1
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Bootz A, Reuter N, Nimmerjahn F, Britt WJ, Mach M, Winkler TH. Functional Fc receptors are crucial in antibody-mediated protection against cytomegalovirus. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2451044. [PMID: 39014923 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus is a medically important pathogen. Previously, using murine CMV (MCMV), we provided evidence that both neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies can confer protection from viral infection in vivo. In this study, we report that serum derived from infected animals had a greater protective capacity in MCMV-infected RAG-/- mice than serum from animals immunized with purified virus. The protective activity of immune serum was strictly dependent on functional Fcγ receptors (FcγR). Deletion of individual FcγRs or combined deletion of FcγRI and FcγRIV had little impact on the protection afforded by serum. Adoptive transfer of CD115-positive cells from noninfected donors demonstrated that monocytes represent important cellular mediators of the protective activity provided by immune serum. Our studies suggest that Fc-FcγR interactions and monocytic cells are critical for antibody-mediated protection against MCMV infection in vivo. These findings may provide new avenues for the development of novel strategies for more effective CMV vaccines or antiviral immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bootz
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Reuter
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - William J Britt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Neurobiology, Children's Hospital of Alabama, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michael Mach
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center of Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Frampton S, Smith R, Ferson L, Gibson J, Hollox EJ, Cragg MS, Strefford JC. Fc gamma receptors: Their evolution, genomic architecture, genetic variation, and impact on human disease. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39345014 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are a family of receptors that bind IgG antibodies and interface at the junction of humoral and innate immunity. Precise regulation of receptor expression provides the necessary balance to achieve healthy immune homeostasis by establishing an appropriate immune threshold to limit autoimmunity but respond effectively to infection. The underlying genetics of the FCGR gene family are central to achieving this immune threshold by regulating affinity for IgG, signaling efficacy, and receptor expression. The FCGR gene locus was duplicated during evolution, retaining very high homology and resulting in a genomic region that is technically difficult to study. Here, we review the recent evolution of the gene family in mammals, its complexity and variation through copy number variation and single-nucleotide polymorphism, and impact of these on disease incidence, resolution, and therapeutic antibody efficacy. We also discuss the progress and limitations of current approaches to study the region and emphasize how new genomics technologies will likely resolve much of the current confusion in the field. This will lead to definitive conclusions on the impact of genetic variation within the FCGR gene locus on immune function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Frampton
- Cancer Genomics Group, Faculty of Medicine, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rosanna Smith
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Faculty of Medicine, School of Cancer Sciences, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lili Ferson
- Cancer Genomics Group, Faculty of Medicine, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jane Gibson
- Cancer Genomics Group, Faculty of Medicine, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Edward J Hollox
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Cancer Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Faculty of Medicine, School of Cancer Sciences, Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group, Faculty of Medicine, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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3
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Liu X, Lu Y, Huang J, Xing Y, Dai H, Zhu L, Li S, Feng J, Zhou B, Li J, Xia Q, Li J, Huang M, Gu Y, Su S. CD16 + fibroblasts foster a trastuzumab-refractory microenvironment that is reversed by VAV2 inhibition. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:1341-1357.e13. [PMID: 36379207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated response is important for the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies; however, little is known about the role of FcγRs in other cell types. Here we identify a subset of fibroblasts in human breast cancer that express CD16 (FcγRIII). An abundance of these cells in HER2+ breast cancer patients is associated with poor prognosis and response to trastuzumab. Functionally, upon trastuzumab stimulation, CD16+ fibroblasts reduce drug delivery by enhancing extracellular matrix stiffness. Interaction between trastuzumab and CD16 activates the intracellular SYK-VAV2-RhoA-ROCK-MLC2-MRTF-A pathway, leading to elevated contractile force and matrix production. Targeting of a Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor, VAV2, which is indispensable for the function of CD16 in fibroblasts rather than leukocytes, reverses desmoplasia provoked by CD16+ fibroblasts. Collectively, our study reveals a role for the fibroblast FcγR in drug resistance, and suggests that VAV2 is an attractive target to augment the effects of antibody treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingying Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yue Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Huiqi Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Liling Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shunrong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingwei Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Boxuan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jiaqian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qidong Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuanting Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Shicheng Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Biotherapy Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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4
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Kerntke C, Nimmerjahn F, Biburger M. There Is (Scientific) Strength in Numbers: A Comprehensive Quantitation of Fc Gamma Receptor Numbers on Human and Murine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:118. [PMID: 32117269 PMCID: PMC7013094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential mediators of immunological defense mechanisms, are clinically used as therapeutic agents, but are also functionally involved in various immune-mediated disorders. Whereas IgG antibodies accomplish some of their biological tasks autonomously, many functions depend on their binding to activating and inhibitory Fcγ receptors (FcγR). From a qualitative point of view expression patterns of FcγR on immunologically relevant cell types are well-characterized both for mice and humans. Surprisingly, however, there is only quite limited information available on actual quantities of FcγR expressed by the different leukocyte populations. In this study we provide a comprehensive data set assessing quantitatively how many individual human and mouse FcγRs are expressed on B cells, NK cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils and both classical, and non-classical monocytes under steady state conditions. Moreover, among human donors we found two groups with different expression levels of the inhibitory FcγRIIb on monocytes which appears to correlate with haplotypes of the activating FcγRIIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kerntke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Biburger
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Gordan S, Biburger M, Nimmerjahn F. bIgG time for large eaters: monocytes and macrophages as effector and target cells of antibody-mediated immune activation and repression. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:52-65. [PMID: 26497512 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytic system consists of a great variety of cell subsets localized throughout the body in immunological and non-immunological tissues. While one of their prime tasks is to detect, phagocytose, and kill intruding microorganisms, they are also involved in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune tolerance toward self through removal of dying cells. Furthermore, monocytes and macrophages have been recognized to play a critical role for mediating immunoglobulin G (IgG)-dependent effector functions, including target cell depletion, tissue inflammation, and immunomodulation. For this, monocyte and macrophage populations are equipped with a complex set of Fc-receptors, enabling them to directly interact with pro- or anti-inflammatory IgG preparations. In this review, we will summarize the most recent findings, supporting a central role of monocytes and macrophages for pro- and anti-inflammatory IgG activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Gordan
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Biburger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Beutier H, Gillis CM, Iannascoli B, Godon O, England P, Sibilano R, Reber LL, Galli SJ, Cragg MS, Van Rooijen N, Mancardi DA, Bruhns P, Jönsson F. IgG subclasses determine pathways of anaphylaxis in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:269-280.e7. [PMID: 27246523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models have demonstrated that allergen-specific IgG confers sensitivity to systemic anaphylaxis that relies on IgG Fc receptors (FcγRs). Mouse IgG2a and IgG2b bind activating FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV and inhibitory FcγRIIB; mouse IgG1 binds only FcγRIII and FcγRIIB. Although these interactions are of strikingly different affinities, these 3 IgG subclasses have been shown to enable induction of systemic anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine which pathways control the induction of IgG1-, IgG2a-, and IgG2b-dependent passive systemic anaphylaxis. METHODS Mice were sensitized with IgG1, IgG2a, or IgG2b anti-trinitrophenyl mAbs and challenged with trinitrophenyl-BSA intravenously to induce systemic anaphylaxis that was monitored by using rectal temperature. Anaphylaxis was evaluated in mice deficient for FcγRs injected with mediator antagonists or in which basophils, monocytes/macrophages, or neutrophils had been depleted. FcγR expression was evaluated on these cells before and after anaphylaxis. RESULTS Activating FcγRIII is the receptor primarily responsible for all 3 models of anaphylaxis, and subsequent downregulation of this receptor was observed. These models differentially relied on histamine release and the contribution of mast cells, basophils, macrophages, and neutrophils. Strikingly, basophil contribution and histamine predominance in mice with IgG1- and IgG2b-induced anaphylaxis correlated with the ability of inhibitory FcγRIIB to negatively regulate these models of anaphylaxis. CONCLUSION We propose that the differential expression of inhibitory FcγRIIB on myeloid cells and its differential binding of IgG subclasses controls the contributions of mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, and macrophages to IgG subclass-dependent anaphylaxis. Collectively, our results unravel novel complexities in the involvement and regulation of cell populations in IgG-dependent reactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héloïse Beutier
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Caitlin M Gillis
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Iannascoli
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France
| | - Ophélie Godon
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France
| | - Patrick England
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-Forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Centre d'Innovation et Recherche Technologique (CiTech), CNRS-UMR3528, Paris, France
| | - Riccardo Sibilano
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David A Mancardi
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France.
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France.
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7
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy is currently experiencing an unprecedented amount of success, delivering blockbuster sales for the pharmaceutical industry. Having experienced several false dawns and overcoming technical issues which limited progress, we are now entering a golden period where mAbs are becoming a mainstay of treatment regimes for diseases ranging from cancer to autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss how these mAbs are most likely working and focus in particular on the key receptors that they interact with to precipitate their therapeutic effects. Although their targets may vary, their engagement with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on numerous immune effector cells is almost universal, and here we review their roles in delivering successful immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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8
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Nimmerjahn F. A constant threat for HIV: Fc-engineering to enhance broadly neutralizing antibody activity for immunotherapy of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2183-90. [PMID: 26140474 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Passive immunotherapy with polyclonal or hyperimmune serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparations provides an efficient means of protecting immunocompromised patients from microbial infections. More recently, the use of passive immunotherapy to prevent or to treat established infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has gained much attention, due to promising preclinical data obtained in monkey and humanized mouse in vivo model systems, demonstrating that the transfer of HIV-specific antibodies can not only prevent HIV infection, but also diminish virus load during chronic infection. Furthermore, an array of broadly neutralizing HIV-specific antibodies has become available and the importance of the IgG constant region as a critical modulator of broadly neutralizing activity has been demonstrated. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent findings with regard to the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for antibody-mediated clearance of HIV infection, and to discuss how this may help to improve HIV therapy via optimizing Fcγ-receptor-dependent activities of HIV-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Biburger M, Trenkwald I, Nimmerjahn F. Three blocks are not enough-Blocking of the murine IgG receptor FcγRIV is crucial for proper characterization of cells by FACS analysis. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2694-7. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Biburger
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Ines Trenkwald
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology; University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
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10
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Abstract
The capacity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to eliminate virtually any target cell has resulted in the widespread introduction of cytotoxic antibodies into the clinic in settings of cancer therapy, autoimmunity, and transplantation, for example. More recently, it has become apparent that also the protection from viral infection via IgG antibodies may require cytotoxic effector functions, suggesting that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed against malignant or virally infected cells is one of the most essential effector mechanisms triggered by IgG antibodies to protect the host. A detailed understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular pathways is critical, therefore, to make full use of this antibody effector function. Several studies over the last years have provided novel insights into the effector pathways and innate immune effector cells responsible for ADCC reactions. One of the most notable outcomes of many of these reports is that cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system rather than natural killer cells are critical for removal of IgG opsonized target cells in vivo.
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11
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Nimmerjahn F, Gordan S, Lux A. FcγR dependent mechanisms of cytotoxic, agonistic, and neutralizing antibody activities. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:325-36. [PMID: 25981969 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread use of antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class as cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, and neutralizing agents in the therapy of malignant, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic activity is of major importance. While Fcγ receptors (FcγR) have well-appreciated roles as effectors of cytotoxic IgG activity, it has only recently become clear that the functionality of immunomodulatory and neutralizing IgG preparations also depends on cellular FcγRs. Here, we review current models of IgG activity in infectious and inflammatory settings, and examine the importance of cell type-specific expression of FcγRs in determining functional outcome. We discuss how this knowledge may be used to improve the activity of therapeutic antibody preparations and outline important areas of focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics at the Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommelstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sina Gordan
- Institute of Genetics at the Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommelstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lux
- Institute of Genetics at the Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommelstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Lux A, Seeling M, Baerenwaldt A, Lehmann B, Schwab I, Repp R, Meidenbauer N, Mackensen A, Hartmann A, Heidkamp G, Dudziak D, Nimmerjahn F. A Humanized Mouse Identifies the Bone Marrow as a Niche with Low Therapeutic IgG Activity. Cell Rep 2014; 7:236-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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13
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Olsen L, Boysen P, Åkesson CP, Gunnes G, Connelley T, Storset AK, Espenes A. Characterization of NCR1+ cells residing in lymphoid tissues in the gut of lambs indicates that the majority are NK cells. Vet Res 2013; 44:109. [PMID: 24219350 PMCID: PMC4176090 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important for immune protection of the gut mucosa. Previous studies have shown that under pathologic conditions NK cells, T cells and dendritic cells are found co-localised in secondary lymphoid organs where their interaction coordinates immune responses. However, in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs), there are few detailed reports on the distribution of NK cells. Sheep harbour several types of organised lymphoid tissues in the gut that have different functions. The ileal Peyer's patch (IPP) functions as a primary lymphoid tissue for B cell generation, while the jejunal Peyer's patches (JPPs) and colon patches (CPs) are considered secondary lymphoid tissues. In the present study, we analysed tissues from healthy lambs by flow cytometry and in situ multicolour immunofluorescence, using recently described NCR1 antibodies to identify ovine NK cells. Most NCR1+ cells isolated from all tissues were negative for the pan T cell marker CD3, and thus comply with the general definition of NK cells. The majority of NCR1+ cells in blood as well as secondary lymphoid organs expressed CD16, but in the GALT around half of the NCR1+ cells were negative for CD16. A semi-quantitative morphometric study on tissue sections was used to compare the density of NK cells in four compartments of the IPPs, JPP and CPs. NCR1+ cells were found in all gut segments. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between compartments of the primary lymphoid organ IPP and the secondary lymphoid organs of the JPPs and CP. NK cells co-localised and made close contact with T cells, dendritic cells and other NK cells, but did not show signs of proliferation. We conclude that NK cells are present in all investigated segments of the sheep gut, but that presence of other innate lymphoid cells expressing NCR1 cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Olsen
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway.
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Clémenceau B, Vivien R, Pellat C, Foss M, Thibault G, Vié H. The human natural killer cytotoxic cell line NK-92, once armed with a murine CD16 receptor, represents a convenient cellular tool for the screening of mouse mAbs according to their ADCC potential. MAbs 2013; 5:587-94. [PMID: 23770975 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To take advantage of the large number of well-characterized mouse immunoglobulins (IgGs) for the study of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in human cells, we armed human cytotoxic lymphocytes with a mouse receptor for the Fc portion of IgG antibodies. The human ΝΚ-92 natural killer cell line was transduced with a mouse receptor gene (mCD16), which was stably expressed on the cell surface (referred to as NK-92 (mCD16) ). When tested against a B-lymphoblastoid cell line (BLCL) coated with mouse anti-CD20 IgG1, IgG2a or IgG2b monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the newly expressed mouse Fc receptor enabled the NK-92 (mCD16) cells to kill the BLCL by ADCC. Next, using the NK-92 (mCD16) we compared mouse mAbs directed at B lineage specific CD antigens for their ability to induce ADCC against human Epstein-Barr virus- infected B lymphoblastoid (for anti-CD19, -CD20 and -CD21) or against myeloma (for anti-CD38 and -CD138) target cells. Our results demonstrated that the "NK-92 (mCD16) assay" allows convenient and sensitive discrimination of mouse mAbs for their ability to mediate ADCC in a human cellular system. In addition, our results provide examples of dissociation between opsonization and target cell killing through ADCC. These "murinized" human effector cells thus represent a convenient cellular tool for the study of ADCC.
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