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Baek SM, Kim MN, Kim EG, Lee YJ, Park CH, Kim MJ, Kim KW, Sohn MH. Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Regulates the Expression of Interleukin-33 in RSV Induced Airway Inflammation by Regulating MAPK Signaling Pathways. Lung 2024; 202:127-137. [PMID: 38502305 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-024-00682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus that causes acute lower respiratory tract infectious diseases, particularly in young children and older individuals. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is a membrane glycoprotein expressed in various cell types, including epithelial cells, and is associated with inflammatory responses and various cancers. However, the precise role of ALCAM in RSV-induced airway inflammation remains unclear, and our study aimed to explore this gap in the literature. METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type, ALCAM knockout mice and airway epithelial cells were infected with RSV and the expression of ALCAM and inflammatory cytokines were measured. We also conducted further experiments using Anti-ALCAM antibody and recombinant ALCAM in airway epithelial cells. RESULTS The expression levels of ALCAM and inflammatory cytokines increased in both RSV-infected mice and airway epithelial cells. Interestingly, IL-33 expression was significantly reduced in ALCAM-knockdown cells compared to control cells following RSV infection. Anti-ALCAM antibody treatment also reduced IL-33 expression following RSV infection. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK was diminished in ALCAM-knockdown cells compared to control cells following RSV infection. Notably, in the control cells, inhibition of these pathways significantly decreased the expression of IL-33. In vivo study also confirmed a reduction in inflammation induced by RSV infection in ALCAM deficient mice compared to wild-type mice. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that ALCAM contributes to RSV-induced airway inflammation at least partly by influencing IL-33 expression through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. These results suggest that targeting ALCAM could be a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating IL-33-associated lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Gyul Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Pediatrics, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 363 Dongbaekjukjeon-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, South Korea.
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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2
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Lee SH, Kang B, Kamenyeva O, Ferreira TR, Cho K, Khillan JS, Kabat J, Kelsall BL, Sacks DL. Dermis resident macrophages orchestrate localized ILC2 eosinophil circuitries to promote non-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7852. [PMID: 38030609 PMCID: PMC10687111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are critical for tissue homeostasis and repair. We previously showed that dermis-resident macrophages produce CCL24 which mediates their interaction with IL-4+ eosinophils, required to maintain their M2-like properties in the TH1 environment of the Leishmania major infected skin. Here, we show that thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-5+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells are also required to maintain dermis-resident macrophages and promote infection. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals the dermis-resident macrophages as the sole source of TSLP and CCL24. Generation of Ccl24-cre mice permits specific labeling of dermis-resident macrophages and interstitial macrophages from other organs. Selective ablation of TSLP in dermis-resident macrophages reduces the numbers of IL-5+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils and dermis-resident macrophages, and ameliorates infection. Our findings demonstrate that dermis-resident macrophages are self-maintained as a replicative niche for L. major by orchestrating localized type 2 circuitries with type 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hun Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Byunghyun Kang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tiago Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyoungin Cho
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Jaspal S Khillan
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian L Kelsall
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David L Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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3
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Britt RD, Ruwanpathirana A, Ford ML, Lewis BW. Macrophages Orchestrate Airway Inflammation, Remodeling, and Resolution in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10451. [PMID: 37445635 PMCID: PMC10341920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogenous chronic inflammatory lung disease with endotypes that manifest different immune system profiles, severity, and responses to current therapies. Regardless of endotype, asthma features increased immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine release, and airway remodeling. Lung macrophages are also heterogenous in that there are separate subsets and, depending on the environment, different effector functions. Lung macrophages are important in recruitment of immune cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes that enhance allergic inflammation and initiate T helper cell responses. Persistent lung remodeling including mucus hypersecretion, increased airway smooth muscle mass, and airway fibrosis contributes to progressive lung function decline that is insensitive to current asthma treatments. Macrophages secrete inflammatory mediators that induce airway inflammation and remodeling. Additionally, lung macrophages are instrumental in protecting against pathogens and play a critical role in resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. This review summarizes current literature detailing the roles and existing knowledge gaps for macrophages as key inflammatory orchestrators in asthma pathogenesis. We also raise the idea that modulating inflammatory responses in lung macrophages is important for alleviating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anushka Ruwanpathirana
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Maria L. Ford
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brandon W. Lewis
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
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4
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Córdova-Dávalos LE, Hernández-Mercado A, Barrón-García CB, Rojas-Martínez A, Jiménez M, Salinas E, Cervantes-García D. Impact of genetic polymorphisms related to innate immune response on respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Virus Genes 2022; 58:501-514. [PMID: 36085536 PMCID: PMC9462631 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis, mainly affecting children under 2 years of age and immunocompromised patients. Currently, there are no available vaccines or efficient pharmacological treatments against RSV. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been directed to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease and generate a vaccine against RSV. Although RSV is highly infectious, not all the patients who get infected develop bronchiolitis and severe disease. Through various sequencing studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been discovered in diverse receptors, cytokines, and transcriptional regulators with crucial role in the activation of the innate immune response, which is implicated in the susceptibility to develop or protect from severe forms of the infection. In this review, we highlighted how variations in the key genes affect the development of innate immune response against RSV. This data would provide crucial information about the mechanisms of viral infection, and in the future, could help in generation of new strategies for vaccine development or generation of the pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Alicia Hernández-Mercado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Claudia Berenice Barrón-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martínez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Morones Prieto 3000 Pte, Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México.
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México. .,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 03940, Ciudad de México, México.
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5
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Han M, Breckenridge HA, Kuo S, Singh S, Goldsmith AG, Li Y, Kreger JE, Bentley JK, Hershenson MB. M2 Macrophages promote IL-33 expression, ILC2 expansion and mucous metaplasia in response to early life rhinovirus infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952509. [PMID: 36032072 PMCID: PMC9412168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheezing-associated rhinovirus (RV) infections are associated with asthma development. We have shown that infection of immature mice with RV induces type 2 cytokine production and mucous metaplasia which is dependent on IL-33 and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and intensified by a second heterologous RV infection. We hypothesize that M2a macrophages are required for the exaggerated inflammation and mucous metaplasia in response to heterologous RV infection. Wild-type C57Bl/6J mice and LysMCre IL4Rα KO mice lacking M2a macrophages were treated as follows: (1) sham infection on day 6 of life plus sham on day 13 of life, (2) RV-A1B on day 6 plus sham on day 13, (3) sham on day 6 and RV-A2 on day 13, or (4) RV-A1B on day 6 and RV-A2 on day 13. Lungs were harvested one or seven days after the second infection. Wild-type mice infected with RV-A1B at day 6 showed an increased number of Arg1- and Retnla-expressing lung macrophages, indicative of M2a polarization. Compared to wild-type mice infected with RV on day 6 and 13 of life, the lungs of LysMCre IL4Rα KO mice undergoing heterologous RV infection showed decreased protein abundance of the epithelial-derived innate cytokines IL-33, IL-25 and TSLP, decreased ILC2s, decreased mRNA expression of IL-13 and IL-5, and decreased PAS staining. Finally, mRNA analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy of double-infected LysMCre IL4Rα KO mice showed reduced airway epithelial cell IL-33 expression, and treatment with IL-33 restored the exaggerated muco-inflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Haley A. Breckenridge
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shiuhyang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Shilpi Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adam G. Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yiran Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jordan E. Kreger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J. Kelley Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Marc B. Hershenson,
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6
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Makaremi S, Asgarzadeh A, Kianfar H, Mohammadnia A, Asghariazar V, Safarzadeh E. The role of IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in pathogenesis of COVID-19. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:923-947. [PMID: 35751653 PMCID: PMC9243884 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A global pandemic has erupted as a result of the new brand coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This pandemic has been consociated with widespread mortality worldwide. The antiviral immune response is an imperative factor in confronting the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. Meantime, cytokines recognize as crucial components in guiding the appropriate immune pathways in the restraining and eradication of the virus. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 can induce uncontrolled inflammatory responses characterized by hyper-inflammatory cytokine production, which causes cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As excessive inflammatory responses are contributed to the severe stage of the COVID-19 disease, therefore, the pro-inflammatory cytokines are regarded as the Achilles heel during COVID-19 infection. Among these cytokines, interleukin (IL-) 1 family cytokines (IL-1, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36, IL-37, and IL-38) appear to have a strong inflammatory role in severe COVID-19. Hence, understanding the underlying inflammatory mechanism of these cytokines during infection is critical for reducing the symptoms and severity of the disease. Here, the possible mechanisms and pathways involved in inflammatory immune responses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Makaremi
- School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Asgarzadeh
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamed Kianfar
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Alireza Mohammadnia
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Asghariazar
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Elham Safarzadeh
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Medicine and Allied Medical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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7
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Murdaca G, Paladin F, Tonacci A, Borro M, Greco M, Gerosa A, Isola S, Allegra A, Gangemi S. Involvement of IL-33 in the Pathogenesis and Prognosis of Major Respiratory Viral Infections: Future Perspectives for Personalized Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030715. [PMID: 35327516 PMCID: PMC8944994 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a key cytokine involved in type-2 immunity and allergic airway disease. At the level of lung epithelial cells, where it is clearly expressed, IL-33 plays an important role in both innate and adaptive immune responses in mucosal organs. It has been widely demonstrated that in the course of respiratory virus infections, the release of IL-33 increases, with consequent pro-inflammatory effects and consequent exacerbation of the clinical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases. In our work, we analyzed the pathogenetic and prognostic involvement of IL-33 during the main respiratory viral infections, with particular interest in the recent SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic and the aim of determining a possible connection point on which to act with a targeted therapy that is able to improve the clinical outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesca Paladin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Matteo Borro
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Monica Greco
- Internal Medicine Department, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy; (M.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gerosa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.P.); (A.G.)
| | - Stefania Isola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.I.); (S.G.)
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, Division of Hematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (S.I.); (S.G.)
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8
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Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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9
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Root-Bernstein R. Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042108. [PMID: 33672738 PMCID: PMC7924650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) due to combined infections of SARS-CoV-2 with other microbes, mainly bacterial and fungal. This proposition is based on eight linked types of evidence and their logical connections. (1) Severe cases of COVID-19 differ from healthy controls and mild COVID-19 patients in exhibiting increased TLR4, TLR7, TLR9 and NLRP3 activity. (2) SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses activate TLR3, TLR7, RIG1 and NLRP3. (3) SARS-CoV-2 cannot, therefore, account for the innate receptor activation pattern (IRAP) found in severe COVID-19 patients. (4) Severe COVID-19 also differs from its mild form in being characterized by bacterial and fungal infections. (5) Respiratory bacterial and fungal infections activate TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and NLRP3. (6) A combination of SARS-CoV-2 with bacterial/fungal coinfections accounts for the IRAP found in severe COVID-19 and why it differs from mild cases. (7) Notably, TLR7 (viral) and TLR4 (bacterial/fungal) synergize, TLR9 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize and TLR2 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize with NLRP3 (viral and bacterial). (8) Thus, a SARS-CoV-2-bacterium/fungus coinfection produces synergistic innate activation, resulting in the hyperinflammation characteristic of a cytokine storm. Unique clinical, experimental and therapeutic predictions (such as why melatonin is effective in treating COVID-19) are discussed, and broader implications are outlined for understanding why other syndromes such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis display varied cytokine storm symptoms.
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10
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Malinczak CA, Parolia A, Fonseca W, Morris S, Rasky AJ, Bawa P, Zhang Y, Mire MM, Ziegler SF, Ptaschinski C, Chinnaiyan AM, Lukacs NW. TSLP-Driven Chromatin Remodeling and Trained Systemic Immunity after Neonatal Respiratory Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1315-1328. [PMID: 33514510 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our studies have previously shown a role for persistent TSLP production in the lungs of mice after early-life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection that leads to an altered immune phenotype, including accumulation of "inflammatory" dendritic cells (DC). This study investigates the role of TSLP driving systemic trained immunity in DC in early-life RSV-infected mice. Bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC) from early-life RSV-infected mice at 4 wk postinfection showed enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules and cytokines, including Tslp, that regulate immune cell function. The adoptive transfer of BMDC grown from early-life RSV-infected mice was sufficient to exacerbate allergic disease development. The addition of recombinant TSLP during differentiation of BMDC from naive mice induced a similar altered phenotype as BMDC grown from early-life RSV-infected mice, suggesting a role for TSLP in the phenotypic changes. To assess the role of TSLP in these changes, global transcriptomic characterization of TSLPR-/- BMDC infected with RSV was performed and showed a higher upregulation of type 1 IFN genes and concomitant downregulation of inflammatory genes. Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing analysis demonstrated that TSLPR-/- BMDC had a parallel gain in physical chromatin accessibility near type 1 genes and loss in accessibility near genes related to RSV pathology, with IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and STAT3 predicted as top transcription factors binding within differentially accessible regions in wild-type. Importantly, these studies show that in the absence of TSLP signaling, BMDC are able to mount an appropriate type 1 IFN-associated antiviral response to RSV. In summary, RSV-induced TSLP alters chromatin structure in DC to drive trained innate immunity and activates pathogenic gene programs in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhijit Parolia
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Susan Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pushpinder Bawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Mohamed M Mire
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Department of Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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11
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Liu Z, Fan P, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhao D. miRNAs and Leukotrienes in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:602195. [PMID: 33996675 PMCID: PMC8116547 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.602195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate posttranscription by binding to 3'-untranslated regions of target mRNAs. Recent functional studies have elucidated mechanisms that miRNAs regulate leukotriene synthesis by perturbing arachidonic acid metabolism. Both microarrays and high-throughput sequencing revealed distinct differential expression of miRNAs in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection compared with healthy controls. Abnormal miRNA expression may contribute to higher leukotriene levels, which is associated with airway hyperreactivity. Targeting miRNAs may benefit to restore the homeostasis of inflammatory reaction and provide new strategies to alleviate airway hyperreactivity induced by RSV. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about miRNAs modulating leukotrienes through regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism with a special focus on miRNAs aberrantly expressed in children with RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Panpan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Yueshi Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Niu M, Jiang Z, Xin X, Zhu J, Yang J, Diao M, Qi G, Qi B. Effect of HMGB1 on monocyte immune function in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 21:75. [PMID: 33365075 PMCID: PMC7716648 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of high mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) in children with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and its effect on the inflammatory function of monocytes were investigated. A total of 30 cases of respiratory syncytial viral bronchitis and 30 cases of healthy persons from physical examination were collected from January 2017 to September 2019 in the pediatric department of Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University. HMGB1 expression level in plasma was detected by ELISA. All participants in the study were followed up for 18 months. Human recombinant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-A2 virus was used to infect human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE, and cell culture supernatant was collected to detect HMGB1. Transwell plate was used to co-culture infected or no-infection groups of epithelial cells and monocytes THP-1. Western blot was used to detect the level of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and TLR7 in monocytes. HMGB1 expression level in peripheral blood of children with bronchiolitis was significantly increased compared with that in healthy controls (P<0.0001), and was significantly correlated with the severity of the children's condition (P<0.01). The expression level of HMGB1 was significantly correlated with the number of monocytes, lymphocytes and CRP expression level. HMGB1 was also significantly increased in cell culture supernatant compared with no-infection group (P<0.0001). TLR4 expression in monocytes could be activated by the virus infected cell lines. Follow-up results showed that children with bronchiolitis had a higher incidence of asthma within 18 months (P<0.05). The independent risk factors for children to develop asthma were age, number of monocytes and HMGB1 level. HMGB1 is highly expressed in peripheral blood of children with respiratory syncytial virus bronchitis, and RSV epithelial cells can activate TLR4 expression in monocytes, suggesting that HMGB1 plays an important role in monocyte mediated immune inflammation. HMGB1 expression level is related to the development of asthma in children, which is of great significance for understanding the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis and suggesting the prognosis of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Niu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Junling Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Min Diao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Gongjian Qi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Boxiang Qi
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xuzhou Children's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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13
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Laubreton D, Drajac C, Eléouët JF, Rameix-Welti MA, Lo-Man R, Riffault S, Descamps D. Regulatory B Lymphocytes Colonize the Respiratory Tract of Neonatal Mice and Modulate Immune Responses of Alveolar Macrophages to RSV Infection in IL-10-Dependant Manner. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080822. [PMID: 32751234 PMCID: PMC7472339 DOI: 10.3390/v12080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the prevalent pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in children. The presence of neonatal regulatory B lymphocytes (nBreg) has been associated with a poor control of RSV infection in human newborns and with bronchiolitis severity. So far, little is known about how nBreg may contribute to neonatal immunopathology to RSV. We tracked nBreg in neonatal BALB/c mice and we investigated their impact on lung innate immunity, especially their crosstalk with alveolar macrophages (AMs) upon RSV infection. We showed that the colonization by nBreg during the first week of life is a hallmark of neonatal lung whereas this population is almost absent in adult lung. This particular period of age when nBreg are abundant corresponds to the same period when RSV replication in lungs fails to generate a type-I interferons (IFN-I) response and is not contained. When neonatal AMs are exposed to RSV in vitro, they produce IFN-I that in turn enhances IL-10 production by nBreg. IL-10 reciprocally can decrease IFN-I secretion by AMs. Thus, our work identified nBreg as an important component of neonatal lungs and pointed out new immunoregulatory interactions with AMs in the context of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphné Laubreton
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Carole Drajac
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Jean-François Eléouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Infection et Inflammation, U1173, 78180 Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France;
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, AP-HP, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Richard Lo-Man
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit Immunity and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sabine Riffault
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
| | - Delphyne Descamps
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; (D.L.); (C.D.); (J.-F.E.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (D.D.); Tel.: +(33)-01-34-65-26-20 (S.R.); +(33)-01-34-65-26-10 (D.D.)
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14
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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15
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Norlander AE, Peebles RS. Innate Type 2 Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E521. [PMID: 32397226 PMCID: PMC7290766 DOI: 10.3390/v12050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and contagious virus that results in acute respiratory tract infections in infants. In many cases, the symptoms of RSV remain mild, however, a subset of individuals develop severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis. As such, RSV is the chief cause of infant hospitalization within the United States. Typically, the immune response to RSV is a type 1 response that involves both the innate and adaptive immune systems. However, type 2 cytokines may also be produced as a result of infection of RSV and there is increasing evidence that children who develop severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis are at a greater risk of developing asthma later in life. This review summarizes the contribution of a newly described cell type, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), and epithelial-derived alarmin proteins that activate ILC2, including IL-33, IL-25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). ILC2 activation leads to the production of type 2 cytokines and the induction of a type 2 response during RSV infection. Intervening in this innate type 2 inflammatory pathway may have therapeutic implications for severe RSV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA;
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16
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Li W, Tao W, Chen J, Zhai Y, Yin N, Wang Z. Paeoniflorin suppresses IL-33 production by macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:286-293. [PMID: 32312124 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1750628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Interleukin (IL)-33 has been attracting more and more attention as a new member of theIL-1 cytokine family in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms referred to the regulation of endogenous IL-33 production are not fully illustrated. Paeoniflorin (PF) has been reported to possess multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation and anti-allergy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PF on IL-33 production by macrophages and explore the underlying mechanisms.Methods: In vivo, IL-33 production in mice after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection together with PF application was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro, MTT, Real-time PCR, ELISA, Calcium (Ca2+) imaging and Western blot were used to assess the cytotoxicity of PF, IL-33 expression at mRNA and protein levels, Ca2+ influx, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages with PF administration.Results: Our results indicated that PF (5 and 25 mg/kg) significantly reduced the production of TNF-a, IL-1β, and IL-33 in the peritoneal exudate of LPS-treated mice. In vitro assay, upregulation of PF concentration (≥ 20 μM) showed an increased cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells during the 24-h cell culture. PF (10 μM) inhibited IL-33 production, Ca2+ influx, PKC activity, NF-κB (p65) activation, and P38MAPK phosphorylation in LPS-treated macrophages. Notably, NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7085), P38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580), and Ca2+ blocker (NiCl2) also curbed LPS-induced IL-33 production, respectively.Conclusions: PF suppresses IL-33 production by macrophages via inhibiting NF-κB and P38MAPK activation associated with the regulation of Ca2+ mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenting Tao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nina Yin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
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17
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Wu Y, Lai AC, Chi P, Thio CL, Chen W, Tsai C, Lee YL, Lukacs NW, Chang Y. Pulmonary IL-33 orchestrates innate immune cells to mediate respiratory syncytial virus-evoked airway hyperreactivity and eosinophilia. Allergy 2020; 75:818-830. [PMID: 31622507 DOI: 10.1111/all.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is epidemiologically linked to asthma. During RSV infection, IL-33 is elevated and promotes immune cell activation, leading to the development of asthma. However, which immune cells are responsible for triggering airway hyperreactivity (AHR), inflammation and eosinophilia remained to be clarified. We aimed to elucidate the individual roles of IL-33-activated innate immune cells, including ILC2s and ST2+ myeloid cells, in RSV infection-triggered pathophysiology. METHODS The role of IL-33/ILC2 axis in RSV-induced AHR inflammation and eosinophilia were evaluated in the IL-33-deficient and YetCre-13 Rosa-DTA mice. Myeloid-specific, IL-33-deficient or ST2-deficient mice were employed to examine the role of IL-33 and ST2 signaling in myeloid cells. RESULTS We found that IL-33-activated ILC2s were crucial for the development of AHR and airway inflammation, during RSV infection. ILC2-derived IL-13 was sufficient for RSV-driven AHR, since reconstitution of wild-type ILC2 rescued RSV-driven AHR in IL-13-deficient mice. Meanwhile, myeloid cell-derived IL-33 was required for airway inflammation, ST2+ myeloid cells contributed to exacerbation of airway inflammation, suggesting the importance of IL-33 signaling in these cells. Local and peripheral eosinophilia is linked to both ILC2 and myeloid IL-33 signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of IL-33-activated ILC2s in mediating RSV-triggered AHR and eosinophilia. In addition, IL-33 signaling in myeloid cells is crucial for airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Hsiu Wu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine National Yang‐Ming University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Po‐Yu Chi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Wei‐Yu Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Hui Tsai
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yungling Leo Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | | | - Ya‐Jen Chang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine National Yang‐Ming University and Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
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18
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Respiratory syncytial virus nonstructural proteins 1 and 2: Exceptional disrupters of innate immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007984. [PMID: 31622448 PMCID: PMC6797084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants worldwide. As a first line of defense against respiratory infections, innate immune responses, including the production of type I and III interferons (IFNs), play an important role. Upon infection with RSV, multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize RSV-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount innate immune responses. Retinoic-acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) have been identified as important innate receptors to mount type I IFNs during RSV infection. However, type I IFN levels remain surprisingly low during RSV infection despite strong viral replication. The poor induction of type I IFNs can be attributed to the cooperative activity of 2 unique, nonstructural (NS) proteins of RSV, i.e., NS1 and NS2. These viral proteins have been shown to suppress both the production and signaling of type I and III IFNs by counteracting a plethora of key host innate signaling proteins. Moreover, increasing numbers of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are being identified as targets of the NS proteins in recent years, highlighting an underexplored protein family in the identification of NS target proteins. To understand the diverse effector functions of NS1 and NS2, Goswami and colleagues proposed the hypothesis of the NS degradasome (NSD) complex, a multiprotein complex made up of, at least, NS1 and NS2. Furthermore, the crystal structure of NS1 was resolved recently and, remarkably, identified NS1 as a structural paralogue of the RSV matrix protein. Unfortunately, no structural data on NS2 have been published so far. In this review, we briefly describe the PRRs that mount innate immune responses upon RSV infection and provide an overview of the various effector functions of NS1 and NS2. Furthermore, we discuss the ubiquitination effector functions of NS1 and NS2, which are in line with the hypothesis that the NSD shares features with the canonical 26S proteasome.
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19
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You RI, Lee YP, Su TY, Lin CC, Chen CS, Chu CL. A Benzenoid 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-Methyl-L, 3-Benzodioxole from Antrodia cinnamomea Attenuates Dendritic Cell-Mediated Th2 Allergic Responses. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1271-1287. [PMID: 31488035 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating immune responses; however, DCs also induce Th2-related allergic sensitivities. Thus, DCs become a target for therapeutic design in allergic diseases. In this study, we aim to investigate the anti-allergic effect of pure compounds from a medicinal mushroom Antrodia cinnamomea (Ac) on DC-induced allergic responses. We identified a benzenoid compound 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-l,3-benzodioxole (DMB) which may modulate Th2 polarization in bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and in a murine food allergy model. DMB effectively reduced the Th2 adjuvant cholera toxin (CT)-induced BMDC maturation and cytokine production. In studying the mechanism, DMB blocked the molecular processes involved in Th2 induction, including cAMP activation, IL-33 production, and IRF4/Tim4 upregulation, in CT-activated BMDCs. Furthermore, DMB treatment attenuated the symptoms, clinical scores, and Th2 responses of CT-induced ovalbumin (OVA)-specific food allergy in mice at sensitization stage. These results indicated that DMB could suppress DC function for Th2 polarization and mitigate allergic responses. Thus, DMB may have potential to be a novel agent for preventing or treating food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Pang Lee
- Department of Health Administration, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan.,Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Su
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsin University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILC2): Type 2 Immunity and Helminth Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092276. [PMID: 31072011 PMCID: PMC6539149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) have emerged as a major component of type 2 inflammation in mice and humans. ILC2 secrete large amounts of interleukins 5 and 13, which are largely responsible for host protective immunity against helminth parasites because these cytokines induce profound changes in host physiology that include: goblet cell metaplasia, mucus accumulation, smooth muscle hypercontractility, eosinophil and mast cell recruitment, and alternative macrophage activation (M2). This review covers the initial recognition of ILC2 as a distinct cell lineage, the key studies that established their biological importance, particularly in helminth infection, and the new directions that are likely to be the focus of emerging work that further explores this unique cell population in the context of health and disease.
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21
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Tognarelli EI, Bueno SM, González PA. Immune-Modulation by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Focus on Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31057543 PMCID: PMC6478035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia in infants and produces a significant burden in the elderly. It can also infect and produce disease in otherwise healthy adults and recurrently infect those previously exposed to the virus. Importantly, recurrent infections are not necessarily a consequence of antigenic variability, as described for other respiratory viruses, but most likely due to the capacity of this virus to interfere with the host's immune response and the establishment of a protective and long-lasting immunity. Although some genes encoded by hRSV are known to have a direct participation in immune evasion, it seems that repeated infection is mainly given by its capacity to modulate immune components in such a way to promote non-optimal antiviral responses in the host. Importantly, hRSV is known to interfere with dendritic cell (DC) function, which are key cells involved in establishing and regulating protective virus-specific immunity. Notably, hRSV infects DCs, alters their maturation, migration to lymph nodes and their capacity to activate virus-specific T cells, which likely impacts the host antiviral response against this virus. Here, we review and discuss the most important and recent findings related to DC modulation by hRSV, which might be at the basis of recurrent infections in previously infected individuals and hRSV-induced disease. A focus on the interaction between DCs and hRSV will likely contribute to the development of effective prophylactic and antiviral strategies against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Verhoeven D. Influence of Immunological Maturity on Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Morbidity in Young Children. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:76-83. [PMID: 30499759 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a very frequent viral respiratory pathogen of the young (<5 years old) with a significant portion of young toddlers having been infected before 2 years of age. Although we understand that some of the morbidity associated with RSV in neonates is due to immunological maturation that favors immunosuppression over antiviral innate and/or adaptive immune responses, the rapid development of the immune system right after birth suggests that each age group (newborn, early infant, older infant, toddler, and older) may respond to the virus in different ways. In this study, we summarize the morbidity associated with infection in young children in the context of immunological maturation of monocytes/macrophages and the ramifications for poor innate control of viral pathogenesis. We also summarize key mechanisms that contribute to the diminished antiviral innate immune responses of these young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Verhoeven
- Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames , Iowa
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Shimizu T, Nakamura H, Takatani A, Umeda M, Horai Y, Kurushima S, Michitsuji T, Nakashima Y, Kawakami A. Activation of Toll-like receptor 7 signaling in labial salivary glands of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 196:39-51. [PMID: 30446998 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the expressions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 7-9 and type I interferon (IFN) signal in labial salivary glands (LSGs) and cultured salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) from primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients. We performed an immunohistochemistry analysis of LSGs from 11 patients with pSS as defined by American-European Consensus Group classification criteria and five healthy subjects. The pSS patients' SGECs were analyzed by immunofluorescence and western blotting. IFN-α expression was examined by immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from pSS patients' LSGs showed TLR-7-dominant expression. B cells, plasma cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) co-expressed with TLR-7. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) co-expressed with the pDC marker CD303 in LSGs. Ducts from pSS patients dominantly expressed TLR-7, and TLR-7 in the ducts co-expressed with MyD88, TRAF6 and IRF7. Type I IFNs including IFN-α and IFN-β were detected in MNCs and ducts in pSS patients' LSGs. Increased TRAF6 expression and the nuclear translocation of IRF7 in SGECs were detected by immunofluorescence following loxoribine (a TLR-7 ligand) stimulation despite IFN-β pretreatment. Western blotting showed increased TRAF6 expression in SGECs following IFN-β and loxoribine stimulation. Although no increase in IFN-α was detected in supernatant from stimulated SGECs, the IFN-α in supernatant from stimulated peripheral blood pDCs from pSS patients was significantly increased. Our findings suggest that TLR-7 is dominantly expressed in both MNCs and ducts with downstream signals for type I IFNs, indicating that TLR7-dominant innate immunity is related to the development of sialadenitis in pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - H Nakamura
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - A Takatani
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - M Umeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Y Horai
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - S Kurushima
- Department of Rheumatology, Sasebo Chuo Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - T Michitsuji
- Department of General and Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Y Nakashima
- Department of Rheumatology, Sasebo City Medical Center, Sasebo, Japan
| | - A Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG. The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 345:35-136. [PMID: 30904196 PMCID: PMC6445394 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, is an ancient form of host defense found in all animals, from sponges to humans. During infection, innate immune receptors recognize conserved molecular patterns, such as microbial surface molecules, metabolites produces during infection, or nucleic acids of the microbe's genome. When initiated, the innate immune response activates a host defense program that leads to the synthesis proteins capable of pathogen killing. In mammals, the induction of cytokines during the innate immune response leads to the recruitment of professional immune cells to the site of infection, leading to an adaptive immune response. While a fully functional innate immune response is crucial for a proper host response and curbing microbial infection, if the innate immune response is dysfunctional and is activated in the absence of infection, autoinflammation and autoimmune disorders can develop. Therefore, it follows that the innate immune response must be tightly controlled to avoid an autoimmune response from host-derived molecules, yet still unencumbered to respond to infection. In this review, we will focus on the innate immune response activated from cytosolic nucleic acids, derived from the microbe or host itself. We will depict how viruses and bacteria activate these nucleic acid sensing pathways and their mechanisms to inhibit the pathways. We will also describe the autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders that develop when these pathways are hyperactive. Finally, we will discuss gaps in knowledge with regard to innate immune response failure and identify where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha M Matz
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - R Marena Guzman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Alan G Goodman
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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25
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Boudaud M, Turcotte S, Stankova J, Rola-Pleszczynski M. IL-33 Upregulates Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Type 1 Expression in Human Peripheral Blood CD4 + T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2787-2798. [PMID: 30242072 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 and cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are key components of asthma pathogenesis, and both contribute to the initiation and maintenance of the type 2 inflammatory environment. However, little is known about the potential interactions between the two mediators. In this work, we aimed at studying the regulation of expression of the cysLT receptors CysLT1 and CysLT2 by IL-33 in human PBLs. Our results show that the IL-33/ST2L axis increases CysLT1 but not CysLT2 expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in PBLs. IL-33-induced CysLT1 upregulation was observed at the protein but not at the mRNA level and was accompanied by an increase in LTD4-induced calcium mobilization and migration of CD4+ T lymphocytes. We also show that purified naive CD4+ T lymphocytes expressed ST2L and responded to IL-33 in the absence of Ag or TCR stimulation, suggesting a mechanism independent of Ag presentation. These results contribute to expanding our knowledge in the field of IL-33 by proposing a new mode of action of the cytokine on T cells and by extending its role to the regulation of naive T cell trafficking, therefore reinforcing its interest as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Boudaud
- Service d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Turcotte
- Service d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jana Stankova
- Service d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marek Rola-Pleszczynski
- Service d'Immunologie et Allergologie, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1H 5N4, Canada
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26
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Kim AR, Lee DH, Lee SH, Rubino I, Choi HJ, Quan FS. Protection induced by virus-like particle vaccine containing tandem repeat gene of respiratory syncytial virus G protein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191277. [PMID: 29338045 PMCID: PMC5770062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants, young children and the elderly. However, there is no licensed vaccine available against RSV infection. In this study, we generated virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine and investigated the vaccine efficacy in a mouse model. For VLP vaccines, tandem gene (1–780 bp) for V1 VLPs and tandem repeat gene (repeated 450–780 bp) for V5 VLPs were constructed in pFastBacTM vectors, respectively. Influenza matrix protein 1 (M1) was used as a core protein in the VLPs. Notably, upon challenge infection, significantly lower virus loads were measured in the lung of mice immunized with V1 or V5 VLPs compared to those of naïve mice and formalin-inactivated RSV immunized control mice. In particular, V5 VLPs immunization showed significantly lower virus titers than V1 VLPs immunization. Furthermore, V5 VLPs immunization elicited increased memory B cells responses in the spleen. These results indicated that V5 VLP vaccine containing tandem repeat gene protein provided better protection than V1 VLPs with significantly decreased inflammation in the lungs. Thus, V5 VLPs could be a potential vaccine candidate against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ilaria Rubino
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hyo-Jick Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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27
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Pulgar RA, Jara EL, Kalergis AM. Functional Impairment of Mononuclear Phagocyte System by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1643. [PMID: 29230219 PMCID: PMC5712212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) comprises of monocytes, macrophages (MΦ), and dendritic cells (DCs). MPS is part of the first line of immune defense against a wide range of pathogens, including viruses, such as the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV). The hRSV is an enveloped virus that belongs to the Pneumoviridae family, Orthopneumovirus genus. This virus is the main etiological agent causing severe acute lower respiratory tract infection, especially in infants, children and the elderly. Human RSV can cause bronchiolitis and pneumonia and it has also been implicated in the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. Monocytes, MΦ, and DCs significantly contribute to acute inflammation during hRSV-induced bronchiolitis and asthma exacerbation. Furthermore, these cells seem to be an important component for the association between hRSV and reactive airway disease. After hRSV infection, the first cells encountered by the virus are respiratory epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages (AMs), DCs, and monocytes in the airways. Because AMs constitute the predominant cell population at the alveolar space in healthy subjects, these cells work as major innate sentinels for the recognition of pathogens. Although adaptive immunity is crucial for viral clearance, AMs are required for the early immune response against hRSV, promoting viral clearance and controlling immunopathology. Furthermore, exposure to hRSV may affect the phagocytic and microbicidal capacity of monocytes and MΦs against other infectious agents. Finally, different studies have addressed the roles of different DC subsets during infection by hRSV. In this review article, we discuss the role of the lung MPS during hRSV infection and their involvement in the development of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl A Pulgar
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Pulmonary Susceptibility of Neonates to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Problem of Innate Immunity? J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:8734504. [PMID: 29250560 PMCID: PMC5700507 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8734504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common and highly contagious viral agent responsible for acute lower respiratory infection in infants. This pathology characterized by mucus hypersecretion and a disturbed T cell immune response is one of the major causes of infant hospitalization for severe bronchiolitis. Although different risk factors are associated with acute RSV bronchiolitis, the immunological factors contributing to the susceptibility of RSV infection in infants are not clearly elucidated. Epidemiological studies have established that the age at initial infection plays a central role in the severity of the disease. Thus, neonatal susceptibility is intrinsically linked to the immunological characteristics of the young pulmonary mucosa. Early life is a critical period for the lung development with the first expositions to external environmental stimuli and microbiota colonization. Furthermore, neonates display a lung immune system that profoundly differs to those from adults, with the predominance of type 2 immune cells. In this review, we discuss the latest information about the lung immune environment in the early period of life at a steady state and upon RSV infection and how we can modulate neonatal susceptibility to RSV infection.
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29
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Yang D, Ma M, Zhou W, Yang B, Xiao C. Inhibition of miR-32 activity promoted EMT induced by PM2.5 exposure through the modulation of the Smad1-mediated signaling pathways in lung cancer cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:289-298. [PMID: 28601662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial morphological event during tumor progression. The present study reported that EMT could be triggered by airborne fine particulate matter (PM) with a mean diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in human lung cancer cells. We also aimed to elucidate the possible mechanisms of these processes. The results showed that treatment with PM2.5 promoted the activity of the SMAD family member 1 (Smad1)-mediated signaling pathway and downregulated the expression of the inhibitory Smad proteins Smad6 and Smad7 in lung cancer cells. Moreover, the knockdown of Smad1 suppressed the EMT process induced by PM2.5 exposure. Our data further revealed that miR-32 has a negative effect on PM2.5-induced EMT. The results showed that the expression level of miR-32 was significantly upregulated in the PM2.5-induced EMT process. The knockdown of miR-32 enhances the activity of the Smad1-mediated signaling pathway, which promotes the EMT process induced by PM2.5. Thus, these findings indicate that PM2.5 can induce the EMT process through the Smad1-mediated signaling pathway, and miR-32 may act as an EMT inhibitor in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, 110034, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, 110034, PR China
| | - Mingyue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, 110034, PR China; Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, 110034, PR China
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, 110034, PR China
| | - Biao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, 110034, PR China
| | - Chunling Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, North Huanghe Street, Huanggu District, Shenyang City, 110034, PR China.
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Macrophages produce IL-33 by activating MAPK signaling pathway during RSV infection. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:284-292. [PMID: 28531812 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that RSV infection can enhance IL-33 production in lung macrophages. However, little is known about specific signaling pathways for activation of macrophages during RSV infection. In the present study, by using real-time RT-PCR as well as western blot assay, it became clear that RSV infection can enhance not only the expression of mRNAs for MAPK molecules (including p38, JNK1/2, and ERK1/2), but also the levels of MAPK proteins in lung macrophages as well as RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, infection with RSV resulted in an increased level of phosphorylated MAPK proteins in RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that MAPK signaling pathway may participate in the process of RSV-induced IL-33 secretion by macrophages. In fact, the elevated production of IL-33 in RAW264.7 was attenuated significantly by pretreatment of the cells with special MAPK inhibitor before RSV infection, further confirming the function of MAPKs pathway in RSV-induced IL-33 production in macrophages. In contrast, the expression of NF-κB mRNA as well as the production of NF-κB protein in lung macrophages and RAW264.7 cells was not enhanced markedly after RSV infection. Moreover, RSV infection failed to induce the phosphorylation of NF-κB in RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that NF-κB signaling pathway may be not involved in RSV-induced IL-33 production in macrophages. Conclusion, these results indicate that RSV-induced production of IL-33 in macrophages is dependent on the activation of MAPK signaling pathway.
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31
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IL-33 signaling fuels outgrowth and metastasis of human lung cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:461-468. [PMID: 27644880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IL-33 is a member of IL-1 superfamily that drives production of Th2-related cytokines. Recently, accumulating evidence suggest an involvement of IL-33 in carcinogenesis. Herein, we determine a close correlation of IL-33 expression and cancer progress in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Overexpression of IL-33 by transfection with IL-33 expression vector enhances NSCLC outgrowth and metastasis, while genetic knockdown of IL-33 by transfection with IL-33 shRNA limits NSCLC progression. In consistent, IL-33 stimulation of NSCLC cells leads to robust NSCLC outgrowth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, IL-33-triggered NSCLC progression relies on ST2 receptor and could be abrogated by ST2 blockade. IL-33/ST2 pathway up-regulates membrane glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) on NSCLC cells, enhancing their glucose uptake and glycolysis. Accordingly, interfering GLUT1 expression dampens IL-33-enhanced glucose uptake and glycolysis in NSCLC cells, thereby abrogates IL-33-induced NSCLC outgrowth and metastasis. In essence, these findings derived from patients' NSCLC cells uncover a new function of IL-33 in NSCLC pathogenesis and identify GLUT1 as a novel target of IL-33 signaling. Block IL-33 is a promising therapeutic strategy to limit NSCLC glycolysis and tumor progression in clinical practice.
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