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Zhang Y, Guo C, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Zhu Z, Wang W, Wan Y. A biphenotypic lymphocyte subset displays both T- and B-cell functionalities. Commun Biol 2024; 7:28. [PMID: 38182721 PMCID: PMC10770049 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell/B cell mixed phenotypic lymphocytes have been observed in different disease contexts, yet their presence and function in physiological conditions remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence for the existence of a lymphocyte subset endogenously expressing both T- and B-cell lineage markers in mice. The majority of these T/B phenotypic lymphocytes (CD3+CD19+) show an origin of pro/pre B cells and distribute widely in mouse bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and peripheral blood. Functional assays show that these biphenotypic lymphocytes can be activated through stimulating TCR or BCR signaling pathways. Moreover, we show that these cells actively participate both the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited by vaccination. Compared to conventional T cells, these biphenotypic lymphocytes can secrete a higher level of IL-2 but a lower level of TNF-α upon antigen specific stimulation. An equivalent lymphocyte subset is found in freshly isolated human PBMCs and exhibits similar functionality, albeit at a lower frequency than in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiyuan Guo
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yigong Zhou
- Life Science Department, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqin Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wanhai Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Lee AYS. CD20 + T cells: an emerging T cell subset in human pathology. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1181-1189. [PMID: 35951029 PMCID: PMC9616751 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although CD20 is classically a B cell marker, in the last three decades, dim expression has been noted on a subset of T cells as well that has been independently verified by a number of groups. Our understanding of these cells and their function is not well established. Methods A thorough review of original articles on CD20+T cells was undertaken of Pubmed by using combination of phrases including “CD20+”, “CD20-positive” and “T cells”. Articles in English were considered, and there was no time restriction. Results CD20+T cells express the standard T cell markers and, in comparison to CD20¯ T cells, appear to express greater inflammatory cytokines and markers of effector function. Although the ontogeny of these cells is still being established, the current theory is that CD20 may be acquired by trogocytosis from B cells. CD20+T cells may be found in healthy controls and in a wide range of pathologies including autoimmune diseases, haematological and non-haematological malignancies and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. One of the best studied diseases where these cells are found is multiple sclerosis (MS) where a number of therapeutic interventions, including anti-CD20 depletion, have been shown to effectively deplete these cells. Conclusion This review summarises the latest understanding of CD20+T cells, their presence in various diseases, their putative function and how they may be an ongoing target of CD20-depleting agents. Unfortunately, our understanding of these cells is still at its infancy and ongoing study in a wider range of pathologies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Y S Lee
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Department of Immunopathology, ICPMR and NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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3
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Li Q, Wang J, Zhang M, Tang Y, Lu H. Discovery of CD3 + CD19 + cells, a novel lymphocyte subset with a potential role in human immunodeficiency virus-Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection, using mass cytometry. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e681. [PMID: 34936726 PMCID: PMC8694500 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Center for Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Techbology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, National Clinical Center for Infectious Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Techbology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
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4
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Huot N, Rascle P, Planchais C, Contreras V, Passaes C, Le Grand R, Beignon AS, Kornobis E, Legendre R, Varet H, Saez-Cirion A, Mouquet H, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. CD32 +CD4 + T Cells Sharing B Cell Properties Increase With Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695148. [PMID: 34220857 PMCID: PMC8242952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cell responses constitute an important component of adaptive immunity and are critical regulators of anti-microbial protection. CD4+ T cells expressing CD32a have been identified as a target for HIV. CD32a is an Fcγ receptor known to be expressed on myeloid cells, granulocytes, B cells and NK cells. Little is known about the biology of CD32+CD4+ T cells. Our goal was to understand the dynamics of CD32+CD4+ T cells in tissues. We analyzed these cells in the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, ileum, jejunum and liver of two nonhuman primate models frequently used in biomedical research: African green monkeys (AGM) and macaques. We studied them in healthy animals and during viral (SIV) infection. We performed phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis at different stages of infection. In addition, we compared CD32+CD4+ T cells in tissues with well-controlled (spleen) and not efficiently controlled (jejunum) SIV replication in AGM. The CD32+CD4+ T cells more frequently expressed markers associated with T cell activation and HIV infection (CCR5, PD-1, CXCR5, CXCR3) and had higher levels of actively transcribed SIV RNA than CD32-CD4+T cells. Furthermore, CD32+CD4+ T cells from lymphoid tissues strongly expressed B-cell-related transcriptomic signatures, and displayed B cell markers at the cell surface, including immunoglobulins CD32+CD4+ T cells were rare in healthy animals and blood but increased strongly in tissues with ongoing viral replication. CD32+CD4+ T cell levels in tissues correlated with viremia. Our results suggest that the tissue environment induced by SIV replication drives the accumulation of these unusual cells with enhanced susceptibility to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Humorale, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Plate-forme Technologique Biomics - Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Plate-forme Technologique Biomics - Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Département Biologie Computationnelle, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Plate-forme Technologique Biomics - Centre de Ressources et Recherches Technologiques (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Laboratoire d'Immunologie Humorale, Paris, France
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5
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Serra-Peinado C, Grau-Expósito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Astorga-Gamaza A, Navarro J, Gallego-Rodriguez J, Martin M, Curran A, Burgos J, Ribera E, Raventós B, Willekens R, Torrella A, Planas B, Badía R, Garcia F, Castellví J, Genescà M, Falcó V, Buzon MJ. Expression of CD20 after viral reactivation renders HIV-reservoir cells susceptible to Rituximab. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3705. [PMID: 31420544 PMCID: PMC6697690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of exclusive markers to target HIV-reservoir cells will represent a significant advance in the search for therapies to cure HIV. Here, we identify the B lymphocyte antigen CD20 as a marker for HIV-infected cells in vitro and in vivo. The CD20 molecule is dimly expressed in a subpopulation of CD4-positive (CD4+) T lymphocytes from blood, with high levels of cell activation and heterogeneous memory phenotypes. In lymph node samples from infected patients, CD20 is present in productively HIV-infected cells, and ex vivo viral infection selectively upregulates the expression of CD20 during early infection. In samples from patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) this subpopulation is significantly enriched in HIV transcripts, and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab induces cell killing, which reduces the pool of HIV-expressing cells when combined with latency reversal agents. We provide a tool for targeting this active HIV-reservoir after viral reactivation in patients while on ART. Here, the authors identify B lymphocyte antigen CD20 as a marker for HIV-infected T cells and provide evidence for the potential use of anti-CD20 antibodies in combination with latency reversing agents for depletion of viral reactivated CD4 T cells in patients on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Serra-Peinado
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Gallego-Rodriguez
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martin
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Curran
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Raventós
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rein Willekens
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Badía
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Chen Q, Yuan S, Sun H, Peng L. CD3 +CD20 + T cells and their roles in human diseases. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:191-194. [PMID: 30639700 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD3+CD20+ T cells are a population of CD3+ T cells co-expressing CD20 that make up to ∼3-5% of the CD3+ T-cell compartment in the peripheral blood of human beings. In healthy individuals, CD3+CD20+ T cells are heterogeneous for containing a lower proportion of CD4+ cells, but produce higher levels of IL-17A and/or IFN-γ than those of CD3+CD20- T cells. Recently, emerging studies have shown a pathogenic behavior of CD3+CD20+ T cells in autoimmune diseases and CD20+ T-cell malignancies, and patients with the diseases may benefit from anti-CD20 immunotherapy to deplete these cells. However, CD3+CD20+ T cells may also play a protective role in ovarian cancer and HIV infection for their strong propensity to IFN-γ production. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge about CD3+CD20+ T-cell biology, and discuss their functional roles in autoimmune diseases as well as cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shunling Yuan
- East China Military Material Purchasing Bureau, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongwu Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Liusheng Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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7
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Gingele S, Jacobus TL, Konen FF, Hümmert MW, Sühs KW, Schwenkenbecher P, Ahlbrecht J, Möhn N, Müschen LH, Bönig L, Alvermann S, Schmidt RE, Stangel M, Jacobs R, Skripuletz T. Ocrelizumab Depletes CD20⁺ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Cells 2018; 8:cells8010012. [PMID: 30597851 PMCID: PMC6356421 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocrelizumab, a humanized monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, has shown pronounced effects in reduction of disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and has recently been approved for the treatment of patients with relapsing MS (RMS) and primary progressive MS (PPMS). CD20 is mainly expressed by B cells, but a subset of T cells (CD3⁺CD20⁺ T cells) also expresses CD20, and these CD20⁺ T cells are known to be a highly activated cell population. The blood of MS patients was analyzed with multicolor flow cytometry before and two weeks after treatment with ocrelizumab regarding the phenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CD20-expressing CD3⁺ T cells were found in blood samples of all MS patients, accounted for 2.4% of CD45⁺ lymphocytes, and constituted a significant proportion (18.4%) of all CD20⁺ cells. CD3⁺CD20⁺ T cells and CD19⁺CD20⁺ B cells were effectively depleted two weeks after a single administration of 300 mg ocrelizumab. Our results demonstrate that treatment with ocrelizumab does not exclusively target B cells, but also CD20⁺ T cells, which account for a substantial amount of CD20-expressing cells. Thus, we speculate that the efficacy of ocrelizumab might also be mediated by the depletion of CD20-expressing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thais Langer Jacobus
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Franz Felix Konen
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin W Hümmert
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Jonas Ahlbrecht
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Nora Möhn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lars H Müschen
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lena Bönig
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sascha Alvermann
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Reinhold E Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Thomas Skripuletz
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Colquhoun DR, Lyashkov AE, Ubaida Mohien C, Aquino VN, Bullock BT, Dinglasan RR, Agnew BJ, Graham DRM. Bioorthogonal mimetics of palmitoyl-CoA and myristoyl-CoA and their subsequent isolation by click chemistry and characterization by mass spectrometry reveal novel acylated host-proteins modified by HIV-1 infection. Proteomics 2015; 15:2066-77. [PMID: 25914232 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein acylation plays a critical role in protein localization and function. Acylation is essential for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) assembly and budding of HIV-1 from the plasma membrane in lipid raft microdomains and is mediated by myristoylation of the Gag polyprotein and the copackaging of the envelope protein is facilitated by colocalization mediated by palmitoylation. Since the viral accessory protein NEF has been shown to alter the substrate specificity of myristoyl transferases, and alter cargo trafficking lipid rafts, we hypothesized that HIV-1 infection may alter protein acylation globally. To test this hypothesis, we labeled HIV-1 infected cells with biomimetics of acyl azides, which are incorporated in a manner analogous to natural acyl-Co-A. A terminal azide group allowed us to use a copper catalyzed click chemistry to conjugate the incorporated modifications to a number of substrates to carry out SDS-PAGE, fluorescence microscopy, and enrichment for LC-MS/MS. Using LC-MS/MS, we identified 103 and 174 proteins from the myristic and palmitic azide enrichments, with 27 and 45 proteins respectively that differentiated HIV-1 infected from uninfected cells. This approach has provided us with important insights into HIV-1 biology and is widely applicable to many virological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Colquhoun
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexey E Lyashkov
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ceereena Ubaida Mohien
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Veronica N Aquino
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brandon T Bullock
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Agnew
- Biosciences Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - David R M Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Abstract
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), employed in treating CD20⁺ lymphomas and autoimmune diseases, appear to have broader functions than just eradicating malignant B-cells and decreasing autoantibody production. Rituximab-induced T-cell inactivation, reported both in-vitro and in-vivo, may contribute to the increased risk of T-cell-dependent infections, observed in patients receiving this therapy. T-cell polarization into a suppressive phenotype, often observed in patients receiving rituximab for autoimmune disorders, was reported to be associated with prolonged remissions. Elimination of B-cells serving as antigen-presenting cells, thereby causing impaired T-cell activation, could play a significant role in induction of these changes. Direct binding of rituximab to a CD20dim T-cell population, inducing its depletion, may contribute to the decreased T-cell activation following rituximab therapy. Further investigation of the complex network through which rituximab and new anti-CD20 MoAbs act, would advance the employment of these agents in different clinical settings.
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