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Kľoc D, Kurhajec S, Huniadi M, Sýkora J, Guman T, Šarišský M. SLAM Family Receptors in B Cell Chronic Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4014. [PMID: 38612827 PMCID: PMC11012012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) receptor family (SLAMF) consists of nine glycoproteins that belong to the CD2 superfamily of immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing molecules. SLAMF receptors modulate the differentiation and activation of a wide range of immune cells. Individual SLAMF receptors are expressed on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, B cells, T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and platelets. The expression of SLAMF receptors was studied during normal B cell maturation. Several SLAMF receptors were also detected in cancer cell lines of B-lymphoid origin and in pathological B cells from patients with B cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (B-CLPD), the most frequent hematological malignancies in adults. This review summarizes current knowledge on the expression of SLAMF receptors and their adaptor proteins SAP and EAT-2 in B-CLPD. Several SLAMF receptors could be regarded as potential diagnostic and differential diagnostic markers, prognostic factors, and targets for the development of novel drugs for patients with B-CLPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Kľoc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (D.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Slavomír Kurhajec
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacognosy, and Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Mykhailo Huniadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (D.K.); (M.H.)
| | - Ján Sýkora
- Department of Haematology and Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice and Louis Pasteur University Hospital Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (J.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomáš Guman
- Department of Haematology and Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice and Louis Pasteur University Hospital Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (J.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Marek Šarišský
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia; (D.K.); (M.H.)
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Tang Z, Zhong MC, Qian J, Galindo CC, Davidson D, Li J, Zhao Y, Hui E, Veillette A. CD47 masks pro-phagocytic ligands in cis on tumor cells to suppress antitumor immunity. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:2032-2041. [PMID: 37945822 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells often overexpress CD47, which triggers the inhibitory receptor SIRPα expressed on macrophages, to elude phagocytosis and antitumor immunity. Pharmacological blockade of CD47 or SIRPα is showing promise as anticancer therapy, although CD47 blockade has been associated with hematological toxicities that may reflect its broad expression pattern on normal cells. Here we found that, in addition to triggering SIRPα, CD47 suppressed phagocytosis by a SIRPα-independent mechanism. This mechanism prevented phagocytosis initiated by the pro-phagocytic ligand, SLAMF7, on tumor cells, due to a cis interaction between CD47 and SLAMF7. The CD47-SLAMF7 interaction was disrupted by CD47 blockade and by a first-in-class agonist SLAMF7 antibody, but not by SIRPα blockade, thereby promoting antitumor immunity. Hence, CD47 suppresses phagocytosis not only by engaging SIRPα, but also by masking cell-intrinsic pro-phagocytic ligands on tumor cells and knowledge of this mechanism may influence the decision between CD47 blockade or SIRPα blockade for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jin Qian
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristian Camilo Galindo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dominique Davidson
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Enfu Hui
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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3
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Zheng Y, Zhao J, Zhou M, Wei K, Jiang P, Xu L, Chang C, Shan Y, Xu L, Shi Y, Schrodi SJ, Guo S, He D. Role of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family of receptors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: insights and application. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1306584. [PMID: 38027031 PMCID: PMC10657885 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1306584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and joint damage. The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAMF) family of receptors are expressed on various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and can regulate both immune cell activation and cytokine production. Altered expression of certain SLAMF receptors contributes to aberrant immune responses in RA. In RA, SLAMF1 is upregulated on T cells and may promote inflammation by participating in immune cell-mediated responses. SLAMF2 and SLAMF4 are involved in regulating monocyte tumor necrosis factor production and promoting inflammation. SLAMF7 activates multiple inflammatory pathways in macrophages to drive inflammatory gene expression. SLAMF8 inhibition can reduce inflammation in RA by blocking ERK/MMPs signaling. Of note, there are differences in SLAMF receptor (SFR) expression between normal and arthritic joint tissues, suggesting a role as potential diagnostic biomarkers. This review summarizes recent advances on the roles of SLAMF receptors 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8 in RA pathogenesis. However, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of SLAMF regulation of immune cells in RA. Understanding interactions between SLAMF receptors and immune cells will help identify selective strategies for targeting SLAMF signaling without compromising normal immunity. Overall, the SLAMF gene family holds promise as a target for precision medicine in RA, but additional investigation of the underlying immunological mechanisms is needed. Targeting SLAMF receptors presents opportunities for new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to dampen damaging immune-mediated inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, China
| | - Cen Chang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Shan
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshuai Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven J. Schrodi
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Center for Human Genomics and Precision Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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4
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Hui E. Cis Interactions of Membrane Receptors and Ligands. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:391-408. [PMID: 37339682 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120420-103941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical for the development and function of multicellular organisms. A crucial means by which cells communicate with one another is physical interactions between receptors on one cell and their ligands on a neighboring cell. Trans ligand:receptor interactions activate the receptor, ultimately leading to changes in the fate of the receptor-expressing cells. Such trans signaling is known to be critical for the functions of cells in the nervous and immune systems, among others. Historically, trans interactions are the primary conceptual framework for understanding cell-cell communication. However, cells often coexpress many receptors and ligands, and a subset of these has been reported to interact in cis and profoundly impact cell functions. Cis interactions likely constitute a fundamental, understudied regulatory mechanism in cell biology. Here, I discuss how cis interactions between membrane receptors and ligands regulate immune cell functions, and I also highlight outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfu Hui
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
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5
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Farhangnia P, Ghomi SM, Mollazadehghomi S, Nickho H, Akbarpour M, Delbandi AA. SLAM-family receptors come of age as a potential molecular target in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1174138. [PMID: 37251372 PMCID: PMC10213746 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1174138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors were discovered in immune cells for the first time. The SLAM-family receptors are a significant player in cytotoxicity, humoral immune responses, autoimmune diseases, lymphocyte development, cell survival, and cell adhesion. There is growing evidence that SLAM-family receptors have been involved in cancer progression and heralded as a novel immune checkpoint on T cells. Previous studies have reported the role of SLAMs in tumor immunity in various cancers, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, acute myeloid leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, pancreas, lung, and melanoma. Evidence has deciphered that the SLAM-family receptors may be targeted for cancer immunotherapy. However, our understanding in this regard is not complete. This review will discuss the role of SLAM-family receptors in cancer immunotherapy. It will also provide an update on recent advances in SLAM-based targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Farhangnia
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamim Mollazadeh Ghomi
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Mollazadehghomi
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Nickho
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahzad Akbarpour
- Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell-Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Cellular Therapeutics Facility (ACTF), Hematopoietic Cellular Therapy Program, Section of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Immune Functions of Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Molecules in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020279. [PMID: 33451089 PMCID: PMC7828503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by an increase in abnormal plasma cells. Disease progression, drug resistance, and immunosuppression in MM are associated with immune-related molecules, such as immune checkpoint and co-stimulatory molecules, present in the tumor microenvironment. Novel agents targeting these cell-surface molecules are currently under development, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific monoclonal antibodies, and chimera antigen receptor T-cell therapies. In this review, we focus on the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family receptors and provide an overview of their biological functions and novel therapies in MM. Abstract The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors are expressed on various immune cells and malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. In immune cells, most SLAM family molecules bind to themselves to transmit co-stimulatory signals through the recruiting adaptor proteins SLAM-associated protein (SAP) or Ewing’s sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2), which target immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs in the cytoplasmic regions of the receptors. Notably, SLAMF2, SLAMF3, SLAMF6, and SLAMF7 are strongly and constitutively expressed on MM cells that do not express the adaptor proteins SAP and EAT-2. This review summarizes recent studies on the expression and biological functions of SLAM family receptors during the malignant progression of MM and the resulting preclinical and clinical research involving four SLAM family receptors. A better understanding of the relationship between SLAM family receptors and MM disease progression may lead to the development of novel immunotherapies for relapse prevention.
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Wilson TJ, Clare S, Mikulin J, Johnson CM, Harcourt K, Lyons PA, Dougan G, Smith KGC. Signalling lymphocyte activation molecule family member 9 is found on select subsets of antigen-presenting cells and promotes resistance to Salmonella infection. Immunology 2020; 159:393-403. [PMID: 31880316 PMCID: PMC7078004 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling lymphocyte activation molecule family member 9 (SLAMF9) is an orphan receptor of the CD2/SLAM family of leucocyte surface proteins. Examination of SLAMF9 expression and function indicates that SLAMF9 promotes inflammation by specialized subsets of antigen‐presenting cells. Within healthy liver and circulating mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells, SLAMF9 is expressed on CD11b+, Ly6C−, CD11clow, F4/80low, MHC‐II+, CX3CR1+ mononuclear phagocytes as well as plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In addition, SLAMF9 can be found on peritoneal B1 cells and small (F4/80low), but not large (F4/80high), peritoneal macrophages. Upon systemic challenge with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium, Slamf9−/− mice were impaired in their ability to clear the infection from the liver. In humans, SLAMF9 is up‐regulated upon differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation of PMA‐differentiated, SLAMF9 knockdown THP‐1 cells showed an essential role of SLAMF9 in production of granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐1β. Taken together, these data implicate SLAMF9 in the initiation of inflammation and clearance of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joseph Mikulin
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Paul A Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Kundapura SV, Ramagopal UA. The CC' loop of IgV domains of the immune checkpoint receptors, plays a key role in receptor:ligand affinity modulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19191. [PMID: 31844079 PMCID: PMC6914781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies targeting negative regulators of immune checkpoints have shown unprecedented and durable response against variety of malignancies. While the concept of blocking the negative regulators of the immune checkpoints using mAbs appears to be an outstanding approach, their limited effect and several drawbacks, calls for the rational design of next generation of therapeutics. Soluble isoforms of the negative regulators of immune checkpoint pathways are expressed naturally and regulate immune responses. This suggests, affinity-modified versions of these self-molecules could be effective lead molecules for immunotherapy. To obtain better insights on the hotspot regions for modification, we have analysed structures of 18 immune receptor:ligand complexes containing the IgV domain. Interestingly, this analysis reveals that the CC' loop of IgV domain, a loop which is distinct from CDRs of antibodies, plays a pivotal role in affinity modulation, which was previously not highlighted. It is noteworthy that a ~5-residue long CC' loop in a ~120 residue protein makes significant number of hydrophobic and polar interactions with its cognate ligand. The post-interaction movement of CC' loop to accommodate the incoming ligands, seems to provide additional affinity to the interactions. In silico replacement of the CC' loop of TIGIT with that of Nectin-2 and PVR followed by protein docking trials suggests a key role of the CC' loop in affinity modulation in the TIGIT/Nectin pathway. The CC' loop appears to be a hotspot for the affinity modification without affecting the specificity to their cognate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar V Kundapura
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, #4, 16th Cross, Sadashivnagar, Bangalore, 560080, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Udupi A Ramagopal
- Division of Biological Sciences, Poornaprajna Institute of Scientific Research, #4, 16th Cross, Sadashivnagar, Bangalore, 560080, India.
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9
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Yigit B, Wang N, Ten Hacken E, Chen SS, Bhan AK, Suarez-Fueyo A, Katsuyama E, Tsokos GC, Chiorazzi N, Wu CJ, Burger JA, Herzog RW, Engel P, Terhorst C. SLAMF6 as a Regulator of Exhausted CD8 + T Cells in Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1485-1496. [PMID: 31315913 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment in leukemia and solid tumors induces a shift of activated CD8+ cytotoxic T cells to an exhausted state, characterized by loss of proliferative capacity and impaired immunologic synapse formation. Efficient strategies and targets need to be identified to overcome T-cell exhaustion and further improve overall responses in the clinic. Here, we took advantage of the Eμ-TCL1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B16 melanoma mouse models to assess the role of the homophilic cell-surface receptor SLAMF6 as an immune-checkpoint regulator. The transfer of SLAMF6+ Eμ-TCL1 cells into SLAMF6-/- recipients, in contrast to wild-type (WT) recipients, significantly induced expansion of a PD-1+ subpopulation among CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells, which had impaired cytotoxic functions. Conversely, administering anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced the leukemic burden in Eμ-TCL1 recipient WT mice concomitantly with a loss of PD-1+CD3+CD44+CD8+ T cells with significantly increased effector functions. Anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced leukemic burden in the peritoneal cavity, a niche where antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is impaired, possibly through activation of CD8+ T cells. Targeting of SLAMF6 affected tumor growth not only in B cell-related leukemia and lymphomas but also in nonhematopoietic tumors such as B16 melanoma, where SLAMF6 is not expressed. In vitro exhausted CD8+ T cells showed increased degranulation when anti-human SLAMF6 was added in culture. Taken together, anti-SLAMF6 both effectively corrected CD8+ T-cell dysfunction and had a direct effect on tumor progression. The outcomes of our studies suggest that targeting SLAMF6 is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elisa Ten Hacken
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shih-Shih Chen
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Abel Suarez-Fueyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eri Katsuyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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10
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Dragovich MA, Adam K, Strazza M, Tocheva AS, Peled M, Mor A. SLAMF6 clustering is required to augment T cell activation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218109. [PMID: 31199820 PMCID: PMC6568412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family is comprised of nine distinct receptors that are expressed exclusively on hematopoietic cells. Most of these transmembrane receptors are homotypic by nature and downstream signaling occurs when cells that express the same SLAM receptor interact. Previous studies have determined that anti-SLAMF6 antibodies can have a therapeutic effect in autoimmunity and cancer. However, little is known about the role of SLAMF6 in the adaptive immune responses and in order to utilize SLAMF6 interventional approaches, a better understanding of the biology of this receptor in T cell is warranted. Accordingly, the objective of our study was to investigate both functionally and structurally the role of SLAMF6 in T cell receptor (TCR) mediated responses. Biochemical and genetic experiments revealed that SLAMF6 was required for productive TCR downstream signaling. Interestingly, SLAMF6 ectodomain was required for its function, but not for its recruitment to the immunological synapse. Flow-cytometry analysis demonstrated that tyrosine 308 of the tail of SLAMF6 was crucial for its ability to enhance T cell function. Imaging studies revealed that SLAMF6 clustering, specifically with the TCR, resulted in dramatic increase in downstream signaling. Mechanistically, we showed that SLAMF6 enhanced T cell function by increasing T cell adhesiveness through activation of the small GTPase Rap1. Taken together SLAMF6 is an important regulator of T cell activation where both its ectodomain and its endodomain contribute differentially to T cell functions. Additional studies are underway to better evaluate the role of anti-SLAMF6 approaches in specific human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Dragovich
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kieran Adam
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Tocheva
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Peled
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Adam Mor
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Biassoni R, Malnati MS. Human Natural Killer Receptors, Co-Receptors, and Their Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 121:e47. [PMID: 30040219 DOI: 10.1002/cpim.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. We have contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. More recently, it has become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, unveiling the existence of a network of cellular interactions between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This unit reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
| | - Mauro S Malnati
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Unit of Human Virology, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Milan, Italy
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12
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NK cell recognition of hematopoietic cells by SLAM-SAP families. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:452-459. [PMID: 30911116 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors (SFRs) are ubiquitously expressed on immune cells, and they regulate multiple immune events by recruiting SH2 (Src homology 2) domain-containing SAP family adapters, including SAP and its homologs, Ewing's sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2) and EAT-2 related transducer (ERT). In human patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease, which is caused by SAP mutations, SFRs alternatively bind other inhibitory SH2 domain-containing molecules to suppress immune cell activation and development. NK cells express multiple SFRs and all SAP family adapters. In recent decades, SFRs have been found to be critical for enhancing NK cell activation in response to abnormal hematopoietic cells in SAP-family-intact NK cells; however, SFRs might suppress NK cell activation in SAP-family-deficient mice or patients with XLP1. In this paper, we review how these two distinct SFR signaling pathways orchestrate NK cell activation and inhibition and highlight the importance of SFR regulation of NK cell biology and their physiological status and pathological relevance in patients with XLP1.
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13
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Cuenca M, Sintes J, Lányi Á, Engel P. CD84 cell surface signaling molecule: An emerging biomarker and target for cancer and autoimmune disorders. Clin Immunol 2018; 204:43-49. [PMID: 30522694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD84 (SLAMF5) is a member of the SLAM family of cell-surface immunoreceptors. Broadly expressed on most immune cell subsets, CD84 functions as a homophilic adhesion molecule, whose signaling can activate or inhibit leukocyte function depending on the cell type and its stage of activation or differentiation. CD84-mediated signaling regulates diverse immunological processes, including T cell cytokine secretion, natural killer cell cytotoxicity, monocyte activation, autophagy, cognate T:B interactions, and B cell tolerance at the germinal center checkpoint. Recently, alterations in CD84 have been related to autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disorders. Specific allelic variations in CD84 are associated with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CD84 mediates intrinsic and stroma-induced survival of malignant cells. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the structure and function of CD84 and its potential role as a therapeutic target and biomarker in inflammatory autoimmune disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cuenca
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sintes
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Árpád Lányi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Yigit B, Wang N, Herzog RW, Terhorst C. SLAMF6 in health and disease: Implications for therapeutic targeting. Clin Immunol 2018; 204:3-13. [PMID: 30366106 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Dragovich MA, Mor A. The SLAM family receptors: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:674-682. [PMID: 29729453 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family is comprised of nine distinct receptors (SLAMF1 through SLAMF9) that are expressed on hematopoietic cells. All of these receptors, with the exception of SLAMF4, are homotypic by nature as downstream signaling occurs when hematopoietic cells that express the same SLAM receptor interact. The SLAM family receptor function is largely controlled via SLAM associated protein (SAP) family adaptors. The SAP family adaptors consist of SAP, Ewing sarcoma associated transcript (EAT)-2, and EAT-2-related transducer (ERT). These adaptors associate with the cytoplasmic domain of the SLAM family receptors through phosphorylated tyrosines. Defects in SLAM family members and SAP adaptors have been implicated in causing immune deficiencies. This is exemplified in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease, where SAP undergoes a loss of function mutation. Furthermore, evidence has been accumulating that SLAM family members are potential targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the structure and function of the SLAM family receptors and SAP family adaptors, their role in immune regulation, and potential approaches to target this family of receptors therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dragovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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16
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Eisenberg G, Engelstein R, Geiger-Maor A, Hajaj E, Merims S, Frankenburg S, Uzana R, Rutenberg A, Machlenkin A, Frei G, Peretz T, Lotem M. Soluble SLAMF6 Receptor Induces Strong CD8+ T-cell Effector Function and Improves Anti-Melanoma Activity In Vivo. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:127-138. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Yap EH, Fiser A. ProtLID, a Residue-Based Pharmacophore Approach to Identify Cognate Protein Ligands in the Immunoglobulin Superfamily. Structure 2016; 24:2217-2226. [PMID: 27889206 PMCID: PMC5444293 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Members of the extracellular immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) play a key role in immune regulation through the control of the co-stimulatory pathway, and have emerged as potent drug targets in cancers, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity. Despite the difficult experimental access to this class of proteins, single structures of ectodomains of IgSF proteins are solved with regularity. However, the most biologically critical challenge for this class of proteins is the identification of their cognate ligands that communicate intercellular signals. We describe a conceptually novel method, protein-ligand interface design (ProtLID), to identify cognate ligands from a subproteome for a given target receptor protein. ProtLID designs an optimal protein interface for a given receptor by running extensive molecular dynamics simulations of single-residue probes. The type and location of residue preferences establish a residue-based pharmacophore, which is subsequently used to find potential matches among candidate ligands within a subproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eng-Hui Yap
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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van Driel BJ, Liao G, Engel P, Terhorst C. Responses to Microbial Challenges by SLAMF Receptors. Front Immunol 2016; 7:4. [PMID: 26834746 PMCID: PMC4718992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLAMF family (SLAMF) of cell surface glycoproteins is comprised of nine glycoproteins and while SLAMF1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are self-ligand receptors, SLAMF2 and SLAMF4 interact with each other. Their interactions induce signal transduction networks in trans, thereby shaping immune cell-cell communications. Collectively, these receptors modulate a wide range of functions, such as myeloid cell and lymphocyte development, and T and B cell responses to microbes and parasites. In addition, several SLAMF receptors serve as microbial sensors, which either positively or negatively modulate the function of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and NK cells in response to microbial challenges. The SLAMF receptor-microbe interactions contribute both to intracellular microbicidal activity as well as to migration of phagocytes to the site of inflammation. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on how the SLAMF receptors and their specific adapters SLAM-associated protein and EAT-2 regulate innate and adaptive immune responses to microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Job van Driel
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Gongxian Liao
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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19
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McArdel SL, Terhorst C, Sharpe AH. Roles of CD48 in regulating immunity and tolerance. Clin Immunol 2016; 164:10-20. [PMID: 26794910 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CD48, a member of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family, participates in adhesion and activation of immune cells. Although constitutively expressed on most hematopoietic cells, CD48 is upregulated on subsets of activated cells. CD48 can have activating roles on T cells, antigen presenting cells and granulocytes, by binding to CD2 or bacterial FimH, and through cell intrinsic effects. Interactions between CD48 and its high affinity ligand CD244 are more complex, with both stimulatory and inhibitory outcomes. CD244:CD48 interactions regulate target cell lysis by NK cells and CTLs, which are important for viral clearance and regulation of effector/memory T cell generation and survival. Here we review roles of CD48 in infection, tolerance, autoimmunity, and allergy, as well as the tools used to investigate this receptor. We discuss stimulatory and regulatory roles for CD48, its potential as a therapeutic target in human disease, and current challenges to investigation of this immunoregulatory receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L McArdel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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20
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Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Receptor Homologs in New World Monkey Cytomegaloviruses. J Virol 2015; 89:11323-36. [PMID: 26339044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01296-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Throughout evolution, large DNA viruses have been usurping genes from their hosts to equip themselves with proteins that restrain host immune defenses. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family (SLAMF) receptors are involved in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity, which occurs upon engagement with their ligands via homotypic or heterotypic interactions. Here we report a total of seven SLAMF genes encoded by the genomes of two cytomegalovirus (CMV) species, squirrel monkey CMV (SMCMV) and owl monkey CMV (OMCMV), that infect New World monkeys. Our results indicate that host genes were captured by retrotranscription at different stages of the CMV-host coevolution. The most recent acquisition led to S1 in SMCMV. S1 is a SLAMF6 homolog with an amino acid sequence identity of 97% to SLAMF6 in its ligand-binding N-terminal Ig domain. We demonstrate that S1 is a cell surface glycoprotein capable of binding to host SLAMF6. Furthermore, the OMCMV genome encodes A33, an LY9 (SLAMF3) homolog, and A43, a CD48 (SLAMF2) homolog, two soluble glycoproteins which recognize their respective cellular counterreceptors and thus are likely to be viral SLAMF decoy receptors. In addition, distinct copies of further divergent CD48 homologs were found to be encoded by both CMV genomes. Remarkably, all these molecules display a number of unique features, including cytoplasmic tails lacking characteristic SLAMF signaling motifs. Taken together, our findings indicate a novel immune evasion mechanism in which incorporation of host SLAMF receptors that retain their ligand-binding properties enables viruses to interfere with SLAMF functions and to supply themselves with convenient structural molds for expanding their immunomodulatory repertoires. IMPORTANCE The way in which viruses shape their genomes under the continual selective pressure exerted by the host immune system is central for their survival. Here, we report that New World monkey cytomegaloviruses have broadly captured and duplicated immune cell receptors of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family during host-virus coevolution. Notably, we demonstrate that several of these viral SLAMs exhibit exceptional preservation of their N-terminal immunoglobulin domains, which results in maintenance of their ligand-binding capacities. At the same time, these molecules present distinctive structural properties which include soluble forms and the absence of typical SLAM signaling motifs in their cytoplasmic domains, likely reflecting the evolutionary adaptation undergone to efficiently interfere with host SLAM family activities. The observation that the genomes of other large DNA viruses might bear SLAM family homologs further underscores the importance of these molecules as a novel class of immune regulators and as convenient scaffolds for viral evolution.
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21
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van Driel B, Wang G, Liao G, Halibozek PJ, Keszei M, O'Keeffe MS, Bhan AK, Wang N, Terhorst C. The cell surface receptor Slamf6 modulates innate immune responses during Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. Int Immunol 2015; 27:447-57. [PMID: 25957267 PMCID: PMC4560040 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The homophilic cell surface receptors CD150 (Slamf1) and CD352 (Slamf6) are known to modulate adaptive immune responses. Although the Th17 response was enhanced in Slamf6(-/-) C57BL/6 mice upon oral infection with Citrobacter rodentium, the pathologic consequences are indistinguishable from an infection of wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Using a reporter-based binding assay, we show that Slamf6 can engage structures on the outer cell membrane of several Gram(-) bacteria. Therefore, we examined whether Slamf6, like Slamf1, is also involved in innate responses to bacteria and regulates peripheral inflammation by assessing the outcome of C. rodentium infections in Rag(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, the pathology and immune responses in the lamina propria of C. rodentium-infected Slamf6(-/-) Rag(-/-) mice were markedly reduced as compared with those of Rag(-/-) mice. Infiltration of inflammatory phagocytes into the lamina propria was consistently lower in Slamf6(-/-) Rag(-/-) mice than in Rag(-/-) animals. Concomitant with the reduced systemic translocation of the bacteria was an enhanced production of IL-22, suggesting that Slamf6 suppresses a mucosal protective program. Furthermore, administering a mAb (330) that inhibits bacterial interactions with Slamf6 to Rag(-/-) mice ameliorated the infection compared with a control antibody. We conclude that Slamf6-mediated interactions of colonic innate immune cells with specific Gram(-) bacteria reduce mucosal protection and enhance inflammation, contributing to lethal colitis that is caused by C. rodentium infections in Rag(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz van Driel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Guoxing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Gongxian Liao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Peter J Halibozek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Marton Keszei
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Michael S O'Keeffe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Atul K Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, MA, USA
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA
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Wang G, van Driel BJ, Liao G, O’Keeffe MS, Halibozek PJ, Flipse J, Yigit B, Azcutia V, Luscinskas FW, Wang N, Terhorst C. Migration of myeloid cells during inflammation is differentially regulated by the cell surface receptors Slamf1 and Slamf8. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121968. [PMID: 25799045 PMCID: PMC4370648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the cell surface receptor Slamf1 (CD150) is requisite for optimal NADPH-oxidase (Nox2) dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by phagocytes in response to Gram- bacteria. By contrast, Slamf8 (CD353) is a negative regulator of ROS in response to Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. Employing in vivo migration after skin sensitization, induction of peritonitis, and repopulation of the small intestine demonstrates that in vivo migration of Slamf1-/- dendritic cells and macrophages is reduced, as compared to wt mice. By contrast, in vivo migration of Slamf8-/- dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils is accelerated. These opposing effects of Slamf1 and Slamf8 are cell-intrinsic as judged by in vitro migration in transwell chambers in response to CCL19, CCL21 or CSF-1. Importantly, inhibiting ROS production of Slamf8-/- macrophages by diphenyleneiodonium chloride blocks this in vitro migration. We conclude that Slamf1 and Slamf8 govern ROS–dependent innate immune responses of myeloid cells, thus modulating migration of these cells during inflammation in an opposing manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Boaz J. van Driel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gongxian Liao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael S. O’Keeffe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Halibozek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacky Flipse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Burcu Yigit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Veronica Azcutia
- Department of Pathology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francis W. Luscinskas
- Department of Pathology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ninghai Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chu C, Wang Y, Zhang X, Ni X, Cao J, Xu W, Dong Z, Yuan P, Wei W, Ma Y, Zhang L, Wu L, Qi H. SAP-regulated T Cell-APC adhesion and ligation-dependent and -independent Ly108-CD3ζ interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3860-71. [PMID: 25217164 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center response requires cooperation between Ag-specific T and B lymphocytes, which takes the form of long-lasting cell-cell conjugation in vivo. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is required for stable cognate T-B cell conjugation, whereas SLAM family transmembrane (TM) receptor Ly108 may negatively regulate this process. We show that, other than phosphotyrosine-binding, SAP does not harbor motifs that recruit additional signaling intermediates to stabilize T-B adhesion. Ly108 dampens T cell adhesion to not only Ag-presenting B cells, but also dendritic cells by inhibiting CD3ζ phosphorylation through two levels of regulated Ly108-CD3ζ interactions. Constitutively associated with Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 even in SAP-competent cells, Ly108 is codistributed with the CD3 complex within a length scale of 100-200 nm on quiescent cells and can reduce CD3ζ phosphorylation in the absence of overt TCR stimulation or Ly108 ligation. When Ly108 is engaged in trans during cell-cell interactions, Ly108-CD3ζ interactions are promoted in a manner that uniquely depends on Ly108 TM domain, leading to more efficient CD3ζ dephosphorylation. Whereas replacement of the Ly108 TM domain still allows the constitutive, colocalization-dependent inhibition of CD3ζ phosphorylation, it abrogates the ligation-dependent Ly108-CD3ζ interactions and CD3ζ dephosphorylation, and it abolishes the suppression on Ag-triggered T-B adhesion. These results offer new insights into how SAP and Ly108 antagonistically modulate the strength of proximal TCR signaling and thereby control cognate T cell-APC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coco Chu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinya Ni
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Cao
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wensheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Longyan Wu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China;
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24
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Almo SC, Guha C. Considerations for combined immune checkpoint modulation and radiation treatment. Radiat Res 2014; 182:230-8. [PMID: 25003312 DOI: 10.1667/rr13667.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of malignancies will be realized from combined radiation treatment and immune checkpoint modulation. Numerous biophysical properties must be considered for effective biologic development, including affinity, selectivity, oligomeric state and valency. High-resolution structural characterization contributes to our understanding of these properties and can lead to the realization of proteins with unique in vitro activities and novel in vivo therapeutic functions. In this article we focus on the importance of these factors for new potential biologics and consider these in the context of combination therapies with physical modalities, including radiation therapy. In particular, we examine the consequences of altered avidities and subset-specific ligand density on the rational modification of biological function in the immunoglobulin and tumor necrosis factor superfamilies and for new optimized combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Almo
- a Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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Recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus and variation in its receptor, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule, in carnivores. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:596-606. [PMID: 24807184 DOI: 10.7589/2013-09-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) is a receptor for morbilliviruses. To understand the recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus (CDV) in carnivores, we determined the nucleotide sequences of SLAMs of various carnivores and generated three-dimensional homology SLAM models. Thirty-four amino acid residues were found for the candidates binding to CDV on the interface of the carnivore SLAMs. SLAM of the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) were similar to those of other members of the suborder Caniformia, indicating that the animals in this group have similar sensitivity to dog CDV. However, they were different at nine positions from those of felids. Among the nine residues, four of domestic cat (Felis catus) SLAM (72, 76, 82, and 129) and three of lion (Panthera leo persica) SLAM (72, 82, and 129) were associated with charge alterations, suggesting that the felid interfaces have lower affinities to dog CDV. Only the residue at 76 was different between domestic cat and lion SLAM interfaces. The domestic cat SLAM had threonine at 76, whereas the lion SLAM had arginine, a positively charged residue like that of the dog SLAM. The cat SLAM with threonine is likely to have lower affinity to CDV-H and to confer higher resistance against dog CDV. Thus, the four residues (72, 76, 82, and 129) on carnivore SLAMs are important for the determination of affinity and sensitivity with CDV. Additionally, the CDV-H protein of felid strains had a substitution of histidine for tyrosine at 549 of dog CDV-H and may have higher affinity to lion SLAM. Three-dimensional model construction is a new risk assessment method of morbillivirus infectivity. Because the method is applicable to animals that have no information about virus infection, it is especially useful for morbillivirus risk assessment and wildlife conservation.
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Collins SM, Bakan CE, Swartzel GD, Hofmeister CC, Efebera YA, Kwon H, Starling GC, Ciarlariello D, Bhaskar S, Briercheck EL, Hughes T, Yu J, Rice A, Benson DM. Elotuzumab directly enhances NK cell cytotoxicity against myeloma via CS1 ligation: evidence for augmented NK cell function complementing ADCC. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:1841-9. [PMID: 24162108 PMCID: PMC4134870 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Elotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody in development for multiple myeloma (MM) that targets CS1, a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on MM cells. In preclinical models, elotuzumab exerts anti-MM efficacy via natural killer (NK)-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). CS1 is also expressed at lower levels on NK cells where it acts as an activating receptor. We hypothesized that elotuzumab may have additional mechanisms of action via ligation of CS1 on NK cells that complement ADCC activity. Herein, we show that elotuzumab appears to induce activation of NK cells by binding to NK cell CS1 which promotes cytotoxicity against CS1(+) MM cells but not against autologous CS1(+) NK cells. Elotuzumab may also promote CS1-CS1 interactions between NK cells and CS1(+) target cells to enhance cytotoxicity in a manner independent of ADCC. NK cell activation appears dependent on differential expression of the signaling intermediary EAT-2 which is present in NK cells but absent in primary, human MM cells. Taken together, these data suggest elotuzumab may enhance NK cell function directly and confer anti-MM efficacy by means beyond ADCC alone.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna M. Collins
- Biomedical Sciences Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Courtney E. Bakan
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
| | | | - Craig C. Hofmeister
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Yvonne A. Efebera
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Hakju Kwon
- Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA USA
| | | | | | - Shakthi Bhaskar
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | | | - Tiffany Hughes
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Audie Rice
- Abbvie Biotherapeutics Inc., Redwood City, CA USA
| | - Don M. Benson
- Biomedical Sciences Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH USA
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
- Division of Hematology, 898 Biomedical Research Tower, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 460 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1240 USA
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Detre C, Yigit B, Keszei M, Castro W, Magelky EM, Terhorst C. SAP modulates B cell functions in a genetic background-dependent manner. Immunol Lett 2013; 153:15-21. [PMID: 23806511 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations affecting the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) are responsible for the X-linked lympho-proliferative syndrome (XLP), a severe primary immunodeficiency syndrome with disease manifestations that include fatal mononucleosis, B cell lymphoma and dysgammaglobulinemia. It is well accepted that insufficient help by SAP-/- CD4+ T cells, in particular during the germinal center reaction, is a component of dysgammaglobulinemia in XLP patients and SAP-/- animals. It is however not well understood whether in XLP patients and SAP-/- mice B cell functions are affected, even though B cells themselves do not express SAP. Here we report that B cell intrinsic responses to haptenated protein antigens are impaired in SAP-/- mice and in Rag-/- mice into which B cells derived from SAP-/- mice together with wt CD4+ T cells had been transferred. This impaired B cells functions are in part depending on the genetic background of the SAP-/- mouse, which affects B cell homeostasis. Surprisingly, stimulation with an agonistic anti-CD40 causes strong in vivo and in vitro B cell responses in SAP-/- mice. Taken together, the data demonstrate that genetic factors play an important role in the SAP-related B cell functions. The finding that anti-CD40 can in part restore impaired B cell responses in SAP-/- mice, suggests potentially novel therapeutic interventions in subsets of XLP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Detre
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Kageyama R, Cannons JL, Zhao F, Yusuf I, Lao C, Locci M, Schwartzberg PL, Crotty S. The receptor Ly108 functions as a SAP adaptor-dependent on-off switch for T cell help to B cells and NKT cell development. Immunity 2012; 36:986-1002. [PMID: 22683125 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans and mice deficient in the adaptor protein SAP (Sh2d1a) have a major defect in humoral immunity, resulting from a lack of T cell help for B cells. The role of SAP in this process is incompletely understood. We found that deletion of receptor Ly108 (Slamf6) in CD4(+) T cells reversed the Sh2d1a(-/-) phenotype, eliminating the SAP requirement for germinal centers. This potent negative signaling by Ly108 required immunotyrosine switch motifs (ITSMs) and SHP-1 recruitment, resulting in high amounts of SHP-1 at the T cell:B cell synapse, limiting T cell:B cell adhesion. Ly108-negative signaling was important not only in CD4(+) T cells; we found that NKT cell differentiation was substantially restored in Slamf6(-/-)Sh2d1a(-/-) mice. The ability of SAP to regulate both positive and negative signals in T cells can explain the severity of SAP deficiency and highlights the importance of SAP and SHP-1 competition for Ly108 ITSM binding as a rheostat for the magnitude of T cell help to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Kageyama
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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29
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Dutta M, Schwartzberg PL. Characterization of Ly108 in the thymus: evidence for distinct properties of a novel form of Ly108. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3031-41. [PMID: 22393150 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ly108 (CD352) is a member of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors that signals through SLAM-associated protein (SAP), an SH2 domain protein that can function by the recruitment of Src family kinases or by competition with phosphatases. Ly108 is expressed on a variety of hematopoietic cells, with especially high levels on developing thymocytes. We find that Ly108 is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in murine thymi in a SAP- and Fyn kinase-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of Ly108 is rapidly lost after thymocyte disaggregation, suggesting dynamic contact-mediated regulation of Ly108. Similar to recent reports, we find at least three isoforms of Ly108 mRNA and protein in the thymus, which are differentially expressed in the thymi of C57BL/6 and 129S6 mice that express the lupus-resistant and lupus-prone haplotypes of Ly108, respectively. Notably, the recently described novel isoform Ly108-H1 is not expressed in mice having the lupus-prone haplotype of Ly108, but is expressed in C57BL/6 mice. We further provide evidence for differential phosphorylation of these isoforms; the novel Ly108-H1does not undergo tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting that it functions as a decoy isoform that contributes to the reduced overall phosphorylation of Ly108 seen in C57BL/6 mice. Our study suggests that Ly108 is dynamically regulated in the thymus, shedding light on Ly108 isoform expression and phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Dutta
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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30
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Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein, SAP, was first identified as the protein affected in most cases of X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal responses to Epstein-Barr virus infection, lymphoproliferative syndromes, and dysgammaglobulinemia. SAP consists almost entirely of a single SH2 protein domain that interacts with the cytoplasmic tail of SLAM and related receptors, including 2B4, Ly108, CD84, Ly9, and potentially CRACC. SLAM family members are now recognized as important immunomodulatory receptors with roles in cytotoxicity, humoral immunity, autoimmunity, cell survival, lymphocyte development, and cell adhesion. In this review, we cover recent findings on the roles of SLAM family receptors and the SAP family of adaptors, with a focus on their regulation of the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of XLP and other immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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31
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Abstract
T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (T(FH)) cells are the specialized providers of B cell help. T(FH) cells depend on expression of the master regulator transcription factor Bcl6. Distinguishing features of T(FH) cells are the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, SAP (SH2D1A), IL-21, and ICOS, among other molecules, and the absence of Blimp-1 (prdm1). T(FH) cells are important for the formation of germinal centers. Once germinal centers are formed, T(FH) cells are needed to maintain them and to regulate germinal center B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells. This review covers T(FH) differentiation, T(FH) functions, and human T(FH) cells, discussing recent progress and areas of uncertainty or disagreement in the literature, and it debates the developmental relationship between T(FH) cells and other CD4 T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, California 92037, USA.
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32
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Structure of the measles virus hemagglutinin bound to its cellular receptor SLAM. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011; 18:135-41. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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33
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Veillette A. SLAM-family receptors: immune regulators with or without SAP-family adaptors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a002469. [PMID: 20300214 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors and the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) family of intracellular adaptors are expressed in immune cells. By way of their cytoplasmic domain, SLAM-related receptors physically associate with SAP-related adaptors. Evidence is accumulating that the SLAM and SAP families play crucial roles in multiple immune cell types. Moreover, the prototype of the SAP family, that is SAP, is mutated in a human immunodeficiency, X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease. In the presence of SAP-family adaptors, the SLAM family usually mediates stimulatory signals that promote immune cell activation or differentiation. In the absence of SAP-family adaptors, though, the SLAM family undergoes a "switch-of-function," thereby mediating inhibitory signals that suppress immune cell functions. The molecular basis and significance of this mechanism are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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34
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Yusuf I, Kageyama R, Monticelli L, Johnston RJ, Ditoro D, Hansen K, Barnett B, Crotty S. Germinal center T follicular helper cell IL-4 production is dependent on signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (CD150). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:190-202. [PMID: 20525889 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CD4 T cell help is critical for the generation and maintenance of germinal centers (GCs), and T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells are the CD4 T cell subset required for this process. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP [SH2D1A]) expression in CD4 T cells is essential for GC development. However, SAP-deficient mice have only a moderate defect in T(FH) differentiation, as defined by common T(FH) surface markers. CXCR5(+) T(FH) cells are found within the GC, as well as along the boundary regions of T/B cell zones. In this study, we show that GC-associated T follicular helper (GC T(FH)) cells can be identified by their coexpression of CXCR5 and the GL7 epitope, allowing for phenotypic and functional analysis of T(FH) and GC T(FH) populations. GC T(FH) cells are a functionally discrete subset of further polarized T(FH) cells, with enhanced B cell help capacity and a specialized ability to produce IL-4 in a T(H)2-independent manner. Strikingly, SAP-deficient mice have an absence of the GC T(FH) cell subset and SAP(-) T(FH) cells are defective in IL-4 and IL-21 production. We further demonstrate that SLAM (Slamf1, CD150), a surface receptor that uses SAP signaling, is specifically required for IL-4 production by GC T(FH) cells. GC T(FH) cells require IL-4 and -21 production for optimal help to B cells. These data illustrate complexities of SAP-dependent SLAM family receptor signaling, revealing a prominent role for SLAM receptor ligation in IL-4 production by GC CD4 T cells but not in T(FH) cell and GC T(FH) cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isharat Yusuf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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Cannons JL, Qi H, Lu KT, Dutta M, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Cheng J, Wakeland EK, Germain RN, Schwartzberg PL. Optimal germinal center responses require a multistage T cell:B cell adhesion process involving integrins, SLAM-associated protein, and CD84. Immunity 2010; 32:253-65. [PMID: 20153220 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells deficient in signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) exhibit a selective impairment in adhesion to antigen-presenting B cells but not dendritic cells (DCs), resulting in defective germinal center formation. However, the nature of this selective adhesion defect remained unclear. We found that whereas T cell:DC interactions were primarily integrin dependent, T cell:B cell interactions had both an early integrin-dependent phase and a sustained phase that also required SAP. We further found that the SLAM family member CD84 was required for prolonged T cell:B cell contact, optimal T follicular helper function, and germinal center formation in vivo. Moreover, both CD84 and another SLAM member, Ly108, mediated T cell adhesion and participated in stable T cell:B cell interactions in vitro. Our results reveal insight into the dynamic regulation of T cell:B cell interactions and identify SLAM family members as critical components of sustained T cell:B cell adhesion required for productive humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Detre C, Keszei M, Romero X, Tsokos GC, Terhorst C. SLAM family receptors and the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) modulate T cell functions. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:157-71. [PMID: 20146065 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One or more of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family (SLAMF) of cell surface receptors, which consists of nine transmembrane proteins, i.e., SLAMF1-9, are expressed on most hematopoietic cells. While most SLAMF receptors serve as self-ligands, SLAMF2 and SLAMF4 use each other as counter structures. Six of the receptors carry one or more copies of a unique intracellular tyrosine-based switch motif, which has high affinity for the single SH2-domain signaling molecules SLAM-associated protein and EAT-2. Whereas SLAMF receptors are costimulatory molecules on the surface of CD4+, CD8+, and natural killer (NK) T cells, they also involved in early phases of lineage commitment during hematopoiesis. SLAMF receptors regulate T lymphocyte development and function and modulate lytic activity, cytokine production, and major histocompatibility complex-independent cell inhibition of NK cells. Furthermore, they modulate B cell activation and memory generation, neutrophil, dendritic cell, macrophage and eosinophil function, and platelet aggregation. In this review, we will discuss the role of SLAM receptors and their adapters in T cell function, and we will examine the role of these receptors and their adapters in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease and their contribution to disease susceptibility in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Detre
- BIDMC Division of Immunology, Harvard Center for Life Sciences, Rm. CLS 938, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Santiago C, Celma ML, Stehle T, Casasnovas JM. Structure of the measles virus hemagglutinin bound to the CD46 receptor. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2009; 17:124-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.1726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Mewes J, Verheijen K, Montgomery BC, Stafford JL. Stimulatory catfish leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) demonstrate a unique ability to associate with adaptor signaling proteins and participate in the formation of homo- and heterodimers. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:318-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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39
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Essential function for SAP family adaptors in the surveillance of hematopoietic cells by natural killer cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:973-80. [PMID: 19648922 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The adaptors SAP, EAT-2 and ERT are specific to cells of the immune system and belong to the SAP family. All three are expressed in natural killer (NK) cells. Here we examined the global function of the SAP family using mice lacking SAP, EAT-2 and ERT. These adaptors acted together in a mechanism that was essential for the elimination of hematopoietic but not nonhematopoietic cells by NK cells. This function was mediated by many receptors of the SLAM family on NK cells that were engaged by ligands found solely on hematopoietic cells. In the absence of SAP-related adaptors, SLAM receptors lost their activating function and became inhibitory receptors that repressed other activating receptors, such as NKG2D. Hence, the SAP family is essential for the elimination of unwanted hematopoietic cells by NK cells.
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Chattopadhyay K, Lazar-Molnar E, Yan Q, Rubinstein R, Zhan C, Vigdorovich V, Ramagopal UA, Bonanno J, Nathenson SG, Almo SC. Sequence, structure, function, immunity: structural genomics of costimulation. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:356-86. [PMID: 19426233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00778.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Costimulatory receptors and ligands trigger the signaling pathways that are responsible for modulating the strength, course, and duration of an immune response. High-resolution structures have provided invaluable mechanistic insights by defining the chemical and physical features underlying costimulatory receptor:ligand specificity, affinity, oligomeric state, and valency. Furthermore, these structures revealed general architectural features that are important for the integration of these interactions and their associated signaling pathways into overall cellular physiology. Recent technological advances in structural biology promise unprecedented opportunities for furthering our understanding of the structural features and mechanisms that govern costimulation. In this review, we highlight unique insights that have been revealed by structures of costimulatory molecules from the immunoglobulin and tumor necrosis factor superfamilies and describe a vision for future structural and mechanistic analysis of costimulation. This vision includes simple strategies for the selection of candidate molecules for structure determination and highlights the critical role of structure in the design of mutant costimulatory molecules for the generation of in vivo structure-function correlations in a mammalian model system. This integrated 'atoms-to-animals' paradigm provides a comprehensive approach for defining atomic and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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41
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Biassoni R. Human natural killer receptors, co-receptors, and their ligands. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 14:14.10.1-14.10.40. [PMID: 19235767 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1410s84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. Our laboratory has contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. Only in the last ten years has it become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, leading to an appreciation of the existence of a cellular interaction network between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This report reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
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42
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SLAM receptors and SAP influence lymphocyte interactions, development and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:39-46. [PMID: 19079134 DOI: 10.1038/nri2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that affect the adaptor molecule SLAM-associated protein (SAP) underlie the primary immunodeficiency disease X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. SAP is required for mediating signals from members of the signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of immunomodulatory receptors. Recent data have highlighted a role for SAP in the development of innate-like T-cell lineages, including natural killer T cells, and in the regulation of the interactions between B cells and T cells that are required for germinal-centre formation and long-term humoral immunity. These data have revealed that SLAM family members and SAP have crucial roles in regulating lymphocyte interactions and adhesion, which are required for the normal development, homeostasis and function of the immune system.
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Ohishi K, Ando A, Suzuki R, Takishita K, Kawato M, Katsumata E, Ohtsu D, Okutsu K, Tokutake K, Miyahara H, Nakamura H, Murayama T, Maruyama T. Host-virus specificity of morbilliviruses predicted by structural modeling of the marine mammal SLAM, a receptor. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 33:227-41. [PMID: 19027953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) is thought to be a major cellular receptor for high-host specificity morbilliviruses, which cause devastating and highly infectious diseases in mammals. We determined the sequences of SLAM cDNA from five species of marine mammal, including two cetaceans, two pinnipeds and one sirenian, and generated three-dimensional models to understand the receptor-virus interaction. Twenty-one amino acid residues in the immunoglobulin-like V domains of the SLAMs were shown to bind the viral protein. Notably, the sequences from pinnipeds and dogs were highly homologous, which is consistent with the fact that canine distemper virus was previously shown to cause a mass die-off of seals. Among these twenty-one residues, eight (63, 66, 68, 72, 84, 119, 121 and 130) were shared by animal groups susceptible to a particular morbillivirus species. This set of residues appears to determine host-virus specificity and may be useful for risk estimation for morbilliviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Ohishi
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Calpe S, Wang N, Romero X, Berger SB, Lanyi A, Engel P, Terhorst C. The SLAM and SAP gene families control innate and adaptive immune responses. Adv Immunol 2008; 97:177-250. [PMID: 18501771 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nine SLAM-family genes, SLAMF1-9, a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily, encode differentially expressed cell-surface receptors of hematopoietic cells. Engagement with their ligands, which are predominantly homotypic, leads to distinct signal transduction events, for instance those that occur in the T or NK cell immune synapse. Upon phosphorylation of one or more copies of a unique tyrosine-based signaling motif in their cytoplasmic tails, six of the SLAM receptors recruit the highly specific single SH2-domain adapters SLAM-associated protein (SAP), EAT-2A, and/or EAT-2B. These adapters in turn bind to the tyrosine kinase Fyn and/or other protein tyrosine kinases connecting the receptors to signal transduction networks. Individuals deficient in the SAP gene, SH2D1A, develop an immunodeficiency syndrome: X-linked lympho-proliferative disease. In addition to operating in the immune synapse, SLAM receptors initiate or partake in multiple effector functions of hematopoietic cells, for example, neutrophil and macrophage killing and platelet aggregation. Here we discuss the current understanding of the structure and function of these recently discovered receptors and adapter molecules in the regulation of adaptive and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calpe
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Bryceson YT, Long EO. Line of attack: NK cell specificity and integration of signals. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:344-52. [PMID: 18439809 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells possess potent cytolytic activity and secrete immune modulating cytokines. The large repertoire of NK cell receptors provides versatility for the identification of infected and transformed cells and for their elimination by NK cells. NK cell responses also stimulate and regulate the adaptive arm of the immune system. We review current knowledge about the molecular specificity of NK cell receptors and about the regulation of NK cell effector functions upon encounter with target cells. Mechanisms of recognition, interplay among receptors, signal integration, and the dynamic fine-tuning of NK cell responses are discussed. New insights into the molecular checkpoints for NK cell effector function are highlighted, and underlying reasons for the complexity in NK cell recognition and signaling are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan T Bryceson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Structure of the measles virus H glycoprotein sheds light on an efficient vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:20639-40. [PMID: 18087048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709995105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Crystal structure of measles virus hemagglutinin provides insight into effective vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19535-40. [PMID: 18003910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707830104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles still remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Measles virus (MV) vaccines are highly successful, but the mechanism underlying their efficacy has been unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of the MV attachment protein, hemagglutinin, responsible for MV entry. The receptor-binding head domain exhibits a cubic-shaped beta-propeller structure and forms a homodimer. N-linked sugars appear to mask the broad regions and cause the two molecules forming the dimer to tilt oppositely toward the horizontal plane. Accordingly, residues of the putative receptor-binding site, highly conserved among MV strains, are strategically positioned in the unshielded area of the protein. These conserved residues also serve as epitopes for neutralizing antibodies, ensuring the serological monotype, a basis for effective MV vaccines. Our findings suggest that sugar moieties in the MV hemagglutinin critically modulate virus-receptor interaction as well as antiviral antibody responses, differently from sugars of the HIV gp120, which allow for immune evasion.
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Consequence of the SLAM-SAP Signaling Pathway in Innate-like and Conventional Lymphocytes. Immunity 2007; 27:698-710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Aricescu AR, Jones EY. Immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules: zippers and signals. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2007; 19:543-50. [PMID: 17935964 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The latest structural studies of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules are driving a shift in perspective; increasingly the view is not focused solely on the individual molecule but rather is on the molecular assembly. Two common themes are emerging, revealing mechanisms for ectodomain-dependent regulation of cell surface receptors' signalling abilities. The first is the propensity of many such molecules to arrange in zipper-type or array-type assemblies driven by a network of highly specific cis and trans interactions. The second is the use of the extracellular dimensions of a molecule or adhesion complex as properties which, in combination with characteristic intercellular spacings, can determine the co-localisation or exclusion of particular protein populations at cell interfaces and junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Radu Aricescu
- Cancer Research UK Receptor Structure Research Group, Division of Structural Biology, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Velikovsky CA, Deng L, Chlewicki LK, Fernández MM, Kumar V, Mariuzza RA. Structure of natural killer receptor 2B4 bound to CD48 reveals basis for heterophilic recognition in signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family. Immunity 2007; 27:572-84. [PMID: 17950006 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells eliminate virally infected and tumor cells. Among the receptors regulating NK cell function is 2B4 (CD244), a member of the signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule (SLAM) family that binds CD48. 2B4 is the only heterophilic receptor of the SLAM family, whose other members, e.g., NK-T-B-antigen (NTB-A), are self-ligands. We determined the structure of the complex between the N-terminal domains of mouse 2B4 and CD48, as well as the structures of unbound 2B4 and CD48. The complex displayed an association mode related to, yet distinct from, that of the NTB-A dimer. Binding was accompanied by the rigidification of flexible 2B4 regions containing most of the polymorphic residues across different species and receptor isoforms. We propose a model for 2B4-CD48 interactions that permits the intermixing of SLAM receptors with major histocompatibility complex-specific receptors in the NK cell immune synapse. This analysis revealed the basis for heterophilic recognition within the SLAM family.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alejandro Velikovsky
- Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology, W.M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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