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Cai J, Liu LF, Qin Z, Liu S, Wang Y, Chen Z, Yao Y, Zheng L, Zhao J, Gao M. Natural Morin-Based Metal Organic Framework Nanoenzymes Modulate Articular Cavity Microenvironment to Alleviate Osteoarthritis. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0068. [PMID: 36930778 PMCID: PMC10013961 DOI: 10.34133/research.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is always characterized as excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside articular cavity. Mimicking natural metalloenzymes with metal ions as the active centers, stable metal organic framework (MOF) formed by natural polyphenols and metal ions shows great potential in alleviating inflammatory diseases. Herein, a series of novel copper-morin-based MOF (CuMHs) with different molar ratios of Cu2+ and MH were employed to serve as ROS scavengers for OA therapy. As a result, CuMHs exhibited enhanced dispersion in aqueous solution, improved biocompatibility, and efficient ROS-scavenging ability compared to MH. On the basis of H2O2-stimulated chondrocytes, intracellular ROS levels were efficiently declined and cell death was prevented after treated by Cu6MH (Cu2+ and MH molar ratio of 6:1). Meanwhile, Cu6MH also exhibited efficient antioxidant and anti-inflammation function by down-regulating the expression of IL6, MMP13, and MMP3, and up-regulating cartilage specific gene expression as well. Importantly, Cu6MH could repair mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing the accumulation of calcium ions, as well as promoting ATP content production. In OA joint model, intra-articular (IA) injected Cu6MH suppressed the progression of OA. It endowed that Cu6MH might be promising nanoenzymes for the prevention and treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lian-Feng Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zainen Qin
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yi Yao
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.,Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
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Ye Y, Zhou J. The protective activity of natural flavonoids against osteoarthritis by targeting NF-κB signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1117489. [PMID: 36998478 PMCID: PMC10043491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1117489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a typical joint disease associated with chronic inflammation. The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway plays an important role in inflammatory activity and inhibiting NF-κB-mediated inflammation can be a potential strategy for treating OA. Flavonoids are a class of naturally occurring polyphenols with anti-inflammatory properties. Structurally, natural flavonoids can be divided into several sub-groups, including flavonols, flavones, flavanols/catechins, flavanones, anthocyanins, and isoflavones. Increasing evidence demonstrates that natural flavonoids exhibit protective activity against the pathological changes of OA by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Potentially, natural flavonoids may suppress NF-κB signaling-mediated inflammatory responses, ECM degradation, and chondrocyte apoptosis. The different biological actions of natural flavonoids against the NF-κB signaling pathway in OA chondrocytes might be associated with the differentially substituted groups on the structures. In this review, the efficacy and action mechanism of natural flavonoids against the development of OA are discussed by targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway. Potentially, flavonoids could become useful inhibitors of the NF-κB signaling pathway for the therapeutic management of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianguo Zhou,
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Chen Y, Liu K, Qin Y, Chen S, Guan G, Huang Y, Chen Y, Mo Z. Effects of Pereskia aculeate Miller Petroleum Ether Extract on Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats and its Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:869810. [PMID: 35614946 PMCID: PMC9124934 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.869810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of petroleum ether extract of P. aculeate Miller (PEEP) on rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods:In vitro: The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect cell activity and select the optimal concentration of the extract; the effective site was screened by nitric oxide (NO) colorimetric method and Q-PCR method; the expression of p38, p-p38, p-MK2, and Tristetraprolin (TTP) in RAW 264.7 cells were detected by Western blot. In vivo: The rat model was established by complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). The different doses of PEEP on CFA rats were observed with life status, paw swelling, spleen index, X-ray, Hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining; the secretion of Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were detected by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); the expressions of p38, p-p38, p-MK2, and TTP in the ankle joints of CFA rats were detected by Western blot.Result:In vitro: PEEP, Ethyl Acetate Extract of P. aculeate Miller (EEEP), N-butanol Extract of P. aculeate Miller (BEEP) have no toxic effects on RAW264.7 macrophages. PEEP, EEEP, and BEEP reduce the secretion of NO in RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), only PEEP significantly inhibited the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6; PEEP-dependently reduce the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6, decrease the expression of p-p38 and p-MK2, and the level of TTP phosphorylation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In vivo: PEEP improve the living conditions of CFA rats, reduce foot swelling, spleen index, bone surface erosion and joint space narrowing; reduce the formation of synovial cells, inflammatory cells and pannus in the foot and ankle joints. PEEP reduce the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2 in rat serum, downregulate the expression of p-p38 and p-MK2 in the ankle joint, and reduce the phosphorylation of TTP.Conclusion: PEEP improve the living conditions of CFA rats, reduce the degree of foot swelling, protect immune organs, reduce inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage damage, pannus formation, reduce inflammation and RA damage. The mechanism through regulating the signal pathway of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38/MAPK), which reduces the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2 in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Kaifei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yingyuan Qin
- Nephrology, Guilin TCM Hospital of China, Guilin, China
| | - Suyi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Guokai Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yao Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Chen, ; Zhixian Mo,
| | - Zhixian Mo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Chen, ; Zhixian Mo,
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Wang Y, Guo X, Fan X, Zhang H, Xue D, Pan Z. The protective effect of mangiferin on osteoarthritis: An in vitro and in vivo study. Physiol Res 2022; 71:135-145. [PMID: 35043648 PMCID: PMC8997682 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangiferin is a kind of polyphenol chemical compound separated from these herbal medicines of Mangifera indica L., Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. and Belamcanda chinensis L., which has anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, and other physiological activities without toxic effects. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that is also a kind of arthritis disease in which articular cartilage or bones under the joint is damaged. In addition, artificial replacements are required in severe cases. At present, there are not too much researches on the potential biological activities of mangiferin that plays a protective role in the treatment of OA. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of mangiferin on osteoarthritis (OA) in vitro and in vivo. First, the effect of different concentrations of mangiferin on rat chondrocytes was determined by MTT assay. Second, the effects of mangiferin on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, TNF alpha, Collagen II, Caspase-3, and cystatin-C in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced rat chondrocytes were examined by the real-time polymerase chain reaction in vitro, meanwhile the effects of mangiferin on the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway were also investigated by Western Blot. Finally, the anti-osteoarthritic protective effect of mangiferin was evaluated in the rat model by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) combined with bilateral ovariectomy-induced OA in vivo. The results showed that the mangiferin was found to inhibit the expression of MMP-13, TNF-alpha, and Caspase-3 which also increased the expression of Collagen II and cystatin-C in IL 1beta induced rat chondrocytes. In addition, IL-1beta-induced activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) and the degradation of inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB)-alpha were suppressed by mangiferin. For the in vivo study in a rat model of OA, 100 microl of mangiferin was administered by intra-articular injections for rats, the results showed that the cartilage degradation was suppressed by mangiferin through Micro CT and Histological Examination. According to both in vitro and in vivo results, mangiferin has a protective effect in the treatment of OA which may be a promising therapeutic agent for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. and
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Thakur K, Zhu YY, Feng JY, Zhang JG, Hu F, Prasad C, Wei ZJ. Morin as an imminent functional food ingredient: an update on its enhanced efficacy in the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndromes. Food Funct 2021; 11:8424-8443. [PMID: 33043925 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01444c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids represent polyphenolic plant secondary metabolites with a general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton comprising two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring. Over 5000 natural flavonoids (flavanones, flavanonols, and flavans) from various plants have been characterized. Several studies provide novel and promising insights into morin hydrate for its different biological activities against a series of metabolic syndromes. The present review is a rendition of its sources, chemistry, functional potency, and protective effects on metabolic syndromes ranging from cancer to brain injury. Most importantly this systematic review article also highlights the mechanisms of interest to morin-mediated management of metabolic disorders. The key mechanisms (anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory) responsible for its therapeutic potential are well featured after collating the in vitro and in vivo study reports. As a whole, based on the prevailing information rationalizing its medicinal use, morin can be identified as a therapeutic agent for the expansion of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Thakur
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yun-Yang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Jing-Yu Feng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Fei Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Chandan Prasad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA. and Department of Medicine, LSU School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Zhao-Jun Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China. and Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, School of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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6
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Rajput SA, Wang XQ, Yan HC. Morin hydrate: A comprehensive review on novel natural dietary bioactive compound with versatile biological and pharmacological potential. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111511. [PMID: 33744757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are natural plant-derived dietary bioactive compounds having a substantial impact on human health. Morin hydrate is a bioflavonoid mainly obtained from fruits, stem, and leaves of Moraceae family members' plants. Plenty of evidences supported that morin hydrate exerts its beneficial effects against various chronic and life-threatening degenerative diseases. Our current article discloses the recent advances that have been studied to explore the biological/pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms to better understand the beneficial and multiple health benefits of morin hydrate. Indeed, Morin hydrate exerts free radical scavenging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-microbial, antidiabetic, anti-arthritis, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective effects. Moreover, morin hydrate exhibits its pharmacological activities by modulating various cellular signaling pathways such as Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-қB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Janus kinases/ Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAKs/STATs), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein1/Nuclear erythroid-2-related factor (Keap1/Nrf2), Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, Wnt/β-catenin, and Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Most importantly, morin hydrate has the potential to modulate a variety of biological networks. Therefore, it can be predicted that this therapeutically potent compound could serve as a dietary agent for the expansion of human health and might be helpful for the development of the novel drug in the future. However, due to the lack of clinical trials, special human clinical trials are needed to address the effects of morin hydrate on various life-threatening disparities to recommend morin and/or morin-rich foods with other foods or bioactive dietary components, as well as dose-response interaction and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ali Rajput
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Ansari MY, Ahmad N, Haqqi TM. Oxidative stress and inflammation in osteoarthritis pathogenesis: Role of polyphenols. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110452. [PMID: 32768946 PMCID: PMC8404686 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint degenerative disease leading to irreversible structural and functional changes in the joint and is a major cause of disability and reduced life expectancy in ageing population. Despite the high prevalence of OA, there is no disease modifying drug available for the management of OA. Oxidative stress, a result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their clearance by antioxidant defense system, is high in OA cartilage and is a major cause of chronic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are highly upregulated in OA joints and induce ROS production and expression of matrix degrading proteases leading to cartilage extracellular matrix degradation and joint dysfunction. ROS and inflammation are interdependent, each being the target of other and represent ideal target/s for the treatment of OA. Plant polyphenols possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can inhibit ROS production and inflammation in chondrocytes, cartilage explants and in animal models of OA. The aim of this review is to discuss the chondroprotective effects of polyphenols and modulation of different molecular pathways associated with OA pathogenesis and limitations and future prospects of polyphenols in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yunus Ansari
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209, ST RT 44, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272, USA.
| | - Nashrah Ahmad
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209, ST RT 44, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA.
| | - Tariq M Haqqi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, 4209, ST RT 44, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272, USA.
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Ma Y, Song X, Ma T, Li Y, Bai H, Zhang Z, Hu H, Yuan R, Wen Y, Gao L. Aminoguanidine inhibits IL-1β-induced protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway in rat articular chondrocytes. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2623-2630. [PMID: 32765755 PMCID: PMC7401635 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease which has a serious impact on the health and quality of life of affected humans and animals. As an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), aminoguanidine (AG) displays anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of AG on the expression of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway in rat chondrocytes stimulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The viability of chondrocytes treated with AG (0.3, 1 or 3 mM) alone was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Subsequently, the chondrocytes were treated with either 10 ng/ml IL-1β alone, or co-treated with increasing concentrations of AG (0.3, 1 or 3 mM) and 10 ng/ml IL-1β. The protein levels of COX-2, iNOS, phosphorylated (p)-p65, p65, p-NF-κβ inhibitor α (IκBα), IκBα, p-inhibitor of NF-κβ-β (IKKβ) and IKKβ were evaluated by western blotting. NF-κB translocation was determined by immunofluorescence analysis. Western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR were used to detect expression levels of relevant proteins/genes. The results suggested that the inhibitory effect of AG on the protein and gene expression levels of iNOS and COX-2 in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes was dose-dependent. In addition, AG decreased the level of phosphorylation of IKKβ, IκBα and NF-κB p65, the degradation of IKKβ, IκBα and p65, and the translocation of NF-κB in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. The most significant inhibitory effect of AG was observed at a concentration of 1 mM. Therefore, the present study suggested that AG may serve as a potential agent to reduce the inflammatory response of chondrocytes stimulated by IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqiang Ma
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Song
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Tianwen Ma
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bai
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Hu
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Yajing Wen
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Clinical Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P.R. China
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Molecular Targets of Natural Products for Chondroprotection in Destructive Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144931. [PMID: 32668590 PMCID: PMC7404046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis that occurs in an aged population. It affects any joints in the body and degenerates the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone. Despite the pathophysiology of OA being different, cartilage resorption is still a symbol of osteoarthritis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important proteolytic enzymes that degrade extra-cellular matrix proteins (ECM) in the body. MMPs contribute to the turnover of cartilage and its break down; their levels have increased in the joint tissues of OA patients. Application of chondroprotective drugs neutralize the activities of MMPs. Natural products derived from herbs and plants developed as traditional medicine have been paid attention to, due to their potential biological effects. The therapeutic value of natural products in OA has increased in reputation due to their clinical impact and insignificant side effects. Several MMPs inhibitor have been used as therapeutic drugs, for a long time. Recently, different types of compounds were reviewed for their biological activities. In this review, we summarize numerous natural products for the development of MMPs inhibitors in arthritic diseases and describe the major signaling targets that were involved for the treatments of these destructive joint diseases.
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Solairaja S, Andrabi MQ, Dunna NR, Venkatabalasubramanian S. Overview of Morin and Its Complementary Role as an Adjuvant for Anticancer Agents. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:927-942. [PMID: 32530303 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1778747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Global cancer incidence and mortality data released by the World Health Organization proposes that out of 18.1 million new cancer cases diagnosed, 9.8 million deaths occurred globally in 2018. Cancer is one of the major health burdens among non-communicable diseases globally responsible for impeding life expectancy in the present century. Disrupting hallmarks of cancer (such as prolonged inflammation, increased growth signal, tissue invasion and metastasis, unlimited proliferation and evasion of apoptosis) with dietary agents is of considerable focus for cancer prevention and therapy. In the last decade, a significant contribution has been provided in finding many plant-derived natural agents that can be identified as promising molecular cancer therapeutics. Our focus in this review is on one such natural dietary agent, Morin (3,5,7,2',4'-pentahydroxyflavone): a bioflavonoid. Morin exerts strong pharmacological properties against a multitude of cancer (liver cancer, cervical cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, prostate, and colon cancer). Recent progress has also been made in examining the potential of morin as a natural dietary agent for fostering the pharmacological effects of other well-known anticancer agents. This review provides an overview of morin and its derivatives in combination with anticancer agents for cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaipriya Solairaja
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Mohammad Qasim Andrabi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Dunna
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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Wauquier F, Mevel E, Krisa S, Richard T, Valls J, Hornedo-Ortega R, Granel H, Boutin-Wittrant L, Urban N, Berger J, Descamps S, Guicheux J, Vinatier CS, Beck L, Meunier N, Blot A, Wittrant Y. Chondroprotective Properties of Human-Enriched Serum Following Polyphenol Extract Absorption: Results from an Exploratory Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11123071. [PMID: 31888255 PMCID: PMC6950735 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are widely acknowledged for their health benefits, especially for the prevention of inflammatory and age-related diseases. We previously demonstrated that hydroxytyrosol (HT) and procyanidins (PCy), alone or in combination, drive preventive anti-osteoathritic effects in vivo. However, the lack of sufficient clinical evidences on the relationship between dietary phytochemicals and osteoarthritis remains. In this light, we investigated in humans the potential osteoarticular benefit of a grapeseed and olive extract (OPCO) characterized for its hydroxytyrosol (HT) and procyanidins (PCy) content. We first validated, in vitro, the anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective properties of the extract on primary cultured human articular chondrocytes stimulated by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β). The sparing effect involved a molecular mechanism dependent on the nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. To confirm the clinical relevance of such a nutritional strategy, we designed an innovative clinical approach taking into account the metabolites that are formed during the digestion process and that appear in circulation after the ingestion of the OPCO extract. Blood samples from volunteers were collected following ingestion, absorption, and metabolization of the extract and then were processed and applied on human primary chondrocyte cultures. This original ex vivo methodology confirmed at a clinical level the chondroprotective properties previously observed in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Wauquier
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.W.); (H.G.); (L.B.-W.)
| | - Elsa Mevel
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, F-44042 Nantes, France; (E.M.); (J.G.); (C.S.V.); (L.B.)
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, F-44042 Nantes, France
| | - Stephanie Krisa
- UR Oenologie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, IPB4, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.K.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (R.H.-O.)
| | - Tristan Richard
- UR Oenologie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, IPB4, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.K.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (R.H.-O.)
| | - Josep Valls
- UR Oenologie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, IPB4, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.K.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (R.H.-O.)
| | - Ruth Hornedo-Ortega
- UR Oenologie, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRA, IPB4, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (S.K.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (R.H.-O.)
| | - Henri Granel
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.W.); (H.G.); (L.B.-W.)
- INRAE, UMR 1019, UNH, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Line Boutin-Wittrant
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.W.); (H.G.); (L.B.-W.)
| | - Nelly Urban
- Grap’sud/Inosud, 120 chemin de la regor, 30360 Cruviers-Lascours, France;
| | - Juliette Berger
- CRB Auvergne, Hématologie Biologique, Equipe d’Accueil 7453 CHELTER, CHU Estaing, 1 place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Stéphane Descamps
- Orthopedics department, University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, F-44042 Nantes, France; (E.M.); (J.G.); (C.S.V.); (L.B.)
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, F-44042 Nantes, France
- Rhumatology department, CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, F-44042 Nantes, France
| | - Claire S. Vinatier
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, F-44042 Nantes, France; (E.M.); (J.G.); (C.S.V.); (L.B.)
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, F-44042 Nantes, France
- Rhumatology department, CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, F-44042 Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Beck
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, F-44042 Nantes, France; (E.M.); (J.G.); (C.S.V.); (L.B.)
- UFR Odontologie, Université de Nantes, F-44042 Nantes, France
- Rhumatology department, CHU Nantes, PHU4 OTONN, F-44042 Nantes, France
| | - Nathalie Meunier
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (N.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Adeline Blot
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, 58 rue Montalembert, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (N.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- Clermont Auvergne University, INRA, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (F.W.); (H.G.); (L.B.-W.)
- INRAE, UMR 1019, UNH, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)6-8229-7271
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12
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Nam GS, Lee KS, Nam KS. Morin hydrate inhibits platelet activation and clot retraction by regulating integrin α IIbβ 3, TXA 2, and cAMP levels. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172734. [PMID: 31614139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Morin hydrate is an active constituent of Morus alba L, Prunus dulcis, and Cudrania tricuspidata and has been reported to inhibit platelet activation in vivo and in vitro, but no reports have been issued on its regulation of αIIbβ3, a platelet-specific integrin and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), positive feedback molecule. In this study, we investigated the anti-platelet activity of morin hydrate in collagen- and thrombin-induced human platelets and attempted to identify the mechanism responsible for integrin αIIbβ3 activation and TXA2 generation. Our results demonstrated that morin hydrate (25-100 μM) inhibited collagen- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, granule secretion (P-selectin expression, ATP, and serotonin release), calcium mobilization, TXA2 production, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and clot retraction. Additionally, morin hydrate attenuated the phosphorylations of phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2), cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and enhanced the phosphorylations of inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3 receptor) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation. However, it had no effect on the coagulation pathway. Taken together, these observations indicate morin hydrate inhibits platelet-mediated thrombosis by down-regulating TXA2 production and integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and by upregulating cAMP generation, and thus, inhibits clot retraction. These results suggest morin hydrate may have therapeutic potential as a treatment for platelet-activation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Suk Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Shik Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Nam
- Department of Pharmacology and Intractable Disease Research Center, School of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Li R, Song X, Li G, Hu Z, Sun L, Chen C, Yang L. Ibuprofen attenuates interleukin-1β-induced inflammation and actin reorganization via modulation of RhoA signaling in rabbit chondrocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:1026-1033. [PMID: 31553428 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen, a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug class, is widely used for treating inflammatory diseases such as osteoarthritis. It has been shown in recent years that ibuprofen has a strong effect on Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) inhibition in multiple cell types. Our previous finding also demonstrated that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increases filamentous actin (F-actin) of chondrocytes via RhoA pathway. Therefore, we hypothesized that ibuprofen may suppress the IL-1β-induced F-actin upregulation in chondrocytes by inhibiting RhoA pathway. To this end, in this study, articular chondrocytes from New Zealand White rabbits were pretreated with 500 μM ibuprofen for 2 h, then with 10 ng/ml IL-1β for 24 h. Results showed that pretreatment with ibuprofen inhibited the IL-1β-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, protected the chondrocyte phenotype from IL-1β stimulation, and inhibited the IL-1β-induced actin remodeling via RhoA signaling modulation. In conclusion, ibuprofen showed not only anti-inflammatory function, but also RhoA inhibition in articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiongbo Song
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Gaoming Li
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Gastroenterology Department, Zigong First People’s Hospital, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Lee GJ, Cho IA, Oh JS, Seo YS, You JS, Kim SG, Kim JS. Anticatabolic Effects of Morin through the Counteraction of Interleukin-1β-Induced Inflammation in Rat Primary Chondrocytes. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 207:21-33. [PMID: 31256148 DOI: 10.1159/000500323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Morin, a flavonoid isolated from various medicinal herbal plants, has an anti-inflammatory effect. This study aimed to elucidate the anticatabolic effects and cellular mechanism of morin against interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in rat primary chondrocytes. Morin at 10-100 μM did not affect the viability of rat primary chondrocytes. Treatment with morin for 21 days ameliorated the IL-1β-induced decrease in extracellular matrix. Furthermore, treatment with morin attenuated IL-1β-induced proteoglycan loss in the articular cartilage through suppression of catabolic factors, such as matrix metalloproteinases, inflammatory mediators, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These data indicated that morin exerted anticatabolic effects that can prevent and reduce progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage, and thus may be a potential candidate treatment for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Je Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-A Cho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Seob Seo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seek You
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Gwan Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Pre-Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea,
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15
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Zhang Y, Zhao Q. Salidroside attenuates interleukin-1β-induced inflammation in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1203-1209. [PMID: 30270563 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Salidroside, a bioactive constituent isolated from Rhodiola rosea, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of salidroside on interleukin (IL)-1β-stimulated osteoarthritis (OA) chondrocytes remain to be elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of salidroside on IL-1β-stimulated human OA chondrocytes and explore its underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that salidroside significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E-2, as well as suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes ( P < .05). In addition, salidroside also suppressed IL-1β-induced matrix metalloproteinases production in human OA chondrocytes ( P < .05). Furthermore, pretreatment with salidroside prevented IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation in OA chondrocytes ( P < .05). In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that salidroside inhibited the IL-1β-induced inflammatory response in OA chondrocytes via inhibition of NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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Abstract
Flavonoids are tricyclic polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in plants. Being nature’s antioxidants flavonoids have been shown to reduce the damages induced by oxidative stress in cells. Besides being an antioxidant, flavonols are demonstrated to have anti-infective properties, i.e., antiviral, antifungal, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumorigenic, and immunomodulatory bioproperties. Plants use them as one of their defense mechanisms against radiation-induced DNA damage and also for fungal infections. The use of flavonols for fabrication of new drugs has been underway with objectives to develop safer and effective therapeutic agents. This review covers 15 flavonols for their structure, biological properties, role in plant metabolisms, and current research focused on computational drug design using flavonols for searching drug leads.
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17
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Park EH, Kim JS, Lee JS, Lee YJ, Song YW, Lee EY. Compound K Inhibits Interleukin-1β-induced Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Matrix Metalloproteinases by Inhibiting Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Activation in Chondrocytes. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2018.25.3.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jong Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yeong Wook Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Chen L, Teng H, Jia Z, Battino M, Miron A, Yu Z, Cao H, Xiao J. Intracellular signaling pathways of inflammation modulated by dietary flavonoids: The most recent evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2908-2924. [PMID: 28682647 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1345853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhen Jia
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Center for Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Santander, Spain and Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Universitr Nutrition & Health, Universidad Europea
| | - Anca Miron
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, Romania
| | - Zhiling Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
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Chen L, Teng H, Xie Z, Cao H, Cheang WS, Skalicka-Woniak K, Georgiev MI, Xiao J. Modifications of dietary flavonoids towards improved bioactivity: An update on structure-activity relationship. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:513-527. [PMID: 27438892 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1196334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, extensive studies have revealed that inflammation represents a major risk factor for various human diseases. Chronic inflammatory responses predispose to pathological progression of chronic illnesses featured with penetration of inflammatory cells, dysregulation of cellular signaling, excessive generation of cytokines, and loss of barrier function. Hence, the suppression of inflammation has the potential to delay, prevent, and to treat chronic diseases. Flavonoids, which are widely distributed in humans daily diet, such as vegetables, fruits, tea and cocoa, among others, are considered as bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory potential. Modification of flavonoids including hydroxylation, o-methylation, and glycosylation, can alter their metabolic features and affect mechanisms of inflammation. Structure-activity relationships among naturally occurred flavonoids hence provide us with a preliminary insight into their anti-inflammatory potential, not only attributing to the antioxidant capacity, but also to modulate inflammatory mediators. The present review summarizes current knowledge and underlies mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activities of dietary flavonoids and their influences involved in the development of various inflammatory-related chronic diseases. In addition, the established structure-activity relationships of phenolic compounds in this review may give an insight for the screening of new anti-inflammatory agents from dietary materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- a College of Food Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Hui Teng
- a College of Food Science , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Zhenglu Xie
- b Jinshan College , Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou , Fujian , China
| | - Hui Cao
- c Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macau
| | - Wai San Cheang
- c Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macau
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woniak
- d Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Milen I Georgiev
- e Group of Plant Cell Biotechnology and Metabolomics , The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Plovdiv , Bulgaria.,f Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology , Plovdiv , Bulgaria
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- c Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macau
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Zhou Y, Cao ZQ, Wang HY, Cheng YN, Yu LG, Zhang XK, Sun Y, Guo XL. The anti-inflammatory effects of Morin hydrate in atherosclerosis is associated with autophagy induction through cAMP signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28421659 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Although the previous trials of inflammation have indicated that morin hydrate (MO) hold considerable promise, understanding the distinct mechanism of MO against inflammation remains a challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigated the effect of MO in atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice and underlying cell signaling of MO effect in inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Administration of MO significantly reduced serum lipid level, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and ICAM-1), and atherosclerotic plaque formation in vivo. MO presence attenuated the expression of TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokines (ICAM-1, COX-2, and MMP-9), and remarkably enhanced microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta 2 (MAP1LC3B2) expression and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) degradation in HUVECs. These MO effects were significantly prevented by the presence of autophagic inhibitors, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), or chloroquine (CQ), as well as siRNA suppression of ATG5 and BECN1. MO increased intracellular cAMP levels and activated cAMP-PKA-AMPK-SIRT1 signaling in vivo and in vitro. These changes resulted in increased expression of autophagy-related protein MAP1LC3B2 and decreased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (ICAM-1, COX-2, and MMP-9). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that anti-AS and anti-inflammatory effects of MO are largely associated with its induction of autophagy through stimulation of cAMP-PKA-AMPK-SIRT1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhan-Qi Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan-Na Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu-Gang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xin-Ke Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Li Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Guo JY, Li F, Wen YB, Cui HX, Guo ML, Zhang L, Zhang YF, Guo YJ, Guo YX. Melatonin inhibits Sirt1-dependent NAMPT and NFAT5 signaling in chondrocytes to attenuate osteoarthritis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55967-55983. [PMID: 28915567 PMCID: PMC5593538 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease mainly characterized by cartilage degradation. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) contributes to OA pathogenesis by enhancing oxidative stress and inflammation. Melatonin reportedly elicits potent protection against OA. However, the role of melatonin and underlying mechanism in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that melatonin inhibited IL-1β-induced toxicity and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) enhancement in human chondrocytes. Melatonin reduced the IL-1β-increased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) expression and the NAD+ level in chondrocytes in a Sirt1-dependent manner. In turn, the inhibitory effect of melatonin on Sirt1 was mediated by NAMPT. Moreover, melatonin suppressed IL-1β-induced Sirt1-mediated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13 production. Melatonin also decreased the Sirt1-steered nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) expression in IL-1β-challenged chondrocytes. NFAT5 depletion mimicked the suppressive effects of melatonin on IL-1β-elevated production of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO) in chondrocytes. TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2, or NO decrease caused the similar reduction of MMP-3 and MMP-13 by melatonin in IL-1β-insulted chondrocytes. Highly consistent with in vitro findings, in vivo results demonstrated that melatonin repressed the expression of relevant genes in rat OA pathogenesis in anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Overall, these results indicate that melatonin effectively reduced IL-1β-induced MMP production by inhibiting Sirt1-dependent NAMPT and NFAT5 signaling in chondrocytes, suggesting melatonin as a potential therapeutic alternative for chondroprotection of OA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yi Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Feng Li
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yong Bing Wen
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Hong Xun Cui
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ma Long Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Advanced Clinical Skills Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yun Fei Zhang
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yan Jin Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yan Xing Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan, China
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Jung JS, Choi MJ, Lee YY, Moon BI, Park JS, Kim HS. Suppression of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation by Morin via MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and PKA/HO-1 Signaling Pathway Modulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:373-382. [PMID: 28032996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Morin is a flavonoid isolated from certain fruits and Chinese herbs and is known to possess various medicinal properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of morin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial activation, both in vitro and in vivo. We found that morin inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Furthermore, morin suppressed the microglial activation and cytokine expression in the brains of LPS-stimulated mice. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that morin inhibited the action of LPS-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and activating protein-1 (AP-1). Further, the phosphorylation and DNA binding activity of cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) was enhanced by morin. Moreover, morin suppressed the LPS-induced expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunits, while it increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Therefore, our data suggest that morin exerts anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated microglia by downregulating MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways while upregulating protein kinase A (PKA)/CREB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Jung
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute , Gyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea
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Olive and grape seed extract prevents post-traumatic osteoarthritis damages and exhibits in vitro anti IL-1β activities before and after oral consumption. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33527. [PMID: 27640363 PMCID: PMC5027597 DOI: 10.1038/srep33527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols exert a large range of beneficial effects in the prevention of age-related diseases. We sought to determine whether an extract of olive and grape seed standardized according to hydroxytyrosol (HT) and procyanidins (PCy) content, exerts preventive anti-osteoathritic effects. To this aim, we evaluated whether the HT/PCy mix could (i) have in vitro anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective actions, (ii) exert anti-osteoarthritis effects in two post-traumatic animal models and (iii) retain its bioactivity after oral administration. Anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective actions of HT/PCy were tested on primary cultured rabbit chondrocytes stimulated by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). The results showed that HT/PCy exerts anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective actions in vitro. The preventive effect of HT/PCy association was assessed in two animal models of post-traumatic OA in mice and rabbits. Diet supplementation with HT/PCy significantly decreased the severity of post-traumatic osteoarthritis in two complementary mice and rabbit models. The bioavailability and bioactivity was evaluated following gavage with HT/PCy in rabbits. Regular metabolites from HT/PCy extract were found in sera from rabbits following oral intake. Finally, sera from rabbits force-fed with HT/PCy conserved anti-IL-1β effect, suggesting the bioactivity of this extract. To conclude, HT/PCy extract may be of clinical significance for the preventive treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Huang TL, Wu CC, Yu J, Sumi S, Yang KC. l-Lysine regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dilshara MG, Jayasooriya RGPT, Lee S, Choi YH, Kim GY. Morin downregulates nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing NF-κB activity and activating HO-1 induction. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 44:62-68. [PMID: 27131287 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Morin possesses anti-inflammatory activity against septic shock and allergic responses, and prevents acute liver damage. However, the biological mechanism of action of morin in neuroinflammation remains largely unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated whether morin has the ability to attenuate expression of proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Morin inhibited the expression of LPS-induced proinflammatory mediators such as NO and PGE2, without any cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, LPS-induced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were inhibited both at the mRNA and protein levels in response to morin. Morin also attenuated LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) and its promoter activity. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a specific NF-κB inhibitor, downregulated the expression of LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2, which suggests that morin-mediated NF-κB inhibition is the main signaling pathway responsible for the inhibition of iNOS and COX-2 expression. Additionally, morin increased induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity, leading to the suppression of NO and PGE2 production. Our results indicate that morin downregulates the expression of proinflammatory genes, such as iNOS and COX-2, involved in the synthesis of NO and PGE2 in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells by suppressing NF-κB activity and activation of HO-1. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggest that morin may have potential as a therapeutic for the prevention of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seungheon Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Morin, a Bioflavonoid Suppresses Monosodium Urate Crystal-Induced Inflammatory Immune Response in RAW 264.7 Macrophages through the Inhibition of Inflammatory Mediators, Intracellular ROS Levels and NF-κB Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145093. [PMID: 26709520 PMCID: PMC4692533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies had reported that morin, a bioflavanoid exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effect against adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. In this current study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of morin against monosodium urate crystal (MSU)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, an in vitro model for acute gouty arthritis. For comparison purpose, colchicine was used as a reference drug. We have observed that morin (100–300 μM) treatment significantly suppressed the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and VEGF), inflammatory mediators (NO and PEG2), and lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase, N-acetyl glucosamindase and cathepsin D) in MSU-crystals stimulated macrophage cells. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1), inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2), and NF-κBp65 was found downregulated in MSU crystal stimulated macrophage cells by morin treatment, however, the mRNA expression of hypoxanthine phospho ribosyl transferse (HPRT) was found to be increased. The flow cytometry analysis revealed that morin treatment decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in MSU crystal stimulated macrophage cells. The western blot analysis clearly showed that morin mainly exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the MSU crystal-induced COX-2 and TNF-α protein expression through the inactivation of NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells similar to that of BAY 11–7082 (IκB kinase inhibitor). Our results collectively suggest that morin can be a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders like acute gouty arthritis.
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Jeong JW, Lee HH, Lee KW, Kim KY, Kim SG, Hong SH, Kim GY, Park C, Kim HK, Choi YW, Choi YH. Mori folium inhibits interleukin-1β-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases and inflammatory mediators by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in SW1353 human chondrocytes. Int J Mol Med 2015; 37:452-60. [PMID: 26707272 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Mori folium, the leaves of Morus alba L., has long been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, protect the liver, and lower blood pressure; however, the role of Mori folium in OA is not yet fully understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether Mori folium water extract (MF) inhibited the catabolic effects of IL-1β in vitro, and also whether it inhibited the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) through the attenuation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in SW1353 human chondrocytes. MMP proteins in culture medium were determined using a cytokine‑specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The production of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were evaluated using Griess reagent and ELISA. Subsequently, the mRNA and protein levels of MMPs, iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB and MAPKs were examined by RT-qPCR and/or western blot analysis. The results indicate that MF significantly reduced the IL-1β‑induced release of MMP-1 and -13 in SW1353 cells, which was associated with the inhibition of MMP-1 and -13 mRNA and protein expression in a concentration‑dependent manner at concentrations with no cytotoxicity. MF also attenuated the IL-1β-induced production of NO and PGE2, and reduced iNOS and COX-2 expression. Furthermore, we noted that MF markedly suppressed the IL-1β‑induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which correlated with the inhibitory effects of MF on inhibitor-κB (IκB) degradation, and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was selectively restored by MF upon IL-1β stimulation. These results indicate that MF inhibited the production and expression of MMP-1 and -13 and inflammatory mediators, at least in part, through suppressing the activation of either NF-κB or p38 MAPK in IL-1β-treated SW1353 chondrocytes. Therefore, the novel findings of the present study suggest that MF is a potential therapeutic choice for chondroprotection against the collagen matrix breakdown in the cartilage of diseased tissues, such as those found in patients with arthritic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyeon Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Group, Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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Jeong JW, Lee HH, Choi EO, Lee KW, Kim KY, Kim SG, Hong SH, Kim GY, Park C, Kim HK, Choi YW, Choi YH. Schisandrae Fructus Inhibits IL-1β-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinases and Inflammatory Mediators Production in SW1353 Human Chondrocytes by Suppressing NF-κB and MAPK Activation. Drug Dev Res 2015; 76:474-83. [PMID: 26443270 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators that contribute to cartilage degradation. Schisandrae Fructus (SF), the dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Magnoliaceae), is widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the antiosteoarthritis properties of an ethanol extract of SF on IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. SF attenuated IL-1β-induced expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 and also reduced the elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase associated with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production in IL-1β-stimulated SW1353 chondrocytes. In addition, SF markedly suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) by blocking inhibitor κB-alpha degradation and inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). These results indicate that the inhibitory effect of SF on IL-1β-stimulated expression of MMPs and inflammatory mediators production in SW1353 cells were associated with the suppression of the NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. The results from this study indicate that SF may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of OA due to its anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyeon Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea INC, Marine Bio-Industry Development Center, Busan, 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea INC, Marine Bio-Industry Development Center, Busan, 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kim
- Research Institute, Bio-Port Korea INC, Marine Bio-Industry Development Center, Busan, 619-912, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Kyoung Kim
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Herbal Medicine Resources Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, College of Natural Resource and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan, 614-714, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, 614-052, Republic of Korea
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Piao T, Ma Z, Li X, Liu J. Taraxasterol inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory response in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 756:38-42. [PMID: 25797286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disease, is a leading cause of disability among elderly patients. Taraxasterol, a pentacyclic-triterpene isolated from Taraxacum officinale, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the protective effect of taraxasterol on OA remains unclear. In order to provide a scientific basis for the applicability of taraxasterol in OA, the anti-inflammatory effects of taraxasterol on IL-1β-stimulated osteoarthritic chondrocytes were investigated. Chondrocytes were pretreated with taraxasterol 1h before IL-1β treatment. The productions of MMP-1, MMP3, MMP13, PGE2 and NO were measured by ELISA and Griess reaction. The expression of COX-2, iNOS, and NF-κB was detected by western blot analysis. Our results demonstrated that taraxasterol dose-dependently suppressed MMP-1, MMP3, MMP13, PGE2 and NO production induced by IL-1β. The expression of COX-2 and iNOS was also inhibited by taraxasterol. Western blot analysis showed that taraxasterol suppressed IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we found that taraxasterol protected human chondrocytes by inhibiting MMPs, NO and PGE2 production. Taraxasterol may be a useful agent for prevention and treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taikui Piao
- Children׳s Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150010, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Children׳s Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150010, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, People׳s Republic of China.
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Sultana F, Rasool M. A novel therapeutic approach targeting rheumatoid arthritis by combined administration of morin, a dietary flavanol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin with reference to pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory enzymes, RANKL and transcription factors. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 230:58-70. [PMID: 25698669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the combined efficacy of morin, a dietary flavanol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin against adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats, an experimental model for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of complete freund's adjuvant (0.1 ml) into the right hind paw of the Wistar albino rats. Morin (30 mg/kg b.wt), indomethacin (3 mg/kg b.wt) and combination of morin and indomethacin were administered intraperitoneally (from 11th to 20th day) after adjuvant injection. We have found that the activities/levels of lysosomal acid hydrolases (acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase, N-acetyl glucosaminidase and cathepsin-D), glycoproteins (hexose and hexosamine), urinary constituents (hydroxyproline and glycosaminoglycans), reactive oxygen species (LPO and NO), elastase, inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, VEGF and PGE2) and paw edema were significantly increased in arthritic rats compared to controls. Whereas, the anti-oxidant status (SOD, CAT, GPx, glutathione, and ceruloplasmin), body weight and bone collagen was found to be decreased. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-6 and MCP-1), inflammatory enzymes (iNOS and COX-2), RANKL, and transcription factors (NF-kB p65 and AP-1) was found upregulated in the ankle joints of arthritic rats in qRT-PCR analysis. In addition, the increased protein expression of NF-kB p65 and COX-2 was also detected by immunohistochemical analysis. On the other hand, the above said imbalances were regulated back effectively to near normal as evidenced by the histopathological and radiological analysis on combined treatment with morin and indomethacin. Our study indicates that the combination therapy was more effective than either single drug alone in suppressing the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhath Sultana
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - MahaboobKhan Rasool
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Mével E, Monfoulet LE, Merceron C, Coxam V, Wittrant Y, Beck L, Guicheux J. Nutraceuticals in joint health: animal models as instrumental tools. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1649-58. [PMID: 24955836 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with no curative treatments. Many studies have begun to demonstrate the efficacy of nutraceuticals for slowing down OA. Animal models are utilized as a compulsory step in demonstrating the protective potential of these compounds on joint health. Nevertheless, there exist a wide variety of available OA models and selecting a suitable system for evaluating the effects of a specific compound remains difficult. Here, we discuss animal studies that have investigated nutraceutical effects on OA. In particular, we highlight the large spectrum of animal models that are currently accepted for examining the OA-related effects of nutraceuticals, giving recommendations for their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Mével
- INSERM, UMR 791, Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology team LIOAD, Nantes, France; Union Grap'Sud, Cruviers-Lascours, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent-Emmanuel Monfoulet
- Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Merceron
- INSERM, UMR 791, Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology team LIOAD, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Coxam
- Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Beck
- INSERM, UMR 791, Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology team LIOAD, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- INSERM, UMR 791, Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology team LIOAD, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, Nantes, France.
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Heeba GH, Mahmoud ME. Therapeutic potential of morin against liver fibrosis in rats: modulation of oxidative stress, cytokine production and nuclear factor kappa B. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:662-671. [PMID: 24583409 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic potential of morin, a member of flavonoid family, against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats was investigated and compared with that of silymarin. Results show that treatment with morin (30 mg/kg/day) revealed attenuation in liver index and serum biomarkers of liver function that were enhanced by chronic CCl4 intoxication. Further, morin inhibited the elevated levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and restored hepatic reduced glutathione to its normal level. The increased production of hepatic hydroxyproline content by CCl4 was markedly decreased by administration of morin. In addition, treatment with morin significantly attenuated the inflammatory responses caused by CCl4 as evident by the decreased hepatic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level, immunohistochemical expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nuclear factor kappa B. Collectively, this study indicates that morin possesses antifibrotic effect in the CCl4 model of fibrosis via reducing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and fibrogenic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan H Heeba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt.
| | - Magda E Mahmoud
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
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Chen WP, Xiong Y, Shi YX, Hu PF, Bao JP, Wu LD. Astaxanthin reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression in human chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:174-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Flavonoid, morin inhibits oxidative stress, inflammation and enhances neurotrophic support in the brain of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1003-8. [PMID: 24413816 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes-induced damages in brain are known as diabetic encephalopathy, which is well characterized by cellular, molecular and functional changes in the brain of diabetic subjects and rodents. However, little is known about the mechanism of damages and the therapeutic strategies in ameliorating those damages in the diabetic brain. In this study, we utilized a flavonoid, morin which is emerging as a potent drug against a wide range of free radical-mediated as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Morin (15 and 30 mg/kg body weight/day) was orally administered to two different groups of rats after 1 week of diabetes induction, and continued for five consecutive weeks. Two other untreated groups of diabetic and non-diabetic rats were used to compare with drug-treated groups. After drug treatments, cerebral cortex of the brain harvested and analyzed for different factors. Morin supplementation especially at high dose increased the levels of insulin, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and decreased fasting glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the diabetic brain compared to untreated diabetic rats (P < 0.05). Morin also significantly decreased the level of inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL1β, IL-6) in the diabetic brain compared to untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, the drug influenced an increase in the level of neurotrophic factors (BDNF, NGF and IGF-1) in the diabetic brain compared to untreated diabetic rats (P < 0.05). Thus, our results indicate a beneficial effect of morin by decreasing oxidative stress, inflammation and increasing the neurotrophic support in the diabetic brain, which may ameliorate diabetic encephalopathy.
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Wang X, Zhang DM, Gu TT, Ding XQ, Fan CY, Zhu Q, Shi YW, Hong Y, Kong LD. Morin reduces hepatic inflammation-associated lipid accumulation in high fructose-fed rats via inhibiting sphingosine kinase 1/sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:1791-804. [PMID: 24134913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SphK1/S1P signaling pathway is involved in the development of hepatic inflammation and injury. But its role in high fructose-induced NAFLD has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to elucidate the crucial role of SphK1/S1P signaling pathway in high fructose-induced hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation in rats. Moreover, the hepatoprotective effects of morin, a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipedimic activities, on these hepatic changes in rats were investigated. High fructose-fed rats were orally treated with morin (30 and 60mg/kg) and pioglitazone (4mg/kg) for 8 weeks, respectively. Fructose feeding induced hyperlipidemia, and activated SphK1/S1P signaling pathway characterized by the elevation of SphK1 activity, S1P production as well as SphK1, S1PR1 and S1PR3 protein levels, which in turn caused NF-κB signaling activation to produce IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and inflammation in the liver of rats. Subsequently, hepatic insulin and leptin signaling impairment and lipid metabolic disorder were observed in this animal model, resulting in liver lipid accumulation. Morin restored high fructose-induced the activation of hepatic SphK1/S1P signaling pathway in rats. Subsequently, the reduced NF-κB signaling activation by morin decreased inflammatory cytokine production, recovered insulin and leptin signaling impairment to reduce lipid accumulation and injury in the rat liver. These effects of morin were confirmed in Buffalo rat liver (BRL3A) cell model stimulated with 5mM fructose. Thus, the inhibition of hepatic SphK1/S1P signaling pathway may be a novel mechanism by which morin exerts hepatoprotection in high fructose-fed rats, possibly involving liver inflammation inhibition and lipid accumulation recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Abuohashish HM, Al-Rejaie SS, Al-Hosaini KA, Parmar MY, Ahmed MM. Alleviating effects of morin against experimentally-induced diabetic osteopenia. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:5. [PMID: 23384060 PMCID: PMC3582624 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant flavonoids are emerging as potent therapeutic drugs effective against a wide range of aging diseases particularly bone metabolic disorders. Morin (3,5,7,20,40-pentahydroxyflavone), a member of flavonols, is an important bioactive compound by interacting with nucleic acids, enzymes and protein. The present study was designed to investigate the putative beneficial effect of morin on diabetic osteopenia in rats. METHODS Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic model was used by considering 300 mg/dl fasting glucose level as diabetic. Morin (15 and 30 mg/kg) was treated for five consecutive weeks to diabetic rats. Serum levels of glucose, insulin, deoxypyridinoline cross links (DPD), osteocalcin (OC), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated. Femoral bones were taken for micro CT scan to measure trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) and other morphometric parameters. RESULTS Significant bone loss was documented as the level of bone turnover parameters including DPD, OC, BALP and CTX were increased in serum of diabetic rats. Morin treatment significantly attenuated these elevated levels. Bone micro-CT scan of diabetic rats showed a significant impairment in trabecular bone microarchitecture, density and other morphometric parameters. These impairments were significantly ameliorated by morin administration. Serum levels of glucose, TBARS, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly elevated, while the level of insulin and GSH was decreased in diabetic rats. These serum changes in diabetic rats were bring back to normal values after 5 weeks morin treatment. CONCLUSION These findings revealed the protective effect of morin against diabetic induced osteopenia. We believed that this effect is through its both the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M Abuohashish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Animal Care Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A Al-Hosaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mihir Y Parmar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Experimental Animal Care Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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