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Recent advances in ginsenosides against respiratory diseases: Therapeutic targets and potential mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114096. [PMID: 36502752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory diseases mainly include asthma, influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer. Given their high prevalence and poor prognosis, the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases are increasingly essential. In particular, the development for the novel strategies of drug treatment has been a hot topic in the research field. Ginsenosides are the major component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), a food homology and well-known medicinal herb. In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides in respiratory diseases. METHODS The reviewed studies were retrieved via a thorough analysis of numerous articles using electronic search tools including Sci-Finder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science. The following keywords were used for the online search: ginsenosides, asthma, influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH), lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and clinical trials. We summarized the findings and the conclusions from 176 manuscripts on ginsenosides, including research articles and reviews. RESULTS Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, and CK, which are the most commonly reported ginsenosides for treating of respiratory diseases, and other ginsenosides such as Rh1, Rk1, Rg5, Rd and Re, all primarily reduce pneumonia, fibrosis, and inhibit tumor progression by targeting NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and JNK pathways, thereby ameliorating respiratory diseases. CONCLUSION This review provides novel ideas and important aspects for the future research of ginsenosides for treating respiratory diseases.
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Kiselevskiy MV, Anisimova NY, Bilan MI, Usov AI, Ustyuzhanina NE, Petkevich AA, Shubina IZ, Morozevich GE, Nifantiev NE. Prospects for the Use of Marine Sulfated Fucose-Rich Polysaccharides in Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 and Post-COVID-19 Syndrome. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1109-1122. [PMID: 36325402 PMCID: PMC9584273 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms of the new coronavirus infection that appeared in 2019 (COVID-19) range from low fever and fatigue to acute pneumonia and multiple organ failure. The clinical picture of COVID-19 is heterogeneous and involves most physiological systems; therefore, drugs with a wide spectrum of mechanism of action are required. The choice of the treatment strategy for post-COVID-19 syndrome is still a challenge to be resolved. Polysaccharides with a high fucose content derived from seaweed and marine animals can form the basis for the subsequent development of promising agents for the treatment of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 syndrome. This class of biopolymers is characterized by a variety of biological activities, including antiviral, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, hemo-stimulating, anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory. Low molecular weight derivatives of these polysaccharides, as well as synthetic oligosaccharides with a sufficient amount and sulfation type may be considered as the most promising compounds due to their better bioavailability, which undoubtedly increases their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Kiselevskiy
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115552 Moscow, Russia
| | - N. Yu. Anisimova
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115552 Moscow, Russia
| | - M. I. Bilan
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. I. Usov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N. E. Ustyuzhanina
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. A. Petkevich
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115552 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. Zh. Shubina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115552 Moscow, Russia
| | - G. E. Morozevich
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - N. E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Zhou R, He D, Xie J, Zhou Q, Zeng H, Li H, Huang L. The Synergistic Effects of Polysaccharides and Ginsenosides From American Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius L.) Ameliorating Cyclophosphamide-Induced Intestinal Immune Disorders and Gut Barrier Dysfunctions Based on Microbiome-Metabolomics Analysis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665901. [PMID: 33968068 PMCID: PMC8100215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CTX), used in cancer chemotherapy, a high dose of which would cause immunosuppressive effect and intestinal mucosa damage. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has a long history of functional food use for immunological disorder, colitis, cancer, and so on. This study aimed to illustrate the underlying mechanism of American ginseng’s immunomodulatory effect in CTX-induced mice. In this study, all groups of American ginseng (American ginseng polysaccharide [AGP], American ginseng ginsenoside [AGG], co-treated with American ginseng polysaccharide and ginsenoside [AGP_AGG]) have relieve the immune disorder by reversing the lymphocyte subsets ratio in spleen and peripheral blood, as well as stimulating CD4+T cells and IgA-secreting cells in small intestine. These three treatment groups, especially AGP_AGG co-treated group recovered the intestine morphology that up-regulated villus height (VH)/crypt depth (CD) ratio, areas of mucins expression, quantity of goblet cells, and expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin). Importantly, the microbiome-metabolomics analysis was applied in this study to illustrate the possible immuno-modulating mechanism. The synergistic effect of polysaccharides and ginsenosides (AGP_AGG group) restored the gut microbiota composition and increased various beneficial mucosa-associated bacterial taxa Clostridiales, Bifidobacterium, and Lachnospiraceae, while decreased harmful bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and Peptococcaceae. Also, AGP_AGG group altered various fecal metabolites such as uric acid, xanthurenic acid, acylcarnitine, 9,10-DHOME, 13-HDoHE, LysoPE15:0, LysoPC 16:0, LysoPI 18:0, and so on, that associated with immunometabolism or protective effect of gut barrier. These results suggest AG, particularly co-treated of polysaccharide and ginsenoside may be used as immunostimulants targeting microbiome-metabolomics axis to prevent CTX-induced side effects in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan He
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingyijun Zhou
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Insitute of Chinese Materia, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ghosh R, Bryant DL, Farone AL. Panax quinquefolius (North American Ginseng) Polysaccharides as Immunomodulators: Current Research Status and Future Directions. Molecules 2020; 25:E5854. [PMID: 33322293 PMCID: PMC7763949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng, NAG) is a popular medicinal plant used widely in traditional medicine. NAG products are currently available in various forms such as roots, extracts, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, energy drinks, etc. NAG polysaccharides are recognized as one of the major bioactive ingredients. However, most NAG reviews are focused on ginsenosides with little information on polysaccharides. NAG polysaccharides have demonstrated a therapeutic activity in numerous studies, in which many of the bioactivities involve regulation of the immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize the structural features and the immunomodulatory properties of crude, partially purified, and pure polysaccharides isolated from NAG. Receptors of the innate immune system that potentially bind to NAG polysaccharides and the respective signal transduction pathways initiated by these compounds are discussed. Major challenges, recent innovations, and future directions in NAG polysaccharide research are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Daniel L. Bryant
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA;
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Anthony L. Farone
- Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA;
- Tennessee Center for Botanical Medicine Research, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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An acidic polysaccharide (AGC3) isolated from North American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius) suspension culture as a potential immunomodulatory nutraceutical. Curr Res Food Sci 2020; 3:207-216. [PMID: 32914137 PMCID: PMC7473373 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides isolated from Panax quinquefolius roots are widely used as nutraceuticals due to their immunomodulatory properties. Despite their popularity, several challenges exist in isolating ginseng root polysaccharides such as batch-to-batch structural inconsistencies and bacterial endotoxin contamination. A plant tissue culture-based platform offers a potential solution to isolate natural polysaccharide fractions with consistent chemical characteristics and reduced endotoxin content. In this study, an acidic polysaccharide fraction (AGC3) with immunomodulatory properties was isolated from Panax quinquefolius suspension cultures. The heterogeneous fraction (molecular weight: 4.81 and 32.14 kDa), purified by anion exchange chromatography, was predominantly composed of galactose (>60%) along with the presence of rhamnose, arabinose, glucose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid. The major glycosidic linkages were found to be t-Galp (47.7%), 4-Galp (15.6%), 2,4-Rhap (8.1%), 6-Galp (8.1%) and 4-GalAp (6.8%). Structural analyses indicated the presence of a pectic rhamnogalacturonan I polysaccharide in AGC3. AGC3 significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells and primary murine splenocytes by enhancing the production of several immunomodulatory mediators such as IL-6, TNF-α, GM-CSF and MCP-1. The results also indicated the putative roles of NF-κB (p65/RelA) and MAPK (p38) signaling pathways in the immunostimulatory response. Additionally, AGC3 induced murine splenocyte proliferation, another major indicator of immunostimulation. Overall, AGC3 has the potential to be used as an immunostimulatory nutraceutical. American ginseng suspension culture as source of natural bioactive polysaccharides. Acidic polysaccharide, AGC3 displayed potent immunostimulatory properties. Putative mechanism of action includes NF-κB (p65/RelA) and MAPK (p38) pathways. AGC3 predominantly composed of RGI-type pectins. Potential nutraceutical that can be used as an exogenous immunomodulator.
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Lee J, Cho CW, Jang M, Lim TG, Lee E, Hong HD, Rhee Y, Lee Y. Immunostimulatory activities of a high molecular weight fraction of Cynanchum auriculatum royle ex wight root obtained by ultrafiltration. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_449_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ullah S, Khalil AA, Shaukat F, Song Y. Sources, Extraction and Biomedical Properties of Polysaccharides. Foods 2019; 8:E304. [PMID: 31374889 PMCID: PMC6723881 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent era, bioactive compounds from plants have received great attention because of their vital health-related activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, anticoagulant activity, anti-diabetic activity, UV protection, antiviral activity, hypoglycemia, etc. Previous studies have already shown that polysaccharides found in plants are not likely to be toxic. Based on these inspirational comments, most research focused on the isolation, identification, and bioactivities of polysaccharides. A large number of biologically active polysaccharides have been isolated with varying structural and biological activities. In this review, a comprehensive summary is provided of the recent developments in the physical and chemical properties as well as biological activities of polysaccharides from a number of important natural sources, such as wheat bran, orange peel, barely, fungi, algae, lichen, etc. This review also focused on biomedical applications of polysaccharides. The contents presented in this review will be useful as a reference for future research as well as for the extraction and application of these bioactive polysaccharides as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samee Ullah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Shaukat
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
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Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng) cell suspension culture as a source of bioactive polysaccharides: Immunostimulatory activity and characterization of a neutral polysaccharide AGC1. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:221-232. [PMID: 31376448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose the use of a plant tissue culture-based system for the production of polysaccharides with consistent chemical characteristics and reduced endotoxin content. Polysaccharides were isolated from suspension cultures of Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), a widely used medicinal herb. A neutral fraction, AGC1, purified by anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography, displayed immunostimulatory activity in vitro and ex vivo. AGC1 (average molecular weight: 5.2kDa) was predominantly composed of galactose (>60%) along with the presence of several other neutral sugars such as arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose in minor amounts. The major glycosidic linkages were found to be 3-Galp (48.5%), 3,6-Galp (10.2%), t-Galp (5.2%), 6-Galp (4.4%), 4-Glcp (5.7%), 4-Arap/5-Araf (4.0%) and t-Araf (4.5%). AGC1 significantly (p<0.05) stimulated the expression of a range of proinflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages such as IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1 and GM-CSF. Additionally, AGC1 treatment of RAW 264.7 cells stimulated NOS2 gene expression, leading to increased levels of iNOS and downstream NO. Consistent with this, AGC1 was able to act as an immunostimulant in primary murine splenocytes, enhancing cell proliferation, as well as NO and TNF-α production. Our results also indicate the partial role of NF-κB pathway in the immunostimulatory response.
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Yu W, Field CJ, Wu J. A spent hen muscle protein hydrolysate: a potential IL-10 stimulator in a murine model. Food Funct 2019; 9:4714-4719. [PMID: 30091766 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00589c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary proteins harbour bioactive peptides that exert various physiological activities. Chicken meat prepared from spent layers from the egg industry is an inexpensive source of protein for the production of bioactive peptides. This study explored the effect of hen muscle-derived peptides prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis on immune functions. The hydrolysate was incorporated into the diet of weanling Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 per diet) for 3 weeks at 2% or 5% addition (w/w diet). At a dose of 5% (w/w) the hydrolysate exhibited immunomodulatory effects on splenocytes, including a lower proportion of OX6+ (professional antigen presenting cells) and a higher proportion of CD11b/c+ cells (macrophages/monocytes) (p < 0.05) compared to the isonitrogenous control diet. Meanwhile, the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 by splenocytes stimulated ex vivo with mitogens was significantly higher from hydrolysate treatment; there was no significant difference in the other cytokines (IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6 and IL-2) investigated. Supplementing with the hydrolysate did not alter the growth, food intake and organ weights in young rodents. These results indicated that the spent hen muscle protein hydrolysate has the potential to be developed for value-added products with anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Yu
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
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Hong HD, Kim JC, Lim TG, Song YR, Cho CW, Jang M. Mixing ratio optimization for functional complex extracts of Rhodiola crenulata, Panax quinquefolius, and Astragalus membranaceus using mixture design and verification of immune functional efficacy in animal models. J Funct Foods 2018; 40:447-454. [PMID: 32288793 PMCID: PMC7105012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify the optimum mixing ratio for various ingredients to obtain complex extracts with high extract yields and immune-enhancing activity in animals. The extract yield and amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin (IL)-6 were set to maximum for modeling predictions. The predicted optimum values for the mixing ratio were 49.5% for Rhodiola crenulata, 26.1% for Astragalus membranaceus, and 24.4% for Panax quinquefolius, and the predicted response values were 31.5% yield, 13.4% NO production, and 6.1% IL-6 production; actual values were 35.3% yield, 14.7% NO, and 6.6% IL-6. The optimum mixing ratio extract (OMRE) was used for the animal experiments. Treating mice with OMRE at 200 mg/kg produced significant increases in spleen indexes and T-cell/B-cell proliferation. OMRE treatment increased IL-10 and IL-6 production in concanavalin A- and lipopolysaccharide-induced T- and B- lymphocytes, respectively. These results provide a basis for the development of functional extracts and drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ran Song
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
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Yuan X, Dou Y, Wu X, Wei Z, Dai Y. Tetrandrine, an agonist of aryl hydrocarbon receptor, reciprocally modulates the activities of STAT3 and STAT5 to suppress Th17 cell differentiation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:2172-2183. [PMID: 28332288 PMCID: PMC5571555 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid constituent of the root of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, was previously shown to suppress the differentiation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and consequently ameliorate the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), but its underlying mechanism is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated how tetrandrine suppressed Th17 cell differentiation through the AhR pathway. The naïve CD4+ T cells were stimulated with anti‐CD3/CD28 for 72 hrs in the presence or absence of tetrandrine under the Th17‐polarizing condition. Tetrandrine inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 (STAT3) and boosted the phosphorylation of STAT5, while it did not alter the expression levels of phospho‐Janus kinase‐1 (p‐JAK1), p‐JAK2, p‐JAK3, and suppressor of cytokine signalling‐3 (SOCS3). The tetrandrine‐mediated inhibition of the Th17 cell differentiation could be diminished by the activator of STAT3 and the inhibitor of STAT5. Meanwhile, the effect of tetrandrine on the either STAT3 or STAT5 phosphorylation was almost completely reversed by the AhR antagonist CH223191 and the AhR knockdown. In CIA mice, tetrandrine decreased p‐STAT3 levels and increased p‐STAT5 levels, which could also be reversed by the AhR antagonist resveratrol administration. Furthermore, tetrandrine promoted the AhR binding to the STAT5, but not to the STAT3. The tetrandrine‐induced inhibition of the STAT3 phosphorylation was diminished by the inhibitor of STAT5. Taken together, tetrandrine suppressed Th17 cell differentiation by reciprocally modulating the activities of STAT3 and STAT5 in an AhR‐dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yannong Dou
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Immune-Enhancing Effects of a High Molecular Weight Fraction of Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley in Macrophages and Immunosuppressed Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100600. [PMID: 27690089 PMCID: PMC5083988 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the immune-enhancing activity of a high molecular weight fraction (HMF) of Cynanchum wilfordii in RAW 264.7 macrophages and the cyclophosphamide (CYC)-induced mouse model of immunosuppression. To identify the bioactive substances of HMF, a crude polysaccharide (HMFO) was obtained and treated with sodium periodate (an oxidation agent) or digested with protease. In macrophages, HMF treatment enhanced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)), as well as phagocytic ability. In CYC-immunosuppressed mice, HMF improved relative spleen and thymus weights, natural killer (NK) cell activity, and splenic lymphocyte proliferation. These increases in NO and cytokines were mediated by up-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Periodate treatment, but not protease treatment, decreased the immune-enhancing activity of HMFO, suggesting that polysaccharides are the active ingredients in C. wilfordii extract.
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Yuan X, Tong B, Dou Y, Wu X, Wei Z, Dai Y. Tetrandrine ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by restoring the balance between Th17 and Treg cells via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 101:87-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Park HY, Lee SH, Lee KS, Yoon HK, Yoo YC, Lee J, Choi JE, Kim PH, Park SR. Ginsenoside Rg1 and 20(S)-Rg3 Induce IgA Production by Mouse B Cells. Immune Netw 2015; 15:331-6. [PMID: 26770188 PMCID: PMC4700410 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.6.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the major components of ginseng, which is known to modulate blood pressure, metabolism, and immune function, and has been used to treat various diseases. It has been reported that ginseng and several ginsenosides have immunoregulatory effects on the innate and T cell-mediated immune response. However, their effects on the humoral immune response have not been fully explored. The present study examined the direct effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) and ginsenosides on mouse B cell proliferation and on antibody production and the expression of germline transcripts (GLT) by mouse B cells in vitro. RGE slightly reduced B cell proliferation, but increased IgA production by LPS-stimulated B cells. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rg1 and 20(S)-Rg3 selectively induced IgA production and expression of GLTα transcripts by LPS-stimulated B cells. Collectively, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 and 20(S)-Rg3 can drive the differentiation of B cells into IgA-producing cells through the selective induction of GLTα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Yan Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Kyu-Seon Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Yung-Choon Yoo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Junglim Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
| | - Jae Eul Choi
- College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Pyeung-Hyeun Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, School of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seok-Rae Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea.; Myunggok Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea
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15
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Loh SH, Park JY, Cho EH, Nah SY, Kang YS. Animal lectins: potential receptors for ginseng polysaccharides. J Ginseng Res 2015; 41:1-9. [PMID: 28123316 PMCID: PMC5223067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer, belonging to the genus Panax of the family Araliaceae, is known for its human immune system-related effects, such as immune-boosting effects. Ginseng polysaccharides (GPs) are the responsible ingredient of ginseng in immunomodulation, and are classified as acidic and neutral GPs. Although GPs participate in various immune reactions including the stimulation of immune cells and production of cytokines, the precise function of GPs together with its potential receptor(s) and their signal transduction pathways have remained largely unknown. Animal lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar moieties. Among many different biological functions in vivo, animal lectins especially play important roles in the immune system by recognizing carbohydrates that are found exclusively on pathogens or that are inaccessible on host cells. This review summarizes the immunological activities of GPs and the diverse roles of animal lectins in the immune system, suggesting the possibility of animal lectins as the potential receptor candidates of GPs and giving insights into the development of GPs as therapeutic biomaterials for many immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Loh
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Yeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Estaki M, Noble EG. North American ginseng protects against muscle damage and reduces neutrophil infiltration after an acute bout of downhill running in rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:116-21. [PMID: 25531801 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric muscle contractions such as those experienced during downhill running are associated with inflammation, delayed-onset of muscle soreness, myofiber damage, and various functional deficits. North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory properties and thus may offset some of this exercise-induced damage. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that intervention with North American ginseng would reduce eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation. Male Wistar rats were fed (300 mg/(kg·day)(-1)) of either an alcohol (AL) or aqueous (AQ) extract of North American ginseng for 14 days before a single bout of downhill running and were compared with matching nonexercised (C) groups. Plasma creatine kinase levels were significantly reduced in both ginseng treated groups compared with the C group that received a water placebo (p < 0.002). Further, the AQ but not AL group also showed attenuated morphological signs of damage (hemotoxylin and eosin) as well as reduced levels of infiltrating neutrophils (HIS48) in the soleus muscle (p < 0.001). In summary, supplementation with an AQ but not AL extract of North American ginseng was able to reduce eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrbod Estaki
- a School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
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17
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Stimulation and Suppression of Innate Immune Function by American Ginseng Polysaccharides: Biological Relevance and Identification of Bioactives. Pharm Res 2014; 32:876-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Xiong Y, Ma Y, Han W, Kodithuwakku ND, Liu LF, Li FW, Fang WR, Li YM. Clematichinenoside AR induces immunosuppression involving Treg cells in Peyer׳s patches of rats with adjuvant induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1306-1314. [PMID: 25063305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clematichinenoside AR (AR) has been defined as a major active ingredient of triterpenoid saponins extracted from Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma, which is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has long been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further explore the mechanism of AR in the treatment of RA, we investigated whether its immunomodulatory effects are related to Treg-mediated suppression derived from Peyer׳s patches (PPs) in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS AR (8, 16, 32 mg/kg) was orally administered daily from Day 18 to Day 31 after immunization. The effect of AR on AIA rats was evaluated by hind paw swelling and histopathological examination. Percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells were determined by flow cytometry. Levels of IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17A and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Expressions of Foxp3 and RORγ in synovium were detected using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS AR treatment significantly reduced paw swelling of AIA rats, and histopathological analysis confirmed it could suppress severity of established arthritis. AR treatment upregulated the percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells among CD4+ T cells in PPs lymphocytes, and increased the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 secreted from ConA-activated PPs lymphocytes, whereas decreased the levels of IL-17 A and TNF-α. Similar tendency of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells percentages and serum cytokine levels were observed. Moreover, AR decreased the expression levels of Foxp3 and RORγ in joint synovial membrane. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these results suggested AR has a potent protective effect on the progression of AIA, probably by augmenting CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in PPs to induce immunosuppression, and modulating the balance between Treg cells and Th17 cells systemically. These findings may help to develop AR as a potent immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/metabolism
- Male
- Peyer's Patches/drug effects
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Saponins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nandani Darshika Kodithuwakku
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, the Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Feng-Wen Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei-Rong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yun-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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19
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Zhai L, Wang Y, Yu J, Hu S. Enhanced immune responses of chickens to oral vaccination against infectious bursal disease by ginseng stem-leaf saponins. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2473-81. [PMID: 25125559 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2014-04056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease (IBD), caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), is an immunosuppressive infectious disease of global economic importance in poultry. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) on humoral and gut mucosal immunity in chickens vaccinated with live IBDV vaccine, and furthermore, to test its protective efficacy against virulent IBDV challenge following vaccination. In experiment 1, chickens were orally administered with GSLS at 5 mg/kg of BW for 7 d, and then immunized with live IBDV vaccine via the oral route. Serum was sampled on 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wk postvaccination for detecting antibody titers by ELISA, and intestinal tissues were collected on 0, 1, 3, and 5 wk postvaccination for measurement of IgA-positive cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes by immunohistochemical and hematoxylin-eosin staining, respectively. Result showed that antibody titers, IgA-positive cells and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were significantly higher in chickens drinking GSLS than the control, suggesting an enhanced effect of GSLS on humoral and gut mucosal immune responses. In experiment 2, chickens were delivered with GSLS and then vaccinated in the same way as in experiment 1. The birds were challenged with virulent IBDV at wk 3 postvaccination. Then the birds were weighed, bled, and necropsied at d 3 postchallenge and the bursae were sampled for gross and histopathological examination. Results demonstrated that GSLS provided a better protection against virulent IBDV challenge following vaccination than the control. In conclusion, oral administration of GSLS enhances both humoral and gut mucosal immune responses to IBDV and offers a better protection against virulent IBDV challenge. Considering its immunomodulatory properties to IBDV vaccine, GSLS might be a promising oral adjuvant for vaccination against infectious diseases in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - J Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
| | - S Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P. R. China
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20
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Immunostimulatory effects of polysaccharides isolated from Makgeolli (traditional Korean rice wine). Molecules 2014; 19:5266-77. [PMID: 24762965 PMCID: PMC6270746 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19045266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Makgeolli is a traditional Korean rice wine, reported to have various biological functions. In this study, the immunostimulatory activity of a polysaccharide from makgeolli (PSM) was investigated. The polysaccharide fraction was isolated from makgeolli by hot water extraction, ethanol precipitation, dialysis, and lyophilization. The major constituents in PSM were neutral sugars (87.3%). PSM was composed of five different sugars, glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose. In normal mice, PSM treatment increased the spleen index (p < 0.05) as well as splenocyte proliferation (p < 0.05) in combination with concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharide. The immunostimulatory activities of PSM were also examined in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressed mice. Mice treated with PSM exhibited increased splenocyte proliferation (p < 0.05), natural killer cell activity, and white blood cell counts (p < 0.01) compared with immunosuppressed mice. These results indicate that PSM can enhance immune function in normal mice and CY-induced immunosuppressed mice.
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21
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Antioxidant and immunoregulatory activity of alkali-extractable polysaccharides from North American ginseng. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 65:357-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Wicks SM, Qi LW. Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2014; 34:160-7. [PMID: 21359120 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2010.34.3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the U.S., and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the antidiabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, Illinois 60637, U.S.A
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23
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Identification of immunomodulatory signatures induced by american ginseng in murine immune cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:972814. [PMID: 24319490 PMCID: PMC3844258 DOI: 10.1155/2013/972814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius, AG) has been used for more than 300 years. Some of its claimed benefits can be attributed to the immunomodulatory activities, whose molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods. Murine splenic cells from adult male C57BL/6 (B6) mice were isolated and divided into 4 groups to mimic 4 basic pathophysiological states: (1) normal naïve; (2) normal activated; (3) deficient naïve; (4) deficient activated. Then, different AG extracts were added to all groups for 24 h incubation. MTT proliferation assays were performed to evaluate the phenotypic features of cells. Finally, microarray assays were carried out to identify differentially expressed genes associated with AG exposure. Real-time PCR was performed to validate the expression of selected genes. Results. Microarray data showed that most of gene expression changes were identified in the deficient naïve group, suggesting that the pathophysiological state has major impacts on transcriptomic changes associated with AG exposure. Specifically, this study revealed downregulation of interferon-γ signaling pathway in the deficient group of cells. Conclusion. Our study demonstrated that only specific groups of immune cells responded to AG intervention and immunocompromised cells were more likely regulated by AG treatment.
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24
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Meng J, Meng Y, Liang Z, Du L, Zhang Z, Hu X, Shan F. Phenotypic and functional analysis of the modification of murine bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) induced by neutral Ginseng polysaccharides (NGP). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:233-41. [PMID: 23291949 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we reveal that a neutral polysaccharide isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb, named Ginseng (Panaxgiseng C.A. Meyer), promotes maturation of BMDCs via inducing changes both inside and outside BMDCs, as well as changes of functions. These affects of NGP on BMDCs were evaluated with use of conventional scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) for morphology of BMDCs, flow cytometry (FCM) for key surface markers of BMDCs, cytochemistry assay, FITC-dextran, bio-assay for their phagocytosis and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokine production by BMDCs. Our results proved that NGP induced maturation of BMDCs as reflected by the downregulation of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity inside the BMDCs, which occurs when phagocytosis of BMDCs decreased, while antigen presentation increased upon maturation. These data also revealed higher expression of MHC II, CD80, CD86, CD83, CD40 and secretion of higher level of IL-12 and low level of TNF-α. Our approach suggests that NGP could therefore stimulate the maturation of murine BMDCs through a series of regulation to the BMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjuan Meng
- Central laboratory; China Medical University; Shenyang, PR China
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25
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Wang Z, Meng J, Xia Y, Meng Y, Du L, Zhang Z, Wang E, Shan F. Maturation of murine bone marrow dendritic cells induced by acidic Ginseng polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 53:93-100. [PMID: 23164755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report that a acidic polysaccharide (AGP) isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb, named Ginseng (Panax giseng C.A. Meyer), induces maturation of bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) via concrete changes both inside and outside BMDCs. The impacts of AGP on BMDCs were assessed with use of conventional scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) for morphology, flow cytometry (FCM) for key surface molecules, cytochemistry assay, FITC-dextran, bio-assay for phagocytosis and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for production of cytokines. Our results elucidated that PPS promoted maturation of BMDCs via changes as reflected by the down-regulation of acid phosphatase (ACP) activity inside the BMDCs, which occurs when phagocytosis of BMDCs to antigen decreased, while antigen presentation increased upon maturation, higher expression of key surface molecules of MHC II, CD80, CD86, CD83, and CD40, and releasing higher level of cytokines IL-12 and low level of TNF-α. Our study suggest that AGP play marked immunostimulating role on the maturation of murine BMDCs through precise regulation of phagocytosis and enzyme activities inside the BMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuozhou Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, No. 92, North Second Road, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, PR China
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26
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Lemmon HR, Sham J, Chau LA, Madrenas J. High molecular weight polysaccharides are key immunomodulators in North American ginseng extracts: characterization of the ginseng genetic signature in primary human immune cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:1-13. [PMID: 22521964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginseng (GS) has played a pivotal role in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Its use has become increasingly popular in North America, in part due to the many claims of its immune-enhancing properties. The immunopharmacology of the North American variety of GS and its extracts is needed to substantiate these claims. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to different North American GS extracts and microarray analysis was performed. The profile of cytokine response to GS extracts was established by ELISA, and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was used to identify potential signaling pathways responsible for the transcriptional profile induced by GS. Fractionation of the aqueous and polysaccharide extracts was done to determine the molecular weight of the active immune modulatory ingredient(s). RESULTS We found that GS induced a transcriptional profile of immunomodulation characterized by a net T(h)1 immune response, with up-regulation of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-23A and IL-6) and down-regulation of TGF-β, IL-13 and the LPS co-receptor CD14. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that the MAPK (ERK-1/2), PI3K, p38 and NF-κB cascades were key signaling pathways through which GS may trigger its immunomodulatory action. Furthermore, induction of such an immunomodulatory signature was recapitulated with the high molecular weight polysaccharides found in aqueous and polysaccharide GS extracts. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, we conclude that high molecular weight polysaccharides in North American GS aqueous and polysaccharide extracts likely trigger the MAPK (ERK-1/2), PI3K, p38 and NF-κB signaling pathways in PBMC resulting in the induction of a T(h)1 transcriptional profile. Our results may assist in optimizing GS-mediated immunomodulation and focus the search for compounds in GS extracts with specific immunomodulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Lemmon
- The Centre for Human Immunology, Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont. N6A 5K8, Canada
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27
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Ebeling C, Wu Y, Skappak C, Gordon JR, Ilarraza R, Adamko DJ. Compound CVT-E002 attenuates allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1905-8. [PMID: 22038929 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune modulation has been a sought after means of therapy for atopic diseases. CVT-E002 is an extract derived from North American Ginseng shown to promote T-helper-1-like responses. We determined what effect CVT-E002 could have in a mouse model of atopic asthma. We report that oral CVT-E002 inhibited the development of allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. This correlated with an increased presence of interferon-γ in the lung, and also increased regulatory T cells and IL-10. The ability of CVT-E002 to induce regulatory T-cell development was also seen in human in vitro co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Ebeling
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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28
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Azike CG, Charpentier PA, Hou J, Pei H, King Lui EM. The Yin and Yang actions of North American ginseng root in modulating the immune function of macrophages. Chin Med 2011; 6:21. [PMID: 21619635 PMCID: PMC3126757 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-6-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immuno-modulatory effects of ginseng, including both immuno-stimulatory and immuno-suppressive effects, have been widely reported. This study aims to determine whether the paradoxical immuno-modulatory effect is related to unique phytochemical profiles of different North American (NA) ginseng, namely aqueous (AQ) and alcoholic (ALC) extracts. Methods AQ and ALC extracts were prepared and their immuno-bioactivity were studied in vitro in murine macrophages (Raw 264.7) through measuring the direct stimulatory production of pro-inflammatory mediator and cytokines as well as the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulatory response by the two extracts. Gel permeation chromatography was used to fractionate and isolate phytochemicals for characterization of ginseng extracts. Results AQ extract up-regulated the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) while ALC extract did not. ALC extract but not AQ extract suppressed LPS-induced macrophage NO and TNF-α production. These immuno-stimulatory and suppressive effects were exhibited at similar extract concentrations. Moreover, the macrophage-stimulating activity of the AQ extract was inhibited in the presence of ALC extract. Fractionation of AQ extract revealed the presence of two major peaks at 230 nm with average molecular weights of 73,000 and 37,000 Da. The first fraction had similar elution volume as the crude polysaccharide (PS) fraction isolated from the AQ extract, and it was the only bioactive species. Parallel fractionation study of ALC extract yielded similar elution profiles; however, both sub-fractions were devoid of PS. Fraction I of the ALC extract suppressed LPS-induced NO production dose-dependently. Conclusion ALC extract of NA ginseng, which was devoid of PS, was immuno-inhibitory whereas the AQ extract, which contained PS, was immuno-stimulatory. These extract-related anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects may be considered as the Yin and Yang actions of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chike Godwin Azike
- Ontario Ginseng Innovation and Research Consortium, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Ilarraza R, Wu Y, Davoine F, Ebeling C, Adamko DJ. Human dendritic cells promote an antiviral immune response when stimulated by CVT-E002. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:670-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
There is interest in developing new compounds to enhance the immune response to airway virus infections. CVT-E002 is a patented ginseng extract shown to decrease symptoms of virus infection in clinical trials. We hypothesized that the mechanism for this antiviral effect could be through modulation of dendritic cells leading to enhanced T-cell activation.
Methods
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) exposed to CVT-E002 (or not) were co-cultured with autologous T cells, with or without virus (respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus). Effects of CVT-E002 on cell function were determined through flow cytometry, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and ELISA.
Key findings
moDC cultured with CVT-E002 or virus induced greater activation of T cells, as measured by CD25 expression and BrdU incorporation, compared with untreated moDC. Responding T cells were CD4+CD45RO+. Co-cultures of CVT-E002 treated moDC with T cells responded with increased release of Th1-type cytokines (interferon-gamma, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin-12). CVT-E002-treated moDC showed increased expression of CD83, CD80 and CD86. Lipopolysaccharide levels were not detected in CVT-E002 and antagonists for Toll-like receptor-4 did not inhibit CVT-E002-induced moDC maturation.
Conclusions
CVT-E002 induced moDC maturation, which caused increased memory T-cell activation and Th1-type cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramses Ilarraza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Pulmonary Research Group, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yingqi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Pulmonary Research Group, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Francis Davoine
- Campus Saint-Jean, University of Alberta, Pulmonary Research Group, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Cory Ebeling
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Pulmonary Research Group, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Darryl J Adamko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Pulmonary Research Group, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Pulmonary Research Group, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Lee OR, Sathiyaraj G, Kim YJ, In JG, Kwon WS, Kim JH, Yang DC. Defense Genes Induced by Pathogens and Abiotic Stresses in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Ginseng Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Kim JY, Kim HJ, Kim HJ. Effect of Oral Administration of Korean Red Ginseng on Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection. J Ginseng Res 2011. [DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.1.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Rollinger JM, Schmidtke M. The human rhinovirus: human-pathological impact, mechanisms of antirhinoviral agents, and strategies for their discovery. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:42-92. [PMID: 19714577 PMCID: PMC7168442 DOI: 10.1002/med.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the major etiological agent of the common cold, human rhinoviruses (HRV) cause millions of lost working and school days annually. Moreover, clinical studies proved an association between harmless upper respiratory tract infections and more severe diseases e.g. sinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both the medicinal and socio-economic impact of HRV infections and the lack of antiviral drugs substantiate the need for intensive antiviral research. A common structural feature of the approximately 100 HRV serotypes is the icosahedrally shaped capsid formed by 60 identical copies of viral capsid proteins VP1-4. The capsid protects the single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome of about 7,400 bases in length. Both structural as well as nonstructural proteins produced during the viral life cycle have been identified as potential targets for blocking viral replication at the step of attachment, entry, uncoating, RNA and protein synthesis by synthetic or natural compounds. Moreover, interferon and phytoceuticals were shown to protect host cells. Most of the known inhibitors of HRV replication were discovered as a result of empirical or semi-empirical screening in cell culture. Structure-activity relationship studies are used for hit optimization and lead structure discovery. The increasing structural insight and molecular understanding of viral proteins on the one hand and the advent of innovative computer-assisted technologies on the other hand have facilitated a rationalized access for the discovery of small chemical entities with antirhinoviral (anti-HRV) activity. This review will (i) summarize existing structural knowledge about HRV, (ii) focus on mechanisms of anti-HRV agents from synthetic and natural origin, and (iii) demonstrate strategies for efficient lead structure discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Ramberg JE, Nelson ED, Sinnott RA. Immunomodulatory dietary polysaccharides: a systematic review of the literature. Nutr J 2010; 9:54. [PMID: 21087484 PMCID: PMC2998446 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large body of literature suggests that certain polysaccharides affect immune system function. Much of this literature, however, consists of in vitro studies or studies in which polysaccharides were injected. Their immunologic effects following oral administration is less clear. The purpose of this systematic review was to consolidate and evaluate the available data regarding the specific immunologic effects of dietary polysaccharides. METHODS Studies were identified by conducting PubMed and Google Scholar electronic searches and through reviews of polysaccharide article bibliographies. Only articles published in English were included in this review. Two researchers reviewed data on study design, control, sample size, results, and nature of outcome measures. Subsequent searches were conducted to gather information about polysaccharide safety, structure and composition, and disposition. RESULTS We found 62 publications reporting statistically significant effects of orally ingested glucans, pectins, heteroglycans, glucomannans, fucoidans, galactomannans, arabinogalactans and mixed polysaccharide products in rodents. Fifteen controlled human studies reported that oral glucans, arabinogalactans, heteroglycans, and fucoidans exerted significant effects. Although some studies investigated anti-inflammatory effects, most studies investigated the ability of oral polysaccharides to stimulate the immune system. These studies, as well as safety and toxicity studies, suggest that these polysaccharide products appear to be largely well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Taken as a whole, the oral polysaccharide literature is highly heterogenous and is not sufficient to support broad product structure/function generalizations. Numerous dietary polysaccharides, particularly glucans, appear to elicit diverse immunomodulatory effects in numerous animal tissues, including the blood, GI tract and spleen. Glucan extracts from the Trametes versicolor mushroom improved survival and immune function in human RCTs of cancer patients; glucans, arabinogalactans and fucoidans elicited immunomodulatory effects in controlled studies of healthy adults and patients with canker sores and seasonal allergies. This review provides a foundation that can serve to guide future research on immune modulation by well-characterized polysaccharide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Ramberg
- Mannatech™, Incorporated, 600 S, Royal Lane, Suite 200, Coppell, TX 75019 USA.
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Secor ER, Singh A, Guernsey LA, McNamara JT, Zhan L, Maulik N, Thrall RS. Bromelain treatment reduces CD25 expression on activated CD4+ T cells in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:340-6. [PMID: 19162239 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bromelain (Br), an extract from pineapple stem with cysteine protease activity, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in a number of inflammatory models. We have previously shown that Br treatment decreased activated CD4(+) T cells and has a therapeutic role in an ovalbumin-induced murine model of allergic airway disease. The current study was designed to determine the effect of Br on CD4(+) T cell activation, specifically the expression of CD25 in vitro. CD25 is up regulated upon T cell activation, found as a soluble fraction (sCD25) and is a therapeutic target in inflammation, autoimmunity and allergy. Br treatment of anti-CD3 stimulated CD4(+) T cells reduced CD25 expression in a dose and time dependent manner. This reduction of CD25 was dependent on the proteolytic action of Br as the addition of E64 (a cysteine protease inhibitor) abrogated this response. The concentration of sCD25 was increased in supernatants of Br treated activated CD4(+) T cells as compared to control cells, suggesting that Br proteolytically cleaved cell-surface CD25. This novel mechanism of action identifies how Br may exert its therapeutic benefits in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Secor
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center 263 Farmington Ave, MC1319Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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