1
|
Burton OT, Bricard O, Tareen S, Gergelits V, Andrews S, Biggins L, Roca CP, Whyte C, Junius S, Brajic A, Pasciuto E, Ali M, Lemaitre P, Schlenner SM, Ishigame H, Brown BD, Dooley J, Liston A. The tissue-resident regulatory T cell pool is shaped by transient multi-tissue migration and a conserved residency program. Immunity 2024:S1074-7613(24)00277-2. [PMID: 38897202 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The tissues are the site of many important immunological reactions, yet how the immune system is controlled at these sites remains opaque. Recent studies have identified Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells in non-lymphoid tissues with unique characteristics compared with lymphoid Treg cells. However, tissue Treg cells have not been considered holistically across tissues. Here, we performed a systematic analysis of the Treg cell population residing in non-lymphoid organs throughout the body, revealing shared phenotypes, transient residency, and common molecular dependencies. Tissue Treg cells from different non-lymphoid organs shared T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, with functional capacity to drive multi-tissue Treg cell entry and were tissue-agnostic on tissue homing. Together, these results demonstrate that the tissue-resident Treg cell pool in most non-lymphoid organs, other than the gut, is largely constituted by broadly self-reactive Treg cells, characterized by transient multi-tissue migration. This work suggests common regulatory mechanisms may allow pan-tissue Treg cells to safeguard homeostasis across the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Orian Bricard
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samar Tareen
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vaclav Gergelits
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Andrews
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Biggins
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carlos P Roca
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carly Whyte
- Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steffie Junius
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Brajic
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuela Pasciuto
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Center of Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magda Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Lemaitre
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Near-InfraRed Photo-Immunotherapy Research Institute, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Brian D Brown
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Dooley
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leuven, Belgium; Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heim TA, Schultz AC, Delclaux I, Cristaldi V, Churchill MJ, Ventre KS, Lund AW. Lymphatic vessel transit seeds cytotoxic resident memory T cells in skin draining lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadk8141. [PMID: 38848340 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk8141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic transport shapes the homeostatic immune repertoire of lymph nodes (LNs). LN-resident memory T cells (TRMs) play an important role in site-specific immune memory, yet how LN TRMs form de novo after viral infection remains unclear. Here, we tracked the anatomical distribution of antiviral CD8+ T cells as they seeded skin and LN TRMs using a model of vaccinia virus-induced skin infection. LN TRMs localized to the draining LNs (dLNs) of infected skin, and their formation depended on the lymphatic egress of effector CD8+ T cells from the skin, already poised for residence. Effector CD8+ T cell transit through skin was required to populate LN TRMs in dLNs, a process reinforced by antigen encounter in skin. Furthermore, LN TRMs were protective against viral rechallenge in the absence of circulating memory T cells. These data suggest that a subset of tissue-infiltrating CD8+ T cells egress from tissues during viral clearance and establish a layer of regional protection in the dLN basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Heim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Austin C Schultz
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ines Delclaux
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Cristaldi
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madeline J Churchill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Katherine S Ventre
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng L, Becattini S. Local antigen encounter promotes generation of tissue-resident memory T cells in the large intestine. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00046-1. [PMID: 38782240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Upon infection, CD8+ T cells that have been primed in the draining lymph nodes migrate to the invaded tissue, where they receive cues prompting their differentiation into tissue-resident memory cells (Trm), which display niche-specific transcriptional features. Despite the importance of these cells, our understanding of their molecular landscape and the signals that dictate their development remains limited, particularly in specific anatomical niches such as the large intestine (LI). Here, we report that LI Trm-generated following oral infection exhibits a distinct transcriptional profile compared to Trm in other tissues. Notably, we observe that local cues play a crucial role in the preferential establishment of LI Trm, favoring precursors that migrate to the tissue early during infection. Our investigations identify cognate antigen recognition as a major driver of Trm differentiation at this anatomical site. Local antigen presentation not only promotes the proliferation of effector cells and memory precursors but also facilitates the acquisition of transcriptional features characteristic of gut Trm. Thus, antigen recognition in the LI favors the establishment of Trm by impacting T cell expansion and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simone Becattini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Murakami M. Tissue-resident memory T cells: decoding intra-organ diversity with a gut perspective. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:19. [PMID: 38632596 PMCID: PMC11022361 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) serve as the frontline of host defense, playing a critical role in protection against invading pathogens. This emphasizes their role in providing rapid on-site immune responses across various organs. The physiological significance of TRM is not just confined to infection control; accumulating evidence has revealed that TRM also determine the pathology of diseases such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Intensive studies on the origin, mechanisms of formation and maintenance, and physiological significance of TRM have elucidated the transcriptional and functional diversity of these cells, which are often affected by local cues associated with their presence. These were further confirmed by the recent remarkable advancements of next-generation sequencing and single-cell technologies, which allow the transcriptional and phenotypic characterization of each TRM subset induced in different microenvironments. This review first overviews the current knowledge of the cell fate, molecular features, transcriptional and metabolic regulation, and biological importance of TRM in health and disease. Finally, this article presents a variety of recent studies on disease-associated TRM, particularly focusing and elaborating on the TRM in the gut, which constitute the largest and most intricate immune network in the body, and their pathological relevance to gut inflammation in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reina-Campos M, Monell A, Ferry A, Luna V, Cheung KP, Galletti G, Scharping NE, Takehara KK, Quon S, Boland B, Lin YH, Wong WH, Indralingam CS, Yeo GW, Chang JT, Heeg M, Goldrath AW. Functional Diversity of Memory CD8 T Cells is Spatiotemporally Imprinted. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.585130. [PMID: 38585842 PMCID: PMC10996520 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.585130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM) kill infected cells and recruit additional immune cells to limit pathogen invasion at barrier sites. Small intestinal (SI) TRM cells consist of distinct subpopulations with higher expression of effector molecules or greater memory potential. We hypothesized that occupancy of diverse anatomical niches imprints these distinct TRM transcriptional programs. We leveraged human samples and a murine model of acute systemic viral infection to profile the location and transcriptome of pathogen-specific TRM cell differentiation at single-transcript resolution. We developed computational approaches to capture cellular locations along three anatomical axes of the small intestine and to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution of cell types and gene expression. TRM populations were spatially segregated: with more effector- and memory-like TRM preferentially localized at the villus tip or crypt, respectively. Modeling ligand-receptor activity revealed patterns of key cellular interactions and cytokine signaling pathways that initiate and maintain TRM differentiation and functional diversity, including different TGFβ sources. Alterations in the cellular networks induced by loss of TGFβRII expression revealed a model consistent with TGFβ promoting progressive TRM maturation towards the villus tip. Ultimately, we have developed a framework for the study of immune cell interactions with the spectrum of tissue cell types, revealing that T cell location and functional state are fundamentally intertwined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Monell
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amir Ferry
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vida Luna
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kitty P. Cheung
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicole E. Scharping
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kennidy K. Takehara
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Quon
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brigid Boland
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yun Hsuan Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William H. Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W. Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Allen Institute for Immunology, 615 Westlake Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Foo IJH, Chua BY, Clemens EB, Chang SY, Jia X, McQuilten HA, Yap AHY, Cabug AF, Ashayeripanah M, McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA, Evrard M, Mackay LK, Wakim LM, Fazakerley JK, Kedzierska K, Kedzierski L. Prior infection with unrelated neurotropic virus exacerbates influenza disease and impairs lung T cell responses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2619. [PMID: 38521764 PMCID: PMC10960853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunity to infectious diseases is predominantly studied by measuring immune responses towards a single pathogen, although co-infections are common. In-depth mechanisms on how co-infections impact anti-viral immunity are lacking, but are highly relevant to treatment and prevention. We established a mouse model of co-infection with unrelated viruses, influenza A (IAV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV), causing disease in different organ systems. SFV infection eight days before IAV infection results in prolonged IAV replication, elevated cytokine/chemokine levels and exacerbated lung pathology. This is associated with impaired lung IAV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, stemming from suboptimal CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation in draining lymph nodes, and dendritic cell paralysis. Prior SFV infection leads to increased blood brain barrier permeability and presence of IAV RNA in brain, associated with increased trafficking of IAV-specific CD8+ T cells and establishment of long-term tissue-resident memory. Relative to lung IAV-specific CD8+ T cells, brain memory IAV-specific CD8+ T cells have increased TCR repertoire diversity within immunodominant DbNP366+CD8+ and DbPA224+CD8+ responses, featuring suboptimal TCR clonotypes. Overall, our study demonstrates that infection with an unrelated neurotropic virus perturbs IAV-specific immune responses and exacerbates IAV disease. Our work provides key insights into therapy and vaccine regimens directed against unrelated pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jia-Hui Foo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - So Young Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ashley Huey Yiing Yap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Aira F Cabug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mitra Ashayeripanah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - John K Fazakerley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van der Heide V, Davenport B, Cubitt B, Roudko V, Choo D, Humblin E, Jhun K, Angeliadis K, Dawson T, Furtado G, Kamphorst A, Ahmed R, de la Torre JC, Homann D. Functional impairment of "helpless" CD8 + memory T cells is transient and driven by prolonged but finite cognate antigen presentation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576725. [PMID: 38328184 PMCID: PMC10849538 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Generation of functional CD8 + T cell memory typically requires engagement of CD4 + T cells. However, in certain scenarios, such as acutely-resolving viral infections, effector (T E ) and subsequent memory (T M ) CD8 + T cell formation appear impervious to a lack of CD4 + T cell help during priming. Nonetheless, such "helpless" CD8 + T M respond poorly to pathogen rechallenge. At present, the origin and long-term evolution of helpless CD8 + T cell memory remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that helpless CD8 + T E differentiation is largely normal but a multiplicity of helpless CD8 T M defects, consistent with impaired memory maturation, emerge as a consequence of prolonged yet finite exposure to cognate antigen. Importantly, these defects resolve over time leading to full restoration of CD8 + T M potential and recall capacity. Our findings provide a unified explanation for helpless CD8 + T cell memory and emphasize an unexpected CD8 + T M plasticity with implications for vaccination strategies and beyond.
Collapse
|
8
|
Torcellan T, Friedrich C, Doucet-Ladevèze R, Ossner T, Solé VV, Riedmann S, Ugur M, Imdahl F, Rosshart SP, Arnold SJ, Gomez de Agüero M, Gagliani N, Flavell RA, Backes S, Kastenmüller W, Gasteiger G. Circulating NK cells establish tissue residency upon acute infection of skin and mediate accelerated effector responses to secondary infection. Immunity 2024; 57:124-140.e7. [PMID: 38157853 PMCID: PMC10783803 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are present in the circulation and can also be found residing in tissues, and these populations exhibit distinct developmental requirements and are thought to differ in terms of ontogeny. Here, we investigate whether circulating conventional NK (cNK) cells can develop into long-lived tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells following acute infections. We found that viral and bacterial infections of the skin triggered the recruitment of cNK cells and their differentiation into Tcf1hiCD69hi trNK cells that share transcriptional similarity with CD56brightTCF1hi NK cells in human tissues. Skin trNK cells arose from interferon (IFN)-γ-producing effector cells and required restricted expression of the transcriptional regulator Blimp1 to optimize Tcf1-dependent trNK cell formation. Upon secondary infection, trNK cells rapidly gained effector function and mediated an accelerated NK cell response. Thus, cNK cells redistribute and permanently position at sites of previous infection via a mechanism promoting tissue residency that is distinct from Hobit-dependent developmental paths of NK cells and ILC1 seeding tissues during ontogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Torcellan
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christin Friedrich
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rémi Doucet-Ladevèze
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ossner
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics, and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Virgínia Visaconill Solé
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sofie Riedmann
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Milas Ugur
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Imdahl
- Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan P Rosshart
- Department of Microbiome Research, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Section of Molecular Immunology und Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Simone Backes
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Butic AB, Spencer SA, Shaheen SK, Lukacher AE. Polyomavirus Wakes Up and Chooses Neurovirulence. Viruses 2023; 15:2112. [PMID: 37896889 PMCID: PMC10612099 DOI: 10.3390/v15102112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human-specific polyomavirus that establishes a silent lifelong infection in multiple peripheral organs, predominantly those of the urinary tract, of immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised settings, however, JCPyV can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), where it causes several encephalopathies of high morbidity and mortality. JCPyV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a devastating demyelinating brain disease, was an AIDS-defining illness before antiretroviral therapy that has "reemerged" as a complication of immunomodulating and chemotherapeutic agents. No effective anti-polyomavirus therapeutics are currently available. How depressed immune status sets the stage for JCPyV resurgence in the urinary tract, how the virus evades pre-existing antiviral antibodies to become viremic, and where/how it enters the CNS are incompletely understood. Addressing these questions requires a tractable animal model of JCPyV CNS infection. Although no animal model can replicate all aspects of any human disease, mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in mice and JCPyV in humans share key features of peripheral and CNS infection and antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss the evidence suggesting how JCPyV migrates from the periphery to the CNS, innate and adaptive immune responses to polyomavirus infection, and how the MuPyV-mouse model provides insights into the pathogenesis of JCPyV CNS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aron E. Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (A.B.B.); (S.A.S.); (S.K.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mellman I, Chen DS, Powles T, Turley SJ. The cancer-immunity cycle: Indication, genotype, and immunotype. Immunity 2023; 56:2188-2205. [PMID: 37820582 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The cancer-immunity cycle provides a framework to understand the series of events that generate anti-cancer immune responses. It emphasizes the iterative nature of the response where the killing of tumor cells by T cells initiates subsequent rounds of antigen presentation and T cell stimulation, maintaining active immunity and adapting it to tumor evolution. Any step of the cycle can become rate-limiting, rendering the immune system unable to control tumor growth. Here, we update the cancer-immunity cycle based on the remarkable progress of the past decade. Understanding the mechanism of checkpoint inhibition has evolved, as has our view of dendritic cells in sustaining anti-tumor immunity. We additionally account for the role of the tumor microenvironment in facilitating, not just suppressing, the anti-cancer response, and discuss the importance of considering a tumor's immunological phenotype, the "immunotype". While these new insights add some complexity to the cycle, they also provide new targets for research and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S Chen
- Engenuity Life Sciences, Burlingame, CA, USA; Synthetic Design Lab, Burlingame, CA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heim TA, Schultz AC, Delclaux I, Cristaldi V, Churchill MJ, Lund AW. Lymphatic vessel transit seeds precursors to cytotoxic resident memory T cells in skin draining lymph nodes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555369. [PMID: 37693469 PMCID: PMC10491166 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Resident memory T cells (TRM) provide rapid, localized protection in peripheral tissues to pathogens and cancer. While TRM are also found in lymph nodes (LN), how they develop during primary infection and their functional significance remains largely unknown. Here, we track the anatomical distribution of anti-viral CD8+ T cells as they simultaneously seed skin and LN TRM using a model of skin infection with restricted antigen distribution. We find exquisite localization of LN TRM to the draining LN of infected skin. LN TRM formation depends on lymphatic transport and specifically egress of effector CD8+ T cells that appear poised for residence as early as 12 days post infection. Effector CD8+ T cell transit through skin is necessary and sufficient to populate LN TRM in draining LNs, a process reinforced by antigen encounter in skin. Importantly, we demonstrate that LN TRM are sufficient to provide protection against pathogenic rechallenge. These data support a model whereby a subset of tissue infiltrating CD8+ T cells egress during viral clearance, and establish regional protection in the draining lymphatic basin as a mechanism to prevent pathogen spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A. Heim
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Austin C. Schultz
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ines Delclaux
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Cristaldi
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madeline J. Churchill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Amanda W. Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schlaak AE, Bengsch B. Of tenants and nomads: The faces of memory T cells. Immunity 2023; 56:1439-1442. [PMID: 37437536 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells comprise circulating and tissue-resident subsets. In this issue of Immunity, Evrard et al. generate an imputed high-dimensional, single-cell protein expression atlas of memory CD8+ T cells, providing insights into stable differentiation markers and organ-specific expression patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Emilia Schlaak
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|