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Kou Y, Sun Q, Zhu R, Lin Z, Li Z, Xu H, Feng X, Liu Y. Dioscin induces M1 macrophage polarization through Connexin-43 Channels in Tumor-associated-macrophages-mediated melanoma metastasis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154559. [PMID: 36610151 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important constituent parts of tumor microenvironment that connected with tumor metastasis in melanoma. Connexin 43 (Cx43) was expressed in all the immune cells which modulated different aspects of immune response. However, the concrete molecular mechanism maintains unclear. PURPOSE The study aimed to find a natural drug monomer effectively reversed the polarity of tumor-associated macrophages inhibiting melanoma metastasis and improving survival time. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to determine the effects of dioscin on the macrophage phenotype. Western bolt and ELISA were performed to explore the underlying mechanism of dioscin and a co-culture experiment in vitro was applied to assess the role of dioscin on TAMs-mediated melanoma proliferation, invasion and migration. Moreover, in vivo melanoma metastasis models were established for examining effects of dioscin on TAMs-mediated melanoma metastasis. RESULTS Dioscin repolarized macrophages from M2 towards M1-like phenotype. Dioscin suppressed M2-like phenotype macrophages through enhanced the expression and transport function of Cx43. Furthermore, the stimulation IFN-γ/STAT1 pathway and suppression IL-4/JAK2/STAT3 pathway were major mechanism of dioscin. Importantly, dioscin suppressed Cx43G21R mutation TAMs induced proliferation, invasion, migration and metastasis of melanoma cells. It worthily noting that dioscin ameliorated tumor-associated-macrophages-mediated melanoma metastasis in vitro and vivo. CONCLUSION Dioscin re-polarized macrophages from M2 to M1 phenotype through activation of Cx43-gap-junction-intercellular-communications (Cx43-GJs)/IFN-γ/STAT1 pathway and inhibition of Cx43-GJs/IL-4/JAK2/STAT3 suppressing migration, invasion and metastasis of melanoma, which provided a theoretical and experimental basis for treating melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qidi Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rentao Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuoqun Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hairong Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China; The Key Laboratory of Syndrome Differentiation and Treatment of Gastric Cancer of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medcine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China.
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Shi Y, Lu Y, You J. Antigen transfer and its effect on vaccine-induced immune amplification and tolerance. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:5888-5913. [PMID: 35966588 PMCID: PMC9373810 DOI: 10.7150/thno.75904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen transfer refers to the process of intercellular information exchange, where antigenic components including nucleic acids, antigen proteins/peptides and peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (p-MHCs) are transmitted from donor cells to recipient cells at the thymus, secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), intestine, allergic sites, allografts, pathological lesions and vaccine injection sites via trogocytosis, gap junctions, tunnel nanotubes (TNTs), or extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the context of vaccine inoculation, antigen transfer is manipulated by the vaccine type and administration route, which consequently influences, even alters the immunological outcome, i.e., immune amplification and tolerance. Mainly focused on dendritic cells (DCs)-based antigen receptors, this review systematically introduces the biological process, molecular basis and clinical manifestation of antigen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yichao Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian You
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Meng JH, Chen CX, Ahmadian MR, Zan H, Luo KJ, Jiang JX. Cross-Activation of Hemichannels/Gap Junctions and Immunoglobulin-Like Domains in Innate–Adaptive Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882706. [PMID: 35911693 PMCID: PMC9334851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemichannels (HCs)/gap junctions (GJs) and immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain-containing proteins (IGLDCPs) are involved in the innate–adaptive immune response independently. Despite of available evidence demonstrating the importance of HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs in initiating, implementing, and terminating the entire immune response, our understanding of their mutual interactions in immunological function remains rudimentary. IGLDCPs include immune checkpoint molecules of the immunoglobulin family expressed in T and B lymphocytes, most of which are cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens. They also constitute the principal components of the immunological synapse (IS), which is formed on the cell surface, including the phagocytic synapse, T cell synapse, B cell synapse, and astrocytes–neuronal synapse. During the three stages of the immune response, namely innate immunity, innate–adaptive immunity, and adaptive immunity, HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs are cross-activated during the entire process. The present review summarizes the current understanding of HC-released immune signaling factors that influence IGLDCPs in regulating innate–adaptive immunity. ATP-induced “eat me” signals released by HCs, as well as CD31, CD47, and CD46 “don’t eat me” signaling molecules, trigger initiation of innate immunity, which serves to regulate phagocytosis. Additionally, HC-mediated trogocytosis promotes antigen presentation and amplification. Importantly, HC-mediated CD4+ T lymphocyte activation is critical in the transition of the innate immune response to adaptive immunity. HCs also mediate non-specific transcytosis of antibodies produced by mature B lymphocytes, for instance, IgA transcytosis in ovarian cancer cells, which triggers innate immunity. Further understanding of the interplay between HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs would aid in identifying therapeutic targets that regulate the HC–Ig-like domain immune response, thereby providing a viable treatment strategy for immunological diseases. The present review delineates the clinical immunology-related applications of HC–Ig-like domain cross-activation, which would greatly benefit medical professionals and immunological researchers alike. HCs/GJs and IGLDCPs mediate phagocytosis via ATP; “eat me and don’t eat me” signals trigger innate immunity; HC-mediated trogocytosis promotes antigen presentation and amplification in innate–adaptive immunity; HCs also mediate non-specific transcytosis of antibodies produced by mature B lymphocytes in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hui Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Chang-Xu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hong Zan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kai-Jun Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the University in Yunnan Province for International Cooperation in Intercellular Communications and Regulations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Kai-Jun Luo, ; Jean X. Jiang,
| | - Jean X. Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Kai-Jun Luo, ; Jean X. Jiang,
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Tittarelli A. Connexin channels modulation in pathophysiology and treatment of immune and inflammatory disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166258. [PMID: 34450245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Connexin-mediated intercellular communication mechanisms include bidirectional cell-to-cell coupling by gap junctions and release/influx of molecules by hemichannels. These intercellular communications have relevant roles in numerous immune system activities. Here, we review the current knowledge about the function of connexin channels, mainly those formed by connexin-43, on immunity and inflammation. Focusing on those evidence that support the design and development of therapeutic tools to modulate connexin expression and/or channel activities with treatment potential for infections, wounds, cancer, and other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940577, Chile.
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Varela-Vázquez A, Guitián-Caamaño A, Carpintero-Fernandez P, Fonseca E, Sayedyahossein S, Aasen T, Penuela S, Mayán MD. Emerging functions and clinical prospects of connexins and pannexins in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188380. [PMID: 32461135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cellular communication through gap junctions and hemichannels formed by connexins and through channels made by pannexins allows for metabolic cooperation and control of cellular activity and signalling. These channel proteins have been described to be tumour suppressors that regulate features such as cell death, proliferation and differentiation. However, they display cancer type-dependent and stage-dependent functions and may facilitate tumour progression through junctional and non-junctional pathways. The accumulated knowledge and emerging strategies to target connexins and pannexins are providing novel clinical opportunities for the treatment of cancer. Here, we provide an updated overview of the role of connexins and pannexins in malignant melanoma. We discuss how targeting of these channel proteins may be used to potentiate antitumour effects in therapeutic settings, including through improved immune-mediated tumour elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Varela-Vázquez
- CellCOM Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Amanda Guitián-Caamaño
- CellCOM Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Paula Carpintero-Fernandez
- CellCOM Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- CellCOM Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; Dermatology Deparment, University Hospital of A Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Samar Sayedyahossein
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Trond Aasen
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Penuela
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - María D Mayán
- CellCOM Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña, Xubias de Arriba, 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain.
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6
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Ariazi J, Benowitz A, De Biasi V, Den Boer ML, Cherqui S, Cui H, Douillet N, Eugenin EA, Favre D, Goodman S, Gousset K, Hanein D, Israel DI, Kimura S, Kirkpatrick RB, Kuhn N, Jeong C, Lou E, Mailliard R, Maio S, Okafo G, Osswald M, Pasquier J, Polak R, Pradel G, de Rooij B, Schaeffer P, Skeberdis VA, Smith IF, Tanveer A, Volkmann N, Wu Z, Zurzolo C. Tunneling Nanotubes and Gap Junctions-Their Role in Long-Range Intercellular Communication during Development, Health, and Disease Conditions. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:333. [PMID: 29089870 PMCID: PMC5651011 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is essential for the organization, coordination, and development of cellular networks and multi-cellular systems. Intercellular communication is mediated by soluble factors (including growth factors, neurotransmitters, and cytokines/chemokines), gap junctions, exosomes and recently described tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). It is unknown whether a combination of these communication mechanisms such as TNTs and gap junctions may be important, but further research is required. TNTs are long cytoplasmic bridges that enable long-range, directed communication between connected cells. The proposed functions of TNTs are diverse and not well understood but have been shown to include the cell-to-cell transfer of vesicles, organelles, electrical stimuli and small molecules. However, the exact role of TNTs and gap junctions for intercellular communication and their impact on disease is still uncertain and thus, the subject of much debate. The combined data from numerous laboratories indicate that some TNT mediate a long-range gap junctional communication to coordinate metabolism and signaling, in relation to infectious, genetic, metabolic, cancer, and age-related diseases. This review aims to describe the current knowledge, challenges and future perspectives to characterize and explore this new intercellular communication system and to design TNT-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Monique L Den Boer
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Cherqui
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Haifeng Cui
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - David Favre
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Spencer Goodman
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Karine Gousset
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Math, California State University, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Dorit Hanein
- Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Nastaran Kuhn
- Division of Cancer Biology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Network, Cancer Tissue Engineering Collaborative Research Program, Program Director, Structural Biology and Molecular Applications Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claire Jeong
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | - Emil Lou
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Robbie Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Stephen Maio
- GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, United States
| | | | - Matthias Osswald
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Pasquier
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Roel Polak
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bob de Rooij
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Vytenis A Skeberdis
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ian F Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ahmad Tanveer
- Section of Intracellular Trafficking and Neurovirology, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niels Volkmann
- Bioinformatics and System Biology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Zhenhua Wu
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unit of Membrane Trafficking and Pathogenesis, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
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Valdebenito S, Barreto A, Eugenin EA. The role of connexin and pannexin containing channels in the innate and acquired immune response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:154-165. [PMID: 28559189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Connexin (Cx) and pannexin (Panx) containing channels - gap junctions (GJs) and hemichannels (HCs) - are present in virtually all cells and tissues. Currently, the role of these channels under physiological conditions is well defined. However, their role in the immune response and pathological conditions has only recently been explored. Data from several laboratories demonstrates that infectious agents, including HIV, have evolved to take advantage of GJs and HCs to improve viral/bacterial replication, enhance inflammation, and help spread toxicity into neighboring areas. In the current review, we discuss the role of Cx and Panx containing channels in immune activation and the pathogenesis of several infectious diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrea Barreto
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Zachova K, Krupka M, Raska M. Antigen Cross-Presentation and Heat Shock Protein-Based Vaccines. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:1-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Liu Z, Wang Q, Fan L, Wu DP, Zhang Y, Liu L, Tao L. Gap junction enhances phototoxicity of photodynamic therapy agent 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinylpyropheophorbide-a (HPPH). Lasers Surg Med 2014; 47:68-76. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Pharmacology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Sun Yat-Sen University; 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Sun Yat-Sen University; 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Department of Pharmacology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Sun Yat-Sen University; 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Deng Pan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology; Pharmacy School of Xuzhou Medical College; China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Sun Yat-Sen University; 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Lucy Liu
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Ontario M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Liang Tao
- Department of Pharmacology; Zhongshan School of Medicine; Sun Yat-Sen University; 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road Guangzhou 510080 China
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Handel A, Akin V, Pilyugin SS, Zarnitsyna V, Antia R. How sticky should a virus be? The impact of virus binding and release on transmission fitness using influenza as an example. J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20131083. [PMID: 24430126 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Budding viruses face a trade-off: virions need to efficiently attach to and enter uninfected cells while newly generated virions need to efficiently detach from infected cells. The right balance between attachment and detachment-the right amount of stickiness-is needed for maximum fitness. Here, we design and analyse a mathematical model to study in detail the impact of attachment and detachment rates on virus fitness. We apply our model to influenza, where stickiness is determined by a balance of the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins. We investigate how drugs, the adaptive immune response and vaccines impact influenza stickiness and fitness. Our model suggests that the location in the 'stickiness landscape' of the virus determines how well interventions such as drugs or vaccines are expected to work. We discuss why hypothetical NA enhancer drugs might occasionally perform better than the currently available NA inhibitors in reducing virus fitness. We show that an increased antibody or T-cell-mediated immune response leads to maximum fitness at higher stickiness. We further show that antibody-based vaccines targeting mainly HA or NA, which leads to a shift in stickiness, might reduce virus fitness above what can be achieved by the direct immunological action of the vaccine. Overall, our findings provide potentially useful conceptual insights for future vaccine and drug development and can be applied to other budding viruses beyond influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, , Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Trosko JE, Kang KS. Evolution of energy metabolism, stem cells and cancer stem cells: how the warburg and barker hypotheses might be linked. Int J Stem Cells 2013; 5:39-56. [PMID: 24298354 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2012.5.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary transition from single cells to the metazoan forced the appearance of adult stem cells and a hypoxic niche, when oxygenation of the environment forced the appearance of oxidative phosphorylation from that of glycolysis. The prevailing paradigm in the cancer field is that cancers start from the "immortalization" or "re-programming" of a normal, differentiated cell with many mitochondria, that metabolize via oxidative phosphorylation. This paradigm has been challenged with one that assumes that the target cell for carcinogenesis is the normal, immortal adult stem cell, with few mitochondria. This adult organ-specific stem cell is blocked from "mortalizing" or from "programming" to be terminally differentiated. Two hypotheses have been offered to explain cancers, namely, the "stem cell theory" and the "de-differentiation" or "re-programming" theory. This Commentary postulates that the paleochemistry of the oceans, which, initially, provided conditions for life' s energy to arise via glycolysis, changed to oxidative phosphorylation for life' s processes. In doing so, stem cells evolved, within hypoxic niches, to protect the species germinal and somatic genomes. This Commentary provides support for the "stem cell theory", in that cancer cells, which, unlike differentiated cells, have few mitochondria and metabolize via glycolysis. The major argument against the "de-differentiation theory" is that, if re-programming of a differentiated cell to an "induced pluri-potent stem cell" happened in an adult, teratomas, rather than carcinomas, should be the result.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Trosko
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Eas Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Manam S, Nicholson BJ, Murthy AK. OT-1 mice display minimal upper genital tract pathology following primary intravaginal Chlamydia muridarum infection. Pathog Dis 2013; 67:221-4. [PMID: 23620186 PMCID: PMC3641702 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide and leads to serious pathological sequelae in the upper genital tract (UGT) including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Several components of the host immune responses have been shown to contribute to the UGT pathology following genital chlamydial infection. We have shown recently that CD8(+) T cells induce the chlamydial UGT pathology via the production of TNF-α. However, those studies did not determine whether the pathology is mediated by bystander or antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. In this study, we compared chlamydial clearance and UGT pathology in OT-1 transgenic mice and the corresponding C57BL/6J wild-type mice following primary intravaginal Chlamydia muridarum infection. All CD8(+) T cells in the OT-1 mice respond only to the Ova 257-264 peptide and are incapable of responding to other antigenic epitopes including those of Chlamydia. OT-1 mice displayed vaginal chlamydial clearance comparable to the wild-type animals. However, both oviduct and uterine horn pathology were minimal in the OT-1 mice compared with the high degree of pathology observed in the wild-type animals. These results strongly suggest that Chlamydia-specific, not bystander, CD8(+) T cells mediate the UGT pathological sequelae following genital chlamydial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Manam
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
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Eugenin EA, Basilio D, Sáez JC, Orellana JA, Raine CS, Bukauskas F, Bennett MVL, Berman JW. The role of gap junction channels during physiologic and pathologic conditions of the human central nervous system. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 7:499-518. [PMID: 22438035 PMCID: PMC3638201 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are expressed in most cell types of the nervous system, including neuronal stem cells, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, cells of the blood brain barrier (endothelial cells and astrocytes) and under inflammatory conditions in microglia/macrophages. GJs connect cells by the docking of two hemichannels, one from each cell with each hemichannel being formed by 6 proteins named connexins (Cx). Unapposed hemichannels (uHC) also can be open on the surface of the cells allowing the release of different intracellular factors to the extracellular space. GJs provide a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication between adjacent cells that enables the direct exchange of intracellular messengers, such as calcium, nucleotides, IP(3), and diverse metabolites, as well as electrical signals that ultimately coordinate tissue homeostasis, proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, cell survival and death. Despite their essential functions in physiological conditions, relatively little is known about the role of GJs and uHC in human diseases, especially within the nervous system. The focus of this review is to summarize recent findings related to the role of GJs and uHC in physiologic and pathologic conditions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Pathology, F727, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Gap junction proteins on the move: connexins, the cytoskeleton and migration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:94-108. [PMID: 22613178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Connexin43 (Cx43) has roles in cell-cell communication as well as channel independent roles in regulating motility and migration. Loss of function approaches to decrease Cx43 protein levels in neural cells result in reduced migration of neurons during cortical development in mice and impaired glioma tumor cell migration. In other cell types, correlations between Cx43 expression and cell morphology, adhesion, motility and migration have been noted. In this review we will discuss the common themes that have been revealed by a detailed comparison of the published results of neuronal cells with that of other cell types. In brief, these comparisons clearly show differences in the stability and directionality of protrusions, polarity of movement, and migration, depending on whether a) residual Cx43 levels remain after siRNA or shRNA knockdown, b) Cx43 protein levels are not detectable as in cells from Cx43(-/-) knockout mice or in cells that normally have no endogenous Cx43 expression, c) gain-of-function approaches are used to express Cx43 in cells that have no endogenous Cx43 and, d) Cx43 is over-expressed in cells that already have low endogenous Cx43 protein levels. What is clear from our comparisons is that Cx43 expression influences the adhesiveness of cells and the directionality of cellular processes. These observations are discussed in light of the ability of cells to rearrange their cytoskeleton and move in an organized manner. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Communicating junctions, roles and dysfunctions.
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Yates AJ, Van Baalen M, Antia R. Virus replication strategies and the critical CTL numbers required for the control of infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2011; 7:e1002274. [PMID: 22125483 PMCID: PMC3219614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that elicit protective cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) may improve on or augment those designed primarily to elicit antibody responses. However, we have little basis for estimating the numbers of CTL required for sterilising immunity at an infection site. To address this we begin with a theoretical estimate obtained from measurements of CTL surveillance rates and the growth rate of a virus. We show how this estimate needs to be modified to account for (i) the dynamics of CTL-infected cell conjugates, and (ii) features of the virus lifecycle in infected cells. We show that provided the inoculum size of the virus is low, the dynamics of CTL-infected cell conjugates can be ignored, but knowledge of virus life-histories is required for estimating critical thresholds of CTL densities. We show that accounting for virus replication strategies increases estimates of the minimum density of CTL required for immunity over those obtained with the canonical model of virus dynamics, and demonstrate that this modeling framework allows us to predict and compare the ability of CTL to control viruses with different life history strategies. As an example we predict that lytic viruses are more difficult to control than budding viruses when net reproduction rates and infected cell lifetimes are controlled for. Further, we use data from acute SIV infection in rhesus macaques to calculate a lower bound on the density of CTL that a vaccine must generate to control infection at the entry site. We propose that critical CTL densities can be better estimated either using quantitative models incorporating virus life histories or with in vivo assays using virus-infected cells rather than peptide-pulsed targets. In the search for vaccines that provide reliable protection against major diseases such as HIV-AIDS, TB and Malaria, there is now a focus on generating populations of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), immune cells that recognise and kill infected cells. However, we have little idea of the number or density of CTL a vaccine would need to elicit to provide sterilizing immunity to an infection in a given tissue. In this study we use mathematical models to understand how a virus's replication strategy influences the minimum density of CTL needed to provide immunity at an infection site. We show that traditional models that neglect the viral lifecycle within infected cells will underestimate this density. To illustrate, we use our modelling framework to estimate the CTL density needed to control the spread of virus at the very earliest stages of primary SIV infection in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Yates
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA.
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Maeda S, Tsukihara T. Structure of the gap junction channel and its implications for its biological functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1115-29. [PMID: 20960023 PMCID: PMC11114897 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions consist of arrays of intercellular channels composed of integral membrane proteins called connexin in vertebrates. Gap junction channels regulate the passage of ions and biological molecules between adjacent cells and, therefore, are critically important in many biological activities, including development, differentiation, neural activity, and immune response. Mutations in connexin genes are associated with several human diseases, such as neurodegenerative disease, skin disease, deafness, and developmental abnormalities. The activity of gap junction channels is regulated by the membrane voltage, intracellular microenvironment, interaction with other proteins, and phosphorylation. Each connexin channel has its own property for conductance and molecular permeability. A number of studies have tried to reveal the molecular architecture of the channel pore that should confer the connexin-specific permeability/selectivity properties and molecular basis for the gating and regulation. In this review, we give an overview of structural studies and describe the structural and functional relationship of gap junction channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Maeda
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, OLABB, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, 565-0874 Japan
- Department of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
- Present Address: Paul Scherrer Institut, Biology and Chemistry OFLG 101, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Tomitake Tsukihara
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, OLABB, 6-2-3 Furuedai, Suita, 565-0874 Japan
- Department of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamighori, Akoh, Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
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Koutsoumpas A, Polymeros D, Tsiamoulos Z, Smyk D, Karamanolis G, Triantafyllou K, Rigopoulou EI, Forbes A, Vergani D, Bogdanos DP, Ladas SD. Peculiar antibody reactivity to human connexin 37 and its microbial mimics in patients with Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5:101-9. [PMID: 21453878 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We found that pooled Crohn's disease (CD) sera strongly react with a human gap-junction connexin 37 (Cx37) peptide and tested for anti-Cx37 antibody reactivity in sera from CD patients and controls. We also investigated whether peptide-recognition is due to Cx37/microbial molecular mimicry. METHODS The PSI-BLAST program was used for Cx37(121-135)/microbial alignment. Reactivity to biotinylated human Cx37(121-135) and its microbial mimics was determined by ELISA using sera from 44 CD, 30 ulcerative colitis and 28 healthy individuals. RESULTS Anti-Cx37(121-135) reactivity (1/200 dilution) was present in 30/44 (68%) CD cases and persisted at 1/1000 dilution. Database search shows that Cx37(121-135) contains the -ALTAV- motif which is cross-recognized by diabetes-specific phogrin and enteroviral immunity. Testing of 9 Cx37(121-135)-microbial mimics revealed 57-68% reactivity against human enterovirus C, Lactococcus lactis, coxsackie virus A24 and B4. Anti-Cx37(121-135) was inhibited by itself or the microbial mimics. No reactivity was found against the poliovirus, rubella, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis mimics, or the beta cell phogrin autoantigen. Microbial/Cx37 reactivity was not able to differentiate CD patients from UC or healthy controls, in terms of overall prevalence and antibody titres, but microbial mimics were unable to inhibit reactivity to human Cx37 in the majority of the controls. CONCLUSIONS Sera from CD patients react with connexin 37 and cross-react with specific Cx37-mimicking enteroviral peptides. Microbial/self reactivity can be seen in UC and healthy controls. The lack of responses to other Cx37(121-135) microbial mimics and the inability of the reactive microbes to inhibit reactivity to self is intriguing and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koutsoumpas
- Division of Gene and Cell Based Therapy, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
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Anderson CC. On the sorting of the repertoire: an analysis of Cohn's challenge to integrity (Dembic), Round 2. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:321-5. [PMID: 19751266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In analyzing the integrity model and other context-based models, Melvin Cohn excluded the possibility that regulatory T cells or germline selected mechanisms can contribute to defining the specificity of immune responses. Here I discuss in greater detail how both the experimental data and a quantitative view of the evolution of immune control mechanisms challenge Cohn's arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Anderson
- Department of Surgery and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Handel A, Yates A, Pilyugin SS, Antia R. Sharing the burden: antigen transport and firebreaks in immune responses. J R Soc Interface 2008; 6:447-54. [PMID: 18708323 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells is crucial for immune responses. An important means of communication during viral infections is the presentation of viral antigen on the surface of an infected cell. Recently, it has been shown that antigen can be shared between infected and uninfected cells through gap junctions, connexin-based channels, that allow the transport of small molecules. The uninfected cell receiving antigen can present it on its surface. Cells presenting viral antigen are detected and killed by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The killing of uninfected cells can lead to increased immunopathology. However, the immune response might also profit from killing those uninfected bystander cells. One benefit might be the removal of future 'virus factories'. Another benefit might be through the creation of 'firebreaks', areas void of target cells, which increase the diffusion time of free virions, making their clearance more likely. Here, we use theoretical models and simulations to explore how the mechanism of gap junction-mediated antigen transport (GMAT) affects the dynamics of the virus and immune response. We show that under the assumption of a well-mixed system, GMAT leads to increased immunopathology, which always outweighs the benefit of reduced virus production due to the removal of future virus factories. By contrast, a spatially explicit model leads to quite different results. Here we find that the firebreak mechanism reduces both viral load and immunopathology. Our study thus shows the potential benefits of GMAT and illustrates how spatial effects may be crucial for the quantitative understanding of infection dynamics and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Handel
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
Gap junctions facilitate direct cytoplasmic communication between neighboring cells, facilitating the transfer of small molecular weight molecules involved in cell signaling and metabolism. Gap junction channels are formed by the joining of two hemichannels from adjacent cells, each composed of six oligomeric protein subunits called connexins. Of paramount importance to CNS homeostasis are astrocyte networks formed by gap junctions, which play a critical role in maintaining the homeostatic regulation of extracellular pH, K+, and glutamate levels. Inflammation is a hallmark of several diseases afflicting the CNS. Within the past several years, the number of publications reporting effects of cytokines and pathogenic stimuli on glial gap junction communication has increased dramatically. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent observations characterizing the consequences of inflammatory stimuli on homocellular gap junction coupling in astrocytes and microglia as well as changes in connexin expression during various CNS inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Kielian
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA.
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