Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism

New insight in treating autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy

Autophagy is a highly conserved biological process in eukaryotes, which degrades cellular misfolded proteins, damaged organelles and invasive pathogens in the lysosome-dependent manner. Autoimmune diseases caused by genetic elements, environments and aberrant immune responses severely impact patients' living quality and even threaten life. Recently, numerous studies have reported autophagy can regulate immune responses, and play an important role in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarised the features of autophagy and autophagy-related genes, enumerated some autophagy-related genes involved in autoimmune diseases, and further overviewed how to treat autoimmune diseases through targeting autophagy. Finally, we outlooked the prospect of relieving and curing autoimmune diseases by targeting autophagy pathway.

Empagliflozin alleviates neuroinflammation by inhibiting astrocyte activation in the brain and regulating gut microbiota of high-fat diet mice

A high-fat diet can modify the composition of gut microbiota, resulting in dysbiosis. Changes in gut microbiota composition can lead to increased permeability of the gut barrier, allowing bacterial products like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to enter circulation. This process can initiate systemic inflammation and contribute to neuroinflammation. Empagliflozin (EF), an SGLT2 inhibitor-type hypoglycemic drug, has been reported to treat neuroinflammation. However, there is a lack of evidence showing that EF regulates the gut microbiota axis to control neuroinflammation in HFD models. In this study, we explored whether EF could improve neuroinflammation caused by an HFD via regulation of the gut microbiota and the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. Our data revealed that EF alleviates pathological brain injury, reduces the reactive proliferation of astrocytes, and increases the expression of synaptophysin. In addition, the levels of inflammatory factors in hippocampal tissue were significantly decreased after EF intervention. Subsequently, the results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that EF could change the microbial community structure of mice, indicating that the abundance of Lactococcus, Ligilactobacillus and other microbial populations decreased dramatically. Therefore, EF alleviates neuroinflammation by inhibiting gut microbiota-mediated astrocyte activation in the brains of high-fat diet-fed mice. Our study focused on the gut-brain axis, and broader research on neuroinflammation can provide a more holistic understanding of the mechanisms driving neurodegenerative diseases and inform the development of effective strategies to mitigate their impact on brain health. The results provide strong evidence supporting the larger clinical application of EF.

A "dual-key-and-lock" platform for distinguishing autophagy during neuroinflammation

Autophagy is an essential degradative process that governs the renewal of organelle and maintains the homeostasis of cellular microenvironment. Its dysregulation has been demonstrated to be an indicator for neuroinflammation. To elucidate the interrelationship between neuroinflammation and autophagy, optical probes are ideal tools as they offer a number of advantages such as high spatiotemporal resolution and non-invasive sensing, which help to visualize the physiological and pathological functions of interested analytes. However, single autophagy parameter-response probes may generate false-positive results since they cannot distinguish between neuroinflammation and other autophagic stimuli. In contrast, chemosensors that respond to two (or more) targets can improve selectivity by qualifying response conditions. Herein, a "dual-key-and-lock" strategy was applied to construct probe (Vis-NO) to selectively recognize autophagy under inflammation out of other stimuli. The red fluorescence of Vis-NO was lit up only in the simultaneously presence of high viscosity and nitric oxide (NO) in lysosome. Due to the characteristics of high viscosity and overexpressed NO within lysosomes, Vis-NO could be used to selectively identify autophagy during neuroinflammation, providing expanding insights into the interrelationship between autophagy, neuroinflammation and stroke in pathology, and informing about the mechanisms through which autophagy regulates inflammation.

Autophagy: A potential target for natural products in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease primarily affecting the mucosa of the colon and rectum. UC is characterized by recurrent episodes, often necessitating lifelong medication use, imposing a significant burden on patients. Current conventional and advanced treatments for UC have the disadvantages of insufficient efficiency, susceptibility to drug resistance, and notable adverse effects. Therefore, developing effective and safe drugs has become an urgent need. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that plays an important role in intestinal homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant autophagy is involved in the development of UC, and modulating autophagy can effectively alleviate experimental colitis. A growing number of studies have established that autophagy can interplay with endoplasmic reticulum stress, gut microbiota, apoptosis, and the NLRP3 inflammasome, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. In addition, a variety of intestinal epithelial cells, including absorptive cells, goblet cells, and Paneth cells, as well as other cell types like neutrophils, antigen-presenting cells, and stem cells in the gut, mediate the development of UC through autophagy. To date, many studies have found that natural products hold the potential to exert therapeutic effects on UC by regulating autophagy. This review focuses on the possible effects and pharmacological mechanisms of natural products to alleviate UC with autophagy as a potential target in recent years, aiming to provide a basis for new drug development.

Rosmarinic acid alleviates fungal keratitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus by inducing macrophage autophagy

Fungal keratitis (FK) is an infectious keratopathy can cause serious damage to vision. Its severity is related to the virulence of fungus and response of inflammatory. Rosmarinic acid (RA) extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of RA on macrophage autophagy and its therapeutic effect on FK. In this study, we demonstrated that RA reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokine, lessened the recruitment of inflammatory cells in FK. The relative contents of autophagy markers, such as LC3 and Beclin-1, were significantly up-regulated in RAW 264.7 cells and FK. In addition, RA restored mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of macrophage to normal level. RA not only reduced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also mitochondria ROS (mtROS) in macrophage. At the same time, RA induced macrophage to M2 phenotype and down-regulated the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α. All the above effects could be offset by the autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA). Besides, RA promote phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 cells and inhibits spore germination, biofilm formation and conidial adherence, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for RA in FK.

Inflammatory suppression and immunity regulation benefits of honokiol in a rat model of acute peritonitis via the regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome and Sirt1/autophagy axis

BACKGROUND

NLRP3 inflammasome and Sirt1/autophagy axis are potential targets for advancing acute peritonitis (AP). Honokiol (HNK), a bioactive substance, has the potential to improve AP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The AP model rats were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Rats were randomized into the Sham, Sham+HNK, CLP, and CLP+HNK groups. The therapeutic effects of HNK on organ infection, inflammation and immunity were observed in AP rats. The inflammation of RAW 264.7 cells was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and divided into the Control, HNK, LPS, and LPS+HNK groups. The effects of HNK on immunity and inflammation were observed. Moreover, the inflammatory cell model was further transfected with NLRP3 overexpressing plasmid, and the regulatory effect of HNK on NLRP3 in AP cells was detected.

RESULTS

HNK treatment improved survival, biochemical indexes, and lung and kidney injury and inhibited inflammatory cytokine release and bacterial infection in CLP rats. In CLP rats and RAW 264.7 cells, HNK treatment improved the release of the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, decreased the associated proteins' levels of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and activated the expression of proteins in the Sirt1/autophagy axis. It improved viability and reduced apoptosis and the degrees of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA in RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, HNK treatment antagonized the effect of NLRP3-overexpressed on inflammation and immunity.

CONCLUSIONS

HNK improved AP by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome and activating the Sirt1 autophagy axis in vivo and in vitro.

Shenfu injection targets the PI3K-AKT pathway to regulate autophagy and apoptosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by sepsis

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an exaggerated response to infection. In the lungs, one of the most susceptible organs, this can manifest as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Shenfu (SF) injection is a prominent traditional Chinese medicine used to treat sepsis. However, the exact mechanism of its action has rarely been reported in the literature.

PURPOSE

In the present study, we detected the protective effect of SF injection on sepsis-induced ARDS and explored its underlying mechanism.

METHODS

We investigated the potential targets and regulatory mechanisms of SF injections using a combination of network pharmacology and RNA sequencing. This study was conducted both in vivo and in vitro using a mouse model of ARDS and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MLE-12 cells, respectively.

RESULTS

The results showed that SF injection could effectively inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis to alleviate LPS-induced ARDS. SF inhibited the PI3K-AKT pathway, which controls autophagy and apoptosis. Subsequently, MLE-12 cells were treated with 3-methyladenine to assess its effects on autophagy and apoptosis. Additional experiments were conducted by adding rapamycin, an mTOR antagonist, or SC79, an AKT agonist, to investigate the effects of SF injection on autophagy, apoptosis, and the PI3K-AKT pathway.

CONCLUSION

Overall, we found that SF administration could enhance autophagic activity, reduce apoptosis, suppress inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, and inhibit the PI3K-AKT pathway, thus ameliorating sepsis-induced ARDS.

Compound probiotics regulate the NRF2 antioxidant pathway to inhibit aflatoxin B1-induced autophagy in mouse Sertoli TM4 cells

This study investigated the effects of compound probiotics (CP) on AFB1-induced cytotoxicity in Sertoli TM4 cells. The L9 (3 × 3) orthogonal test was conducted to determine the optimal CP required for high AFB1 degradation in the artificial gastrointestinal fluid in vitro. The maximal AFB1 degradation rate was 40.55 % (P < 0.05) when the final viable count was 1.0 × 105 CFU/mL for Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casein, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effects of CP and the CP supernatant (CPS) on TM4 cell viability were evaluated to achieve the optimal protective conditions. When CPS4 (corresponding to CP viable counts of 1.0 × 104 CFU/mL) was added to the TM4 cells for 24 h, the cell viability reached 108.86 % (P < 0.05). AFB1 reduced TM4 cell viability in a concentration- and time-dependent manner at an AFB1 concentration ranging from 0 to 1.5 μM after 48-h AFB1 exposure. The optimal AFB1 concentration/times for low- and high damage models were 0.5 and 1.25 μM both for 24 h, which decreased viability to 76.04 % and 65.35 %, respectively. however, CPS4 added to low- and high-damage models increased the cell viability to 97.43 % and 75.12 %, respectively (P < 0.05). Transcriptome sequencing was performed based on the following designed groups: the control, 0.5 μM AFB1, 1.25 μM AFB1, CPS4, and CPS4+0.5 μM AFB1. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was further performed to identify significantly enriched signaling pathways, which were subsequently verified. It was shown that AFB1 induced apoptosis by blocking the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and upregulating autophagy proteins such as LC3B, Beclin1, and ATG5 while inhibiting autophagic flux. CPS4 promoted AFB1 degradation, activated the p62-NRF2 antioxidant, and inhibited ROS/TRPML1 pathways, thereby reducing ROS production and inflammation and ultimately alleviating AFB1-induced autophagy and apoptosis. These findings supports the potential of probiotics to protect the male reproductive system from toxin damage.

A detective story of intermittent fasting effect on immunity

Intermittent fasting (IF) refers to periodic fasting routines, that caloric intake is minimized not by meal portion size reduction but by intermittently eliminating ingestion of one or several consecutive meals. IF can instigate comprehensive and multifaceted alterations in energy metabolism, these metabolic channels may aboundingly function as primordial mechanisms that interface with the immune system, instigating intricate immune transformations. This review delivers a comprehensive understanding of IF, paying particular attention to its influence on the immune system, thus seeking to bridge these two research domains. We explore how IF effects lipid metabolism, hormonal levels, circadian rhythm, autophagy, oxidative stress, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier integrity, and conjecture about the mechanisms orchestrating the intersect between these factors and the immune system. Moreover, the review includes research findings on the implications of IF on the immune system and patients burdened with autoimmune diseases.

Host-directed therapy with amiodarone in preclinical models restricts mycobacterial infection and enhances autophagy

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as well as nontuberculous mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens whose treatment is extensive and increasingly impaired due to the rise of mycobacterial drug resistance. The loss of antibiotic efficacy has raised interest in the identification of host-directed therapeutics (HDT) to develop novel treatment strategies for mycobacterial infections. In this study, we identified amiodarone as a potential HDT candidate that inhibited both intracellular Mtb and Mycobacterium avium in primary human macrophages without directly impairing bacterial growth, thereby confirming that amiodarone acts in a host-mediated manner. Moreover, amiodarone induced the formation of (auto)phagosomes and enhanced autophagic targeting of mycobacteria in macrophages. The induction of autophagy by amiodarone is likely due to enhanced transcriptional regulation, as the nuclear intensity of the transcription factor EB, the master regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, was strongly increased. Furthermore, blocking lysosomal degradation with bafilomycin impaired the host-beneficial effect of amiodarone. Finally, amiodarone induced autophagy and reduced bacterial burden in a zebrafish embryo model of tuberculosis, thereby confirming the HDT activity of amiodarone in vivo. In conclusion, we have identified amiodarone as an autophagy-inducing antimycobacterial HDT that improves host control of mycobacterial infections.

IMPORTANCE

Due to the global rise in antibiotic resistance, there is a strong need for alternative treatment strategies against intracellular bacterial infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Stimulating host defense mechanisms by host-directed therapy (HDT) is a promising approach for treating mycobacterial infections. This study identified amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent, as a potential HDT candidate that inhibits the survival of Mtb and Mycobacterium avium in primary human macrophages. The antimycobacterial effect of amiodarone was confirmed in an in vivo tuberculosis model based on Mycobacterium marinum infection of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, amiodarone induced autophagy and inhibition of the autophagic flux effectively impaired the host-protective effect of amiodarone, supporting that activation of the host (auto)phagolysosomal pathway is essential for the mechanism of action of amiodarone. In conclusion, we have identified amiodarone as an autophagy-inducing HDT that improves host control of a wide range of mycobacteria.

Extracellular NCOA4 is a mediator of septic death by activating the AGER-NFKB pathway

Sepsis, a life-threatening condition resulting from a dysregulated response to pathogen infection, poses a significant challenge in clinical management. Here, we report a novel role for the autophagy receptor NCOA4 in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Activated macrophages and monocytes secrete NCOA4, which acts as a mediator of septic death in mice. Mechanistically, lipopolysaccharide, a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, induces NCOA4 secretion through autophagy-dependent lysosomal exocytosis mediated by ATG5 and MCOLN1. Moreover, bacterial infection with E. coli or S. enterica leads to passive release of NCOA4 during GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Upon release, extracellular NCOA4 triggers the activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NFKB/NF-κB by promoting the degradation of NFKBIA/IκB molecules. This process is dependent on the pattern recognition receptor AGER, rather than TLR4. In vivo studies employing endotoxemia and polymicrobial sepsis mouse models reveal that a monoclonal neutralizing antibody targeting NCOA4 or AGER delays animal death, protects against organ damage, and attenuates systemic inflammation. Furthermore, elevated plasma NCOA4 levels in septic patients, particularly in non-survivors, correlate positively with the sequential organ failure assessment score and concentrations of lactate and proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF, IL1B, IL6, and HMGB1. These findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of extracellular NCOA4 in inflammation, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for severe infectious diseases.

Cold exposure-induced plasma exosomes impair bone mass by inhibiting autophagy

Recently, environmental temperature has been shown to regulate bone homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which cold exposure affects bone mass remain unclear. In our present study, we observed that exposure to cold temperature (CT) decreased bone mass and quality in mice. Furthermore, a transplant of exosomes derived from the plasma of mice exposed to cold temperature (CT-EXO) can also impair the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and decrease bone mass by inhibiting autophagic activity. Rapamycin, a potent inducer of autophagy, can reverse cold exposure or CT-EXO-induced bone loss. Microarray sequencing revealed that cold exposure increases the miR-25-3p level in CT-EXO. Mechanistic studies showed that miR-25-3p can inhibit the osteogenic differentiation and autophagic activity of BMSCs. It is shown that inhibition of exosomes release or downregulation of miR-25-3p level can suppress CT-induced bone loss. This study identifies that CT-EXO mediates CT-induced osteoporotic effects through miR-25-3p by inhibiting autophagy via targeting SATB2, presenting a novel mechanism underlying the effect of cold temperature on bone mass.

Selective autophagy receptor p62 promotes antibacterial and antiviral immunity in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) is a selective autophagy adapter protein that participates in antiviral and bacterial immune responses and plays an important regulatory role in clearing the proteins to be degraded and maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. In this study, two p62 genes were cloned from common carp (Cyprinus carpio), namely Ccp62-1 and Ccp62-2, and conducted bioinformatics analysis on them. The results showed that Ccp62s had the same structural domain (Phox and Bem1 domain, ZZ-type zinc finger domain, and ubiquitin-associated domain) as p62 from other species. Ccp62s were widely expressed in various tissues of fish, and highly expressed in immune organs such as gills, spleen, head kidney, etc. Subcellular localization study showed that they were mainly distributed in punctate aggregates in the cytoplasm. After stimulation with Aeromonas hydrophila and spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), the expression level of Ccp62s was generally up-regulated. Overexpression of Ccp62s in EPC cells could inhibit SVCV replication. Upon A. hydrophila challenge, the bacterial load in Ccp62s-overexpressing group was significantly reduced, the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon factors were increased, and the survival rate of the fish was improved. These results indicated that Ccp62s were involved in the immune response of common carp to bacterial and viral infections.

Autophagic degradation of DHCR7 activates AKT3 and promotes sevoflurane-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation in neonatal mice

Repeated sevoflurane exposure in neonatal mice triggers neuroinflammation with detrimental effects on cognitive function. Yet, the mechanism of the sevoflurane-induced cytokine response is largely unknown. In this study, we reveal that 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, attenuated the sevoflurane-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction, including the decreased freezing time and fewer platform crossings, in the neonate mice. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) suppressed sevoflurane-induced expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro. Moreover, sevoflurane activates IRF3, facilitating cytokine transcription in an AKT3-dependent manner. Mechanistically, sevoflurane-induced autophagic degradation of dehydrocholesterol-reductase-7 (DHCR7) resulted in accumulations of its substrate 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), mimicking the effect of sevoflurane on AKT3 activation and IRF3-driven cytokine expression. 3-MA significantly reversed sevoflurane-induced DHCR7 degradation, AKT phosphorylation, IRF3 activation, and the accumulation of 7-DHC in the hippocampal CA1 region. These findings pave the way for additional investigations aimed at developing novel strategies to mitigate postoperative cognitive impairment in pediatric patients.

Hsa-miR-342-3p and hsa-miR-360 may be the key molecules that promote periodontitis in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background

Periodontitis (PD) has been acknowledged as a complication associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the precise mechanism through which T2DM fosters the development of PD remains elusive. Our objective is to elucidate the connection between these two conditions by conducting bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

In this study, we analyzed miRNA datasets pertaining to T2DM and PD sourced from GEO. Through differential expression analysis, we identified common differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) and subsequently analyzed the functional enrichment of these common DE-miRNAs. We further leveraged the PD transcriptome database to select DE-miRNA-targeted mRNAs and examined their association with immune infiltration. Finally, machine learning was used to further screen hub DE-miRNA-targeted mRNAs and validate our data in external datasets.

Results

Two common DE-miRNAs, namely hsa-miR-342-3p and hsa-miR-360, were identified from the miRNA datasets of PD and T2DM. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that these two common DE-miRNAs predominantly participate in Ras, PI3K-Akt, p53, and MAPK signaling pathways. Integration of the PD transcriptome dataset revealed a total of 21 DE-miRNA-targeted mRNAs in PD, with strong correlations observed with plasma cells and dendritic cells. Finally, three hub DE-miRNA-targeted mRNAs (hsa-miR-342-3p-/hsa-miR-360-RASAL2, hsa-miR-360-ENTPD1/PLXDC2) were identified. ENTPD1 exhibited a robust positive correlation with plasma cells and a negative correlation with resting dendritic cells.

Conclusions

Therefore, hsa-miR-342-3p-/hsa-miR-360-RASAL2, as well as hsa-miR-360-ENTPD1/PLXDC2, may serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for T2DM-associated PD.

m6A epitranscriptomic modification of inflammation in cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is currently the number one cause of death endangering human health. There is currently a large body of research showing that the development of cardiovascular disease and its complications is often accompanied by inflammatory processes. In recent years, epitranscriptional modifications have been shown to be involved in regulating the pathophysiological development of inflammation in cardiovascular diseases, with 6-methyladenine being one of the most common RNA transcriptional modifications. In this review, we link different cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, with inflammation and describe the regulatory processes involved in RNA methylation. Advances in RNA methylation research have revealed the close relationship between the regulation of transcriptome modifications and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases and brought potential therapeutic targets for disease diagnosis and treatment. At the same time, we also discussed different cell aspects. In addition, in the article we also describe the different application aspects and clinical pathways of RNA methylation therapy. In summary, this article reviews the mechanism, regulation and disease treatment effects of m6A modification on inflammation and inflammatory cells in cardiovascular diseases in recent years. We will discuss issues facing the field and new opportunities that may be the focus of future research.

The interplay between mitophagy and mitochondrial ROS in acute lung injury

Mitochondria orchestrate the production of new mitochondria and the removal of damaged ones to dynamically maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through constant biogenesis and clearance mechanisms. Mitochondrial quality control particularly relies on mitophagy, defined as selective autophagy with mitochondria-targeting specificity. Most ROS are derived from mitochondria, and the physiological concentration of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) is no longer considered a useless by-product, as it has been proven to participate in immune and autophagy pathway regulation. However, excessive mtROS appears to be a pathogenic factor in several diseases, including acute lung injury (ALI). The interplay between mitophagy and mtROS is complex and closely related to ALI. Here, we review the pathways of mitophagy, the intricate relationship between mitophagy and mtROS, the role of mtROS in the pathogenesis of ALI, and their effects and related progression in ALI induced by different conditions.

Entire expressed peripheral blood transcriptome in pediatric severe malarial anemia

This study on severe malarial anemia (SMA: Hb < 6.0 g/dL), a leading global cause of childhood morbidity and mortality, compares the entire expressed whole blood host transcriptome between Kenyan children (3-48 mos.) with non-SMA (Hb ≥ 6.0 g/dL, n = 39) and SMA (n = 18). Differential expression analyses reveal 1403 up-regulated and 279 down-regulated transcripts in SMA, signifying impairments in host inflammasome activation, cell death, and innate immune and cellular stress responses. Immune cell profiling shows decreased memory responses, antigen presentation, and immediate pathogen clearance, suggesting an immature/improperly regulated immune response in SMA. Module repertoire analysis of blood-specific gene signatures identifies up-regulation of erythroid genes, enhanced neutrophil activation, and impaired inflammatory responses in SMA. Enrichment analyses converge on disruptions in cellular homeostasis and regulatory pathways for the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and heme metabolism. Pathway analyses highlight activation in response to hypoxic conditions [Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1 target and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) signaling] as a central theme in SMA. These signaling pathways are also top-ranking in protein abundance measures and a Ugandan SMA cohort with available transcriptomic data. Targeted RNA-Seq validation shows strong concordance with our entire expressed transcriptome data. These findings identify key molecular themes in SMA pathogenesis, offering potential targets for new malaria therapies.

Proteomics identifies hypothermia induced adiponectin protects corneal endothelial cells via AMPK mediated autophagy in phacoemulsification

AIM

To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of hypothermic perfusion on the corneal endothelium during phacoemulsification.

METHODS

Phacoemulsification was performed on New Zealand white rabbits. Perfusate at different temperatures was used during the operation, and the aqueous humor was collected for proteomic sequencing after the operation. Corneal endothelial cell injury was simulated by a corneal endothelial cell oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in vitro. Flow cytometry and evaluation of fluorescent LC3B puncta were used to detect apoptosis and autophagy, and western blotting was used to detect protein expression.

RESULTS

A total of 381 differentially expressed proteins were identified between the two groups. In vitro, 4 ℃ hypothermia significantly reduced apoptosis and promoted autophagy. Apoptosis increased after autophagy was inhibited by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA). Furthermore, adiponectin (ADIPOQ) knockdown inhibited phospho-AMPK and blocked the protective effect of hypothermia on corneal endothelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

We investigated the differential expression of proteins between the hypothermia group and normothermia group by proteomics. Moreover, hypothermia-induced ADIPOQ can reduce apoptosis by promoting AMPK-mediated autophagy.

Lysosomal control of the cGAS-STING signaling

The cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has a crucial role in combating pathogen infection. However, its aberrant activation is involved in several human disorders. Lysosomes are emerging as key negative regulators of cGAS-STING signaling. Here, we discuss the lysosomal control of cGAS-STING signaling and its implication in human disorders.

Host Cell Death and Modulation of Immune Response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), a prevalent infectious disease affecting populations worldwide. A classic trait of TB pathology is the formation of granulomas, which wall off the pathogen, via the innate and adaptive immune systems. Some key players involved include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), foamy macrophages, type I interferons (IFNs), and reactive oxygen species, which may also show overlap with cell death pathways. Additionally, host cell death is a primary method for combating and controlling Mtb within the body, a process which is influenced by both host and bacterial factors. These cell death modalities have distinct molecular mechanisms and pathways. Programmed cell death (PCD), encompassing apoptosis and autophagy, typically confers a protective response against Mtb by containing the bacteria within dead macrophages, facilitating their phagocytosis by uninfected or neighboring cells, whereas necrotic cell death benefits the pathogen, leading to the release of bacteria extracellularly. Apoptosis is triggered via intrinsic and extrinsic caspase-dependent pathways as well as caspase-independent pathways. Necrosis is induced via various pathways, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Given the pivotal role of host cell death pathways in host defense against Mtb, therapeutic agents targeting cell death signaling have been investigated for TB treatment. This review provides an overview of the diverse mechanisms underlying Mtb-induced host cell death, examining their implications for host immunity. Furthermore, it discusses the potential of targeting host cell death pathways as therapeutic and preventive strategies against Mtb infection.

Nanomaterials in crossroad of autophagy control in human cancers: Amplification of cell death mechanisms

Cancer is the result of genetic abnormalities that cause normal cells to grow into neoplastic cells. Cancer is characterized by several distinct features, such as uncontrolled cell growth, extensive spreading to other parts of the body, and the ability to resist treatment. The scientists have stressed the development of nanostructures as novel therapeutic options in suppressing cancer, in response to the emergence of resistance to standard medicines. One of the specific mechanisms with dysregulation during cancer is autophagy. Nanomaterials have the ability to specifically carry medications and genes, and they can also enhance the responsiveness of tumor cells to standard therapy while promoting drug sensitivity. The primary mechanism in this process relies on autophagosomes and their fusion with lysosomes to break down the components of the cytoplasm. While autophagy was initially described as a form of cellular demise, it has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in controlling metastasis, proliferation, and treatment resistance in human malignancies. The pharmacokinetic profile of autophagy modulators is poor, despite their development for use in cancer therapy. Consequently, nanoparticles have been developed for the purpose of delivering medications and autophagy modulators selectively and specifically to the cancer process. Furthermore, several categories of nanoparticles have demonstrated the ability to regulate autophagy, which plays a crucial role in defining the biological characteristics and response to therapy of tumor cells.

Relationship between the cGAS-STING and NF-κB pathways-role in neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity can cause a range of symptoms and disorders in humans, including neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, nerve conduction abnormalities, neuroinflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cognitive deficits. The cyclic guanosine-adenosine synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and NF-κB pathway are two important signaling pathways involved in the innate immune response. The cGAS-STING pathway is activated by the recognition of intracellular DNA, which triggers the production of type I interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor, IL-1β, and IL-6. These cytokines play a role in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. The NF-κB pathway is activated by various stimuli, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral particle components, and neurotoxins. NF-κB activation may lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote neuroinflammation and cause neuronal damage. A potential interaction exists between the cGAS-STING and NF-κB pathways, and NF-κB activation blocks STING degradation by inhibiting microtubule-mediated STING transport. This review examines the progress of research on the roles of these pathways in neurotoxicity and their interrelationships. Understanding the mechanisms of these pathways will provide valuable therapeutic insights for preventing and controlling neurotoxicity.

Autophagy in hepatic progenitor cells modulates exosomal miRNAs to inhibit liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis

Schistosoma infection is one of the major causes of liver fibrosis. Emerging roles of hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis have been identified. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism underlying the role of HPCs in liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis remains unclear. This study examined how autophagy in HPCs affects schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis by modulating exosomal miRNAs. The activation of HPCs was verified by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining in fibrotic liver from patients and mice with Schistosoma japonicum infection. By coculturing HPCs with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and assessing the autophagy level in HPCs by proteomic analysis and in vitro phenotypic assays, we found that impaired autophagy degradation in these activated HPCs was mediated by lysosomal dysfunction. Blocking autophagy by the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) significantly diminished liver fibrosis and granuloma formation in S. japonicum-infected mice. HPC-secreted extracellular vehicles (EVs) were further isolated and studied by miRNA sequencing. miR-1306-3p, miR-493-3p, and miR-34a-5p were identified, and their distribution into EVs was inhibited due to impaired autophagy in HPCs, which contributed to suppressing HSC activation. In conclusion, we showed that the altered autophagy process upon HPC activation may prevent liver fibrosis by modulating exosomal miRNA release and inhibiting HSC activation in schistosomiasis. Targeting the autophagy degradation process may be a therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis during Schistosoma infection.

PPARG-mediated autophagy activation alleviates inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis

INTRODUCTION

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and bone damage, that not only restricts patient activity but also tends to be accompanied by a series of complications, seriously affecting patient prognosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a receptor that controls cellular metabolism, regulates the function of immune cells and stromal cells. Previous studies have shown that PPARG is closely related to the regulation of inflammation. However, the role of PPARG in regulating the pathological processes of RA is poorly understood.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PPARG expression was examined in the synovial tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from RA patients and the paw of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model rats. Molecular biology experiments were designed to examine the effect of PPARG and cannabidiol (CBD) on RAW264.7 cells and CIA rats.

RESULTS

The results reveal that PPARG accelerates reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance by promoting autophagy, thereby inhibiting ROS-mediated macrophage polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Notably, CBD may be a promising candidate for understanding the mechanism by which PPARG regulates autophagy-mediated inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, these findings indicate that PPARG may have a role for distinguishing between RA patients and healthy control, and for distinguishing RA activity; moreover, PPARG could be a novel pharmacological target for alleviating RA through the mediation of autophagy. CBD can act as a PPARG agonist that alleviates the inflammatory progression of RA.

Cycloastragenol induces apoptosis and protective autophagy through AMPK/ULK1/mTOR axis in human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines

OBJECTIVE

Studies have demonstrated that cycloastragenol induces antitumor effects in prostate, colorectal and gastric cancers; however, its efficacy for inhibiting the proliferation of lung cancer cells is largely unexplored. This study explores the efficacy of cycloastragenol for inhibiting non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and elucidates the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

The effects of cycloastragenol on lung cancer cell proliferation were assessed using an adenosine triphosphate monitoring system based on firefly luciferase and clonogenic formation assays. Cycloastragenol-induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells was evaluated using dual staining flow cytometry with an annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide kit. To elucidate the role of cycloastragenol in the induction of apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins were examined using Western blots. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to determine whether cycloastragenol could induce autophagy in lung cancer cells. Genetic techniques, including small interfering RNA technology, were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The effects against lung cancer and biosafety of cycloastragenol were evaluated using a mouse subcutaneous tumor model.

RESULTS

Cycloastragenol triggered both autophagy and apoptosis. Specifically, cycloastragenol promoted apoptosis by facilitating the accumulation of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 (NOXA), a critical apoptosis-related protein. Moreover, cycloastragenol induced a protective autophagy response through modulation of the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase (ULK1)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.

CONCLUSION

Our study sheds new light on the antitumor efficacy and mechanism of action of cycloastragenol in NSCLC. This insight provides a scientific basis for exploring combination therapies that use cycloastragenol and inhibiting the AMPK/ULK1/mTOR pathway as a promising approach to combating lung cancer. Please cite this article as follows: Zhu LH, Liang YP, Yang L, Zhu F, Jia LJ, Li HG. Cycloastragenolinduces apoptosis and protective autophagy through AMPK/ULK1/mTOR axis in human non-small celllung cancer cell lines. J Integr Med. 2024: Epub ahead of print.

Discovery and validation of COX2 as a target of flavonoids in Apocyni Veneti Folium: Implications for the treatment of liver injury

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Apocyni Veneti Folium (AVF), a popular traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is known for its effects in soothing the liver and nerves and eliminating heat and water. It is relevant from an ethnopharmacological perspective. Pharmacological research has confirmed its benefits on antihypertension, antihyperlipidemia, antidepression, liver protection, immune system boosting, antiaging, and diabetic vascular lesions. Previous studies have shown that flavonoids, the active ingredients, have a hepatoprotective effect. However, the exact mechanism has not been clarified.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to identify the active flavonoids in AVF and their corresponding targets for liver injury. Multiple methods were introduced to confirm the targets.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

AVF compounds were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Then, network pharmacology was utilized to screen potential hepatoprotection targets of the compounds. An enzyme activity assay was performed to determine the effect of the compounds on the targets. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) was applied to confirm the direct interaction between the compounds and the targets.

RESULTS

A total of 71 compounds were identified by LC-MS and 19 compounds and 112 shared targets were screened using network pharmacology. These common targets were primarily involved in the TNF signaling pathway, cancer pathways, hepatitis B, drug responses, and negative regulation of the apoptotic process. Flavonoids were the primary pharmacological substance basis of AVF. The cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) protein was one of the direct targets of flavonoids in AVF. The enzyme activity assay and BLI-based intermolecular interactions demonstrated that the compounds astragalin, isoquercitrin, and hyperoside exhibited stronger inhibition of enzyme activity and a higher affinity with COX2 compared to epigallocatechin, quercetin, and catechin.

CONCLUSIONS

COX2 was preliminarily identified as a target of flavonoids, and the mechanism of the hepatoprotective effect of AVF might be linked to flavonoids inhibiting the activity of COX2. The findings can establish the foundation for future research on the traditional hepatoprotective effect of AVF on the liver and for clinical studies on liver disorders.

Everolimus alleviates CD4+ T cell inflammation by regulating autophagy and cellular redox homeostasis

Aging is associated with the onset and progression of multiple diseases, which limit health span. Chronic low-grade inflammation in the absence of overt infection is considered the simmering source that triggers age-associated diseases. Failure of many cellular processes during aging is mechanistically linked to inflammation; however, the overall decline in the cellular homeostasis mechanism of autophagy has emerged as one of the top and significant inducers of inflammation during aging, frequently known as inflammaging. Thus, physiological or pharmacological interventions aimed at improving autophagy are considered geroprotective. Rapamycin analogs (rapalogs) are known for their ability to inhibit mTOR and thus regulate autophagy. This study assessed the efficacy of everolimus, a rapalog, in regulating inflammatory cytokine production in T cells from older adults. CD4+ T cells from older adults were treated with a physiological dose of everolimus (0.01 µM), and indices of autophagy and inflammation were assessed to gain a mechanistic understanding of the effect of everolimus on inflammation. Everolimus (Ever) upregulated autophagy and broadly alleviated inflammatory cytokines produced by multiple T cell subsets. Everolimus's ability to alleviate the cytokines produced by Th17 subsets of T cells, such as IL-17A and IL-17F, was dependent on autophagy and antioxidant signaling pathways. Repurposing the antineoplastic drug everolimus for curbing inflammaging is promising, given the drug's ability to restore multiple cellular homeostasis mechanisms.

Autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) interacts with bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) to stimulate HBV replication through antagonizing the antiviral activity of BST2

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health burden with 820 000 deaths per year. In our previous study, we found that the knockdown of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) significantly upregulated the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) expression to exert the anti-HCV effect. However, the regulation of ATG5 on HBV replication and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we screened the altered expression of type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway genes using RT² Profiler™ PCR array following ATG5 knock-down and we found the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2) expression was significantly increased. We then verified the upregulation of BST2 by ATG5 knockdown using RT-qPCR and found that the knockdown of ATG5 activated the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway. ATG5 knockdown or BST2 overexpression decreased Hepatitis B core Antigen (HBcAg) protein, HBV DNA levels in cells and supernatants of HepAD38 and HBV-infected NTCP-HepG2. Knockdown of BST2 abrogated the anti-HBV effect of ATG5 knockdown. Furthermore, we found that ATG5 interacted with BST2, and further formed a ternary complex together with HBV-X (HBx). In conclusion, our finding indicates that ATG5 promotes HBV replication through decreasing BST2 expression and interacting with it directly to antagonize its antiviral function.

Interleukin-22 Alleviates Caerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis by Activating AKT/mTOR Pathway

BACKGROUND

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal disorders; due to the lack of specific treatment, the treatment of acute pancreatitis, especially serious acute pancreatitis (SAP), is difficult and challenging. We will observe the changes of Interleukin -22 levels in acute pancreatitis animal models, and explore the mechanism of Interleukin -22 in acute pancreatitis.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to assess the potential protective effect of Interleukin -22 on caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and to explore its mechanism.

METHODS

Blood levels of amylase and lipase and Interleukin -22 were assessed in mice with acute pancreatitis. In animal model and cell model of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, the mRNA levels of P62 and Beclin-1 were determined using PCR, and the protein expression of P62, LC3-II, mTOR, AKT, p-mTOR, and p-AKT were evaluated through Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Interleukin -22 administration reduced blood amylase and lipase levels and mitigated tissue damage in acute pancreatitis mice model. Interleukin -22 inhibited the relative mRNA levels of P62 and Beclin-1, and the Interleukin -22 group showed a decreased protein expression of LC3-II and P62 and the phosphorylation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, we obtained similar results in the cell model of acute pancreatitis.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that Interleukin -22 administration could alleviate pancreatic damage in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. This effect may result from the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway, leading to the inhibition of autophagy. Consequently, Interleukin -22 shows potential as a treatment.

Immune Dysregulation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease whose incidence increase with age and is characterised by chronic inflammation and significant immune dysregulation. Inhalation of toxic substances cause oxidative stress in the lung tissue as well as airway inflammation, under the recruitment of chemokines, immune cells gathered and are activated to play a defensive role. However, persistent inflammation damages the immune system and leads to immune dysregulation, which is mainly manifested in the reduction of the body's immune response to antigens, and immune cells function are impaired, further destroy the respiratory defensive system, leading to recurrent lower respiratory infections and progressive exacerbation of the disease, thus immune dysregulation play an important role in the pathogenesis of COPD. This review summarizes the changes of innate and adaptive immune-related cells during the pathogenesis of COPD, aiming to control COPD airway inflammation and improve lung tissue remodelling by regulating immune dysregulation, for further reducing the risk of COPD progression and opening new avenues of therapeutic intervention in COPD.

Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound: A Physical Stimulus with Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Potential

Ultrasound has expanded into the therapeutic field as a medical imaging and diagnostic technique. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a kind of therapeutic ultrasound that plays a vital role in promoting fracture healing, wound repair, immunomodulation, and reducing inflammation. Its anti-inflammatory effects are manifested by decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, accelerated regression of immune cell invasion, and accelerated damage repair. Although the anti-inflammatory mechanism of LIPUS is not very clear, many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that LIPUS may play its anti-inflammatory role by activating signaling pathways such as integrin/Focal adhesion kinase (FAK)/Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Serine threonine kinase (Akt), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), or inhibiting signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs)/Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and p38-Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). As a non-invasive physical therapy, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of LIPUS deserve further exploration.

Lipid metabolism disorder in diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a significant complication associated with diabetes mellitus, presents limited treatment options. The progression of DKD is marked by substantial lipid disturbances, including alterations in triglycerides, cholesterol, sphingolipids, phospholipids, lipid droplets, and bile acids (BAs). Altered lipid metabolism serves as a crucial pathogenic mechanism in DKD, potentially intertwined with cellular ferroptosis, lipophagy, lipid metabolism reprogramming, and immune modulation of gut microbiota (thus impacting the liver-kidney axis). The elucidation of these mechanisms opens new potential therapeutic pathways for DKD management. This research explores the link between lipid metabolism disruptions and DKD onset.

Investigating autophagy and intricate cellular mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma: Emphasis on cell death mechanism crosstalk

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as a formidable global health challenge due to its prevalence, marked by high mortality and morbidity rates. This cancer type exhibits a multifaceted etiology, prominently linked to viral infections, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and genomic mutations. The inherent heterogeneity of HCC, coupled with its proclivity for developing drug resistance, presents formidable obstacles to effective therapeutic interventions. Autophagy, a fundamental catabolic process, plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, responding to stressors such as nutrient deprivation. In the context of HCC, tumor cells exploit autophagy, either augmenting or impeding its activity, thereby influencing tumorigenesis. This comprehensive review underscores the dualistic role of autophagy in HCC, acting as both a pro-survival and pro-death mechanism, impacting the trajectory of tumorigenesis. The anti-carcinogenic potential of autophagy is evident in its ability to enhance apoptosis and ferroptosis in HCC cells. Pertinently, dysregulated autophagy fosters drug resistance in the carcinogenic context. Both genomic and epigenetic factors can regulate autophagy in HCC progression. Recognizing the paramount importance of autophagy in HCC progression, this review introduces pharmacological compounds capable of modulating autophagy-either inducing or inhibiting it, as promising avenues in HCC therapy.

RNA methylation patterns, immune characteristics, and autophagy-related mechanisms mediated by N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulatory factors in venous thromboembolism

Recent studies have found a link between deep vein thrombosis and inflammatory reactions. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a crucial element in immunological regulation, is believed to contribute to the pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, how the m6A-modified immune microenvironment is involved in VTE remains unclear. In the present study, we identified a relationship between VTE and the expression of several m6A regulatory elements by analyzing peripheral blood samples from 177 patients with VTE and 88 healthy controls from public GEO databases GSE19151 and GSE48000. We used machine learning to identify essential genes and constructed a diagnostic model for VTE using multivariate logistic regression. Unsupervised cluster analysis revealed a marked difference between m6A modification patterns in terms of immune cell infiltration, inflammatory reactivity, and autophagy. We identified two m6A-related autophagy genes (i.e., CHMP2B and SIRT1) and the crucial m6A regulator YTHDF3 using bioinformatics. We also examined two potential mechanisms through which YTHDF3 may affect VTE. m6A modification, immunity, and autophagy are closely linked in VTE, offering novel mechanistic and therapeutic insights.

Autophagy in Its (Proper) Context: Molecular Basis, Biological Relevance, Pharmacological Modulation, and Lifestyle Medicine

Autophagy plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to various stress conditions by the degradation of intracellular components. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive overview of autophagy's cellular and molecular basis, biological significance, pharmacological modulation, and its relevance in lifestyle medicine. We delve into the intricate molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy, including macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Moreover, we highlight the biological significance of autophagy in aging, immunity, metabolism, apoptosis, tissue differentiation and systemic diseases, such as neurodegenerative or cardiovascular diseases and cancer. We also discuss the latest advancements in pharmacological modulation of autophagy and their potential implications in clinical settings. Finally, we explore the intimate connection between lifestyle factors and autophagy, emphasizing how nutrition, exercise, sleep patterns and environmental factors can significantly impact the autophagic process. The integration of lifestyle medicine into autophagy research opens new avenues for promoting health and longevity through personalized interventions.

Single-cell and bulk RNAseq unveils the immune infiltration landscape and targeted therapeutic biomarkers of psoriasis

Background

Psoriasis represents a multifaceted and debilitating immune-mediated systemic ailment afflicting millions globally. Despite the continuous discovery of biomarkers associated with psoriasis, identifying lysosomal biomarkers, pivotal as cellular metabolic hubs, remains elusive.

Methods

We employed a combination of differential expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to initially identify lysosomal genes. Subsequently, to mitigate overfitting and eliminate collinear genes, we applied 12 machine learning algorithms to screen robust lysosomal genes. These genes underwent further refinement through random forest (RF) and Lasso algorithms to ascertain the final hub lysosomal genes. To assess their predictive efficacy, we conducted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and verified the expression of diagnostic biomarkers at both bulk and single-cell levels. Furthermore, we utilized single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), CIBERSORT, and Pearson's correlation analysis to elucidate the association between immune phenotypes and hub lysosomal genes in psoriatic samples. Finally, employing the Cellchat algorithm, we explored potential mechanisms underlying the participation of these hub lysosomal genes in cell-cell communication.

Results

Functional enrichment analyses revealed a close association between psoriasis and lysosomal functions. Subsequent intersection analysis identified 19 key lysosomal genes, derived from DEGs, phenotypic genes of WGCNA, and lysosomal gene sets. Following the exclusion of collinear genes, we identified 11 robust genes, further refined through RF and Lasso, yielding 3 hub lysosomal genes (S100A7, SERPINB13, and PLBD1) closely linked to disease occurrence, with high predictive capability for disease diagnosis. Concurrently, we validated their relative expression in separate bulk datasets and single-cell datasets. A nomogram based on these hub genes may offer clinical advantages for patients. Notably, these three hub genes facilitated patient classification into two subtypes, namely metabolic-immune subtype 1 and signaling subtype 2. CMap analysis suggested butein and arachidonic fasudil as preferred treatment agents for subtype 1 and subtype 2, respectively. Finally, through Cellchat and correlation analysis, we identified PRSS3-F2R as potentially promoting the expression of hub genes in the psoriasis group, thereby enhancing keratinocyte-fibroblast interaction, ultimately driving psoriasis occurrence and progression.

Conclusion

Our study identifies S100A7, SERPINB13, and PLBD1 as potential diagnostic biomarkers, offering promising prospects for more precisely tailored psoriatic immunotherapy designs.

Enteric coronavirus nsp2 is a virulence determinant that recruits NBR1 for autophagic targeting of TBK1 to diminish the innate immune response

Non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) exists in all coronaviruses (CoVs), while its primary function in viral pathogenicity, is largely unclear. One such enteric CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), causes high mortality in neonatal piglets worldwide. To determine the biological role of nsp2, we generated a PEDV mutant containing a complete nsp2 deletion (rPEDV-Δnsp2) from a highly pathogenic strain by reverse genetics, showing that nsp2 was dispensable for PEDV infection, while its deficiency reduced viral replication in vitro. Intriguingly, rPEDV-Δnsp2 was entirely avirulent in vivo, with significantly increased productions of IFNB (interferon beta) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in various intestinal tissues of challenged newborn piglets. Notably, nsp2 targets and degrades TBK1 (TANK binding kinase 1), the critical kinase in the innate immune response. Mechanistically, nsp2 induced the macroautophagy/autophagy process and recruited a selective autophagic receptor, NBR1 (NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor). NBR1 subsequently facilitated the K48-linked ubiquitination of TBK1 and delivered it for autophagosome-mediated degradation. Accordingly, the replication of rPEDV-Δnsp2 CoV was restrained by reduced autophagy and excess productions of type I IFNs and ISGs. Our data collectively define enteric CoV nsp2 as a novel virulence determinant, propose a crucial role of nsp2 in diminishing innate antiviral immunity by targeting TBK1 for NBR1-mediated selective autophagy, and pave the way to develop a new type of nsp2-based attenuated PEDV vaccine. The study also provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of other pathogenic CoVs.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; CoV: coronavirus; CQ: chloroquine; dpi: days post-inoculation; DMVs: double-membrane vesicles; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GIGYF2: GRB10 interacting GYF protein 2; hpi: hours post-infection; IFA: immunofluorescence assay; IFIH1: interferon induced with helicase C domain 1; IFIT2: interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2; IFITM1: interferon induced transmembrane protein 1; IFNB: interferon beta; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; ISGs: interferon-stimulated genes; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; nsp2: non-structural protein 2; OAS1: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PRRs: pattern recognition receptors; RIGI: RNA sensor RIG-I; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious doses; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.

The interplay between autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling and its implications for cancer

Autophagy is an intracellular process that targets various cargos for degradation, including members of the cGAS-STING signaling cascade. cGAS-STING senses cytosolic double-stranded DNA and triggers an innate immune response through type I interferons. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy plays a crucial role in regulating and fine-tuning cGAS-STING signaling. Reciprocally, cGAS-STING pathway members can actively induce canonical as well as various non-canonical forms of autophagy, establishing a regulatory network of feedback mechanisms that alter both the cGAS-STING and the autophagic pathway. The crosstalk between autophagy and the cGAS-STING pathway impacts a wide variety of cellular processes such as protection against pathogenic infections as well as signaling in neurodegenerative disease, autoinflammatory disease and cancer. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms involved in autophagy and cGAS-STING signaling, with a specific focus on the interactions between the two pathways and their importance for cancer.

Targeting autophagy with natural products as a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic microangiopathy

As the quality of life improves, the incidence of diabetes mellitus and its microvascular complications (DMC) continues to increase, posing a threat to people's health and wellbeing. Given the limitations of existing treatment, there is an urgent need for novel approaches to prevent and treat DMC. Autophagy, a pivotal mechanism governing metabolic regulation in organisms, facilitates the removal of dysfunctional proteins and organelles, thereby sustaining cellular homeostasis and energy generation. Anomalous states in pancreatic β-cells, podocytes, Müller cells, cardiomyocytes, and Schwann cells in DMC are closely linked to autophagic dysregulation. Natural products have the property of being multi-targeted and can affect autophagy and hence DMC progression in terms of nutrient perception, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This review consolidates recent advancements in understanding DMC pathogenesis via autophagy and proposes novel perspectives on treating DMC by either stimulating or inhibiting autophagy using natural products.

Characterization of Bitter Taste Receptor-Dependent Autophagy in Oral Epithelial Cells

Microbial dysbiosis is an important trigger in the development of oral diseases. Oral keratinocytes or gingival epithelial cells (GECs) offer protection against various microbial insults. Recent studies suggest that GECs expressed higher level of bitter taste receptor 14 (T2R14) compared to other taste receptors and toll-like receptors and act as innate immune sentinels. Macroautophagy or autophagy is a cellular conserved process involved in the regulation of host innate immune responses against microbial infection. Here, we describe a robust method for evaluation of T2R14-dependent autophagy flux in GECs. Autophagy flux was detected using Western blot analysis in GECs and further was confirmed using Acridine Orange-dependent flow cytometry analysis.

Inhibition of Alzheimer's disease by 4-octyl itaconate revealed by RNA-seq transcriptome analysis

AIMS

This study aimed to examine the therapeutic effects and response mechanisms of 4-OI in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

METHODS

In this study, network pharmacology was employed to analyze potential targets for AD drug therapy. Immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques were utilized to detect inflammatory phenotypes in a 4-OI-resistant mouse microglia cell line (BV2). We conducted four classical behavioral experiments, namely the open field test, new object recognition test, Y maze test, and Morris water maze, to assess the emotional state and cognitive level of APPswe/PS1dE9 (referred to as APP/PS1) mice after 4-OI treatment. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, along with immunofluorescence staining, were performed to detect amyloid (Aβ) deposition in mouse brain tissue. To explore the potential molecular mechanisms regulating the effects of 4-OI treatment, we performed RNA-SEQ and transcription factor prediction analyses. Additionally, mouse BV2 cells underwent Western blotting analysis to elucidate potential molecular mechanisms underlying the observed effects.

RESULTS

We discovered that 4-OI exerts an inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation by promoting autophagy. This effect is attributed to the activation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway, achieved through enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK and ULK1, coupled with a reduction in mTOR phosphorylation. Furthermore, 4-OI significantly enhances neuronal recovery in the hippocampus and diminishes Aβ plaque deposition in APP/PS1 mice, improved anxiety in mice, and ultimately led to improved cognitive function.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that 4-OI improved cognitive deficits in AD mice, confirming the therapeutic effect of 4-OI on AD.

Cancer immunometabolism: advent, challenges, and perspective

For decades, great strides have been made in the field of immunometabolism. A plethora of evidence ranging from basic mechanisms to clinical transformation has gradually embarked on immunometabolism to the center stage of innate and adaptive immunomodulation. Given this, we focus on changes in immunometabolism, a converging series of biochemical events that alters immune cell function, propose the immune roles played by diversified metabolic derivatives and enzymes, emphasize the key metabolism-related checkpoints in distinct immune cell types, and discuss the ongoing and upcoming realities of clinical treatment. It is expected that future research will reduce the current limitations of immunotherapy and provide a positive hand in immune responses to exert a broader therapeutic role.

Green tea polyphenols inhibit TBBPA-induced lung injury via enhancing antioxidant capacity and modulating the NF-κB pathway in mice

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a global pollutant. When TBBPA is absorbed by the body through various routes, it can have a wide range of harmful effects on the body. Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) can act as antioxidants, resisting the toxic effects of TBBPA on animals. The effects and mechanisms of GTP and TBBPA on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the mouse lung are unknown. Therefore, we established in vivo and in vitro models of TBBPA exposure and GTP antagonism using C57 mice and A549 cells and examined the expression of factors related to oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation and apoptosis. The results of the study showed that the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels after TBBPA exposure decreased the expression of autophagy-related factors Beclin1, LC3-II, ATG3, ATG5, ATG7 and ATG12 and increased the expression of p62; oxidative stress inhibits autophagy levels. The increased expression of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α decreased the expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and activation of the NF-κB p65/TNF-α pathway. The increased expression of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-7 and caspase-9 and the decreased expression of Bcl-2 activate apoptosis-related pathways. The addition of GTP attenuated oxidative stress levels, restored autophagy inhibition and reduced the inflammation and apoptosis levels. Our results suggest that GTP can attenuate the toxic effects of TBBPA by modulating ROS, reducing oxidative stress levels, increasing autophagy and attenuating inflammation and apoptosis in mouse lung and A549 cells. These results provide fundamental information for exploring the antioxidant mechanism of GTP and further for studying the toxic effects of TBBPA.

TRPM2-dependent autophagy inhibition exacerbates oxidative stress-induced CXCL16 secretion by keratinocytes in vitiligo

Vitiligo is a depigmented skin disease due to the destruction of melanocytes. Under oxidative stress, keratinocyte-derived chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 16 (CXCL16) plays a critical role in recruiting CD8+ T cells, which kill melanocytes. Autophagy serves as a protective cell survival mechanism and impairment of autophagy has been linked to increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines. However, the role of autophagy in the secretion of CXCL16 under oxidative stress has not been investigated. Herein, we initially found that autophagy was suppressed in both keratinocytes of vitiligo lesions and keratinocytes exposed to oxidative stress in vitro. Autophagy inhibition also promoted CXCL16 secretion. Furthermore, upregulated transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2 (TRPM2) functioned as an upstream oxidative stress sensor to inhibit autophagy. Moreover, TRPM2-mediated Ca2+ influx activated calpain to shear autophagy related 5 (Atg5) and Atg12-Atg5 conjugate formation was blocked to inhibit autophagy under oxidative stress. More importantly, Atg5 downregulation enhanced the binding of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to the CXCL16 promoter region by activating Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), thus promoting CXCL16 secretion. These findings suggested that TRPM2-restrained autophagy promotes CXCL16 secretion via the Atg5-TBK1-IRF3 signaling pathway under oxidative stress. Inhibition of TRPM2 may serve as a potential target for the treatment of vitiligo. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Recent progresses in the late stages of autophagy

Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation process, plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. It serves as a vital mechanism for adapting to stress and ensuring intracellular quality control. Autophagy deficiencies or defects are linked to numerous human disorders, especially those associated with neuronal degeneration or metabolic diseases. Yoshinori Ohsumi was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2016 for his groundbreaking discoveries regarding autophagy mechanisms. Over the past few decades, autophagy research has predominantly concentrated on the early stages of autophagy, with relatively limited attention given to the late stages. Nevertheless, recent studies have witnessed substantial advancements in understanding the molecular intricacies of the late stages, which follows autophagosome formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent progresses in comprehending the molecular mechanisms of the late stages of autophagy.

Autophagy-related 5 in acute ischemic stroke: Variation and linkage with neurofunction, and survival

OBJECTIVE

Autophagy-related 5 (ATG5) facilitates the pathologic process of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) via multiple ways. This study aimed to identify the association of serum ATG5 with clinical outcomes in AIS patients.

METHODS

Serum ATG5 from 280 AIS patients were detected at admission, Day (D)1, D3, D7, D30, and D90 after admission by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 21.1 (5.9-43.9) months. Another 50 healthy controls (HCs) were also enrolled for serum ATG5 determination.

RESULTS

ATG5 was elevated (p < 0.001) (vs. HCs), and positively correlated with hyperlipidemia (p = 0.016), and the national institutes of health stroke scale score (p = 0.001) in AIS patients. Interestingly, ATG5 was increased from admission to D1, but gradually decreased until D90 (p < 0.001). Besides, 85 (30.4%) and 195 (69.6%) AIS patients were assessed as modified Rankin Scale (mRS) >2 and mRS ≤2 at D90, respectively. ATG5 at admission, D1, D3, D30, and D90 was elevated in AIS patients with mRS >2 versus those with mRS ≤2 (all p < 0.050). ATG5 at admission, D1, D3, D7, D30, or D90 was elevated in relapsed (vs. non-relapsed) or died (vs. survived) AIS patients (all p < 0.050). Recurrence-free survival was shortened in AIS patients with high (≥52.0 ng/mL) ATG5 versus those with low (<52.0 ng/mL) ATG5 at admission, D3, D7, and D30 (all p < 0.050); overall survival was shorter in AIS patients with high (vs. low) ATG5 at D7 and D30 (both p < 0.050).

INTERPRETATION

Serum ATG5 elevates at first, thereafter gradually declines, whose elevation associates with neurological dysfunction, recurrence, and death risk in AIS patients.

The cell death-related genes machine learning model for precise therapy and clinical drug selection in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the prevailing subtype of hepatocellular malignancy. While previous investigations have evidenced a robust link with programmed cell death (PCD) and tumorigenesis, a comprehensive inquiry targeting the relationship between multiple PCDs and HCC remains scant. Our aim was to develop a predictive model for different PCD patterns in order to investigate their impact on survival rates, prognosis and drug response rates in HCC patients. We performed functional annotation and pathway analysis on identified PCD-related genes (PCDRGs) using multiple bioinformatics tools. The prognostic value of these PCDRGs was verified through a dataset obtained from GEO. Consensus clustering analysis was utilized to elucidate the correlation between diverse PCD clusters and pertinent clinical characteristics. To comprehensively uncover the distinct PCD regulatory patterns, our analysis integrated gene expression profiling, immune cell infiltration and enrichment analysis. To predict survival differences in HCC patients, we established a PCD model. To enhance the clinical applicability for the model, we developed a highly accurate nomogram. To address the treatment of HCC, we identified several promising chemotherapeutic agents and novel targeted drugs. These drugs may be effective in treating HCC and could improve patient outcomes. To develop a cell death feature for HCC patients, we conducted an analysis of 12 different PCD mechanisms using eligible data obtained from public databases. Through this analysis, we were able to identify 1254 PCDRGs likely to contribute to cell death on HCC. Further analysis of 1254 PCDRGs identified 37 genes with prognostic value in HCC patients. These genes were then categorized into two PCD clusters A and B. The categorization was based on the expression patterns of the genes in the different clusters. Patients in PCD cluster B had better survival probabilities. This suggests that PCD mechanisms, as represented by the genes in cluster B, may have a protective effect against HCC progression. Furthermore, the expression of PCDRGs was significantly higher in PCD cluster A, indicating that this cluster may be more closely associated with PCD mechanisms. Furthermore, our observations indicate that patients exhibiting elevated tumour mutation burden (TMB) are at an augmented risk of mortality, in comparison to those displaying low TMB and low-risk statuses, who are more likely to experience prolonged survival. In addition, we have investigated the potential distinctions in the susceptibility of diverse risk cohorts towards emerging targeted therapies, designed for the treatment of HCC. Moreover, our investigation has shown that AZD2014, SB505124, LJI308 and OSI-207 show a greater efficacy in patients in the low-risk category. Conversely, for the high-risk group patients, PD173074, ZM447439 and CZC24832 exhibit a stronger response. Our findings suggest that the identification of risk groups and personalized treatment selection could lead to better clinical outcomes for patients with HCC. Furthermore, significant heterogeneity in clinical response to ICI therapy was observed among HCC patients with varying PCD expression patterns. This novel discovery underscores the prospective usefulness of these expression patterns as prognostic indicators for HCC patients and may aid in tailoring targeted treatment for those of distinct risk strata. Our investigation introduces a novel prognostic model for HCC that integrates diverse PCD expression patterns. This innovative model provides a novel approach for forecasting prognosis and assessing drug sensitivity in HCC patients, driving a more personalized and efficacious treatment paradigm, elevating clinical outcomes. Nonetheless, additional research endeavours are required to confirm the model's precision and assess its potential to inform clinical decision-making for HCC patients.

Mesoporous zinc oxide-based drug delivery system offers an antifungal and immunoregulatory strategy for treating keratitis

Fungal keratitis is a refractory eye disease that is prone to causing blindness. Fungal virulence and inflammatory responses are two major factors that accelerate the course of fungal keratitis. However, the current antifungal drugs used for treatment usually possess transient residence time on the ocular surface and low bioavailability deficiencies, which limit their therapeutic efficacy. In this work, natamycin (NATA)-loaded mesoporous zinc oxide (Meso-ZnO) was synthesized for treating Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis with excellent drug-loading and sustained drug release capacities. In addition to being a carrier for drug delivery, Meso-ZnO could restrict fungal growth in a concentration-dependent manner, and the transcriptome analysis of fungal hyphae indicated that it inhibited the mycotoxin biosynthesis, oxidoreductase activity and fungal cell wall formation. Meso-ZnO also promoted cell migration and exhibited anti-inflammatory role during fungal infection by promoting the activation of autophagy. In mouse models of fungal keratitis, Meso-ZnO/NATA greatly reduced corneal fungal survival, alleviated tissue inflammatory damage, and reduced neutrophils accumulation and cytokines expression. This study suggests that Meso-ZnO/NATA can be a novel and effective treatment strategy for fungal keratitis.