1
|
Herrera-Rodríguez MA, Del Pilar Ramos-Godinez M, Cano-Martínez A, Segura FC, Ruiz-Ramírez A, Pavón N, Lira-Silva E, Bautista-Pérez R, Thomas RS, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Chirino YI, López-Marure R. Food-grade titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxicity and cardiac damage after oral exposure in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:43. [PMID: 37978398 PMCID: PMC10655394 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00553-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used as food additives for human consumption. NPs reach the bloodstream given their small size, getting in contact with all body organs and cells. NPs have adverse effects on the respiratory and intestinal tract; however, few studies have focused on the toxic consequences of orally ingested metallic NPs on the cardiovascular system. Here, the effects of two food-grade additives on the cardiovascular system were analyzed. METHODS Titanium dioxide labeled as E171 and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs were orally administered to Wistar rats using an esophageal cannula at 10 mg/kg bw every other day for 90 days. We evaluated cardiac cell morphology and death, expression of apoptotic and autophagic proteins in cardiac mitochondria, mitochondrial dysfunction, and concentration of metals on cardiac tissue. RESULTS Heart histology showed important morphological changes such as presence of cellular infiltrates, collagen deposition and mitochondrial alterations in hearts from rats exposed to E171 and ZnO NPs. Intracellular Cyt-C levels dropped, while TUNEL positive cells increased. No significant changes in the expression of inflammatory cytokines were detected. Both NPs altered mitochondrial function indicating cardiac dysfunction, which was associated with an elevated concentration of calcium. ZnO NPs induced expression of caspases 3 and 9 and two autophagic proteins, LC3B and beclin-1, and had the strongest effect compared to E171. CONCLUSIONS E171 and ZnO NPs induce adverse cardiovascular effects in rats after 90 days of exposure, thus food intake containing these additives, should be taken into consideration, since they translocate into the bloodstream and cause cardiovascular damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alejandro Herrera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Colonia Sección 16, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | | | - Agustina Cano-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Colonia Sección 16, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Francisco Correa Segura
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Angélica Ruiz-Ramírez
- Departamento de Biomedicina Cardiovascular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Natalia Pavón
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Elizabeth Lira-Silva
- Departamento de Farmacología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosina Sánchez Thomas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Colonia Sección 16, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Ciudad de Mexico, México.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Artero NA, Manchope MF, Carvalho TT, Saraiva-Santos T, Bertozzi MM, Carneiro JA, Franciosi A, Dionisio AM, Zaninelli TH, Fattori V, Ferraz CR, Piva M, Mizokami SS, Camilios-Neto D, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Hesperidin Methyl Chalcone Reduces the Arthritis Caused by TiO 2 in Mice: Targeting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, Cytokine Production, and Nociceptor Sensory Neuron Activation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020872. [PMID: 36677929 PMCID: PMC9864652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthroplasty is an orthopedic surgical procedure that replaces a dysfunctional joint by an orthopedic prosthesis, thereby restoring joint function. Upon the use of the joint prosthesis, a wearing process begins, which releases components such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) that trigger an immune response in the periprosthetic tissue, leading to arthritis, arthroplasty failure, and the need for revision. Flavonoids belong to a class of natural polyphenolic compounds that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Hesperidin methyl chalcone's (HMC) analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects have been investigated in some models, but its activity against the arthritis caused by prosthesis-wearing molecules, such as TiO2, has not been investigated. Mice were treated with HMC (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) 24 h after intra-articular injection of 3 mg/joint of TiO2, which was used to induce chronic arthritis. HMC inhibited mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, joint edema, leukocyte recruitment, and oxidative stress in the knee joint (alterations in gp91phox, GSH, superoxide anion, and lipid peroxidation) and in recruited leukocytes (total reactive oxygen species and GSH); reduced patellar proteoglycan degradation; and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. HMC also reduced the activation of nociceptor-sensory TRPV1+ and TRPA1+ neurons. These effects occurred without renal, hepatic, or gastric damage. Thus, HMC reduces arthritis triggered by TiO2, a component released upon wearing of prosthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayara A. Artero
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Marília F. Manchope
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Thacyana T. Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Telma Saraiva-Santos
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana M. Bertozzi
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Jessica A. Carneiro
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Anelise Franciosi
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. Dionisio
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Tiago H. Zaninelli
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Camila R. Ferraz
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Maiara Piva
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra S. Mizokami
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Doumit Camilios-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Centre of Exact Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centre of Health Science, Londrina State University, Londrina 86039-440, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A. Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Centre of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-43-3371-4979
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moura FBRDE, Ferreira BA, Muniz EH, Santos RA, Gomide JAL, Justino AB, Silva ACA, Dantas NO, Ribeiro DL, Araújo FA, Espindola FS, Tomiosso TC. TiO2 Nanocrystals and Annona crassiflora Polyphenols Used Alone or Mixed Impact Differently on Wound Repair. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20210230. [PMID: 35830083 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220210230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wounds treated with TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) show an improvement in healing time. However, little is known about the parameters that can contribute to this result. On the other hand, the treatment of wounds with polyphenols is widely known. These compounds are found in the peel of Annona crassiflora fruit and have antioxidant, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we evaluated the healing effect of TiO2 nanocrystals (TiO2-NCs), polyphenolic fractions obtained from ethanolic extract of A. crassiflora fruit peel (PFAC) and mix (PFAC + TiO2-NCs) on the parameters of wound closure, inflammation, collagen deposition, metalloproteinase activity (MMPs) and angiogenesis. TiO2-NCs and PFAC have activity for wound healing, showed anti-inflammatory action and a shorter wound closure time. These treatments also contributed to increased collagen deposition, while only treatment with TiO2-NCs increased MMP-2 activity, parameters essential for the migration of keratinocytes and for complete restoration of the injured tissue. The combination of PFAC + TiO2-NCs reduced the effectiveness of individual treatments by intensifying the inflammatory process, in addition to delaying wound closure. We conclude that the interaction between the hydroxyl groups of PFAC polyphenols with TiO2-NCs may have contributed to difference in the healing activity of skin wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francyelle B R DE Moura
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Barão Geraldo, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Antonio Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Elusca Helena Muniz
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rinara A Santos
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - José Augusto L Gomide
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Rua Acre, 1004, Umuarama, 38405-319 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Allisson B Justino
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Rua Acre, 1004, Umuarama, 38405-319 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Anielle Christine A Silva
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Laboratório de Novos Nanoestruturados e Funcionais, Instituto de Física, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-900 Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Programa de Pós-Graduação da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Noelio O Dantas
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Laboratório de Novos Nanoestruturados e Funcionais, Instituto de Física, Avenida Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Tabuleiro do Martins, 57072-900 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Araújo
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Foued S Espindola
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Rua Acre, 1004, Umuarama, 38405-319 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Pará, 1720, Umuarama, 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255, Barão Geraldo, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guo N, Ni K, Luo T, Lan G, Arina A, Xu Z, Mao J, Weichselbaum RR, Spiotto M, Lin W. Reprogramming of Neutrophils as Non-canonical Antigen Presenting Cells by Radiotherapy-Radiodynamic Therapy to Facilitate Immune-Mediated Tumor Regression. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17515-17527. [PMID: 34709030 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ineffective antigen cross-presentation in the tumor microenvironment compromises the generation of antitumor immune responses. Radiotherapy-radiodynamic therapy (RT-RDT) with nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) induces robust adaptive immune responses despite modest activation of canonical antigen presenting dendritic cells. Here, using transplantable and autochthonous murine tumor models, we demonstrate that RT-RDT induces antitumor immune responses via early neutrophil infiltration and reprogramming. Intravenous or intratumoral injection of nMOFs recruited peripheral CD11b+Ly6G+CD11c- neutrophils into tumors. The activation of nMOFs by low-dose X-rays significantly increased the population of CD11b+Ly6G+CD11c+ hybrid neutrophils with upregulated expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 as well as major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Thus, nMOF-enabled RT-RDT reshapes a favorable tumor microenvironment for antitumor immune responses by reprogramming tumor-infiltrating neutrophils to function as non-canonical antigen presenting cells for effective cross-presentation of tumor antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nining Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Kaiyuan Ni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangxu Lan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ainhoa Arina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ziwan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jianming Mao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael Spiotto
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and The Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu T, Ling C, Hu M, Meng X, Deng Y, An H, Li L, Hu Y, Wang H, Song G, Guo S. Effect of Nano-Titanium Dioxide on Blood-Testis Barrier and MAPK Signaling Pathway in Male Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2961-2971. [PMID: 32990870 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Some studies have found that nano-sized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) has adverse effects on the male reproductive system. Blood-testis barrier (BTB), as one of the tightest blood-tissue restriction, is crucial to the male reproductive system. However, the potential effects on BTB and signaling pathway changes in testis tissue induced by nano-TiO2 remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, 60 Institute of Cancer Research mice were divided randomly into four groups (per group = 15). The mice of four groups were intragastrically administered with 0, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg BW nano-TiO2 respectively for 30 days to analyze the changes of BTB structure, BTB-related proteins, and MAPK signal pathways. Besides, testosterone level, estradiol level, and sperm parameter (sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm malformation rate) changes were also studied in this research. The results indicated that nano-TiO2 could induce the BTB structural damage and accompanied by the BTB main protein (ZO-1, Claudin-11, and F-actin) elevation of irritability. Nano-TiO2 could also activate the MAPK signaling pathways (p38, JNK, and ERK) of mice testis tissue. The testosterone and estradiol levels in serum reduced. Besides when the mice were administered with nano-TiO2, we also found the sperm motility rate decreased, and sperm malformation increased. The above changes may be associated with BTB damage and the activation of MAPK signaling pathways, thereby causing male reproductive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Lu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Chunmei Ling
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Mingjuan Hu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Xiaojia Meng
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Yaxin Deng
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Hongmei An
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Yunhua Hu
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China
| | - Guanling Song
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China.
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the myocardium of the adult albino rats and the protective role of β-carotene (histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study). J Mol Histol 2020; 51:485-501. [PMID: 32671652 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09897-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are the most produced nanomaterials. TiO2 NPs are used as a drug carrier and molecular imaging vehicle in the cardiovascular system. We aimed to study TiO2 NPs effects on the ventricular myocardium and evaluate the ameliorative effects of β-carotene (βC). Forty adult albino rats were divided into four groups: negative control group (Ι) received a distilled water. Treated group (II): received 20 mg/kg/day TiO2NPs intraperitoneally. Protected group (III): received 10 mg/kg/day βC orally together with TiO2 NPs in a dose of 20 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally. Positive control group (IV) was given βC orally in a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 14 days. Sections were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, bromphenol blue (BPB), and periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Anti-desmin & anti-CD45 immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopic examination were performed. Group (II) revealed fragmented myofibrils and inflammatory infiltrations. In group (III), normal cardiomyocytes with less inflammatory infiltrations. The optical density of PAS and BPB staining and anti-desmin showed a very highly significant decrease in the group (II) versus the control groups (P < 0.001). A highly significant increase in the optical density of group (III) versus group (II) (P < 0.01). Also, the area percentage mean values of collagen fibers and anti-CD45 in the group (II) showed a very highly significant increase versus the control groups (P < 0.001). Group (III) revealed a very highly significant decrease in the area percentage versus group (II) (P < 0.001). In conclusion: TiO2 NPs adversely affected the histological structure of the adult rat ventricular myocardium in acute exposure (14 days) and the damage was less with βC.
Collapse
|
7
|
da Silva AB, Miniter M, Thom W, Hewitt RE, Wills J, Jugdaohsingh R, Powell JJ. Gastrointestinal Absorption and Toxicity of Nanoparticles and Microparticles: Myth, Reality and Pitfalls explored through Titanium Dioxide. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2020; 19:112-120. [PMID: 32566805 PMCID: PMC7305030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Daily oral exposure to vast numbers (>1013/adult/day) of micron or nano-sized persistent particles has become the norm for many populations. Significant airborne particle exposure is deleterious, so what about ingestion? Titanium dioxide in food grade form (fgTiO2) , which is an additive to some foods, capsules, tablets and toothpaste, may provide clues. Certainly, exposed human populations accumulate these particles in specialised intestinal cells at the base of large lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches) and it's likely that a degree of absorption goes beyond this- i.e. lymphatics to blood circulation to tissues. We critically review the evidence and pathways. Regarding potential adverse effects, our primary message, for today's state-of-art, is that in vivo models have not been good enough and at times woeful. We provide a 'caveats list' to improve approaches and experimentation and illustrate why studies on biomarkers of particle uptake, and lower gut/mesenteric lymph nodes as targets, should be prioritized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Barreto da Silva
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Michelle Miniter
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - William Thom
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Rachel E Hewitt
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - John Wills
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Redox interactions and genotoxicity of metal-based nanoparticles: A comprehensive review. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 312:108814. [PMID: 31509734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a growing science that may provide several new applications for medicine, food preservation, diagnostic technologies, and sanitation. Despite its beneficial applications, there are several questions related to the safety of nanomaterials for human use. The development of nanotechnology is associated with some concerns because of the increased risk of carcinogenesis following exposure to nanomaterials. The increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are due to exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) are primarily responsible for the genotoxicity of metal NPs. Not all, but most metal NPs are able to directly produce free radicals through the release of metal ions and through interactions with water molecules. Furthermore, the increased production of free radicals and the cell death caused by metal NPs can stimulate reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions, leading to the continuous endogenous production of ROS in a positive feedback loop. The overexpression of inflammatory mediators, such as NF-kB and STATs, the mitochondrial malfunction and the increased intracellular calcium levels mediate the chronic oxidative stress that occurs after exposure to metal NPs. In this paper, we review the genotoxicity of different types of metal NPs and the redox mechanisms that amplify the toxicity of these NPs.
Collapse
|
9
|
Heller A, Jarvis K, Coffman SS. Association of Type 2 Diabetes with Submicron Titanium Dioxide Crystals in the Pancreas. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:506-509. [PMID: 29792697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pigment-grade titanium dioxide (TiO2) of 200-300 nm particle diameter is the most widely used submicron-sized particle material. Inhaled and ingested TiO2 particles enter the bloodstream, are phagocytized by macrophages and neutrophils, are inflammatory, and activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this pilot study of 11 pancreatic specimens, 8 of the type 2 diabetic pancreas and 3 of the nondiabetic pancreas, we show that particles comprising 110 ± 70 nm average diameter TiO2 monocrystals abound in the type 2 diabetic pancreas, but not in the nondiabetic pancreas. In the type 2 diabetic pancreas, the count of the crystals is as high as 108-109 per gram.
Collapse
|
10
|
Amer MG, Karam RA. Morphological and Biochemical Features of Cerebellar Cortex After Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Possible Protective Role of Curcumin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1454-1466. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona G. Amer
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Rehab A. Karam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Johnston HJ, Verdon R, Gillies S, Brown DM, Fernandes TF, Henry TB, Rossi AG, Tran L, Tucker C, Tyler CR, Stone V. Adoption of in vitro systems and zebrafish embryos as alternative models for reducing rodent use in assessments of immunological and oxidative stress responses to nanomaterials. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 48:252-271. [PMID: 29239234 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1404965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the safety of engineered nanomaterials (NMs) is paramount to the responsible and sustainable development of nanotechnology, which provides huge societal benefits. Currently, there is no evidence that engineered NMs cause detrimental health effects in humans. However, investigation of NM toxicity using in vivo, in vitro, in chemico, and in silico models has demonstrated that some NMs stimulate oxidative stress and inflammation, which may lead to adverse health effects. Accordingly, investigation of these responses currently dominates NM safety assessments. There is a need to reduce reliance on rodent testing in nanotoxicology for ethical, financial and legislative reasons, and due to evidence that rodent models do not always predict the human response. We advocate that in vitro models and zebrafish embryos should have greater prominence in screening for NM safety, to better align nanotoxicology with the 3Rs principles. Zebrafish are accepted for use by regulatory agencies in chemical safety assessments (e.g. developmental biology) and there is growing acceptance of their use in biomedical research, providing strong foundations for their use in nanotoxicology. We suggest that investigation of the response of phagocytic cells (e.g. neutrophils, macrophages) in vitro should also form a key part of NM safety assessments, due to their prominent role in the first line of defense. The development of a tiered testing strategy for NM hazard assessment that promotes the more widespread adoption of non-rodent, alternative models and focuses on investigation of inflammation and oxidative stress could make nanotoxicology testing more ethical, relevant, and cost and time efficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Verdon
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Suzanne Gillies
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David M Brown
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - Theodore B Henry
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- b Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Lang Tran
- c Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Carl Tucker
- b Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- d Department of Biosciences , College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- a Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Borghi SM, Mizokami SS, Pinho-Ribeiro FA, Fattori V, Crespigio J, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Napimoga MH, Pitol DL, Issa JPM, Fukada SY, Casagrande R, Verri WA. The flavonoid quercetin inhibits titanium dioxide (TiO 2)-induced chronic arthritis in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 53:81-95. [PMID: 29197723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a common component of orthopedic prosthesis. However, prosthesis wear releases TiO2, which induces inflammation and osteolysis in peri-prosthetic tissues. Quercetin is a flavonoid widely present in human diet, which presents biological activities such as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, the effect of intraperitoneal treatment with quercetin in TiO2-induced arthritis model was evaluated. In the first set of experiments, mice received injection of TiO2 (0.1-3 mg/knee joint) and articular mechanical hyperalgesia, edema and histopathology analysis were performed in a 30 days protocol. The dose of 3 mg of TiO2 showed the most harmful effect, and was chosen to the following experiments. Subsequently, mice received 3 mg of TiO2 followed by post-treatment with quercetin during 30 days. Quercetin (10-100 mg/kg) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner TiO2-induced knee joint mechanical hyperalgesia, edema and leukocyte recruitment and did not induce damage in major organs such as liver, kidney and stomach. The dose of 30 mg/kg was chosen for the subsequent analysis, and reduced histopathological changes such as leukocyte infiltration, vascular proliferation and synovial hyperplasia (pannus formation) on day 30 after TiO2 challenge. The protective analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of quercetin included the inhibition of TiO2-induced neutrophil and macrophage recruitment, proteoglycan degradation, oxidative stress, cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), COX-2 mRNA expression, and bone resorption as well as activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. These results demonstrate the potential therapeutic applicability of the dietary flavonoid quercetin to reduce pain and inflammatory damages associated with prosthesis wear process-induced arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Borghi
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandra S Mizokami
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Pinho-Ribeiro
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Victor Fattori
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Crespigio
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliana T Clemente-Napimoga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, 13045-755, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo H Napimoga
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, São Leopoldo Mandic Institute and Research Center, 13045-755, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius L Pitol
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João P M Issa
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Y Fukada
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Hospital (Health Science Centre), Londrina State University, 86038-350, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hewitt RE, Vis B, Pele LC, Faria N, Powell JJ. Imaging flow cytometry assays for quantifying pigment grade titanium dioxide particle internalization and interactions with immune cells in whole blood. Cytometry A 2017; 91:1009-1020. [PMID: 28941170 PMCID: PMC5698724 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pigment grade titanium dioxide is composed of sub‐micron sized particles, including a nanofraction, and is widely utilized in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. Oral exposure to pigment grade titanium dioxide results in at least some material entering the circulation in humans, although subsequent interactions with blood immune cells are unknown. Pigment grade titanium dioxide is employed for its strong light scattering properties, and this work exploited that attribute to determine whether single cell–particle associations could be determined in immune cells of human whole blood at “real life” concentrations. In vitro assays, initially using isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, identified titanium dioxide associated with the surface of, and within, immune cells by darkfield reflectance in imaging flow cytometry. This was confirmed at the population level by side scatter measurements using conventional flow cytometry. Next, it was demonstrated that imaging flow cytometry could quantify titanium dioxide particle‐bearing cells, within the immune cell populations of fresh whole blood, down to titanium dioxide levels of 10 parts per billion, which is in the range anticipated for human blood following titanium dioxide ingestion. Moreover, surface association and internal localization of titanium dioxide particles could be discriminated in the assays. Overall, results showed that in addition to the anticipated activity of blood monocytes internalizing titanium dioxide particles, neutrophil internalization and cell membrane adhesion also occurred, the latter for both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cell types. What happens in vivo and whether this contributes to activation of one or more of these different cells types in blood merits further attention. © 2017 The Authors. Cytometry Part A Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of ISAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Hewitt
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Bradley Vis
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Laetitia C Pele
- Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Nuno Faria
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.,Biomineral Research Group, MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Durocher I, Noël C, Lavastre V, Girard D. Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo proinflammatory activities of gold (+) and gold (-) nanoparticles. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:981-992. [PMID: 28676918 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The aim of this study was to determine potential effects of gold (+) and gold (-) nanoparticles, AuNP(+) and AuNP(-), on neutrophil biology. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS Freshly isolated human neutrophils were used for the in vitro aspects and CD-1 mice were used in the in vivo murine air pouch model of acute neutrophilic inflammation. TREATMENT Human neutrophils were treated with the indicated concentrations of AuNP(+) or AuNP(-) in vitro and mice received 100 or 500 µg/ml AuNP(+) or AuNP(-) into air pouches. METHODS Cellular uptake of AuNP by neutrophils was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and the ability of the NP to modulate apoptosis, gelatinase activity, and chemokine production and chemotaxis was determined by cytology, zymography, ELISArray, antibody array, and ELISA and by a micro-chemotaxis chamber, respectively. In vivo, exudates were harvested after 6 h to determine the leukocyte infiltration to detect the production of several cytokines by an antibody array approach and ELISA. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS AuNP possess proinflammatory activities in vitro and induce mainly a neutrophil influx in vivo, albeit at different degrees. CONCLUSIONS AuNP(+) and AuNP(-) should be added as new candidates into a growing list of NP having proinflammatory activities by themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Durocher
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V1B7, Canada
| | - Claudie Noël
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V1B7, Canada
| | - Valérie Lavastre
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V1B7, Canada
| | - Denis Girard
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V1B7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India 560012
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hazardous Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Ecosystem. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2017; 2017:4101735. [PMID: 28373829 PMCID: PMC5360948 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although nanoparticles (NPs) have made incredible progress in the field of nanotechnology and biomedical research and their applications are demanded throughout industrial world particularly over the past decades, little is known about the fate of nanoparticles in ecosystem. Concerning the biosafety of nanotechnology, nanotoxicity is going to be the second most priority of nanotechnology that needs to be properly addressed. This review covers the chemical as well as the biological concerns about nanoparticles particularly titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs and emphasizes the toxicological profile of TiO2 at the molecular level in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In addition, the challenges and future prospects of nanotoxicology are discussed that may provide better understanding and new insights into ongoing and future research in this field.
Collapse
|
17
|
In vivo proinflammatory activity of generations 0-3 (G0-G3) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) nanoparticles. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:745-55. [PMID: 27338943 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The aim of this study was to determine whether different generations (G) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers possess proinflammatory activities in vivo. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS Several hundred female CD-1 mice were used to test four different PAMAM dendrimers using the murine air pouch model. TREATMENT Mice received appropriate negative and positive controls or G0-G3 PAMAM nanoparticles at 100 and 500 µg/ml into air pouches. METHODS Exudates were harvested after 3, 6, 24 and 48 h. Cell pellets and supernatants were used to determine the number of total leukocytes and neutrophils and to detect the production of several analytes by an antibody array approach, respectively. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS PAMAM dendrimers rapidly increased a leukocyte influx after 3 h, the vast majority of cells being neutrophils. This was also observed after 6 and 24 h, and resolution of inflammation was noted after 48 h. In general, the increased production of a greater number of analytes detected in the exudates after 6 h correlated with the number of dendrimer generations (G3 > G2 > G1 > G0). CONCLUSIONS PAMAM dendrimers devoid of any delivering molecules possess proinflammatory activities in vivo by themselves, probably via the production of different chemokines released by air pouch lining cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ko JW, Park JW, Shin NR, Kim JH, Cho YK, Shin DH, Kim JC, Lee IC, Oh SR, Ahn KS, Shin IS. Copper oxide nanoparticle induces inflammatory response and mucus production via MAPK signaling in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 43:21-26. [PMID: 26934431 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (CuONPs) can pose risks to industrial workers. With increase of its applications especially in electronic fields, it is necessary to assess the toxicity of CuONPs, including pulmonary toxicity. In this study, we investigated the effect of CuONPs on human epithelial cell line H292. CuONPs treatment caused a significant increase in IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression and protein levels in H292 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The mRNA expression and protein levels of MUC5AC were consistent with those of proinflammatory mediators. Additionally, CuONPs treatment increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Erk, JNK, and p-38 compared to that of control in a concentration-dependent manner. However, co-treatment with CuONPs and each MAPK inhibitor significantly decreased the phosphorylation of each MAPK, resulting in decreased mRNA expression and protein levels of proinflammatory mediators and MUC5AC compared to that in H292 cells only treated with CuONPs. In summary, CuONPs-induced inflammatory mediators and MUC5AC associated with MAPKs phosphorylation. Our results will provide useful information on CuONPs-induced pulmonary toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Won Ko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 363-883, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea; College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 363-883, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Cho
- College of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, 298 Daesung-ro, Sangdang-gu, Cheongju-si 360-764, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 363-883, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 363-883, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Sik Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guedj AS, Kell AJ, Barnes M, Stals S, Gonçalves D, Girard D, Lavigne C. Preparation, characterization, and safety evaluation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for protein delivery into macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5965-79. [PMID: 26445538 PMCID: PMC4590413 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s82205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Following infection, HIV establishes reservoirs within tissues that are inaccessible to optimal levels of antiviral drugs or within cells where HIV lies latent, thus escaping the action of anti-HIV drugs. Macrophages are a persistent reservoir for HIV and may contribute to the rebound viremia observed after antiretroviral treatment is stopped. In this study, we further investigate the potential of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanocarriers as a new strategy to enhance penetration of therapeutic molecules into macrophages. We have prepared stable PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) and evaluated their capacity to transport an active molecule into the human monocyte/macrophage cell line THP-1 using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a proof-of-concept compound. Intracellular localization of fluorescent BSA molecules encapsulated into PLGA NPs was monitored in live cells using confocal microscopy, and cellular uptake was quantified by flow cytometry. In vitro and in vivo toxicological studies were performed to further determine the safety profile of PLGA NPs including inflammatory effects. The size of the PLGA NPs carrying BSA (PLGA-BSA) in culture medium containing 10% serum was ~126 nm in diameter, and they were negatively charged at their surface (zeta potential =−5.6 mV). Our confocal microscopy studies and flow cytometry data showed that these PLGA-BSA NPs are rapidly and efficiently taken up by THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) at low doses. We found that PLGA-BSA NPs increased cellular uptake and internalization of the protein in vitro. PLGA NPs were not cytotoxic for THP-1 MDM cells, did not modulate neutrophil apoptosis in vitro, and did not show inflammatory effect in vivo in the murine air pouch model of acute inflammation. In contrast to BSA alone, BSA encapsulated into PLGA NPs increased leukocyte infiltration in vivo, suggesting the in vivo enhanced delivery and protection of the protein by the polymer nanocarrier. We demonstrated that PLGA-based nanopolymer carriers are good candidates to efficiently and safely enhance the transport of active molecules into human MDMs. In addition, we further investigated their inflammatory profile and showed that PLGA NPs have low inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PLGA nanocarriers are promising as a drug delivery strategy in macrophages for prevention and eradication of intracellular pathogens such as HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Guedj
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Arnold J Kell
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sandra Stals
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David Gonçalves
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Denis Girard
- Laboratoire de recherche en inflammation et physiologie des granulocytes, Université du Québec, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Carole Lavigne
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spigoni V, Cito M, Alinovi R, Pinelli S, Passeri G, Zavaroni I, Goldoni M, Campanini M, Aliatis I, Mutti A, Bonadonna RC, Dei Cas A. Effects of TiO₂ and Co₃O₄ nanoparticles on circulating angiogenic cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119310. [PMID: 25803285 PMCID: PMC4372399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Sparse evidence suggests a possible link between exposure to airborne nanoparticles (NPs) and cardiovascular (CV) risk, perhaps through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and inflammation. We assessed the effects of TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs in human circulating angiogenic cells (CACs), which take part in vascular endothelium repair/replacement. Methods CACs were isolated from healthy donors’ buffy coats after culturing lymphomonocytes on fibronectin-coated dishes in endothelial medium for 7 days. CACs were pre-incubated with increasing concentration of TiO2 and Co3O4 (from 1 to 100 μg/ml) to test the effects of NP – characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy – on CAC viability, apoptosis (caspase 3/7 activation), function (fibronectin adhesion assay), oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Results Neither oxidative stress nor cell death were associated with exposure to TiO2 NP (except at the highest concentration tested), which, however, induced a higher pro-inflammatory effect compared to Co3O4 NPs (p<0.01). Exposure to Co3O4 NPs significantly reduced cell viability (p<0.01) and increased caspase activity (p<0.01), lipid peroxidation end-products (p<0.05) and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression (p<0.05 or lower). Notably, CAC functional activity was impaired after exposure to both TiO2 (p<0.05 or lower) and Co3O4 (p<0.01) NPs. Conclusions In vitro exposure to TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs exerts detrimental effects on CAC viability and function, possibly mediated by accelerated apoptosis, increased oxidant stress (Co3O4 NPs only) and enhancement of inflammatory pathways (both TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs). Such adverse effects may be relevant for a potential role of exposure to TiO2 and Co3O4 NPs in enhancing CV risk in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spigoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monia Cito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Rossella Alinovi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Silvana Pinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Passeri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Andrology, Metabolic Bone Diseases and Endocrinology. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ivana Zavaroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Diabetes and prevention of associated diseases. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Goldoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Campanini
- IMEM-CNR (Istituto Materiale per l’Elettronica ed il Magnetismo – Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) Institute, Parma, Italy
| | - Irene Aliatis
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Mutti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Riccardo C. Bonadonna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dei Cas
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. Division of Endocrinology. University of Parma and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Xiao Y, Du X, Liu H, Wang S. The induction of maturation on dendritic cells by TiO2 and Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2) nanoparticles via NF-κB signaling pathway. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 39:305-14. [PMID: 24863229 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are increasingly used in many fields, including drug vectors and vaccine formulation. In this study, nano-TiO(2) and magnetic Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2) were synthesized and their abilities to activate dendritic cells were investigated. The signaling pathway involved in their effects on the cellular functions was also explored. First, nano-TiO(2) and Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2) were prepared with diameters of 82nm and 63nm, and zeta potentials of 41.5mV and 30.2mV, respectively. The magnetic property of Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2) was detected to be 12.9emu/g. Both kinds of nanoparticles were proved to have good biocompatibility in vitro. Second, the exposure of nano-TiO2 and Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2)caused an increased expression of TNF-α, CD86 and CD80, and besides, Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2)showed a certain up-regulation on MHC-II. The cellular uptake of Ovalbumin on BMDCs could be strongly improved by nano-TiO2 and Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2)as detected via flow cytometer and confocal observation. Further investigation revealed that nano-TiO(2) and Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2)significantly increased the NF-κB expression in the nucleus, indicating that the NF-κB signaling pathway was involved in the dendritic cell maturation. Our results suggested that nano-TiO(2) and Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2)may function as a useful vector to promote vaccine delivery in immune cells, and Fe(3)O(4)@TiO(2)provided a possibility to deliver and track vaccines via its magnetofection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yanjing Zhu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiling Du
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200438, PR China.
| | - Shilong Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Girard D. Using the air pouch model for assessing in vivo inflammatory activity of nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1105-7. [PMID: 24591831 PMCID: PMC3938439 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Girard
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier/Université du Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
ZnO nanoparticles induce TNF-α expression via ROS-ERK-Egr-1 pathway in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:263-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Gonçalves DM, Girard D. Evidence That Polyhydroxylated C60 Fullerenes (Fullerenols) Amplify the Effect of Lipopolysaccharides to Induce Rapid Leukocyte Infiltration in Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1884-92. [DOI: 10.1021/tx4002622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Gonçalves
- Laboratoire
de Recherche
en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
| | - D. Girard
- Laboratoire
de Recherche
en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Noël A, Charbonneau M, Cloutier Y, Tardif R, Truchon G. Rat pulmonary responses to inhaled nano-TiO₂: effect of primary particle size and agglomeration state. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:48. [PMID: 24090040 PMCID: PMC3938138 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The exact role of primary nanoparticle (NP) size and their degree of agglomeration in aerosols on the determination of pulmonary effects is still poorly understood. Smaller NP are thought to have greater biological reactivity, but their level of agglomeration in an aerosol may also have an impact on pulmonary response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of primary NP size and the agglomeration state in aerosols, using well-characterized TiO2 NP, on their relative pulmonary toxicity, through inflammatory, cytotoxic and oxidative stress effects in Fisher 344 male rats. Methods Three different sizes of TiO2 NP, i.e., 5, 10–30 or 50 nm, were inhaled as small (SA) (< 100 nm) or large agglomerates (LA) (> 100 nm) at 20 mg/m3 for 6 hours. Results Compared to the controls, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) showed that LA aerosols induced an acute inflammatory response, characterized by a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, while SA aerosols produced significant oxidative stress damages and cytotoxicity. Data also demonstrate that for an agglomeration state smaller than 100 nm, the 5 nm particles caused a significant increase in cytotoxic effects compared to controls (assessed by an increase in LDH activity), while oxidative damage measured by 8-isoprostane concentration was less when compared to 10–30 and 50 nm particles. In both SA and LA aerosols, the 10–30 nm TiO2 NP size induced the most pronounced pro-inflammatory effects compared to controls. Conclusions Overall, this study showed that initial NP size and agglomeration state are key determinants of nano-TiO2 lung inflammatory reaction, cytotoxic and oxidative stress induced effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ginette Truchon
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul, De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
da Rosa ELS. Kinetic effects of TiO2 fine particles and nanoparticles aggregates on the nanomechanical properties of human neutrophils assessed by force spectroscopy. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2013; 6:11. [PMID: 23957965 PMCID: PMC3766645 DOI: 10.1186/2046-1682-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing applications of titanium dioxide (TiO2) fine particles (FPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) require coupled knowledge improvement concerning their biokinetic effects. Neutrophils are quickly recruited to titanium implantation areas. Neutrophils mechanical properties display a crucial role on cell physiology and immune responsive functions. Then, micro and nanomechanical characterization assessed by force spectroscopy (FS) technique has been largely applied in this field. Results Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images highlighted neutrophils morphological changes along TiO2 FPs and NPs aggregates exposure time (1, 5, and 30 min) compared to controls. FS approaches showed an increasing on attraction forces to TiO2 FPs and NPs treated neutrophils. This group depicted stronger stiffness features than controls just at 1 min of exposure. Treated neutrophils showed a tendency to increase adhesive properties after 1 and 5 min of exposure. These cells maintained comparatively higher elasticity behavior for a longer time possibly due to intense phagocytosis and cell stiffness opposing to the tip indentation. Neutrophils activation caused by FPs and NPs uptake could be related to increasing dissipated energy results. Conclusions Mechanical modifications resulted from TiO2 FPs and NPs aggregates interaction with neutrophils showed increasing stiffness and also cell morphology alteration. Cells treatment by this metal FPs and NPs caused an increase in attractive forces. This event was mainly observed on the initial exposure times probably regarding to the interaction of neutrophils membrane and phagocytosis. Similar results were found to adhesion forces and dissipated energy outcomes. Treated cells presented comparatively higher elasticity behavior for a longer time. SEM images clearly suggested cell morphology alteration along time course probably related to activation, cytoskeleton rearrangement and phagocytosis. This scenario with increase in stiffness strongly suggests a direct relationship over neutrophil rolling, arrest, and transmigration. Scrutinizing these interactions represents an essential step to clarify the mechanisms involved on treatments containing micro and nanomaterials and their fates on the organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everton Luis Santos da Rosa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Protein Chemistry, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gaiser BK, Hirn S, Kermanizadeh A, Kanase N, Fytianos K, Wenk A, Haberl N, Brunelli A, Kreyling WG, Stone V. Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Liver and Hepatocytes In Vitro. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:537-47. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
28
|
Goncalves DM, de Liz R, Girard D. Activation of neutrophils by nanoparticles. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1877-85. [PMID: 22125444 PMCID: PMC3217611 DOI: 10.1100/2011/768350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) has increased in the past few years in various fields, including defence, aerospace, electronics, biology, medicine, and so forth. and in applications such as diagnostic technology, bioimaging, and drug/gene delivery. Thus, human exposure to NPs and nanomaterials is unavoidable and will certainly expand in the future resulting in a growing interest in nanotoxicology, the study of toxicity of nanomaterials. A number of studies have reported the effects of NPs in respect to pulmonary inflammation by investigating in vitro activation of pulmonary cells with NPs and in vivo in a variety of models in which neutrophils appear to be the predominant leukocyte cell type in lungs and in bronchoalveolar lavages following inhalation or intratracheal instillation of NPs. Despite the fact that several studies have reported an increased number of neutrophils, the literature dealing with the direct activation of neutrophils by a given NP is poorly documented. This paper will summarize the current literature in this latter area of research and will end with a perspective view in which our laboratory will be involved in the following years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Goncalves
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Inflammation et Physiologie des Granulocytes, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada H7V 1B7
| | | | | |
Collapse
|