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Hamandi F, Tsatalis JT, Goswami T. Morphological human bone features and demography controlling damage accumulation and fracture: a finite element study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39066601 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2384475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Prediction of bone fracture risk is clinically challenging. Computational modeling plays a vital role in understanding bone structure and diagnosing bone diseases, leading to novel therapies. The research objectives were to demonstrate the anisotropic structure of the bone at the micro-level taking into consideration the density and subject demography, such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), height, weight, and their roles in damage accumulation. Out of 438 developed 3D bone models at the micro-level, 46.12% were female. The age distribution ranged from 23 to 95 years. The research unfolds in two phases: micro-morphological features examination and stress distribution investigation. Models were developed using Mimics 22.0 and SolidWorks. The anisotropic material properties were defined before importing into Ansys for simulation. Computational simulations further uncovered variations in maximum von-Misses stress, highlighting that young Black males experienced the highest stress at 127.852 ± 10.035 MPa, while elderly Caucasian females exhibited the least stress at 97.224 ± 14.504 MPa. Furthermore, age-related variations in stress levels for both normal and osteoporotic bone micro models were elucidated, emphasizing the intricate interplay of demographic factors in bone biomechanics. Additionally, a prediction equation for bone density incorporating demographic variables was proposed, offering a personalized modeling approach. In general, this study, which carefully examines the complexities of how bones behave at the micro-level, emphasizes the need for an enhanced approach in orthopedics. We suggest taking individual characteristics into account to make therapeutic interventions more precise and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Hamandi
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - James T Tsatalis
- Department of Radiology, Orthopaedic Surgery, Miami Valley Hospital, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Tarun Goswami
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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2
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Tallis J, James RS, Eyre ELJ, Shelley SP, Hill C, Renshaw D, Hurst J. Effect of high-fat diet on isometric, concentric and eccentric contractile performance of skeletal muscle isolated from female CD-1 mice. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:1163-1176. [PMID: 38723238 PMCID: PMC11215475 DOI: 10.1113/ep091832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Despite evidence inferring muscle and contractile mode-specific effects of high-fat diet (HFD), no study has yet considered the impact of HFD directly on eccentric muscle function. The present work uniquely examined the effect of 20-week HFD on the isometric, concentric and eccentric muscle function of isolated mouse soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. CD-1 female mice were randomly split into a control (n = 16) or HFD (n = 17) group and for 20 weeks consumed standard lab chow or HFD. Following this period, SOL and EDL muscles were isolated and assessments of maximal isometric force and concentric work loop (WL) power were performed. Each muscle was then subjected to either multiple concentric or eccentric WL activations. Post-fatigue recovery, as an indicator of incurred damage, was measured via assessment of concentric WL power. In the EDL, absolute concentric power and concentric power normalised to muscle mass were reduced in the HFD group (P < 0.038). HFD resulted in faster concentric fatigue and reduced eccentric activity-induced muscle damage (P < 0.05). For the SOL, maximal isometric force was increased, and maximal eccentric power normalised to muscle mass and concentric fatigue were reduced in the HFD group (P < 0.05). HFD effects on eccentric muscle function are muscle-specific and have little relationship with changes in isometric or concentric function. HFD has the potential to negatively affect the intrinsic concentric and eccentric power-producing capacity of skeletal muscle, but a lack of a within-muscle uniform response indicates disparate mechanisms of action which require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport & Exercise ScienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Rob S. James
- Faculty of Life SciencesUniversity of BradfordBradfordUK
| | - Emma L. J. Eyre
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport & Exercise ScienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Sharn P. Shelley
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport & Exercise ScienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Cameron Hill
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's CampusKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Derek Renshaw
- Centre for Health & Life SciencesCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Josh Hurst
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport & Exercise ScienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
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McNerney KM, Kaliyappan K, Wack DS, Muthaiah VPK. The Influence of Motoric Maneuvers on Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (cVEMPs). J Am Acad Audiol 2022; 33:134-141. [PMID: 36216040 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1739535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) is a vestibular response that is produced by the saccule in response to intense, often low-frequency, short-duration auditory stimuli, and is typically recorded from a contracted sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. Previous research has shown that the amplitude of the cVEMP is related to the amount of SCM electromyographic (EMG) activity. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the influence of various remote motoric maneuvers on the amplitude of the cVEMP, as well as whether they influence the level of SCM EMG activity. RESEARCH DESIGN The cVEMP was recorded from the left SCM muscle to left ear stimulation, in response to the SCM condition, as well as three different motoric maneuvers (jaw clench, eye closure, and the Jendrassik maneuver). EMG activity was also varied between 50, 75, and 100% of maximal EMG activity. STUDY SAMPLE Data from 14 healthy subjects, with a mean age of 25.57 years (standard deviation = 5.93 years), was included in the present study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Mean latency and amplitude of the cVEMP were compared across the four conditions and varying magnitudes of EMG contraction. SPSS 26 was used to statistically analyze the results. RESULTS cVEMP latency did not vary across condition. cVEMP amplitude decreased with decreasing EMG magnitude. SCM contraction with jaw clench produced the largest increase in cVEMP amplitude; however, this condition was not significantly different from the SCM condition alone. SCM contraction with the Jendrassik maneuver produced a cVEMP amplitude that was similar and not statistically different from SCM contraction alone, and the addition of the eye closure maneuver to SCM contraction resulted in the lowest cVEMP amplitude, which was found to be statistically different from the standard SCM condition at 100 and 75% EMG activity. The amplitude relationship across the conditions was not found to vary with changes in EMG activity; however, a significant increase in EMG amplitude was found during the 50% muscle contraction condition when subjects performed the Jendrassik maneuver in addition to the standard SCM contraction. CONCLUSIONS The addition of the eye closure maneuver to SCM contraction resulted in a significant decrease in cVEMP amplitude, while the addition of the Jendrassik maneuver resulted in a significant increase in EMG activity at the lowest level of SCM activation (i.e., 50%). Additional research is necessary to determine how motoric maneuvers influence the cVEMP amplitude, and whether the results are also dependent on how SCM contraction is being produced (e.g., while supine vs. sitting).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathiravan Kaliyappan
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - David S Wack
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, SUNY Buffalo State, Buffalo, NY
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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Kim DY, Oh SL, Lim JY. Applications of Eccentric Exercise to Improve Muscle and Mobility Function in Older Adults. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022; 26:4-15. [PMID: 35038818 PMCID: PMC8984170 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.21.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle aging ultimately leads to the deterioration of human physiological functioning, including declining muscle strength, loss of muscle mass, and decreased quality of life in advanced age. Eccentric exercise is a key intervention that has the potential to ameliorate this problem. Recent studies have focused on evidence-based exercise interventions to prevent declines in muscle strength and physical function in older adults. This paper reviewed relevant literature on the use of eccentric exercise to improve muscle and mobility function in older adults. We explained not only the changes in mobility that occur with aging but also the rationale for and positive effects of eccentric intervention in older adults. We also explored several proposed mechanisms for the intramuscular changes caused by eccentric muscle contraction and considered the safety and side effects accompanying eccentric training. We concluded by suggesting that eccentric exercise is an exercise modality that can potentially improve muscle strength and enhance mobility in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Aging and Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Health and Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Lyul Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Aging and Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Aging and Mobility Biophysics Laboratory, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mestre R, García N, Patiño T, Guix M, Fuentes J, Valerio-Santiago M, Almiñana N, Sánchez S. 3D-bioengineered model of human skeletal muscle tissue with phenotypic features of aging for drug testing purposes. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 34284359 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac165b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional engineering of skeletal muscle is becoming increasingly relevant for tissue engineering, disease modeling and bio-hybrid robotics, where flexible, versatile and multidisciplinary approaches for the evaluation of tissue differentiation, functionality and force measurement are required. This works presents a 3D-printed platform of bioengineered human skeletal muscle which can efficiently model the three-dimensional structure of native tissue, while providing information about force generation and contraction profiles. Proper differentiation and maturation of myocytes is demonstrated by the expression of key myo-proteins using immunocytochemistry and analyzed by confocal microscopy, and the functionality assessed via electrical stimulation and analysis of contraction kinetics. To validate the flexibility of this platform for complex tissue modeling, the bioengineered muscle is treated with tumor necrosis factorαto mimic the conditions of aging, which is supported by morphological and functional changes. Moreover, as a proof of concept, the effects of Argireline® Amplified peptide, a cosmetic ingredient that causes muscle relaxation, are evaluated in both healthy and aged tissue models. Therefore, the results demonstrate that this 3D-bioengineered human muscle platform could be used to assess morphological and functional changes in the aging process of muscular tissue with potential applications in biomedicine, cosmetics and bio-hybrid robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mestre
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri-Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea García
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri-Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tania Patiño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri-Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Chemistry Department, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Guix
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri-Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Fuentes
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri-Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauricio Valerio-Santiago
- Lubrizol Life Science Beauty. LipotecTM Active Ingredients, Isaac Peral 17 (Pol. Industrial Camí Ral), 08850 Gavà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Almiñana
- Lubrizol Life Science Beauty. LipotecTM Active Ingredients, Isaac Peral 17 (Pol. Industrial Camí Ral), 08850 Gavà, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri-Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Kanazawa Y, Nagano M, Koinuma S, Sugiyo S, Shigeyoshi Y. Effects of aging on basement membrane-related gene expression of the skeletal muscle in rats. Biomed Res 2021; 42:115-119. [PMID: 34092753 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.42.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM), with collagen IV as a major component, plays an important role in the maintenance of muscle structure and its robustness. To investigate the effects of aging on factors related to BM construction, we compared the expression status of these factors in 3- and 20-month-old male Wistar rats. The expression levels of Col4a1 and Col4a2 (encoding collagen IV), Sparc (involved in collagen IV functionalization), and Mmp14 (a collagen IV degradation factor) were decreased. These results suggest that aging suppresses collagen IV synthetic and degradative factors and affects BM-related factors in the steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kanazawa
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Hokuriku University.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medical Sciences, Kindai University
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medical Sciences, Kindai University
| | - Satoshi Koinuma
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medical Sciences, Kindai University
| | - Shinichi Sugiyo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka University of Human Sciences
| | - Yasufumi Shigeyoshi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medical Sciences, Kindai University
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7
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Dobrowolny G, Barbiera A, Sica G, Scicchitano BM. Age-Related Alterations at Neuromuscular Junction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Epigenetic Modifications. Cells 2021; 10:1307. [PMID: 34074012 PMCID: PMC8225025 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With advancing aging, a decline in physical abilities occurs, leading to reduced mobility and loss of independence. Although many factors contribute to the physio-pathological effects of aging, an important event seems to be related to the compromised integrity of the neuromuscular system, which connects the brain and skeletal muscles via motoneurons and the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). NMJs undergo severe functional, morphological, and molecular alterations during aging and ultimately degenerate. The effect of this decline is an inexorable decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength, a condition generally known as sarcopenia. Moreover, several studies have highlighted how the age-related alteration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis can contribute to changes in the neuromuscular junction morphology and stability, leading to the reduction in fiber number and innervation. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of epigenetic modifications in age-dependent alterations of the NMJ. In particular, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA-dependent gene expression represent the major epigenetic mechanisms that play a crucial role in NMJ remodeling. It is established that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as physical exercise and nutrition that are susceptible to change during aging, can modulate epigenetic phenomena and attenuate the age-related NMJs changes. This review aims to highlight the recent epigenetic findings related to the NMJ dysregulation during aging and the role of physical activity and nutrition as possible interventions to attenuate or delay the age-related decline in the neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Dobrowolny
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics (DAHFMO)-Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Barbiera
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Histology and Embryology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Histology and Embryology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Histology and Embryology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (G.S.)
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8
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Mankowski RT, Laitano O, Clanton TL, Brakenridge SC. Pathophysiology and Treatment Strategies of Acute Myopathy and Muscle Wasting after Sepsis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1874. [PMID: 33926035 PMCID: PMC8123669 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis survivors experience a persistent myopathy characterized by skeletal muscle weakness, atrophy, and an inability to repair/regenerate damaged or dysfunctional myofibers. The origins and mechanisms of this persistent sepsis-induced myopathy are likely complex and multifactorial. Nevertheless, the pathobiology is thought to be triggered by the interaction between circulating pathogens and impaired muscle metabolic status. In addition, while in the hospital, septic patients often experience prolonged periods of physical inactivity due to bed rest, which may exacerbate the myopathy. Physical rehabilitation emerges as a potential tool to prevent the decline in physical function in septic patients. Currently, there is no consensus regarding effective rehabilitation strategies for sepsis-induced myopathy. The optimal timing to initiate the rehabilitation intervention currently lacks consensus as well. In this review, we summarize the evidence on the fundamental pathobiological mechanisms of sepsis-induced myopathy and discuss the recent evidence on in-hospital and post-discharge rehabilitation as well as other potential interventions that may prevent physical disability and death of sepsis survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T. Mankowski
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Orlando Laitano
- Department of Nutrition and Integrated Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Thomas L. Clanton
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Shelley S, James RS, Eustace S, Eyre E, Tallis J. The effects of high adiposity on concentric and eccentric muscle performance of upper and lower limb musculature in young and older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1047-1057. [PMID: 33656946 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study uniquely examined the influence of old age and adiposity on maximal concentric and eccentric torque and fatigue of the elbow and knee (KF, KE) flexors and extensors. Forty males were recruited and categorised into young (n = 21, 23.7 ± 3.4) and old (n = 19, 68.3 ± 6.1) and then further into normal (young = 16.9 ± 2.5%, old = 20.6 ± 3.1%) and high adiposity (young = 28.9 ± 5.0%, old = 31.3 ± 4.2%) groups. Handgrip strength, sit-to-stand performance, and isokinetic assessments of peak torque at 60°, 120° and 180°·s-1 were measured. Older men produced significantly less concentric and eccentric peak torque (P < 0.016) but this was not influenced by adiposity (P > 0.055). For KE and KF, high adiposity groups demonstrated reduced peak torque normalised to body mass (P < 0.021), and muscle and contractile mode specific reduction in torque normalised to segmental lean mass. Eccentric fatigue resistance was unaffected by both age and adiposity (P > 0.30) and perceived muscle soreness, measured up to 72 hours after, was only enhanced in the upper body of the young group following eccentric fatigue (P = 0.009). Despite the impact of adiposity on skeletal muscle function being comparable between ages, these results suggest high adiposity will have greater impact on functional performance of older adults. Novelty: Irrespective of age, high adiposity may negatively impact force to body mass ratio and muscle quality in a muscle and contractile mode specific manner. Whilst the magnitude of adiposity effects is similar across ages, the impact for older adults will be more substantial given the age-related decline in muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharn Shelley
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Rob S James
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Steven Eustace
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Emma Eyre
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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10
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Tallis J, Shelley S, Degens H, Hill C. Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction Is Aggravated by Obesity: An Investigation of Contractile Function, Implications and Treatment. Biomolecules 2021; 11:372. [PMID: 33801275 PMCID: PMC8000988 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic and coupled with the unprecedented growth of the world's older adult population, a growing number of individuals are both old and obese. Whilst both ageing and obesity are associated with an increased prevalence of chronic health conditions and a substantial economic burden, evidence suggests that the coincident effects exacerbate negative health outcomes. A significant contributor to such detrimental effects may be the reduction in the contractile performance of skeletal muscle, given that poor muscle function is related to chronic disease, poor quality of life and all-cause mortality. Whilst the effects of ageing and obesity independently on skeletal muscle function have been investigated, the combined effects are yet to be thoroughly explored. Given the importance of skeletal muscle to whole-body health and physical function, the present study sought to provide a review of the literature to: (1) summarise the effect of obesity on the age-induced reduction in skeletal muscle contractile function; (2) understand whether obesity effects on skeletal muscle are similar in young and old muscle; (3) consider the consequences of these changes to whole-body functional performance; (4) outline important future work along with the potential for targeted intervention strategies to mitigate potential detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV15FB, UK;
| | - Sharn Shelley
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV15FB, UK;
| | - Hans Degens
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science & Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK;
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Cameron Hill
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK;
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11
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Kojouharov HV, Chen-Charpentier BM, Solis FJ, Biguetti C, Brotto M. A simple model of immune and muscle cell crosstalk during muscle regeneration. Math Biosci 2021; 333:108543. [PMID: 33465385 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2021.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle injury during aging predisposes skeletal muscles to increased damage due to reduced regenerative capacity. Some of the common causes of muscle injury are strains, while other causes are more complex muscle myopathies and other illnesses, and even excessive exercise can lead to muscle damage. We develop a new mathematical model based on ordinary differential equations of muscle regeneration. It includes the interactions between the immune system, healthy and damaged myonuclei as well as satellite cells. Our new mathematical model expands beyond previous ones by accounting for 21 specific parameters, including those parameters that deal with the interactions between the damaged and dead myonuclei, the immune system, and the satellite cells. An important assumption of our model is the replacement of only damaged parts of the muscle fibers and the dead myonuclei. We conduce systematic sensitivity analysis to determine which parameters have larger effects on the model and therefore are more influential for the muscle regeneration process. We propose additional validation for these parameters. We further demonstrate that these simulations are species-, muscle-, and age-dependent. In addition, the knowledge of these parameters and their interactions, may suggest targeting or selecting these interactions for treatments that accelerate the muscle regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hristo V Kojouharov
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019-0408, USA
| | | | - Francisco J Solis
- Department of Applied Mathematics, CIMAT, Callejón Jalisco s/n, Valenciana, 36023 Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Claudia Biguetti
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019-0407, USA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone-Muscle Research Center, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019-0407, USA.
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12
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Reidy PT, Edvalson LT, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Mahmassani ZS, Drummond MJ. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and protein during bed rest increases CD11b + skeletal muscle macrophages but does not correspond to muscle size or insulin sensitivity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1261-1269. [PMID: 32470312 PMCID: PMC9236569 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With this cohort, we previously demonstrated preservation of thigh lean tissue with neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with protein supplementation (NMES+PRO) treatment during bed rest in healthy older adults. Because macrophage polarization plays a significant role in the repair and maintenance of muscle size and insulin sensitivity, we hypothesized that muscle macrophages would be induced by NMES+PRO and would correspond to an increase in lean mass and an attenuated insulin resistance response altered by bed rest. Older adults (60-80 years old; body mass index < 30 kg/m2) underwent 5 days of bed rest and were randomized to either thrice daily treatment of NMES+PRO (n = 8) or CON (n = 8). Lean mass, insulin sensitivity, and markers of muscle macrophages, inflammation, and connective tissue were determined before and after bed rest. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance occurred after bed rest but there was not a treatment effect (p > 0.10). Proinflammatory-like macrophages (CD11b+, CD206-) increased (p < 0.05) with NMES+PRO treatment and was different than CON. Minor changes in noncontractile tissue were observed. However, changes in muscle macrophages or extracellular matrix were not related to the preservation of thigh lean mass or insulin resistance. Daily NMES+PRO treatment during bed rest induced a muscle proinflammatory-like macrophage response and was unrelated to muscle size or metabolic function. This study is listed as clinical trial NCT02566590. Novelty Neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with protein supplementation (NMES+PRO) increased proinflammatory-like macrophages and extracellular matrix content in older adults after bed rest. NMES+PRO changes in macrophages and noncontractile tissue macrophages were not related to muscle size preservation or insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Logan T Edvalson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S. 1850 E, Room 214, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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13
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Correa-de-Araujo R, Addison O, Miljkovic I, Goodpaster BH, Bergman BC, Clark RV, Elena JW, Esser KA, Ferrucci L, Harris-Love MO, Kritchevsky SB, Lorbergs A, Shepherd JA, Shulman GI, Rosen CJ. Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:963. [PMID: 32903666 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00963/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fat infiltration (known as myosteatosis) is an ectopic fat depot that increases with aging and is recognized to negatively correlate with muscle mass, strength, and mobility and disrupt metabolism (insulin resistance, diabetes). An interdisciplinary workshop convened by the National Institute on Aging Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology on September 2018, discussed myosteatosis in the context of skeletal muscle function deficit (SMFD). Its purpose was to gain a better understanding of the roles of myosteatosis in aging muscles and metabolic disease, particularly its potential determinants and clinical consequences, and ways of properly assessing it. Special attention was given to functional status and standardization of measures of body composition (including the value of D3-creatine dilution method) and imaging approaches [including ways to better use dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) through the shape and appearance modeling] to assess lean mass, sarcopenia, and myosteatosis. The workshop convened innovative new areas of scientific relevance to light such as the effect of circadian rhythms and clock disruption in skeletal muscle structure, function, metabolism, and potential contribution to increased myosteatosis. A muscle-bone interaction perspective compared mechanisms associated with myosteatosis and bone marrow adiposity. Potential preventive and therapeutic approaches highlighted ongoing work on physical activity, myostatin treatment, and calorie restriction. Myosteatosis' impact on cancer survivors raised new possibilities to identify its role and to engage in cross-disciplinary collaboration. A wide range of research opportunities and challenges in planning for the most appropriate study design, interpretation, and translation of findings into clinical practice were discussed and are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaly Correa-de-Araujo
- Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Odessa Addison
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Bryan C Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard V Clark
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Joanne W Elena
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael O Harris-Love
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Steve B Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- The Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
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14
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Correa-de-Araujo R, Addison O, Miljkovic I, Goodpaster BH, Bergman BC, Clark RV, Elena JW, Esser KA, Ferrucci L, Harris-Love MO, Kritchevsky SB, Lorbergs A, Shepherd JA, Shulman GI, Rosen CJ. Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging. Front Physiol 2020; 11:963. [PMID: 32903666 PMCID: PMC7438777 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fat infiltration (known as myosteatosis) is an ectopic fat depot that increases with aging and is recognized to negatively correlate with muscle mass, strength, and mobility and disrupt metabolism (insulin resistance, diabetes). An interdisciplinary workshop convened by the National Institute on Aging Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology on September 2018, discussed myosteatosis in the context of skeletal muscle function deficit (SMFD). Its purpose was to gain a better understanding of the roles of myosteatosis in aging muscles and metabolic disease, particularly its potential determinants and clinical consequences, and ways of properly assessing it. Special attention was given to functional status and standardization of measures of body composition (including the value of D3-creatine dilution method) and imaging approaches [including ways to better use dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) through the shape and appearance modeling] to assess lean mass, sarcopenia, and myosteatosis. The workshop convened innovative new areas of scientific relevance to light such as the effect of circadian rhythms and clock disruption in skeletal muscle structure, function, metabolism, and potential contribution to increased myosteatosis. A muscle-bone interaction perspective compared mechanisms associated with myosteatosis and bone marrow adiposity. Potential preventive and therapeutic approaches highlighted ongoing work on physical activity, myostatin treatment, and calorie restriction. Myosteatosis’ impact on cancer survivors raised new possibilities to identify its role and to engage in cross-disciplinary collaboration. A wide range of research opportunities and challenges in planning for the most appropriate study design, interpretation, and translation of findings into clinical practice were discussed and are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaly Correa-de-Araujo
- Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Odessa Addison
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Veterans Affairs Medical Center Baltimore, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Bryan C Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Richard V Clark
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Joanne W Elena
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael O Harris-Love
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.,Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Steve B Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | | | - John A Shepherd
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- The Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, United States
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15
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Stacchiotti A, Favero G, Rodella LF. Impact of Melatonin on Skeletal Muscle and Exercise. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020288. [PMID: 31991655 PMCID: PMC7072499 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle disorders are dramatically increasing with human aging with enormous sanitary costs and impact on the quality of life. Preventive and therapeutic tools to limit onset and progression of muscle frailty include nutrition and physical training. Melatonin, the indole produced at nighttime in pineal and extra-pineal sites in mammalians, has recognized anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties. Mitochondria are the favorite target of melatonin, which maintains them efficiently, scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative damage. Here, we discuss the most recent evidence of dietary melatonin efficacy in age-related skeletal muscle disorders in cellular, preclinical, and clinical studies. Furthermore, we analyze the emerging impact of melatonin on physical activity. Finally, we consider the newest evidence of the gut-muscle axis and the influence of exercise and probably melatonin on the microbiota. In our opinion, this review reinforces the relevance of melatonin as a safe nutraceutical that limits skeletal muscle frailty and prolongs physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stacchiotti
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-030-3717478; Fax: +39-030-3717486
| | - Gaia Favero
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (G.F.); (L.F.R.)
- Interdepartmental University Center of Research “Adaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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16
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Reidy PT, Yonemura NM, Madsen JH, McKenzie AI, Mahmassani ZS, Rondina MT, Lin YK, Kaput K, Drummond MJ. An accumulation of muscle macrophages is accompanied by altered insulin sensitivity after reduced activity and recovery. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13251. [PMID: 30632274 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance are not well understood. In addition to a role in muscle repair, immune cell populations such as macrophages may regulate insulin sensitivity. AIM The aim of this study was to examine if the dynamic changes in insulin sensitivity during and after recovery from reduced physical activity corresponded to changes in skeletal muscle macrophages. METHODS In this prospective clinical study, we collected muscle biopsies from healthy older adults (70 ± 2 years, n = 12) before and during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and this occurred before (PRE) and after 2-week reduced physical activity (RA), and following 2-week of recovery (REC). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp), skeletal muscle mRNA expression of inflammatory markers, and immunofluorescent quantification of skeletal muscle macrophages, myofibre-specific satellite cell and capillary content were assessed. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity was decreased following reduced activity and rebounded following recovery above PRE levels. We observed an increase (P < 0.01) in muscle macrophages (CD68+ CD206+ : 190 [55, 324]; CD11b+ CD206+ : 117 [28, 205]% change from PRE) and CD68 (2.4 [1.4, 3.4]-fold) and CCL2 (1.9 [1.3, 2.5]-fold) mRNA following RA concurrent with increased (P < 0.03) satellite cells (55 [6, 104]%) in slow-twitch myofibres. Moreover, the distance of satellite cells to the nearest capillary was increased 7.7 (1.7, 13.7) µm in fast-twitch myofibres at RA (P = 0.007). Changes in macrophages were positively associated with increased insulin sensitivity following RA (R > 0.57, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that a dynamic response of skeletal muscle macrophages following acute changes in physical activity in healthy older adults is related to insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Reidy
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Nikol M. Yonemura
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | | | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Yu Kuei Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Katie Kaput
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
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17
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Tallis J, James RS, Seebacher F. The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle contractile function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:221/13/jeb163840. [PMID: 29980597 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.163840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity can cause a decline in contractile function of skeletal muscle, thereby reducing mobility and promoting obesity-associated health risks. We reviewed the literature to establish the current state-of-knowledge of how obesity affects skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. At a cellular level, the dominant effects of obesity are disrupted calcium signalling and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. As a result, there is a shift from slow to fast muscle fibre types. Decreased AMPK activity promotes the class II histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated inhibition of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2). MEF2 promotes slow fibre type expression, and its activity is stimulated by the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. Obesity-induced attenuation of calcium signalling via its effects on calcineurin, as well as on adiponectin and actinin affects excitation-contraction coupling and excitation-transcription coupling in the myocyte. These molecular changes affect muscle contractile function and phenotype, and thereby in vivo and in vitro muscle performance. In vivo, obesity can increase the absolute force and power produced by increasing the demand on weight-supporting muscle. However, when normalised to body mass, muscle performance of obese individuals is reduced. Isolated muscle preparations show that obesity often leads to a decrease in force produced per muscle cross-sectional area, and power produced per muscle mass. Obesity and ageing have similar physiological consequences. The synergistic effects of obesity and ageing on muscle function may exacerbate morbidity and mortality. Important future research directions include determining: the relationship between time course of weight gain and changes in muscle function; the relative effects of weight gain and high-fat diet feeding per se; the effects of obesity on muscle function during ageing; and if the effects of obesity on muscle function are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Rob S James
- Center for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Science and Health Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Frank Seebacher
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heydon Laurence Building A08, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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