystander killing in co-culture and condition medium transfer experiments. In NOD/SCID mice bearing xenografted HeLa tumors administered with the combination of MMC and MG132, tumor progression was significantly reduced in comparison with those treated with either agent alone. FasL expression was increased in TAMs, and the enhanced level of Fas was observed in these tumor sections, thereby causing increased apoptosis. These findings suggest that restoration of death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway in tumor cells with concomitant activation of TAMs could effectively restrict tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - A K Ajay
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - N Mohammad
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - P Malvi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - B Chaube
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - A S Meena
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - M K Bhat
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
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Fais S, Venturi G, Gatenby B. Microenvironmental acidosis in carcinogenesis and metastases: new strategies in prevention and therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:1095-108. [PMID: 25376898 PMCID: PMC4244550 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Much effort is currently devoted to developing patient-specific cancer therapy based on molecular characterization of tumors. In particular, this approach seeks to identify driver mutations that can be blocked through small molecular inhibitors. However, this approach is limited by extensive intratumoral genetic heterogeneity, and, not surprisingly, even dramatic initial responses are typically of limited duration as resistant tumor clones rapidly emerge and proliferate. We propose an alternative approach based on observations that while tumor evolution produces genetic divergence, it is also associated with striking phenotypic convergence that loosely correspond to the well-known cancer “hallmarks”. These convergent properties can be described as driver phenotypes and may be more consistently and robustly expressed than genetic targets. To this purpose, it is necessary to identify strategies that are critical for cancer progression and metastases, and it is likely that these driver phenotypes will be closely related to cancer “hallmarks”. It appears that an antiacidic approach, by targetting a driver phenotype in tumors, may be thought as a future strategy against tumors in either preventing the occurrence of cancer or treating tumor patients with multiple aims, including the improvement of efficacy of existing therapies, possibly reducing their systemic side effects, and controlling tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. This may be achieved with existing molecules such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and buffers such as sodium bicarbonate, citrate, or TRIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Fais
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Unit of Antitumor Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
- Department of Drug Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Unit of Antitumor Drugs, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Bob Gatenby
- Radiology Department, Cancer Biology and Evolution Program Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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Shiri S, Alizadeh AM, Baradaran B, Farhanghi B, Shanehbandi D, Khodayari S, Khodayari H, Tavassoli A. Dendrosomal Curcumin Suppresses Metastatic Breast Cancer in Mice by Changing M1/M2 Macrophage Balance in the Tumor Microenvironment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:3917-22. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.9.3917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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40
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Bellone M, Calcinotto A, Filipazzi P, De Milito A, Fais S, Rivoltini L. The acidity of the tumor microenvironment is a mechanism of immune escape that can be overcome by proton pump inhibitors. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22058. [PMID: 23483769 PMCID: PMC3583905 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that lowering the pH to values that are frequently detected in tumors causes reversible anergy in both human and mouse CD8+ T lymphocytes in vitro. The same occurs in vivo, in the tumor microenvironment and the administration of proton pump inhibitors, which buffer tumor acidity, can revert T-cell anergy and increase the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit; San Raffaele Scientific Institute; Milan, Italy
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41
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Panni RZ, Linehan DC, DeNardo DG. Targeting tumor-infiltrating macrophages to combat cancer. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1075-87. [PMID: 24088077 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are one of the major constituents of tumor stroma in many solid tumors and there is compelling preclinical and clinical evidence that macrophages promote cancer initiation and malignant progression. Therefore, these cells represent potential targets for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we will summarize macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity, the current understanding of how tumors take advantage of macrophage plasticity to generate immunosuppression, and how manipulation of specific macrophage populations can be used for therapeutic purposes through translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roheena Z Panni
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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42
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Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein activates mouse peritoneal macrophages and induces M1 polarization via TLR2/4 in vivo and in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 21:171-80. [PMID: 24825603 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Maltose-binding protein (MBP) is a component of the maltose transport system of Escherichia coli. Our previous study found that MBP combined with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) increases the percentage of activated macrophages in the spleen and the pinocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages in vivo. However, the effect of MBP alone on macrophages remains unclear. In the present study, the results showed that MBP enhanced LPS-stimulated macrophage activity in vivo. Subsequently, we investigated the regulatory effect of MBP on mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro and the possible underlying mechanism. The results showed that MBP directly promoted macrophage phagocytic activity and increased the production of NO, IL-1β and IL-6. Notably, macrophage phenotypic analysis showed that MBP significantly increased iNOS, IL-12p70 and CD16/32. In contrast, MBP decreased the secretion of IL-10 and slightly decreased Arg-1 mRNA and CD206 protein expression. These results suggested that MBP activated macrophages and polarized them into M1 macrophages. Further study found that MBP directly bound to macrophages and upregulated TLR2 mRNA expression. This process was accompanied by a clear increase in MyD88 expression and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and IκB-α, but these effects were largely abrogated by pretreatment with anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 antibodies. The effects of MBP on macrophage NO production were also partially inhibited by anti-TLR2 and/or anti-TLR4 antibodies. Furthermore, the effect of MBP on IL-12 and IL-10 secretion was largely influenced by the NF-κB inhibitor PDTC and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. These results suggest that MBP directly activates macrophages and induces M1 polarization through a process that may involve TLR2 and TLR4.
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43
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Kant S, Kumar A, Singh SM. Myelopoietic efficacy of orlistat in murine hosts bearing T cell lymphoma: implication in macrophage differentiation and activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82396. [PMID: 24349275 PMCID: PMC3857782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Orlistat, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FASN), acts as an antitumor agent by blocking de novo fatty acid synthesis of tumor cells. Although, myelopoiesis also depends on de novo fatty acid synthesis, the effect of orlistat on differentiation of macrophages, which play a central role in host’s antitumor defence, remains unexplored in a tumor-bearing host. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to examine the effect of orlistat administration on macrophage differentiation in a T cell lymphoma bearing host. Administration of orlistat (240 mg/kg/day/mice) to tumor-bearing mice resulted in a decline of tumor load accompanied by an augmentation of bone marrow cellularity and survival of bone marrow cells (BMC). The expression of apoptosis regulatory caspase-3, Bax and Bcl2 was modulated in the BMC of orlistat-administered tumor-bearing mice. Orlistat administration also resulted in an increase in serum level of IFN-γ along with decreased TGF-β and IL-10. BMC of orlistat-administered tumor-bearing mice showed augmented differentiation into macrophages accompanied by enhanced expression of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its receptor (M-CSFR). The macrophages differentiated from BMC of orlistat-administered mice showed characteristic features of M1 macrophage phenotype confirmed by expression of CD11c, TLR-2, generation of reactive oxygen species, phagocytosis, tumor cell cytotoxicity, production of IL-1,TNF-α and nitric oxide. These novel findings indicate that orlistat could be useful to support myelopoesis in a tumor-bearing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Kant
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kumar A, Kant S, Singh SM. Antitumor and chemosensitizing action of dichloroacetate implicates modulation of tumor microenvironment: a role of reorganized glucose metabolism, cell survival regulation and macrophage differentiation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:196-208. [PMID: 24051182 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of tumor metabolism is emerging as a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer. Dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), has been shown to exert a potent tumoricidal action against a variety of tumor cells. The main mode of its antineoplastic action implicates a shift of glycolysis to oxidative metabolism of glucose, leading to generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen intermediates. However, the effect of DCA on tumor microenvironment, which in turn regulates tumor cell survival; remains speculative to a large extent. It is also unclear if DCA can exert any modulatory effect on the process of hematopoiesis, which is in a compromised state in tumor-bearing hosts undergoing chemotherapy. In view of these lacunas, the present study was undertaken to investigate the so far unexplored aspects with respect to the molecular mechanisms of DCA-dependent tumor growth retardation and chemosensitization. BALB/c mice were transplanted with Dalton's lymphoma (DL) cells, a T cell lymphoma of spontaneous origin, followed by administration of DCA with or without cisplatin. DCA-dependent tumor regression and chemosensitization to cisplatin was found to be associated with altered repertoire of key cell survival regulatory molecules, modulated glucose metabolism, accompanying reconstituted tumor microenvironment with respect to pH homeostasis, cytokine balance and alternatively activated TAM. Moreover, DCA administration also led to an alteration in the MDR phenotype of tumor cells and myelopoietic differentiation of macrophages. The findings of this study shed a new light with respect to some of the novel mechanisms underlying the antitumor action of DCA and thus may have immense clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Tang X, Mo C, Wang Y, Wei D, Xiao H. Anti-tumour strategies aiming to target tumour-associated macrophages. Immunology 2013; 138:93-104. [PMID: 23113570 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a predominant population of inflammatory cells that present in solid tumours. TAMs are mostly characterized as alternatively activated M2-like macrophages and are known to orchestrate nearly all stages of tumour progression. Experimental investigations indicate that TAMs contribute to drug-resistance and radio-protective effects, and clinical evidence shows that an elevated number of TAMs and their M2 profile are correlated with therapy failure and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Recently, many studies on TAM-targeted strategies have made significant progress and some pilot works have achieved encouraging results. Among these, connections between some anti-tumour drugs and their influence on TAMs have been suggested. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in TAM-targeted strategies for tumour therapy. Based on the proposed mechanisms, those strategies are grouped into four categories: (i) inhibiting macrophage recruitment; (ii) suppressing TAM survival; (iii) enhancing M1-like tumoricidal activity of TAMs; (iv) blocking M2-like tumour-promoting activity of TAMs. It is desired that further attention be drawn to this research field and more effort be made to promote TAM-targeted tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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46
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Priming effect of aspirin for tumor cells to augment cytotoxic action of cisplatin against tumor cells: implication of altered constitution of tumor microenvironment, expression of cell cycle, apoptosis, and survival regulatory molecules. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 371:43-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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47
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Myelopotentiating effect of curcumin in tumor-bearing host: Role of bone marrow resident macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:111-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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48
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Shi S, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Huang K, Chen X, Peng M. The influence of flavonoids on the binding of pantoprazole to bovine serum albumin by spectroscopic methods: with the viewpoint of food/drug interference. Food Chem 2012; 135:1083-90. [PMID: 22953828 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of pantoprazole to bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated with and without four popular 5,7,3',4'-hydroxy-substituted flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin, taxifolin and (+)-catechin. The presence of flavonoids decreased binding constants of pantoprazole with BSA from 39.7% to 93.8%, which depended on flavonoid structures. Analysis of infrared spectroscopy (IR) and circular dichroism (CD) showed the binding of pantoprazole to BSA caused apparent change in secondary structure of BSA. The calculated values of spatial-distance indicated the existence of quercetin, luteolin and taxifolin may compete with pantoprazole binding to BSA, while the existence of (+)-catechin possibly formed ternary pantoprazole-BSA-(+)-catechin complex. However, all the fluorescence quenching was initiated by static quenching procedure irrespective of the absence or presence of flavonoids, while van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds played major roles for pantoprazole-BSA association. All above results may have relevant consequence in rationalising the interferences of common food to gastric ulcer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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49
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Vishvakarma NK, Kumar A, Singh V, Singh SM. Hyperglycemia of tumor microenvironment modulates stage-dependent tumor progression and multidrug resistance: implication of cell survival regulatory molecules and altered glucose transport. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:932-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjani Kumar
- School of Biotechnology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 UP India
| | - Vivek Singh
- School of Biotechnology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 UP India
| | - Sukh Mahendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 UP India
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50
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Kumar A, Bharti AC, Singh SM. Effect of aspirin administration on reversal of tumor-induced suppression of myelopoiesis in T-cell lymphoma bearing host. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2012; 48:238-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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