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Jang AY, Kim M, Rod-In W, Nam YS, Yoo TY, Park WJ. In vitro immune-enhancing effects of Platycodon grandiflorum combined with Salvia plebeian via MAPK and NF-κB signaling in RAW264.7 cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297512. [PMID: 38306362 PMCID: PMC10836713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune-enhancing activity of the combination of Platycodon grandiflorum and Salvia plebeian extracts (PGSP) was evaluated through macrophage activation using RAW264.7 cells. PGSP (250-1000 μg/mL) showed a higher release of NO in a dose-dependent manner. The results showed that PGSP could significantly stimulate the production of PGE2, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells and promote iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 and the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, p38, and NF-κB p65 were greatly increased in PGSP-treated cells. PGSP also promoted the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. All these results indicated that PGSP might activate macrophages through MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Taken together, PGSP may be considered to have immune-enhancing activity and might be used as a potential immune-enhancing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Yeong Jang
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Wellness-Bio Industry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Weerawan Rod-In
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon, Korea
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Zhao Y, Feng X, Zhang L, Huang W, Liu Y. Antitumor Activity of Carboxymethyl Pachymaran with Different Molecular Weights Based on Immunomodulatory and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:4527. [PMID: 37960180 PMCID: PMC10648391 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxymethyl pachymaran (CMP) was treated via high-temperature and cellulase hydrolysis to obtain HTCMP, HTEC-24, and HTEC-48. The chemical structure and in vivo antitumor activities of the four types of CMPs were investigated. Compared with CMP (787.9 kDa), the molecular weights of HTCMP, HTEC-24, and HTEC-48 were decreased to 429.8, 129.9, and 68.6 kDa, respectively. The viscosities and particle sizes of the CMPs could also decrease with the decline in the molecular weights. All the CMPs showed antitumor abilities, but HTEC-24 exhibited the best activity. In the animal study, when curing the spleen and thymus, CMPs displayed immunomodulatory effects by increasing the secretion of IFN-γ and IL2 in mice. The CMPs also exerted an antitumor ability by regulating the gut microbiota in tumor-bearing mice. Our results established a foundation to develop an antitumor drug with CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Xi Feng
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Packaging, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA 95192, USA;
| | - Lijia Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Wen Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Z.); (W.H.)
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3
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Chandra Das R, Ratan ZA, Rahman MM, Runa NJ, Mondal S, Konstantinov K, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. Antiviral activities of ginseng and its potential and putative benefits against monkeypox virus: A mini review. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:S1226-8453(23)00028-3. [PMID: 37362081 PMCID: PMC10065872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the Covid-19 pandemic more than 6 million people have died, and it has bought unprecedented challenges to our lives. The recent outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has brought out new tensions among the scientific community. Currently, there is no specific treatment protocol for MPXV. Several antivirals, vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) and smallpox vaccines have been used to treat MPXV. Ginseng, one of the more famous among traditional medicines, has been used for infectious disease for thousands of years. It has shown promising antiviral effects. Ginseng could be used as a potential adaptogenic agent to help prevent infection by MPXV along with other drugs and vaccines. In this mini review, we explore the possible use of ginseng in MPXV prevention based on its antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Chandra Das
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | | | - Susmita Mondal
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Konstantin Konstantinov
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronics Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong (UOW), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Lee R, Cho HS, Kim JH, Cho HJ, Choi SH, Hwang SH, Rhim H, Cho IH, Rhee MH, Kim DG, Kim HC, Nah SY. A novel protocol for batch-separating gintonin-enriched, polysaccharide-enriched, and crude ginsenoside-containing fractions from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:366-375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
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Rod-in W, Talapphet N, Monmai C, Jang AY, You S, Park WJ. Immune enhancement effects of Korean ginseng berry polysaccharides on RAW264.7 macrophages through MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1934419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weerawan Rod-in
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Natchanok Talapphet
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Chaiwat Monmai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - A.-yeong Jang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
- East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea
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Zhang N, Huang X, Guo YL, Yue H, Chen CB, Liu SY. Evaluation of storage period of fresh ginseng for quality improvement of dried and red processed varieties. J Ginseng Res 2021; 46:290-295. [PMID: 35509815 PMCID: PMC9058840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dried and red ginseng are well-known types of processed ginseng and are widely used as healthy food. The dried and red ginseng quality may vary with the storage period of raw ginseng. Therefore, herein, the effect of the storage period of fresh ginseng on processed ginseng quality was evaluated through multicomponent quantification with statistical analysis. Methods A method based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode (UPLC-MRM-MS) was developed for quantitation of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides in dried and red ginseng. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were conducted to evaluate the dynamic distributions of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides after different storage periods. Results Eighteen PPD, PPT and OLE ginsenosides and nine reducing and nonreducing oligosaccharides were identified and quantified. With storage period extension, the ginsenoside content in the processed ginseng increased slightly in the first 2 weeks and decreased gradually in the following 9 weeks. The content of reducing oligosaccharides decreased continuously as storage time extending, while that of the nonreducing oligosaccharides increased. Chemical conversions occurred during storage, based on which potential chemical markers for the storage period evaluation of fresh ginseng were screened. Conclusion According to ginsenoside and oligosaccharide distributions, it was found that the optimal storage period was 2 weeks and that the storage period of fresh ginseng should not exceed 4 weeks at 0 °C. This study provides deep insights into the quality control of processed ginseng and comprehensive factors for storage of raw ginseng.
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Low Molecular Weight Oligosaccharide from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer against UV-Mediated Apoptosis and Inhibits Tyrosinase Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8879836. [PMID: 33727947 PMCID: PMC7935584 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8879836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To find new anti-UV and whitening agents, 21 fractions isolated from three preparations of ginseng (white, red, and black ginseng) were screened, and their antioxidant effects on AAPH- or H2O2-induced damage were investigated. Furthermore, the protective effect against UV-mediated apoptosis and the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the targeted fractions were evaluated in vitro and in a zebrafish model. Among all fractions, F10 from white ginseng was selected as having the strongest anti-UV and antimelanogenesis activities. This fraction exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on the pigmentation of zebrafish, which may be due to its potential tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Additionally, the chemical composition of F10 was evaluated by UPLC-MS and NMR instruments. The results indicated that F10 had a carbohydrate content of more than 76%, and the weight-average molecular weight was approximately 239 Da. Disaccharide sucrose was the main active compound in F10. These results suggest that F10 could be used as an ingredient for whitening cosmetics and regarded as an anti-UV filter in the future.
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Liu M, Cai M, Ding P. Oligosaccharides from Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicines: A Review of Chemical Diversity and Biological Activities. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:577-608. [PMID: 33730992 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Most of traditional Chinese herbal medicine (TCHM) substances come from medicinal plants, among which oligosaccharides have gradually attracted widespread attention at home and abroad due to their important biological activities and great medicinal potential. Numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments exhibited that oligosaccharides possess various activities, such as antitumor, anti-oxidation, modulate the gut microflora, anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and immune-regulatory activities. Generally, biological activities are closely related to chemical structures, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic bond connection, etc. The structural analysis of oligosaccharides is an important basis for studying their structure-activity relationship, but the structural diversity and complexity of carbohydrate compounds limit the study of oligosaccharides activities. Understanding the structures and biological functions of oligosaccharides is important for the development of new bioactive substances with natural oligosaccharides. This review provides a systematic introduction of the current knowledge of the chemical structures and biological activities of oligosaccharides. Most importantly, the reported chemical characteristics and biological activities of the famous TCHM oligosaccharides were briefly summarized, including Morinda officinalis, Rehmannia glutinosa, Arctium lappa, Polygala tenuifolia, Panax ginseng, Lycium barbarum and Astragalus membranaceus. TCHM oligosaccharides play an important role in nutrition, health care, disease diagnosis and prevention as well as have broad application prospects in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ping Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 232 Waihuan East Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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9
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Han NR, Kim HJ, Lee JS, Kim HY, Moon PD, Kim HM, Jeong HJ. The immune-enhancing effect of anthocyanin-fucoidan nanocomplex in RAW264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13631. [PMID: 33528053 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aronia, a healthy fruit well known as black chokeberry, has health-promoting effects on hypertension, oxidative stress, and diabetes. Despite many reports of bioactivities of aronia, there is little scientific research on the potential for immune-enhancement. So, anthocyanin-fucoidan nanocomplex (AFNC, a nanocomplex of aronia extract and fucoidan) has been developed to improve immune-enhancement. This study aimed to identify immunomodulatory effects and underlying mechanisms of AFNC using RAW264.7 macrophages and cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. As a result, AFNC-treated RAW264.7 macrophages elevated the production of IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and nitric oxide (NO). AFNC-enhanced inducible NO synthase expression via nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways. AFNC dose-dependently increased levels of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, or IL-4 in the serum and spleen of immunosuppressed mice. Taken together, AFNC encourages the immune-enhancing activity through immunostimulatory cytokine production by activation of macrophage. Therefore, these results suggest that AFNC is useful for immunodeficiency-related disorders. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In these days of prevalence of infectious diseases, individual immunity is very important. AFNC has the immune-enhancing effects through immunostimulatory cytokine production by activation of macrophage. Therefore, AFNC could be widely applied to ameliorate a variety of diseases caused by immunosuppression such as infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ra Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Jin Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil-Dong Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ja Jeong
- Biochip Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, 31499, Republic of Korea.,Division of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
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10
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Ratan ZA, Youn SH, Kwak YS, Han CK, Haidere MF, Kim JK, Min H, Jung YJ, Hosseinzadeh H, Hyun SH, Cho JY. Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions. J Ginseng Res 2021; 45:32-40. [PMID: 33437154 PMCID: PMC7790873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicinal practices have used natural products such as adaptogens to treat inflammatory, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, bacterial, and viral diseases since the early days of civilization. Panax ginseng Myer is a common herb used in East Asian countries for millennia, especially in Korea, China, and Japan. Numerous studies indicate that ginseng can modulate the immune system and thereby prevent diseases. Although the human immune system comprises many different types of cells, multiple studies suggest that each type of immune cell can be controlled or stimulated by ginseng or its derivatives. Provisional lists of ginseng's potential for use against viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms suggest it may prove to be a valuable pharmaceutical resource, particularly if higher-quality evidence can be found. Here, we reviewed the role of ginseng as an immune-modulating agent in attempt to provide a valuable starting point for future studies on the herb and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Soo Hyun Youn
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyun Han
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jin Kyeong Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jung Jung
- Biological Resources Utilization Department, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sun Hee Hyun
- R&D Headquarters, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Srinivasan A, Aruldhas J, Perumal SS, Ekambaram SP. Phenolic acid bound arabinoxylans extracted from Little and Kodo millets modulate immune system mediators and pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13563. [PMID: 33190311 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulating effect of Phenolic acid bound arabinoxylans (PCA-AXs) extracted from Little (PCA-AX-L) and Kodo (PCA-AX-K) millet seeds in RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. The PCA-AXs were extracted from millets and their chemical characterization were carried out by GC-MS, HPLC, and FT-IR. The immunomodulatory effect of PCA-AXs in RAW 264.7 cells were investigated by estimating ROS, NO, and cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and evaluation of molecular mechanism by q-PCR & western blotting techniques. The xylose: arabinose ratio of PCA-AX-L and PCA-AX-K were 1.48:1.0 and 2.26:1.0, respectively. The phenolic acids content was higher in PCA-AX-K than PCA-AX-L determined by HPLC. FT-IR analysis confirms the presence of α-glucosidic linkage with the degree of substitution of xylan backbone by arabinose residues. The evaluation of immunomodulating effect of PCA-AXs revealed that the PCA-AX-L-treated cells showed higher release of NO, ROS and cytokines than PCA-AX-K-treated cells. The mRNA expressions of TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2 were upregulated by PCA-AX-L and downregulated by PCA-AX-K in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in western blotting, the ERK and NF-κB were found to be activated by PCA-AX-L and inhibited by PCA-AX-K. Our findings suggest that the high branched arabinoxylans of PCA-AX-L could modulate the immune response in RAW 264.7 cells through activation of ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways and acts as an immunostimulant. The higher phenolic content in PCA-AX-K could modulate the immune response by downregulation of ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways and thus, it could act as an immunomodulator. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Millets are the richest source of arabinoxylans in which they are known to be bound with phenolic acids (PCA-AX). Arabinoxylans derived from rice and wheat is known immunomodulators. This study was focused to evaluate the immunomodulatory property of PCA-AX derived from two different millets little and kodo. The study results clearly indicated the immune stimulatory action of PCA-AX-L and immunomodulatory action of PCA-AX-K. The explored mechanism indicated that the PCA-AXs modulate NF-κB & ERK pathways for their immunomodulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Jenifer Aruldhas
- Department of Bio-Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Senthamil Selvan Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - Sanmuga Priya Ekambaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University College of Engineering, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India
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12
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Kim HJ, Lee J, Kim SC, Seo JY, Hong SB, Park YI. Immunostimulating activity of Lycium chinense Miller root extract through enhancing cytokine and chemokine production and phagocytic capacity of macrophages. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13215. [PMID: 32215941 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the fruits and a small portion of root bark of Lycium trees are commonly marketed in Korea as traditional medicine or functional foods, majority of their whole roots have been largely discarded. To develop the whole root of these plants as more value-added materials, this study aimed to evaluate the potential immunostimulating activity of a water extract (GTR-101) from L. chinense Miller roots using macrophages. The GTR-101 (0-500 μg/ml) significantly, dose-dependently increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), chemokines (RANTES and MIP-1α), nitric oxide, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, and activated the Akt, NF-κB, and MAPKs (ERK and p38) signaling proteins. GTR-101 also significantly enhanced the phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages. These results suggest that GTR-101 stimulates the early innate immunity via inducing the pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine secretion and enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The GTR-101 prepared from L. chinense Miller roots may be useful for enhancing body's defense systems especially in the elderly and cancer patients with an impaired or reduced immune response and may thus be effectively used as a natural immunostimulating ingredient in health foods or complementary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Cheol Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim HS, Lee JH, Moon SH, Ahn DU, Paik HD. Ovalbumin Hydrolysates Inhibit Nitric Oxide Production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Food Sci Anim Resour 2020; 40:274-285. [PMID: 32161922 PMCID: PMC7057040 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2020.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ovalbumin (OVA) hydrolysates were prepared using various
proteolytic enzymes and the anti-inflammatory activities of the hydrolysates
were determined. Also, the potential application of OVA as a functional food
material was discussed. The effect of OVA hydrolysates on the inhibition of
nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated via the Griess reaction, and their
effects on the expression of inducible NO synthase (inducible nitric oxide
synthase, iNOS) were assessed using the quantitative real-time PCR and Western
blotting. To determine the mechanism by which OVA hydrolysates activate
macrophages, pathways associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) signaling were evaluated. When the OVA hydrolysates were added to RAW
264.7 cells without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, they did not affect
the production of NO. However, both the OVA-Protex 6L hydrolysate (OHPT) and
OVA-trypsin hydrolysate (OHT) inhibited NO production dose-dependently in LPS-
stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Especially, OHT showed a strong NO-inhibitory
activity (62.35% at 2 mg/mL) and suppressed iNOS production and the mRNA
expression for iNOS (p<0.05). Also, OHT treatment decreased the
phosphorylation levels of Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK) and extracellular
signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings
suggested that OVA hydrolysates could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent that
prevent the overproduction of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Moon
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Dong Uk Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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14
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Glutathione Induced Immune-Stimulatory Activity by Promoting M1-Like Macrophages Polarization via Potential ROS Scavenging Capacity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8090413. [PMID: 31540482 PMCID: PMC6770173 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the immunomodulatory activity of reduced glutathione (GSH) by assessment of the macrophage polarization (MP)-mediated immune response in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, we identified the signal pathway associated with immune regulation by GSH. The expressions of MP-associated cytokines and chemokines were assessed using cytokine array, nCounter Sprit platform, ELISA and immunoblotting. Phagocytosis activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured using fluorescence-activated cell sorter. As results of the cytokine array and nCounter gene array, GSH not only up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α, but also overexpressed neutrophil-attracting chemokines. Furthermore, GSH significantly stimulated the production of immune mediators, including nitric oxide and PGE2, as well as phagocytosis activity through nuclear factor kappa B activation. In addition, GSH significantly decreased LPS-induced ROS generation, which was associated with an activation of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/ heme oxygenease-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Our results suggest that GSH has potential ROS scavenging capacity via the induction of Nrf2-mediated HO-1, and immune-enhancing activity by regulation of M1-like macrophage polarization, indicating that GSH may be a useful strategy to increase the human defense system.
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15
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Oliveira S, Costa J, Faria I, Guerreiro SG, Fernandes R. Vitamin A Enhances Macrophages Activity Against B16-F10 Malignant Melanocytes: A New Player for Cancer Immunotherapy? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E604. [PMID: 31540438 PMCID: PMC6780654 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: The incidence of cutaneous melanoma has been increasing. Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer irresponsive to radiation and chemotherapy, rendering this cancer a disease with poor prognosis: In order to surpass some of the limitations addressed to melanoma treatment, alternatives like vitamins have been investigated. In the present study, we address this relationship and investigate the possible role of vitamin A. Materials and Methods: We perform a co-culture assay using a macrophage cell model and RAW 264.7 from mouse, and also a murine melanoma cell line B16-F10. Macrophages were stimulated with both Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS) as control, and also with LPS plus vitamin A. Results: Using B16-F10 and RAW 264.7 cell lines, we were able to demonstrate that low concentrations of vitamin A increase cytotoxic activity of macrophages, whereas higher concentrations have the opposite effect. Conclusion: These findings can constitute a new point of view related to immunostimulation by nutrients, which may be considered one major preventive strategy by enhancing the natural defense system of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Oliveira
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Costa
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Faria
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana G Guerreiro
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Porto (FCNAUP), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- School of Health, Porto Polytechnic (ESS, P. Porto), 4200 Porto, Portugal.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), Porto University, 4200 Porto, Portugal.
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16
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He YF, Cai HQ, Li WY, Xiu Y, Liu WL, Chi HY, Shen H, Yang MG, Pei J, Liu SY. A discrimination study of Asia ginseng and America ginseng by a comparison of ginsenosides, oligosaccharides and amino acids using a UPLC-MS method. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2018.1506933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Fang He
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Han-Qing Cai
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ying Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xiu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yue Chi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hong Shen
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Guang Yang
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Jin Pei
- Jilin University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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17
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Riaz M, Rahman NU, Zia-Ul-Haq M, Jaffar HZ, Manea R. Ginseng: A dietary supplement as immune-modulator in various diseases. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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Ren D, Zhao Y, Zheng Q, Alim A, Yang X. Immunomodulatory effects of an acidic polysaccharide fraction from herbal Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea in RAW264.7 cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:2186-2197. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00219g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new acidic polysaccharide (GPTP-3) with a molecular weight of 2.49 × 106 Da was extracted and purified from Gynostemma pentaphyllum tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Life Sciences
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- College of Life Sciences
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
- China
| | - Quan Zheng
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control
- and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
| | - Aamina Alim
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control
- and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control
- and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science
- Shaanxi Normal University
- Xi'an 710062
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19
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Lee JH, Ahn DU, Paik HD. In Vitro Immune-Enhancing Activity of Ovotransferrin from Egg White via MAPK Signaling Pathways in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:1226-1236. [PMID: 30675115 PMCID: PMC6335134 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovotransferrin (OTF) is a well-known protein of the transferrin family with strong iron chelating activity, resulting in its antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, OTF is known to have antioxidant, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities. However, there have been few studies about the immune-enhancing activity of OTF. In current study, we investigated the immune-enhancing activity of OTF using the murine macrophage cells in vitro. The effect of OTF on production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines were determined using Griess assay and quantitative real-time PCR. Using Neutral Red uptake assay, we confirmed the effect of OTF on phagocytic activity of macrophages. Ovotransferrin significantly increased the production of nitric oxide (NO) and secretion of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA with no cytotoxic activity. Ovotransferrin (2 mg/mL) stimulated NO production up to 31.9±3.5 μM. Ovotransferrin significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6: OTF (2 mg/mL) treatment increased the secretion of mRNA for TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by 22.20-, 37.91-, and 6.17-fold of the negative control, respectively. The phagocytic activity of macrophages was also increased by OTF treatment significantly compared with negative control. Also, OTF treatment increased phosphorylation level of MAPK signaling pathways. These results indicated that OTF has immune-enhancing activity by activating RAW 264.7 macrophages via MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dong Uk Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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20
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Sylvia KE, Demas GE. Acute intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide influences the immune system in the absence of gut dysbiosis. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13639. [PMID: 29536642 PMCID: PMC5849581 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is bidirectional communication between the immune system and the gut microbiome, however the precise mechanisms regulating this crosstalk are not well understood. Microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) within the gut, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that produces a quick and robust activation of the immune system, may be one way by which these interactions occur. Endogenous levels of LPS in the gut are low enough that they do not usually cause disease, although, in times of increased LPS loads, they may be capable of increasing vulnerability of the gut to pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, chronic, low-grade inflammation can have lasting effects on the gut, but the effects of acute inflammation on gut communities have not been thoroughly assessed. In this study, we first investigated whether a single modest dose of LPS administered to adult male and female Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) activated the immune system by measuring levels of circulating cortisol and the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in the liver compared with saline-treated animals. We then investigated whether this same acute dose of LPS altered the microbiome 48 h after treatment. We found that, although LPS increased cortisol and liver cytokine levels, and produced changes in food intake and body mass in both sexes, immunological changes were independent of gut dysbiosis 48 h after LPS injection. These data suggest that an acute immune activation may not be capable of altering the gut microbiome in healthy individuals. It is likely, however, that this type of immune challenge may have other physiological impacts on the gut's vulnerability, and future studies will investigate these relationships further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyn E. Sylvia
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal BehaviorIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
| | - Gregory E. Demas
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal BehaviorIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
- Program in NeuroscienceIndiana UniversityBloomingtonIndiana
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21
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Majeed F, Malik FZ, Ahmed Z, Afreen A, Afzal MN, Khalid N. Ginseng phytochemicals as therapeutics in oncology: Recent perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:52-63. [PMID: 29421582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, cancer has mushroomed as a major health issue; and almost all drugs used for its therapy are very toxic with lethal side effects. Complementary and alternative medicines gain popularity among health professionals in recent era owing to its preventive mechanism against side effect chemotherapeutic drugs. Efforts are focused by scientists to isolate compounds from medicinal plant that have chemotherapeutic attributes; and ability to neutralize the side effects of chemotherapy. Ginseng is an oriental medicinal recipe from Araliceae family and Panax species. The chemotherapeutic effect of ginsenoside is resultant of its appetites, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The anticancer effect of ginseng is proven in various types of cancer, including; breast, lung, liver, colon and skin cancer. It increases the mitochondrial accumulation of apoptosis protein and downregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic protein. It also aids in the reduction of alopecia, fatigue and nausea, the known side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. The aim of the present review is to provide the brief review of the recent researches related to mechanism of action of ginseng in different types of cancer as complementary and alternative medicine on different body organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Majeed
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fozia Zahur Malik
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ahmed
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Afreen
- Department of Home and Health Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed Afzal
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Center of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3217, Australia.
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22
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Lee J, Moon S, Kim H, Park E, Ahn D, Paik H. Immune-enhancing activity of phosvitin by stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory mediator. Poult Sci 2017; 96:3872-3878. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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23
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Eom SJ, Hwang JE, Kim KT, Paik HD. Antibacterial Effects against Various Foodborne Pathogens and Sensory Properties of Yogurt Supplemented with Panax ginseng Marc Extract. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:787-791. [PMID: 29147103 PMCID: PMC5686338 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.5.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng marc is produced from fresh ginseng roots during processing and is generally treated as industrial waste. The primary aim of this study was to improve its utilization in the dairy industry as a potential high-value resource. Yogurt was prepared from 11% skim milk powder, 0.1% pectin, 10% sucrose, and ginseng marc ethanol extract (GME, 0.5% and 1.0%) in milk, and was inoculated with a 0.02% yogurt culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, and Streptococcus thermophilus). After fermentation at 40°C for 6-8 h, the physicochemical properties of samples were analyzed by the AOAC, Kjeldahl, and Soxhlet methods. Sensory evaluation was performed based on consumer acceptability scores with a 7-point scale, and antimicrobial effects were measured by the agar plate method. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash contents of yogurt supplemented with 1% GME were 85.06±0.06%, 4.41±0.01%, 4.30±0.05%, and 0.81±0.03%, respectively, with no significant changes noted from those of yogurt without GME (control), except for an increase in the crude fat content. The sensory scores of color, flavor, texture, overall taste, and overall acceptance of yogurt supplemented with below 1% GME did not differ significantly (p<0.05) to those of the control yogurt. In addition, the growths of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter sakazakii were inhibited during fermentation and storage. These results suggest that GME could be used in dairy products as a supplement and in the food industry as an antimicrobial material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Eom
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Biomolecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Biomolecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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24
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Immune-enhancing activity of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. via MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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25
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Lim TG, Jang M, Cho CW, Hong HD, Kim KT, Lee SY, Jung SK, Rhee YK. White ginseng extract induces immunomodulatory effects via the MKK4-JNK pathway. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:1737-1744. [PMID: 30263469 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer (white ginseng) is a popular functional food and its biological effects on the human body have been noted for hundreds of years. In the present study, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the immunomodulatory effects of white ginseng extract (WGE) were investigated. WGE increased NO production via upregulation of iNOS expression levels. Mouse cytokine array results also revealed that the expression of 13 cytokines was elevated by WGE treatment in IFN-γ-primed macrophage cells. Although both MKK4-JNK and MEK-ERK signaling pathways were activated after treatment with WGE, only the MKK4-JNK signaling pathway appears to have any significant immunomodulatory significance. Oral administration of WGE for 28 days recovered cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced suppression of the immune system in mice via the MKK4-JNK pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that the MKK4-JNK signaling pathway is a crucial mechanism of WGE-induced immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gyu Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Mi Jang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Chang-Won Cho
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Hee-Do Hong
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
| | - Sung-Young Lee
- 2The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912 USA
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyoonggi, 13539 Korea
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26
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Xi QY, Jiang Y, Zhao S, Zeng B, Wang F, Wang LN, Jiang QY, Zhang YL. Effect of ginseng polysaccharides on the immunity and growth of piglets by dietary supplementation during late pregnancy and lactating sows. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:863-872. [PMID: 27758021 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are many reports that dietary supplementation with plant polysaccharides in pigs might promote their growth, but little is known about the maternal effect of ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) on piglets' growth by dietary supplementation to pregnant and lactating sows. In the current study, the effects of dietary supplementation with GPS on the immunity of sows and growth of their piglets were investigated. Results showed no significant difference among the four groups in the total number of piglets, live piglets, weak piglets and birth weight of piglets, indicating the GPS-treatment has no adverse effect on reproduction. Furthermore, the weaning weight of the GPS-treated groups was higher than that of control group (P < 0.05); among them, the addition of 200 mg/kg dose has the best effect. Interestingly, GPS increased the total immunoglobulin G concentration in milk and serum of sows (P < 0.05). The concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ in milk and serum of sows were also increased in the experimental groups relative to the control (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, maternal supplementation of GPS significantly increased IL-2 and TNF-α concentration in the piglets' serum of the experimental groups relative to control (P < 0.05). GPS (200 mg/kg) significantly increased the glutathione peroxidase activity in milk and serum (P < 0.05), while the concentrations of malondialdehyde were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). The present results indicated that GPS supplementation during late pregnancy and lactation improved immunity-related bio-molecular levels in sow serum and milk, which may be further beneficial to piglet health and growth through biological transmission effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yun Xi
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yan Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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