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Kim SH, Na C, Yun CY, Kim JG, Baek ST, An HJ, Lee JD, Lee SW, Jung JK, Hwang BY, Han SB, Kim Y. Targeting phosphorylation circuits on CREB and CRTCs as the strategy to prevent acquired skin hyperpigmentation. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:312-330. [PMID: 38164184 PMCID: PMC10750286 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and CREB-regulated transcription coactivators (CRTCs) cooperate in the transcriptional activation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor subtype M (MITF-M) that is a master regulator in the biogenesis, pigmentation and transfer of melanosomes at epidermal melanocytes. Here, we propose the targeting of phosphorylation circuits on CREB and CRTCs in the expression of MITF-M as the rationale to prevent skin hyperpigmentation by elucidating the inhibitory activity and mechanism of yakuchinone A (Yaku A) on facultative melanogenesis. Methods: We employed human epidermal melanocyte cell, mouse skin, and mouse melanoma cell, and applied Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy to conduct this study. Results: This study suggested that α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenic programs could switch on the axis of protein kinase A-salt inducible kinases (PKA-SIKs) rather than that of PKA-AMP activated protein kinase (PKA-AMPK) during the dephosphorylation of CRTCs in the expression of MITF-M. SIK inhibitors rather than AMPK inhibitors stimulated melanin production in melanocyte cultures in the absence of extracellular melanogenic stimuli, wherein SIK inhibitors increased the dephosphorylation of CRTCs but bypassed the phosphorylation of CREB for the expression of MITF-M. Treatment with Yaku A prevented ultraviolet B (UV-B)-irradiated skin hyperpigmentation in mice and inhibited melanin production in α-MSH- or SIK inhibitor-activated melanocyte cultures. Mechanistically, Yaku A suppressed the expression of MITF-M via dually targeting the i) cAMP-dependent dissociation of PKA holoenzyme at the upstream from PKA-catalyzed phosphorylation of CREB coupled with PKA-SIKs axis-mediated dephosphorylation of CRTCs in α-MSH-induced melanogenic programs, and ii) nuclear import of CRTCs after SIK inhibitor-induced dephosphorylation of CRTCs. Conclusions: Taken together, the targeting phosphorylation circuits on CREB and CRTCs in the expression of MITF-M could be a suitable strategy to prevent pigmentary disorders in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Changseon Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Cheng-Yong Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
- R&D Center, The Skin's Co. Ltd, Jecheon 27116, Korea
| | - Jun Gu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | | | - Hyun Jin An
- R&D Center, Yeomyung Biochem Co. Ltd, Cheongju 28172, Korea
| | - Jae Duk Lee
- R&D Center, Yeomyung Biochem Co. Ltd, Cheongju 28172, Korea
| | - Seung Wha Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Youngoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
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Han HS, Ahn E, Park ES, Huh T, Choi S, Kwon Y, Choi BH, Lee J, Choi YH, Jeong YL, Lee GB, Kim M, Seong JK, Shin HM, Kim HR, Moon MH, Kim JK, Hwang GS, Koo SH. Impaired BCAA catabolism in adipose tissues promotes age-associated metabolic derangement. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:982-1000. [PMID: 37488415 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissues are central in controlling metabolic homeostasis and failure in their preservation is associated with age-related metabolic disorders. The exact role of mature adipocytes in this phenomenon remains elusive. Here we describe the role of adipose branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism in this process. We found that adipocyte-specific Crtc2 knockout protected mice from age-associated metabolic decline. Multiomics analysis revealed that BCAA catabolism was impaired in aged visceral adipose tissues, leading to the activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex (mTORC1) signaling and the resultant cellular senescence, which was restored by Crtc2 knockout in adipocytes. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we found that age-associated decline in adipogenic potential of visceral adipose tissues was reinstated by Crtc2 knockout, via the reduction of BCAA-mTORC1 senescence-associated secretory phenotype axis. Collectively, we propose that perturbation of BCAA catabolism by CRTC2 is critical in instigating age-associated remodeling of adipose tissue and the resultant metabolic decline in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sook Han
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunyong Ahn
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Tom Huh
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seri Choi
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongmin Kwon
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jueun Lee
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Ha Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea
| | | | - Gwang Bin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Korea
| | - Hang-Rae Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, Korea
| | | | - Jong Kyoung Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Korea.
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea.
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seung-Hoi Koo
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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3
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Zhao L, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Wittert GA, Thompson CH, Nguyen L, Au J, Vincent A, Manoogian ENC, Le HD, Williams AE, Banks S, Panda S, Heilbronn LK. Time-restricted eating alters the 24-hour profile of adipose tissue transcriptome in men with obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:63-74. [PMID: 35912794 PMCID: PMC10087528 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Time-restricted eating (TRE) restores circadian rhythms in mice, but the evidence to support this in humans is limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of TRE on 24-hour profiles of plasma metabolites, glucoregulatory hormones, and the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) transcriptome in humans. METHODS Men (n = 15, age = 63 [4] years, BMI 30.5 [2.4] kg/m2 ) were recruited. A 35-hour metabolic ward stay was conducted at baseline and after 8 weeks of 10-hour TRE. Assessment included 24-hour profiles of plasma glucose, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), triglyceride, glucoregulatory hormones, and the SAT transcriptome. Dim light melatonin onset and cortisol area under the curve were calculated. RESULTS TRE did not alter dim light melatonin onset but reduced morning cortisol area under the curve. TRE altered 24-hour profiles of insulin, NEFA, triglyceride, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and increased transcripts of circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput (CLOCK) and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 2 (NR1D2) and decreased period circadian regulator 1 (PER1) and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1) at 12:00 am. The rhythmicity of 450 genes was altered by TRE, which enriched in transcripts for transcription corepressor activity, DNA-binding transcription factor binding, regulation of chromatin organization, and small GTPase binding pathways. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed eigengenes that were correlated with BMI, insulin, and NEFA. CONCLUSIONS TRE restored 24-hour profiles in hormones, metabolites, and genes controlling transcriptional regulation in SAT, which could underpin its metabolic health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Lifelong Health ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Amy T. Hutchison
- Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Lifelong Health ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Bo Liu
- Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Lifelong Health ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Gary A. Wittert
- Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Lifelong Health ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Campbell H. Thompson
- Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Leanne Nguyen
- Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - John Au
- Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Andrew Vincent
- Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Hiep D. Le
- Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Siobhan Banks
- Justice and Society, Behaviour‐Brain Body Research CentreUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Lifelong Health ThemeSouth Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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4
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Vit G, Hirth A, Neugebauer N, Kraft BN, Sigismondo G, Cazzola A, Tessmer C, Duro J, Krijgsveld J, Hofmann I, Berger M, Klüter H, Niehrs C, Nilsson J, Krämer A. Human SLFN5 and its Xenopus Laevis ortholog regulate entry into mitosis and oocyte meiotic resumption. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:484. [PMID: 36477080 PMCID: PMC9729291 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Schlafen gene family was first described in mice as a regulator of thymocyte development. Further studies showed involvement of human orthologs in different processes related with viral replication, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. In recent years, a new role for human Slfn11 in DNA replication and chromatin remodeling was described. As commonly observed in many gene families, Slfn paralogs show a tissue-specific expression. This made it difficult to reach conclusions which can be valid in different biological models regarding the function of the different Schlafen proteins. In the present study, we investigate the involvement of SLFN5 in cell-cycle regulation and cell proliferation. A careful analysis of SLFN5 expression revealed that SLFN5 is highly expressed in proliferating tissues and that the protein is ubiquitously present in all the tissues and cell line models we analyzed. Very interestingly, SLFN5 expression oscillates during cell cycle, peaking during S phase. The fact that SLFN5 interacts with protein phosphatase 2A and that SLFN5 depletion causes cell cycle arrest and cellular apoptosis, suggests a direct involvement of this human paralog in cell cycle progression and cellular proliferation. We substantiated our in vitro and in cellulo results using Xenopus laevis oocytes to show that mRNA depletion of the unique Slfn gene present in Xenopus, whose protein sequence shares 80% of homology with SLFN5, recapitulates the phenotype observed in human cells preventing the resumption of meiosis during oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmatteo Vit
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Hirth
- grid.424631.60000 0004 1794 1771Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Neugebauer
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bianca N. Kraft
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Sigismondo
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Cazzola
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Tessmer
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Unit Antibodies, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joana Duro
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilse Hofmann
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, Unit Antibodies, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Berger
- grid.9619.70000 0004 1937 0538The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Harald Klüter
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- grid.424631.60000 0004 1794 1771Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XThe Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alwin Krämer
- grid.7700.00000 0001 2190 4373Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Hematology/Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Li Y, Balakrishnan VK, Rowse M, Wu CG, Bravos AP, Yadav VK, Ivarsson YI, Strack S, Novikova IV, Xing Y. Coupling to short linear motifs creates versatile PME-1 activities in PP2A holoenzyme demethylation and inhibition. eLife 2022; 11:79736. [PMID: 35924897 PMCID: PMC9398451 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzymes target broad substrates by recognizing short motifs via regulatory subunits. PP2A methylesterase 1 (PME-1) is a cancer-promoting enzyme and undergoes methylesterase activation upon binding to the PP2A core enzyme. Here, we showed that PME-1 readily demethylates different families of PP2A holoenzymes and blocks substrate recognition in vitro. The high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy structure of a PP2A-B56 holoenzyme–PME-1 complex reveals that PME-1 disordered regions, including a substrate-mimicking motif, tether to the B56 regulatory subunit at remote sites. They occupy the holoenzyme substrate-binding groove and allow large structural shifts in both holoenzyme and PME-1 to enable multipartite contacts at structured cores to activate the methylesterase. B56 interface mutations selectively block PME-1 activity toward PP2A-B56 holoenzymes and affect the methylation of a fraction of total cellular PP2A. The B56 interface mutations allow us to uncover B56-specific PME-1 functions in p53 signaling. Our studies reveal multiple mechanisms of PME-1 in suppressing holoenzyme functions and versatile PME-1 activities derived from coupling substrate-mimicking motifs to dynamic structured cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Li
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Michael Rowse
- Indiana University - Purdue University Columbus, Columbus, United States
| | - Cheng-Guo Wu
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | | | - Vikash K Yadav
- 5Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - YIva Ivarsson
- 5Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Strack
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Irina V Novikova
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States
| | - Yongna Xing
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
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Carper MB, Goel S, Zhang AM, Damrauer JS, Cohen S, Zimmerman MP, Gentile GM, Parag-Sharma K, Murphy RM, Sato K, Nickel KP, Kimple RJ, Yarbrough WG, Amelio AL. Activation of the CREB Coactivator CRTC2 by Aberrant Mitogen Signaling promotes oncogenic functions in HPV16 positive head and neck cancer. Neoplasia 2022; 29:100799. [PMID: 35504112 PMCID: PMC9065880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the 6th most common cancer worldwide and incidence rates are continuing to rise globally. Patients often present with locally advanced disease and a staggering 50% chance of relapse following treatment. Aberrant activation of adaptive response signaling pathways, such as the cAMP/PKA pathway, induce an array of genes associated with known cancer pathways that promote tumorigenesis and drug resistance. We identified the cAMP Regulated Transcription Coactivator 2 (CRTC2) to be overexpressed and constitutively activated in HNSCCs and this confers poor prognosis. CRTCs are regulated through their subcellular localization and we show that CRTC2 is exclusively nuclear in HPV(+) HNSCC, thus constitutively active, due to non-canonical Mitogen-Activated Kinase Kinase 1 (MEKK1)-mediated activation via a MEKK1-p38 signaling axis. Loss-of-function and pharmacologic inhibition experiments decreased CRTC2/CREB transcriptional activity by reducing nuclear CRTC2 via nuclear import inhibition and/or by eviction of CRTC2 from the nucleus. This shift in localization was associated with decreased proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our results suggest that small molecules that inhibit nuclear CRTC2 and p38 activity may provide therapeutic benefit to patients with HPV(+) HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda B Carper
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Saumya Goel
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Research Scholar, Undergraduate Curriculum in Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Anna M Zhang
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Damrauer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Cohen
- Pathology Services Core, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew P Zimmerman
- Graduate Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, Biological & Biomedical Sciences Program, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gabrielle M Gentile
- Graduate Curriculum in Genetics & Molecular Biology, Biological & Biomedical Sciences Program, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kshitij Parag-Sharma
- Graduate Curriculum in Cell Biology & Physiology, Biological & Biomedical Sciences Program, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ryan M Murphy
- Graduate Curriculum in Pharmacology, Biological & Biomedical Sciences Program, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kotaro Sato
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kwangok P Nickel
- Department of Human Oncology and UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology and UW Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Antonio L Amelio
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Cell Biology Program, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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7
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Yoo H, Lee HR, Kim KH, Kim MA, Bang S, Kang YH, Kim WH, Song Y, Chang SE. CRTC3, a sensor and key regulator for melanogenesis, as a tunable therapeutic target for pigmentary disorders. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9918-9936. [PMID: 34815795 PMCID: PMC8581419 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although CREB phosphorylation is known to be essential in UVB/cAMP-stimulated melanogenesis, CREB null mice did not show identifiable pigmentation phenotypes. Here, we show that CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 3 (CRTC3) quantitatively regulates and orchestrates melanogenesis by directly targeting microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and regulating the expression of most key melanogenesis-related genes. Methods: We analyzed CRTC3-null, KRT14-SCF transgenic, and their crossover mice. The molecular basis of CRTC3 effects on pigmentation was investigated by histology, melanin/tyrosinase assay, immunoblotting, shRNA, promoter assay, qRT-PCR, and subcellular localization. These analyses were carried out in primary cultured melanocytes, mouse cell lines, normal human cells, co-cultures, and ex vivo human skin. CRTC/CREB activity screening was performed to identify candidate agents for the regulation of melanogenesis. Results: The coat and skin color of CRTC3-null mice was paler due to a reduction in melanin deposition. Melanogenesis-related genes were reduced in CRTC3-deficient cultured melanocytes and tail skin of CRTC3-null mice. Notably, basal levels of MITF present in CRTC3-null mice were sufficient for melanocytic differentiation/survival. Thus CRTC3-null mice showed a comparable number of epidermal melanocytes compared to control mice. Stem cell factor (SCF) introduction by crossing with KRT14-SCF mice increased epidermal melanocytes and melanin deposition in control and CRTC3-null mice, but the skin color remained still light on the CRTC3-null background. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic potential of altiratinib to inhibit melanogenesis in human melanocytes and human skin effectively and safely. Conclusion: CRTC3 appears to be a key sensor for melanogenesis and can be used as a reversible and tunable tool for selectively regulating melanogenesis without affecting melanocyte integrity. Thus, CRTC3 can also serve as a screening tool for the discovery of ideal melanogenesis-modulating small molecules.
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8
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Bruno NE, Nwachukwu JC, Hughes DC, Srinivasan S, Hawkins R, Sturgill D, Hager GL, Hurst S, Sheu SS, Bodine SC, Conkright MD, Nettles KW. Activation of Crtc2/Creb1 in skeletal muscle enhances weight loss during intermittent fasting. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21999. [PMID: 34748223 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Creb-Regulated Transcriptional Coactivator (Crtc) family of transcriptional coregulators drive Creb1-mediated transcription effects on metabolism in many tissues, but the in vivo effects of Crtc2/Creb1 transcription on skeletal muscle metabolism are not known. Skeletal muscle-specific overexpression of Crtc2 (Crtc2 mice) induced greater mitochondrial activity, metabolic flux capacity for both carbohydrates and fats, improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and increased oxidative capacity, supported by upregulation of key metabolic genes. Crtc2 overexpression led to greater weight loss during alternate day fasting (ADF), selective loss of fat rather than lean mass, maintenance of higher energy expenditure during the fast and reduced binge-eating during the feeding period. ADF downregulated most of the mitochondrial electron transport genes, and other regulators of mitochondrial function, that were substantially reversed by Crtc2-driven transcription. Glucocorticoids acted with AMPK to drive atrophy and mitophagy, which was reversed by Crtc2/Creb1 signaling. Crtc2/Creb1-mediated signaling coordinates metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle that explain how Crtc2/Creb1 regulates metabolism and weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson E Bruno
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jerome C Nwachukwu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David C Hughes
- Section for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - David Sturgill
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Hurst
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Section for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael D Conkright
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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9
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Ramms DJ, Raimondi F, Arang N, Herberg FW, Taylor SS, Gutkind JS. G αs-Protein Kinase A (PKA) Pathway Signalopathies: The Emerging Genetic Landscape and Therapeutic Potential of Human Diseases Driven by Aberrant G αs-PKA Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:155-197. [PMID: 34663687 PMCID: PMC11060502 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the fundamental concepts of signal transduction and kinase activity are attributed to the discovery and crystallization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or protein kinase A. PKA is one of the best-studied kinases in human biology, with emphasis in biochemistry and biophysics, all the way to metabolism, hormone action, and gene expression regulation. It is surprising, however, that our understanding of PKA's role in disease is largely underappreciated. Although genetic mutations in the PKA holoenzyme are known to cause diseases such as Carney complex, Cushing syndrome, and acrodysostosis, the story largely stops there. With the recent explosion of genomic medicine, we can finally appreciate the broader role of the Gαs-PKA pathway in disease, with contributions from aberrant functioning G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors, as well as multiple alterations in other pathway components and negative regulators. Together, these represent a broad family of diseases we term the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. The Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies encompass diseases caused by germline, postzygotic, and somatic mutations in the Gαs-PKA pathway, with largely endocrine and neoplastic phenotypes. Here, we present a signaling-centric review of Gαs-PKA-driven pathophysiology and integrate computational and structural analysis to identify mutational themes commonly exploited by the Gαs-PKA pathway signalopathies. Major mutational themes include hotspot activating mutations in Gαs, encoded by GNAS, and mutations that destabilize the PKA holoenzyme. With this review, we hope to incite further study and ultimately the development of new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Little recognition is given to the causative role of Gαs-PKA pathway dysregulation in disease, with effects ranging from infectious disease, endocrine syndromes, and many cancers, yet these disparate diseases can all be understood by common genetic themes and biochemical signaling connections. By highlighting these common pathogenic mechanisms and bridging multiple disciplines, important progress can be made toward therapeutic advances in treating Gαs-PKA pathway-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana J Ramms
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Friedrich W Herberg
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry (S.S.T.), and Moores Cancer Center (D.J.R., N.A., J.S.G.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Laboratorio di Biologia Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (F.R.); and Department of Biochemistry, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany (F.W.H.)
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10
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Kothandapani A, Larsen MC, Lee J, Jorgensen JS, Jefcoate CR. Distinctive functioning of STARD1 in the fetal Leydig cells compared to adult Leydig and adrenal cells. Impact of Hedgehog signaling via the primary cilium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111265. [PMID: 33864885 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STARD1 stimulates cholesterol transfer to mitochondrial CYP11A1 for conversion to pregnenolone. A cholesterol-binding START domain is guided by an N-terminal domain in a cell selective manner. Fetal and adult Leydig cells (FLC, ALC) show distinct Stard1 regulation. sm- FISH microscopy, which resolves individual molecules of Stard1 mRNA, shows uniformly high basal expression in each FLC. In ALC, in vivo, and cultured MA-10 cells, basal Stard1 expression is minimal. PKA activates loci asynchronously, with delayed splicing/export of 3.5 kb mRNA to mitochondria. After 60 min, ALC transition to an integrated mRNA delivery to mitochondria that is seen in FLC. Sertoli cells cooperate in Stard1 stimulation in FLC by delivering DHH to the primary cilium. There PTCH, SMO and cholesterol cooperate to release GLI3 to activate the Stard1 locus, probably by directing histone changes. ALC lack cilia. PKA then primes locus activation. FLC and ALC share similar SIK/CRTC/CREB regulation characterized for adrenal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbarasi Kothandapani
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Joan S Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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11
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Ostojić J, Yoon YS, Sonntag T, Nguyen B, Vaughan JM, Shokhirev M, Montminy M. Transcriptional co-activator regulates melanocyte differentiation and oncogenesis by integrating cAMP and MAPK/ERK pathways. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109136. [PMID: 34010639 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclic AMP pathway promotes melanocyte differentiation by activating CREB and the cAMP-regulated transcription co-activators 1-3 (CRTC1-3). Differentiation is dysregulated in melanomas, although the contributions of CRTC proteins is unclear. We report a selective differentiation impairment in CRTC3 KO melanocytes and melanoma cells, due to downregulation of oculo-cutaneous albinism II (OCA2) and block of melanosome maturation. CRTC3 stimulates OCA2 expression by binding to CREB on a conserved enhancer, a regulatory site for pigmentation and melanoma risk. CRTC3 is uniquely activated by ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation at Ser391 and by low levels of cAMP. Phosphorylation at Ser391 is constitutively elevated in human melanoma cells with hyperactivated ERK1/2 signaling; knockout of CRTC3 in this setting impairs anchorage-independent growth, migration, and invasiveness, whereas CRTC3 overexpression supports cell survival in response to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor vemurafenib. As melanomas expressing gain-of-function mutations in CRTC3 are associated with reduced survival, our results suggest that CRTC3 inhibition may provide therapeutic benefit in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ostojić
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Young-Sil Yoon
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tim Sonntag
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Billy Nguyen
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joan M Vaughan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maxim Shokhirev
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marc Montminy
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Larsen MC, Lee J, Jorgensen JS, Jefcoate CR. STARD1 Functions in Mitochondrial Cholesterol Metabolism and Nascent HDL Formation. Gene Expression and Molecular mRNA Imaging Show Novel Splicing and a 1:1 Mitochondrial Association. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:559674. [PMID: 33193082 PMCID: PMC7607000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.559674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STARD1 moves cholesterol (CHOL) from the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) to the inner membrane (IMM) in steroidogenic cells. This activity is integrated into CHOL trafficking and synthesis homeostasis, involving uptake through SR-B1 and LDL receptors and distribution through endosomes, ER, and lipid droplets. In adrenal cells, STARD1 is imported into the mitochondrial matrix accompanied by delivery of several hundred CHOL molecules. This transfer limits CYP11A1-mediated generation of pregnenolone. CHOL transfer is coupled to translation of STARD1 mRNA at the OMM. In testis cells, slower CHOL trafficking seems to be limiting. STARD1 also functions in a slower process through ER OMM contacts. The START domain of STARD1 is utilized by a family of genes, which includes additional STARD (forms 3-6) and GRAMD1B proteins that transfer CHOL. STARD forms 2 and 7 deliver phosphatidylcholine. STARD1 and STARD7 target their respective activities to mitochondria, via N-terminal domains (NTD) of over 50 amino acids. The NTD is not essential for steroidogenesis but exerts tissue-selective enhancement (testis>>adrenal). Three conserved sites for cleavage by the mitochondrial processing protease (MPP) generate three forms, each potentially with specific functions, as demonstrated in STARD7. STARD1 is expressed in macrophage and cardiac repair fibroblasts. Additional functions include CHOL metabolism by CYP27A1 that directs activation of LXR and CHOL export processes. STARD1 generates 3.5- and 1.6-kb mRNA from alternative polyadenylation. The 3.5-kb form exclusively binds the PKA-induced regulator, TIS11b, which binds at conserved sites in the extended 3'UTR to control mRNA translation and turnover. STARD1 expression also exhibits a novel, slow splicing that delayed splicing delivery of mRNA to mitochondria. Stimulation of transcription by PKA is directed by suppression of SIK forms that activate a CRTC/CREB/CBP promoter complex. This process is critical to pulsatile hormonal activation in vivo. sm-FISH RNA imaging shows a flow of single STARD1 mRNA particles from asymmetric accumulations of primary transcripts at gene loci to 1:1 complex of 3.5-kb mRNA with peri-nuclear mitochondria. Adrenal cells are similar but distinguished from testis cells by appreciable basal expression prior to hormonal activation. This difference is conserved in culture and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Joan S. Jorgensen
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Colin R. Jefcoate
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Colin R. Jefcoate,
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13
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Sonntag T, Moresco JJ, Yates JR, Montminy M. The KLDpT activation loop motif is critical for MARK kinase activity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225727. [PMID: 31794565 PMCID: PMC6890249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MAP/microtubule-affinity regulating kinases (MARK1-4) are members of the AMPK family of Ser/Thr-specific kinases, which phosphorylate substrates at consensus LXRXXSXXXL motifs. Within microtubule-associated proteins, MARKs also mediate phosphorylation of variant KXGS or ζXKXGSXXNΨ motifs, interfering with the ability of tau and MAP2/4 to bind to microtubules. Here we show that, although MARKs and the closely related salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) phosphorylate substrates with consensus AMPK motifs comparably, MARKs are more potent in recognizing variant ζXKXGSXXNΨ motifs on cellular tau. In studies to identify regions of MARKs that confer catalytic activity towards variant sites, we found that the C-terminal kinase associated-1 (KA1) domain in MARK1-3 mediates binding to microtubule-associated proteins CLASP1/2; but this interaction is dispensable for ζXKXGSXXNΨ phosphorylation. Mutational analysis of MARK2 revealed that the N-terminal kinase domain of MARK2 is sufficient for phosphorylation of both consensus and variant ζXKXGSXXNΨ sites. Within this domain, the KLDpT activation loop motif promotes MARK2 activity both intracellularly and in vitro, but has no effect on SIK2 activity. As KLDpT is conserved in all vertebrates MARKs, we conclude that this sequence is crucial for MARK-dependent regulation of cellular polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sonntag
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James J. Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Montminy
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Berdeaux R, Hutchins C. Anabolic and Pro-metabolic Functions of CREB-CRTC in Skeletal Muscle: Advantages and Obstacles for Type 2 Diabetes and Cancer Cachexia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:535. [PMID: 31428057 PMCID: PMC6688074 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP is one of the earliest described mediators of hormone action in response to physiologic stress that allows acute stress responses and adaptation in every tissue. The classic role of cAMP signaling in metabolic tissues is to regulate nutrient partitioning. In response to acute stress, such as epinephrine released during strenuous exercise or fasting, intramuscular cAMP liberates glucose from glycogen and fatty acids from triglycerides. In the long-term, activation of Gs-coupled GPCRs stimulates muscle growth (hypertrophy) and metabolic adaptation through multiple pathways that culminate in a net increase of protein synthesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and improved metabolic efficiency. This review focuses on regulation, function, and transcriptional targets of CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) and CRTCs (CREB regulated transcriptional coactivators) in skeletal muscle and the potential for targeting this pathway to sustain muscle mass and metabolic function in type 2 diabetes and cancer. Although the muscle-autonomous roles of these proteins might render them excellent targets for both conditions, pharmacologic targeting must be approached with caution. Gain of CREB-CRTC function is associated with excess liver glucose output in type 2 diabetes, and growing evidence implicates CREB-CRTC activation in proliferation and invasion of different types of cancer cells. We conclude that deeper investigation to identify skeletal muscle specific regulatory mechanisms that govern CREB-CRTC transcriptional activity is needed to safely take advantage of their potent effects to invigorate skeletal muscle to potentially improve health in people with type 2 diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Cell Biology, The MD Anderson-UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Rebecca Berdeaux
| | - Chase Hutchins
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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