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Jin S, Xu M, Gao X, Jiang S, Xiong Y, Zhang W, Qiao H, Wu Y, Fu H. Effects of Alkalinity Exposure on Antioxidant Status, Metabolic Function, and Immune Response in the Hepatopancreas of Macrobrachium nipponense. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:129. [PMID: 38275654 PMCID: PMC10812643 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The oriental river prawn Macrobrachium nipponense is an important freshwater economic species in China, producing huge economic benefits. However, M. nipponense shows lower alkali tolerance than fish species, thus genetic selection is urgently needed in order to improve alkali tolerance in this species. In the present study, the effects of alkalinity exposure on the hepatopancreas of M. nipponense were measured under the alkali concentrations of 0 (control), 4, 8, and 12 mmol/L with the exposure time of 96 h through histological observations, measurement of antioxidant enzymes, metabolic profiling analysis, and transcriptome profiling analysis. The present study identified that the low concentration of alkali treatment (<4 mmol/L) did not result in morphological changes in the hepatopancreas and activity changes in antioxidant enzymes, while high-alkali treatment (>8 mmol/L) damaged the normal structures of the lumen and vacuoles and significantly stimulated the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity, indicating these antioxidant enzymes play essential roles in the protection of the body from the damage caused by the alkali treatment. Metabolic profiling analysis revealed that the main enriched metabolic pathways of differentially expressed metabolites in the present study were consistent with the metabolic pathways caused by environmental stress in plants and other aquatic animals. Transcriptome profiling analysis revealed that the alkali concentration of <8 mmol/L did not lead to significant changes in gene expression. The main enriched metabolic pathways were selected from the comparison between 0 mmol/L vs. 12 mmol/L, and some significantly up-regulated genes were selected from these metabolic pathways, predicting these selected metabolic pathways and genes are involved in the adaptation to alkali treatment in M. nipponense. The expressions of Ras-like GTP-binding protein, Doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1a, and Hypothetical protein JAY84 are sensitive to changes in alkali concentrations, suggesting these three genes participated in the process of alkali adaptation in M. nipponense. The present study identified the effects of alkalinity exposure on the hepatopancreas of M. nipponense, including the changes in antioxidant status and the expressions of metabolites and genes, contributing to further studies of alkali tolerance in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (W.Z.); (H.Q.); (Y.W.)
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.X.); (X.G.)
| | - Mingjia Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.X.); (X.G.)
| | - Xuanbin Gao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.X.); (X.G.)
| | - Sufei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (W.Z.); (H.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yiwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (W.Z.); (H.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (W.Z.); (H.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hui Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (W.Z.); (H.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (W.Z.); (H.Q.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hongtuo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (S.J.); (S.J.); (Y.X.); (W.Z.); (H.Q.); (Y.W.)
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; (M.X.); (X.G.)
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Rundberg Nilsson AJ, Xian H, Shalapour S, Cammenga J, Karin M. IRF1 regulates self-renewal and stress responsiveness to support hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg5391. [PMID: 37889967 PMCID: PMC10610924 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are tightly controlled to maintain a balance between blood cell production and self-renewal. While inflammation-related signaling is a critical regulator of HSC activity, the underlying mechanisms and the precise functions of specific factors under steady-state and stress conditions remain incompletely understood. We investigated the role of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a transcription factor that is affected by multiple inflammatory stimuli, in HSC regulation. Our findings demonstrate that the loss of IRF1 from mouse HSCs significantly impairs self-renewal, increases stress-induced proliferation, and confers resistance to apoptosis. In addition, given the frequent abnormal expression of IRF1 in leukemia, we explored the potential of IRF1 expression level as a stratification marker for human acute myeloid leukemia. We show that IRF1-based stratification identifies distinct cancer-related signatures in patient subgroups. These findings establish IRF1 as a pivotal HSC controller and provide previously unknown insights into HSC regulation, with potential implications to IRF1 functions in the context of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. S. Rundberg Nilsson
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hongxu Xian
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jörg Cammenga
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Nassiri SM, Ahmadi Afshar N, Almasi P. Insight into microRNAs' involvement in hematopoiesis: current standing point of findings. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:282. [PMID: 37794439 PMCID: PMC10552299 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a complex process in which hematopoietic stem cells are differentiated into all mature blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). Different microRNAs (miRNAs) involve in several steps of this process. Indeed, miRNAs are small single-stranded non-coding RNA molecules, which control gene expression by translational inhibition and mRNA destabilization. Previous studies have revealed that increased or decreased expression of some of these miRNAs by targeting several proto-oncogenes could inhibit or stimulate the myeloid and erythroid lineage commitment, proliferation, and differentiation. During the last decades, the development of molecular and bioinformatics techniques has led to a comprehensive understanding of the role of various miRNAs in hematopoiesis. The critical roles of miRNAs in cell processes such as the cell cycle, apoptosis, and differentiation have been confirmed as well. However, the main contribution of some miRNAs is still unclear. Therefore, it seems undeniable that future studies are required to focus on miRNA activities during various hematopoietic stages and hematological malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahdi Nassiri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Qarib St., Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Neda Ahmadi Afshar
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Qarib St., Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parsa Almasi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Qarib St., Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran
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Gao A, Xu S, Li Q, Zhu C, Wang F, Wang Y, Hao S, Dong F, Cheng H, Cheng T, Gong Y. Interlukin-4 weakens resistance to stress injury and megakaryocytic differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells by inhibiting Psmd13 expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14253. [PMID: 37653079 PMCID: PMC10471741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a major and fatal complication in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which results from disrupted megakaryopoiesis by leukemic niche and blasts. Our previous research revealed that elevated interleukin-4 (IL-4) in AML bone marrow had adverse impact on multiple stages throughout megakaryopoiesis including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but the specific mechanism remains unknown. In the present study, we performed single-cell transcriptome analysis and discovered activated oxidative stress pathway and apoptosis pathway in IL-4Rαhigh versus IL-4Rαlow HSCs. IL-4 stimulation in vitro led to apoptosis of HSCs and down-regulation of megakaryocyte-associated transcription factors. Functional assays displayed higher susceptibility of IL-4Rαhigh HSCs to tunicamycin and irradiation-induced apoptosis, demonstrating their vulnerability to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress injury. To clarify the downstream signaling of IL-4, we analyzed the transcriptomes of HSCs from AML bone marrow and found a remarkable down-regulation of the proteasome component Psmd13, whose expression was required for megakaryocytic-erythroid development but could be inhibited by IL-4 in vitro. We knocked down Psmd13 by shRNA in HSCs, and found their repopulating capacity and megakaryocytic differentiation were severely compromised, with increased apoptosis in vivo. In summary, our study uncovered a previous unrecognized regulatory role of IL-4-Psmd13 signaling in anti-stress and megakaryocytic differentiation capability of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuhui Xu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Caiying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengjiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Sha Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
- Center for Stem Cell Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuemin Gong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Li J, Sun J, Zeng Z, Liu Z, Ma M, Zheng Z, He Y, Kang W. Tumour-associated macrophages in gastric cancer: From function and mechanism to application. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1386. [PMID: 37608500 PMCID: PMC10444973 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumour, with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The occurrence and development of GC is a complex process involving genetic changes in tumour cells and the influence of the surrounding tumour microenvironment (TME). Accumulative evidence shows that tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a vital role in GC, acting as plentiful and active infiltrating inflammatory cells in the TME. MAIN BODY In this review, the different functions and mechanisms of TAMs in GC progression, including the conversion of phenotypic subtypes; promotion of tumour proliferation, invasion and migration; induction of chemoresistance; promotion of angiogenesis; modulation of immunosuppression; reprogramming of metabolism; and interaction with the microbial community are summarised. Although the role of TAMs in GC remains controversial in clinical settings, clarifying their significance in the treatment selection and prognostic prediction of GC could support optimising TAM-centred clinicaltherapy. CONCLUSION In summary, we reviewed the the phenotypic polarisation, function and molecular mechanism of TAMs and their potential applications in the treatment selection and prognostic prediction of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Juan Sun
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Zeng
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingwei Ma
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zicheng Zheng
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan He
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Kang
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalChinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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6
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Herrejon Chavez F, Luo H, Cifani P, Pine A, Chu EL, Joshi S, Barin E, Schurer A, Chan M, Chang K, Han GYQ, Pierson AJ, Xiao M, Yang X, Kuehm LM, Hong Y, Nguyen DTT, Chiosis G, Kentsis A, Leslie C, Vu LP, Kharas MG. RNA binding protein SYNCRIP maintains proteostasis and self-renewal of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2290. [PMID: 37085479 PMCID: PMC10121618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is maintained after stress by engaging and activating the hematopoietic stem and progenitor compartments in the blood. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are essential for long-term repopulation after secondary transplantation. Here, using a conditional knockout mouse model, we revealed that the RNA-binding protein SYNCRIP is required for maintenance of blood homeostasis especially after regenerative stress due to defects in HSCs and progenitors. Mechanistically, we find that SYNCRIP loss results in a failure to maintain proteome homeostasis that is essential for HSC maintenance. SYNCRIP depletion results in increased protein synthesis, a dysregulated epichaperome, an accumulation of misfolded proteins and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress. Additionally, we find that SYNCRIP is required for translation of CDC42 RHO-GTPase, and loss of SYNCRIP results in defects in polarity, asymmetric segregation, and dilution of unfolded proteins. Forced expression of CDC42 recovers polarity and in vitro replating activities of HSCs. Taken together, we uncovered a post-transcriptional regulatory program that safeguards HSC self-renewal capacity and blood homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florisela Herrejon Chavez
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanzhi Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Cifani
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Alli Pine
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eren L Chu
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ersilia Barin
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Pharmacology Program of the Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medicine Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra Schurer
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mandy Chan
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn Chang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace Y Q Han
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aspen J Pierson
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Xiao
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xuejing Yang
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Diu T T Nguyen
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Kentsis
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tow Center for Developmental Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Physiology & Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Leslie
- Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ly P Vu
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Rundberg Nilsson A, Xian H, Shalapour S, Cammenga J, Karin M. IRF1 regulates self-renewal and stress-responsiveness to support hematopoietic stem cell maintenance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.24.525321. [PMID: 36747722 PMCID: PMC9900858 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.24.525321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators induce emergency myelopoiesis and cycling of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) through incompletely understood mechanisms. To suppress the unwanted effects of inflammation and preserve its beneficial outcomes, the mechanisms by which inflammation affects hematopoiesis need to be fully elucidated. Rather than focusing on specific inflammatory stimuli, we here investigated the role of transcription factor Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), which receives input from several inflammatory signaling pathways. We identify IRF1 as a master HSC regulator. IRF1 loss impairs HSC self-renewal, increases stress-induced cell cycle activation, and confers apoptosis resistance. Transcriptomic analysis revealed an aged, inflammatory signature devoid of IFN signaling with reduced megakaryocytic/erythroid priming and antigen presentation in IRF1-deficient HSCs. Finally, we conducted IRF1-based AML patient stratification to identify groups with distinct proliferative, survival and differentiation features, overlapping with our murine HSC results. Our findings position IRF1 as a pivotal regulator of HSC preservation and stress-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rundberg Nilsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and
Signal Transduction, University of California San Diego (UCSD), United States
- Medical Faculty, Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy,
Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
- Medical Faculty, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University,
Sweden
- Lead contact
| | - Hongxu Xian
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and
Signal Transduction, University of California San Diego (UCSD), United States
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and
Signal Transduction, University of California San Diego (UCSD), United States
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, United States
| | - Jörg Cammenga
- Medical Faculty, Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy,
Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
- Medical Faculty, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University,
Sweden
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Gene Regulation and
Signal Transduction, University of California San Diego (UCSD), United States
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8
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The dichotomous role of immunoproteasome in cancer: Friend or foe? Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1976-1989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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9
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Wittorf KJ, Weber KK, Swenson SA, Buckley SM. Ubiquitin E3 ligase FBXO21 regulates cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, but is dispensable for steady-state hematopoiesis. Exp Hematol 2022; 114:33-42.e3. [PMID: 35987460 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cell fate decisions such as self-renewal and differentiation are highly regulated through multiple molecular pathways. One pathway, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), controls protein levels by tagging them with polyubiquitin chains and promoting their degradation through the proteasome. Ubiquitin E3 ligases serve as the substrate-recognition component of the UPS. By investigating the FBOX family of E3 ligases, we discovered that Fbxo21 was highly expressed in the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) population, and exhibited low to no expression in mature myeloid populations. To determine the role of FBXO21 on HSPC maintenance, self-renewal, and differentiation, we generated shRNAs against FBXO21 and a hematopoiesis-specific Fbxo21 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model. We found that silencing FBXO21 in HSPCs led to a loss in colony formation and an increase in cell differentiation in vitro. Additionally, stressing the HSPC populations in our Fbxo21 cKO mouse with 5-fluorouracil injections resulted in a decrease in survival, despite these populations exhibiting minimal alterations during steady-state hematopoiesis. Although FBXO21 has previously been proposed to regulate cytokine signaling via ASK and p38, our results indicate that depletion of FBXO21 led to altered ERK signaling in vitro. Together, these findings suggest ubiquitin E3 ligase FBXO21 regulates HSPCs through cytokine-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli J Wittorf
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Kasidy K Weber
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Samantha A Swenson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Shannon M Buckley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE.
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10
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Hematopoiesis, Inflammation and Aging-The Biological Background and Clinical Impact of Anemia and Increased C-Reactive Protein Levels on Elderly Individuals. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030706. [PMID: 35160156 PMCID: PMC8836692 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia and systemic signs of inflammation are common in elderly individuals and are associated with decreased survival. The common biological context for these two states is then the hallmarks of aging, i.e., genomic instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. Such aging-associated alterations of hematopoietic stem cells are probably caused by complex mechanisms and depend on both the aging of hematopoietic (stem) cells and on the supporting stromal cells. The function of inflammatory or immunocompetent cells is also altered by aging. The intracellular signaling initiated by soluble proinflammatory mediators (e.g., IL1, IL6 and TNFα) is altered during aging and contributes to the development of both the inhibition of erythropoiesis with anemia as well as to the development of the acute-phase reaction as a systemic sign of inflammation with increased CRP levels. Both anemia and increased CRP levels are associated with decreased overall survival and increased cardiovascular mortality. The handling of elderly patients with inflammation and/or anemia should in our opinion be individualized; all of them should have a limited evaluation with regard to the cause of the abnormalities, but the extent of additional and especially invasive diagnostic evaluation should be based on an overall clinical evaluation and the possible therapeutic consequences.
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Abstract
The F-box proteins (FBP), substrate recognition subunit of the SCF (Skp1-Cullin1-F-box protein complex) E3 ligase, play important roles in the ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of the target proteins from several cellular processes. Disorders of F-box protein-mediated proteolysis lead to human malignancies. FBP plays an important role in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and metastasis, suggesting that it can be associated with tumorigenesis, cancer development and progression. However, the expression and function of FBXO9 (F-box only protein 9) differ in various types of human cancer. Due to the ability to regulate the stability and activity of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes, and the physiological functions of many of the F-box proteins remain subtle, further genetic and mechanistic studies will elaborate and help define FBXO9's role. Targeting F-box protein or F-box protein signaling pathways could be an effective strategy for preventing or treating human cancer. This review is presented to summarize the part of FBXO9 in different types of human cancer and its regulation mechanism, and to pave the way to design FBXO9-targeting anticancer therapies.
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The Downregulation of Both Giant HERCs, HERC1 and HERC2, Is an Unambiguous Feature of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, and HERC1 Levels Are Associated with Leukemic Cell Differentiation. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020324. [PMID: 35054018 PMCID: PMC8778248 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Large HERC E3 ubiquitin ligase family members, HERC1 and HERC2, are staggeringly complex proteins that can intervene in a wide range of biological processes, such as cell proliferation, DNA repair, neurodevelopment, and inflammation. Therefore, mutations or dysregulation of large HERCs is associated with neurological disorders, DNA repair defects, and cancer. Though their role in solid tumors started to be investigated some years ago, our knowledge about HERCs in non-solid neoplasm is greatly lagging behind. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a model onco-hematological disorder because of its unique and unambiguous relation between genotype and phenotype due to a single genetic alteration. In the present study, we ascertained that the presence of the BCR-ABL fusion gene was inversely associated with the expression of the HERC1 and HERC2 genes. Upon the achievement of remission, both HERC1 and HERC2 mRNAs raised again to levels comparable to those of the healthy donors. Additionally, our survey unveiled that their gene expression is sensitive to different Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitors (TKIs) in a time-dependent fashion. Interestingly, for the first time, we also observed a differential HERC1 expression when the leukemic cell lines were induced to differentiate towards different lineages revealing that HERC1 protein expression is associated with the differentiation process in a lineage-specific manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that HERC1 might act as a novel potential player in blood cell differentiation. Overall, we believe that our results are beneficial to initiate exploring the role/s of large HERCs in non-solid neoplasms.
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Busulfan Suppresses Autophagy in Mouse Spermatogonial Progenitor Cells via mTOR of AKT and p53 Signaling Pathways. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:1242-1255. [PMID: 32839922 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In testis, a rare undifferentiated germ cell population with the capacity to regenerate robustly and support spermatogenesis, is defined as spermatogonial progenitor cells (SPCs) population. As a widely used drug for tumor therapy or bone marrow transplantation, busulfan has a severe side effect on SPCs population and causes a consequent infertility. Recently, accumulating evidence revealed the protective role of autophagy in stem cell maintenance under exogenous stress. To better understand the role of autophagy in SPCs fates, we investigated the potential function of autophagy in SPCs under busulfan stress, and found that treatment of busulfan induced the formation of autophagic vesicles and autophagosomes in mouse SPCs. Subsequently, a connection of autophagy and SPCs maintenance and survival was demonstrated in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, mTOR was identified as an essential factor for autophagy in SPCs with a complicated mechanism: (1) mTOR is phosphorylated by AKT to activate its target genes, p70s6 kinase, resulting in the inhibition of autophagy during short-term busulfan treatment. (2) mTOR mediates autophagy with p53 together, to regulate the fate of SPCs. Collectively, observations from this study indicate that moderate autophagy effectively protects SPCs from the stress of chemotherapy, which may provide an important hint for fertility protection in clinic.
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Belyavsky A, Petinati N, Drize N. Hematopoiesis during Ontogenesis, Adult Life, and Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179231. [PMID: 34502137 PMCID: PMC8430730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bone marrow of vertebrates, two types of stem cells coexist-hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Hematopoiesis only occurs when these two stem cell types and their descendants interact. The descendants of HSCs supply the body with all the mature blood cells, while MSCs give rise to stromal cells that form a niche for HSCs and regulate the process of hematopoiesis. The studies of hematopoiesis were initially based on morphological observations, later extended by the use of physiological methods, and were subsequently augmented by massive application of sophisticated molecular techniques. The combination of these methods produced a wealth of new data on the organization and functional features of hematopoiesis in the ontogenesis of mammals and humans. This review summarizes the current views on hematopoiesis in mice and humans, discusses the development of blood elements and hematopoiesis in the embryo, and describes how the hematopoietic system works in the adult organism and how it changes during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Belyavsky
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Nina Drize
- National Research Center for Hematology, 125167 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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Barabino SML, Citterio E, Ronchi AE. Transcription Factors, R-Loops and Deubiquitinating Enzymes: Emerging Targets in Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153753. [PMID: 34359655 PMCID: PMC8345071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The advent of DNA massive sequencing technologies has allowed for the first time an extensive look into the heterogeneous spectrum of genes and mutations underpinning myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this review, we wish to explore the most recent advances and the rationale for the potential therapeutic interest of three main actors in myelo-leukemic transformation: transcription factors that govern myeloid differentiation; RNA splicing factors, which ensure proper mRNA maturation and whose mutations increase R-loops formation; and deubiquitinating enzymes, which contribute to genome stability in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Abstract Myeloid neoplasms encompass a very heterogeneous family of diseases characterized by the failure of the molecular mechanisms that ensure a balanced equilibrium between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) self-renewal and the proper production of differentiated cells. The origin of the driver mutations leading to preleukemia can be traced back to HSC/progenitor cells. Many properties typical to normal HSCs are exploited by leukemic stem cells (LSCs) to their advantage, leading to the emergence of a clonal population that can eventually progress to leukemia with variable latency and evolution. In fact, different subclones might in turn develop from the original malignant clone through accumulation of additional mutations, increasing their competitive fitness. This process ultimately leads to a complex cancer architecture where a mosaic of cellular clones—each carrying a unique set of mutations—coexists. The repertoire of genes whose mutations contribute to the progression toward leukemogenesis is broad. It encompasses genes involved in different cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, epigenetics (DNA and histones modifications), DNA damage signaling and repair, chromosome segregation and replication (cohesin complex), RNA splicing, and signal transduction. Among these many players, transcription factors, RNA splicing proteins, and deubiquitinating enzymes are emerging as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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16
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Immunoproteasome Function in Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071577. [PMID: 34206607 PMCID: PMC8305381 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a central part of protein homeostasis, degrading not only misfolded or oxidized proteins but also proteins with essential functions. The fact that a healthy hematopoietic system relies on the regulation of protein homeostasis and that alterations in the UPS can lead to malignant transformation makes the UPS an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Herein, inhibitors of the proteasome, the last and most important component of the UPS enzymatic cascade, have been approved for the treatment of these malignancies. However, their use has been associated with side effects, drug resistance, and relapse. Inhibitors of the immunoproteasome, a proteasomal variant constitutively expressed in the cells of hematopoietic origin, could potentially overcome the encountered problems of non-selective proteasome inhibition. Immunoproteasome inhibitors have demonstrated their efficacy and safety against inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, even though their development for the treatment of hematologic malignancies is still in the early phases. Various immunoproteasome inhibitors have shown promising preliminary results in pre-clinical studies, and one inhibitor is currently being investigated in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Here, we will review data on immunoproteasome function and inhibition in hematopoietic cells and hematologic cancers.
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Wei Q, Pinho S, Dong S, Pierce H, Li H, Nakahara F, Xu J, Xu C, Boulais PE, Zhang D, Maryanovich M, Cuervo AM, Frenette PS. MAEA is an E3 ubiquitin ligase promoting autophagy and maintenance of haematopoietic stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2522. [PMID: 33947846 PMCID: PMC8097058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) tightly regulate their quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation to generate blood cells during the entire lifetime. The mechanisms by which these critical activities are balanced are still unclear. Here, we report that Macrophage-Erythroblast Attacher (MAEA, also known as EMP), a receptor thus far only identified in erythroblastic island, is a membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase subunit essential for HSC maintenance and lymphoid potential. Maea is highly expressed in HSCs and its deletion in mice severely impairs HSC quiescence and leads to a lethal myeloproliferative syndrome. Mechanistically, we have found that the surface expression of several haematopoietic cytokine receptors (e.g. MPL, FLT3) is stabilised in the absence of Maea, thereby prolonging their intracellular signalling. This is associated with impaired autophagy flux in HSCs but not in mature haematopoietic cells. Administration of receptor kinase inhibitor or autophagy-inducing compounds rescues the functional defects of Maea-deficient HSCs. Our results suggest that MAEA provides E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, guarding HSC function by restricting cytokine receptor signalling via autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhi Wei
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Pinho
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shuxian Dong
- Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Halley Pierce
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Huihui Li
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fumio Nakahara
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jianing Xu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chunliang Xu
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Philip E Boulais
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Dachuan Zhang
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria Maryanovich
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Development and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Frenette
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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18
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Biological characteristics of aging in human acute myeloid leukemia cells: the possible importance of aldehyde dehydrogenase, the cytoskeleton and altered transcriptional regulation. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:24734-24777. [PMID: 33349623 PMCID: PMC7803495 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a median age of 65-70 years at diagnosis. Elderly patients have more chemoresistant disease, and this is partly due to decreased frequencies of favorable and increased frequencies of adverse genetic abnormalities. However, aging-dependent differences may also contribute. We therefore compared AML cell proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiles for (i) elderly low-risk and younger low-risk patients with favorable genetic abnormalities; and (ii) high-risk patients with adverse genetic abnormalities and a higher median age against all low-risk patients with lower median age. Elderly low-risk and younger low-risk patients showed mainly phosphoproteomic differences especially involving transcriptional regulators and cytoskeleton. When comparing high-risk and low-risk patients both proteomic and phosphoproteomic studies showed differences involving cytoskeleton and immunoregulation but also transcriptional regulation and cell division. The age-associated prognostic impact of cyclin-dependent kinases was dependent on the cellular context. The protein level of the adverse prognostic biomarker mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) showed a similar significant upregulation both in elderly low-risk and elderly high-risk patients. Our results suggest that molecular mechanisms associated with cellular aging influence chemoresistance of AML cells, and especially the cytoskeleton function may then influence cellular hallmarks of aging, e.g. mitosis, polarity, intracellular transport and adhesion.
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19
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Hynes-Smith RW, Wittorf KJ, Buckley SM. Regulation of Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis by FBOX Ubiquitin E3 Ligases. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:1128-1140. [PMID: 33160841 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is responsible for numerous functions, ranging from oxygen transportation to host defense, to injury repair. This process of hematopoiesis is maintained throughout life by hematopoietic stem cells and requires a controlled balance between self-renewal, differentiation, and quiescence. Disrupting this balance can result in hematopoietic malignancies, including anemia, immune deficiency, leukemia, and lymphoma. Recent work has shown that FBOX E3 ligases, a substrate recognition component of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), have an integral role in maintaining this balance. In this review, we detail how FBOX proteins target specific proteins for degradation to regulate hematopoiesis through cell processes, such as cell cycle, development, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willow Hynes-Smith
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Karli J Wittorf
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shannon M Buckley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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20
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Sarodaya N, Karapurkar J, Kim KS, Hong SH, Ramakrishna S. The Role of Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Hematopoiesis and Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1103. [PMID: 32354135 PMCID: PMC7281754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the production of blood cells throughout the human lifespan. Single HSCs can give rise to at least eight distinct blood-cell lineages. Together, hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis coordinate several biological processes, i.e., cellular interactions during development and proliferation, guided migration, lineage programming, and reprogramming by transcription factors. Any dysregulation of these processes can result in hematological disorders and/or malignancies. Several studies of the molecular mechanisms governing HSC maintenance have demonstrated that protein regulation by the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway is crucial for normal HSC function. Recent studies have shown that reversal of ubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plays an equally important role in hematopoiesis; however, information regarding the biological function of DUBs is limited. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries about the physiological roles of DUBs in hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis and discuss the DUBs associated with common hematological disorders and malignancies, which are potential therapeutic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sarodaya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Janardhan Karapurkar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (J.K.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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21
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Chua BA, Van Der Werf I, Jamieson C, Signer RAJ. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Homeostatic, Stressed, and Malignant Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:138-159. [PMID: 32032524 PMCID: PMC7158223 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular identity is not driven by differences in genomic content but rather by epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic heterogeneity. Although regulation of the epigenome plays a key role in shaping stem cell hierarchies, differential expression of transcripts only partially explains protein abundance. The epitranscriptome, translational control, and protein degradation have emerged as fundamental regulators of proteome complexity that regulate stem cell identity and function. Here, we discuss how post-transcriptional mechanisms enable stem cell homeostasis and responsiveness to developmental cues and environmental stressors by rapidly shaping the content of their proteome and how these processes are disrupted in pre-malignant and malignant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA
| | - Inge Van Der Werf
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA; Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Catriona Jamieson
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA; Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Robert A J Signer
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093 USA.
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22
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Hidalgo San Jose L, Sunshine MJ, Dillingham CH, Chua BA, Kruta M, Hong Y, Hatters DM, Signer RAJ. Modest Declines in Proteome Quality Impair Hematopoietic Stem Cell Self-Renewal. Cell Rep 2020; 30:69-80.e6. [PMID: 31914399 PMCID: PMC7004491 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Low protein synthesis is a feature of somatic stem cells that promotes regeneration in multiple tissues. Modest increases in protein synthesis impair stem cell function, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are largely unknown. We determine that low protein synthesis within hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is associated with elevated proteome quality in vivo. HSCs contain less misfolded and unfolded proteins than myeloid progenitors. Increases in protein synthesis cause HSCs to accumulate misfolded and unfolded proteins. To test how proteome quality affects HSCs, we examine Aarssti/sti mice that harbor a tRNA editing defect that increases amino acid misincorporation. Aarssti/sti mice exhibit reduced HSC numbers, increased proliferation, and diminished serial reconstituting activity. Misfolded proteins overwhelm the proteasome within Aarssti/sti HSCs, which is associated with increased c-Myc abundance. Deletion of one Myc allele partially rescues serial reconstitution defects in Aarssti/sti HSCs. Thus, HSCs are dependent on low protein synthesis to maintain proteostasis, which promotes their self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Hidalgo San Jose
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mary Jean Sunshine
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher H Dillingham
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bernadette A Chua
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Miriama Kruta
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yuning Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Danny M Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robert A J Signer
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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23
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Mejia-Ramirez E, Florian MC. Understanding intrinsic hematopoietic stem cell aging. Haematologica 2019; 105:22-37. [PMID: 31806687 PMCID: PMC6939535 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.211342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) sustain blood production over the entire life-span of an organism. It is of extreme importance that these cells maintain self-renewal and differentiation potential over time in order to preserve homeostasis of the hematopoietic system. Many of the intrinsic aspects of HSC are affected by the aging process resulting in a deterioration in their potential, independently of their microenvironment. Here we review recent findings characterizing most of the intrinsic aspects of aged HSC, ranging from phenotypic to molecular alterations. Historically, DNA damage was thought to be the main cause of HSC aging. However, over recent years, many new findings have defined an increasing number of biological processes that intrinsically change with age in HSC. Epigenetics and chromatin architecture, together with autophagy, proteostasis and metabolic changes, and how they are interconnected, are acquiring growing importance for understanding the intrinsic aging of stem cells. Given the increase in populations of older subjects worldwide, and considering that aging is the primary risk factor for most diseases, understanding HSC aging becomes particularly relevant also in the context of hematologic disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. Research on intrinsic mechanisms responsible for HSC aging is providing, and will continue to provide, new potential molecular targets to possibly ameliorate or delay aging of the hematopoietic system and consequently improve the outcome of hematologic disorders in the elderly. The niche-dependent contributions to hematopoietic aging are discussed in another review in this same issue of the Journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mejia-Ramirez
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Maria Carolina Florian
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona (CMRB), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain .,Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany EM-R and MCF contributed equally to this work
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24
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Loss of FBXO9 Enhances Proteasome Activity and Promotes Aggressiveness in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111717. [PMID: 31684170 PMCID: PMC6895989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is maintained throughout life by stem cells that are capable of differentiating into all hematopoietic lineages. An intimate balance between self-renewal, differentiation, and quiescence is required to maintain hematopoiesis and disruption of this balance can result in malignant transformation. FBXO9, the substrate recognition component from the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase family, is downregulated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared to healthy bone marrow, and this downregulation is particularly evident in patients with inv(16) AML. To study FBXO9 in malignant hematopoiesis, we generated a conditional knockout mouse model using a novel CRISPR/Cas9 strategy. Deletion of Fbxo9 in the murine hematopoietic system showed no adverse effects on stem and progenitor cell function but in AML lead to markedly accelerated and aggressive leukemia development in mice with inv(16). Not only did Fbxo9 play a role in leukemia initiation but it also functioned to maintain AML activity and promote disease progression. Quantitative mass spectrometry from primary tumors reveals tumors lacking Fbxo9 highly express proteins associated with metastasis and invasion as well as components of the ubiquitin proteasome system. We confirmed that the loss of FBXO9 leads to increased proteasome activity and tumors cells were more sensitive to in vitro proteasome inhibition with bortezomib, suggesting that FBXO9 expression may predict patients’ response to bortezomib.
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25
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The Best for the Most Important: Maintaining a Pristine Proteome in Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1608787. [PMID: 31191665 PMCID: PMC6525796 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1608787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells give rise to reproductively enabled offsprings by generating progressively lineage-restricted multipotent stem cells that would differentiate into lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells. These lineage-committed stem and progenitor cells give rise to all adult tissues and organs. Adult stem and progenitor cells are generated as part of the developmental program and play critical roles in tissue and organ maintenance and/or regeneration. The ability of pluripotent stem cells to self-renew, maintain pluripotency, and differentiate into a multicellular organism is highly dependent on sensing and integrating extracellular and extraorganismal cues. Proteins perform and integrate almost all cellular functions including signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, metabolism, and cell division and death. Therefore, maintenance of an appropriate mix of correctly folded proteins, a pristine proteome, is essential for proper stem cell function. The stem cells' proteome must be pristine because unfolded, misfolded, or otherwise damaged proteins would interfere with unlimited self-renewal, maintenance of pluripotency, differentiation into downstream lineages, and consequently with the development of properly functioning tissue and organs. Understanding how various stem cells generate and maintain a pristine proteome is therefore essential for exploiting their potential in regenerative medicine and possibly for the discovery of novel approaches for maintaining, propagating, and differentiating pluripotent, multipotent, and adult stem cells as well as induced pluripotent stem cells. In this review, we will summarize cellular networks used by various stem cells for generation and maintenance of a pristine proteome. We will also explore the coordination of these networks with one another and their integration with the gene regulatory and signaling networks.
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26
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Shahrabi S, Paridar M, Zeinvand-Lorestani M, Jalili A, Zibara K, Abdollahi M, Khosravi A. Autophagy regulation and its role in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21746-21757. [PMID: 31161605 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, the molecular machinery of self-eating, plays a dual role of a tumor promoter and tumor suppressor. This mechanism affects different clinical responses in cancer cells. Autophagy is targeted for treating patients resistant to chemotherapy or radiation. Limited reports investigate the significance of autophagy in cancer therapy, the regulation of hematopoietic and leukemic stem cells and leukemia formation. In the current review, the role of autophagy is discussed in various stages of hematopoiesis including quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Paridar
- Deputy of Management and Resources Development, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arsalan Jalili
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- Biology Department, PRASE, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Mohammad K, Dakik P, Medkour Y, Mitrofanova D, Titorenko VI. Quiescence Entry, Maintenance, and Exit in Adult Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092158. [PMID: 31052375 PMCID: PMC6539837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes can respond to certain environmental cues by arresting the cell cycle and entering a reversible state of quiescence. Quiescent cells do not divide, but can re-enter the cell cycle and resume proliferation if exposed to some signals from the environment. Quiescent cells in mammals and humans include adult stem cells. These cells exhibit improved stress resistance and enhanced survival ability. In response to certain extrinsic signals, adult stem cells can self-renew by dividing asymmetrically. Such asymmetric divisions not only allow the maintenance of a population of quiescent cells, but also yield daughter progenitor cells. A multistep process of the controlled proliferation of these progenitor cells leads to the formation of one or more types of fully differentiated cells. An age-related decline in the ability of adult stem cells to balance quiescence maintenance and regulated proliferation has been implicated in many aging-associated diseases. In this review, we describe many traits shared by different types of quiescent adult stem cells. We discuss how these traits contribute to the quiescence, self-renewal, and proliferation of adult stem cells. We examine the cell-intrinsic mechanisms that allow establishing and sustaining the characteristic traits of adult stem cells, thereby regulating quiescence entry, maintenance, and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamat Mohammad
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Paméla Dakik
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Younes Medkour
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Darya Mitrofanova
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Vladimir I Titorenko
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West, SP Building, Room 501-13, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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28
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Lee DE, Bareja A, Bartlett DB, White JP. Autophagy as a Therapeutic Target to Enhance Aged Muscle Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020183. [PMID: 30791569 PMCID: PMC6406986 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has remarkable regenerative capacity, relying on precise coordination between resident muscle stem cells (satellite cells) and the immune system. The age-related decline in skeletal muscle regenerative capacity contributes to the onset of sarcopenia, prolonged hospitalization, and loss of autonomy. Although several age-sensitive pathways have been identified, further investigation is needed to define targets of cellular dysfunction. Autophagy, a process of cellular catabolism, is emerging as a key regulator of muscle regeneration affecting stem cell, immune cell, and myofiber function. Muscle stem cell senescence is associated with a suppression of autophagy during key phases of the regenerative program. Macrophages, a key immune cell involved in muscle repair, also rely on autophagy to aid in tissue repair. This review will focus on the role of autophagy in various aspects of the regenerative program, including adult skeletal muscle stem cells, monocytes/macrophages, and corresponding age-associated dysfunction. Furthermore, we will highlight rejuvenation strategies that alter autophagy to improve muscle regenerative function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lee
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Akshay Bareja
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - David B Bartlett
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
- Duke Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - James P White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
- Duke Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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29
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Loaiza S, Ferreira SA, Chinn TM, Kirby A, Tsolaki E, Dondi C, Parzych K, Strange AP, Bozec L, Bertazzo S, Hedegaard MAB, Gentleman E, Auner HW. An engineered, quantifiable in vitro model for analysing the effect of proteostasis-targeting drugs on tissue physical properties. Biomaterials 2018; 183:102-113. [PMID: 30153561 PMCID: PMC6145445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cellular function depends on the maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) by regulated protein degradation. Chronic dysregulation of proteostasis is associated with neurodegenerative and age-related diseases, and drugs targeting components of the protein degradation apparatus are increasingly used in cancer therapies. However, as chronic imbalances rather than loss of function mediate their pathogenesis, research models that allow for the study of the complex effects of drugs on tissue properties in proteostasis-associated diseases are almost completely lacking. Here, to determine the functional effects of impaired proteostatic fine-tuning, we applied a combination of materials science characterisation techniques to a cell-derived, in vitro model of bone-like tissue formation in which we pharmacologically perturbed protein degradation. We show that low-level inhibition of VCP/p97 and the proteasome, two major components of the degradation machinery, have remarkably different effects on the bone-like material that human bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) form in vitro. Specifically, whilst proteasome inhibition mildly enhances tissue formation, Raman spectroscopic, atomic force microscopy-based indentation, and electron microscopy imaging reveal that VCP/p97 inhibition induces the formation of bone-like tissue that is softer, contains less protein, appears to have more crystalline mineral, and may involve aberrant micro- and ultra-structural tissue organisation. These observations contrast with findings from conventional osteogenic assays that failed to identify any effect on mineralisation. Taken together, these data suggest that mild proteostatic impairment in hMSC alters the bone-like material they form in ways that could explain some pathologies associated with VCP/p97-related diseases. They also demonstrate the utility of quantitative materials science approaches for tackling long-standing questions in biology and medicine, and could form the basis for preclinical drug testing platforms to develop therapies for diseases stemming from perturbed proteostasis or for cancer therapies targeting protein degradation. Our findings may also have important implications for the field of tissue engineering, as the manufacture of cell-derived biomaterial scaffolds may need to consider proteostasis to effectively replicate native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tamara M Chinn
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alex Kirby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elena Tsolaki
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Camilla Dondi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Adam P Strange
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, UK; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Martin A B Hedegaard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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30
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García-Prat L, Sousa-Victor P, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Proteostatic and Metabolic Control of Stemness. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 20:593-608. [PMID: 28475885 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells, particularly those resident in tissues with little turnover, are largely quiescent and only activate in response to regenerative demands, while embryonic stem cells continuously replicate, suggesting profoundly different regulatory mechanisms within distinct stem cell types. In recent years, evidence linking metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and protein homeostasis (proteostasis) as fundamental regulators of stem cell function has emerged. Here, we discuss new insights into how these networks control potency, self-renewal, differentiation, and aging of highly proliferative embryonic stem cells and quiescent adult stem cells, with a focus on hematopoietic and muscle stem cells and implications for anti-aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Prat
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Pedro Sousa-Victor
- Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945-1400, USA
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain; ICREA, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Oh E, Kim JY, Sung D, Cho Y, Lee N, An H, Kim YJ, Cho TM, Seo JH. Inhibition of ubiquitin-specific protease 34 (USP34) induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes stemness in mammary epithelial cells. Cell Signal 2017; 36:230-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Kilroy G, Burk DH, Floyd ZE. Siah2 Protein Mediates Early Events in Commitment to an Adipogenic Pathway. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27289-27297. [PMID: 27864366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue expansion occurs by increasing the size of existing adipocytes or by increasing the number of adipocytes via adipogenesis. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity is associated with adipocyte hypertrophy and impaired adipogenesis. We recently demonstrated that deletion of the ubiquitin ligase Siah2 is associated with enlarged adipocytes in lean or obese mice. In this study, we find that adipogenesis is impaired in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes stably transfected with Siah2 shRNA and that overexpression of Siah2 in non-precursor fibroblasts promotes adipogenesis. In the 3T3-L1 model, loss of Siah2 is associated with sustained β-catenin expression post-induction, but depletion of β-catenin only partially restores PPARγ expression and adipocyte formation. Using wild-type and Siah2-/- adipose tissue and adipose stromal vascular cells, we observe that Siah2 influences the expression of several factors that control adipogenesis, including Wnt pathway genes, β-catenin, Zfp432, and Bmp-4 Consistent with increased β-catenin levels in shSiah2 preadipocytes, Wnt10b is elevated in Siah2-/- adipose tissue and remains elevated in Siah2-/- primary stromal cells after addition of the induction mixture. However, addition of BMP-4 to Siah2-/- stromal cells reduces Wnt10b expression, reduces Zfp521 protein levels, and increases expression of Zfp423, a transcriptional regulator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ expression that controls commitment to adipogenesis and is repressed by Zfp521. These results indicate that Siah2 acts upstream of BMP-4 to regulate factors that control the commitment of adipocyte progenitors to an adipogenic pathway. Our findings reveal an essential role for Siah2 in the early events that signal undifferentiated progenitor cells to become mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Kilroy
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - David H Burk
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
| | - Z Elizabeth Floyd
- From the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
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33
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Rodolfo C, Di Bartolomeo S, Cecconi F. Autophagy in stem and progenitor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:475-96. [PMID: 26502349 PMCID: PMC11108450 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process, responsible for the degradation and recycling of damaged and/or outlived proteins and organelles. This is the major cellular pathway, acting throughout the formation of cytosolic vesicles, called autophagosomes, for the delivering to lysosome. Recycling of cellular components through autophagy is a crucial step for cell homeostasis as well as for tissue remodelling during development. Impairment of this process has been related to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegeneration, to the response to bacterial and viral infections, and to ageing. The ability of stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into the mature cells of the body renders this unique type of cell highly crucial to development and tissue renewal, not least in various diseases. During the last two decades, extensive knowledge about autophagy roles and regulation in somatic cells has been acquired; however, the picture about the role and the regulation of autophagy in the different types of stem cells is still largely unknown. Autophagy is a major player in the quality control and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, both crucial factors for stem cells during an organism's life. In this review, we have highlighted the most significant advances in the comprehension of autophagy regulation in embryonic and tissue stem cells, as well as in cancer stem cells and induced pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Rodolfo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Bartolomeo
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143, Rome, Italy.
- Unit of Cell Stress and Survival, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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34
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Tsang JCH, Yu Y, Burke S, Buettner F, Wang C, Kolodziejczyk AA, Teichmann SA, Lu L, Liu P. Single-cell transcriptomic reconstruction reveals cell cycle and multi-lineage differentiation defects in Bcl11a-deficient hematopoietic stem cells. Genome Biol 2015; 16:178. [PMID: 26387834 PMCID: PMC4576406 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a rare cell type with the ability of long-term self-renewal and multipotency to reconstitute all blood lineages. HSCs are typically purified from the bone marrow using cell surface markers. Recent studies have identified significant cellular heterogeneities in the HSC compartment with subsets of HSCs displaying lineage bias. We previously discovered that the transcription factor Bcl11a has critical functions in the lymphoid development of the HSC compartment. RESULTS In this report, we employ single-cell transcriptomic analysis to dissect the molecular heterogeneities in HSCs. We profile the transcriptomes of 180 highly purified HSCs (Bcl11a (+/+) and Bcl11a (-/-)). Detailed analysis of the RNA-seq data identifies cell cycle activity as the major source of transcriptomic variation in the HSC compartment, which allows reconstruction of HSC cell cycle progression in silico. Single-cell RNA-seq profiling of Bcl11a (-/-) HSCs reveals abnormal proliferative phenotypes. Analysis of lineage gene expression suggests that the Bcl11a (-/-) HSCs are constituted of two distinct myeloerythroid-restricted subpopulations. Remarkably, similar myeloid-restricted cells could also be detected in the wild-type HSC compartment, suggesting selective elimination of lymphoid-competent HSCs after Bcl11a deletion. These defects are experimentally validated in serial transplantation experiments where Bcl11a (-/-) HSCs are myeloerythroid-restricted and defective in self-renewal. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the power of single-cell transcriptomics in dissecting cellular process and lineage heterogeneities in stem cell compartments, and further reveals the molecular and cellular defects in the Bcl11a-deficient HSC compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C H Tsang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Yong Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shannon Burke
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Florian Buettner
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK.,Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cui Wang
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Aleksandra A Kolodziejczyk
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.,EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.,EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Liming Lu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
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35
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Bustos F, de la Vega E, Cabezas F, Thompson J, Cornelison DDW, Olwin BB, Yates JR, Olguín HC. NEDD4 Regulates PAX7 Levels Promoting Activation of the Differentiation Program in Skeletal Muscle Precursors. Stem Cells 2015; 33:3138-51. [PMID: 26304770 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Pax7 regulates skeletal muscle stem cell (satellite cells) specification and maintenance through various mechanisms, including repressing the activity of the muscle regulatory factor MyoD. Hence, Pax7-to-MyoD protein ratios can determine maintenance of the committed-undifferentiated state or activation of the differentiation program. Pax7 expression decreases sharply in differentiating myoblasts but is maintained in cells (re)acquiring quiescence, yet the mechanisms regulating Pax7 levels based on differentiation status are not well understood. Here we show that Pax7 levels are directly regulated by the ubiquitin-ligase Nedd4. Our results indicate that Nedd4 is expressed in quiescent and activated satellite cells, that Nedd4 and Pax7 physically interact during early muscle differentiation-correlating with Pax7 ubiquitination and decline-and that Nedd4 loss of function prevented this effect. Furthermore, even transient nuclear accumulation of Nedd4 induced a drop in Pax7 levels and precocious muscle differentiation. Consequently, we propose that Nedd4 functions as a novel Pax7 regulator, which activity is temporally and spatially controlled to modulate the Pax7 protein levels and therefore satellite cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo de la Vega
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Cabezas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - James Thompson
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - D D W Cornelison
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bradley B Olwin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hugo C Olguín
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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MERIT40 deficiency expands hematopoietic stem cell pools by regulating thrombopoietin receptor signaling. Blood 2015; 125:1730-8. [PMID: 25636339 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-07-588145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and multilineage reconstitution are controlled by positive and negative signaling cues with perturbations leading to disease. Lnk is an essential signaling adaptor protein that dampens signaling by the cytokine thrombopoietin (Tpo) to limit HSC expansion. Here, we show that MERIT40 (Mediator of RAP80 Interactions and Targeting 40 kDa [M40]), a core subunit of an Lnk-associated Lys63 deubiquitinating (DUB) complex, attenuates HSC expansion. M40 deficiency increases the size of phenotypic and functional HSC pools. M40(-/-) HSCs are more resistant to cytoablative stress, and exhibit superior repopulating ability and self-renewal upon serial transplantation. M40(-/-) HSCs display increased quiescence and decelerated cell cycle kinetics accompanied by downregulation of gene sets associated with cell division. Mechanistically, M40 deficiency triggers hypersensitivity to Tpo stimulation and the stem cell phenotypes are abrogated on a background null for the Tpo receptor Mpl. These results establish M40-containing DUB complexes as novel HSC regulators of HSC expansion, implicate Lys63 ubiquitination in HSC signaling, and point to DUB-specific inhibitors as reagents to expand stem cell populations.
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Nakagawa MM, Thummar K, Mandelbaum J, Pasqualucci L, Rathinam CV. Lack of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 results in loss of hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:203-16. [PMID: 25624445 PMCID: PMC4322050 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 in the hematopoietic system causes anemia, lymphopenia, and postnatal lethality as the result of defective hematopoietic stem cell function. A balance between quiescence and proliferation is critical for proper maintenance of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool. Although a lot is known about hematopoiesis, molecular mechanisms that control HSC quiescence remain largely unknown. The ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20 functions as a central regulator of inflammation and adaptive immunity. Here, we show that a deficiency of A20 in the hematopoietic system causes anemia, lymphopenia, and postnatal lethality. Lack of A20 in HSCs results in diminished pool size, impaired radioprotection, defective repopulation, and loss of quiescence. A20-deficient HSCs display increased IFN-γ signaling, caused by augmented NF-κB activation. Strikingly, deletion of both IFN-γ and A20 in hematopoietic cells results in partial rescue of the HSC phenotype. We anticipate that our experiments will facilitate the understanding of mechanisms through which A20-mediated inflammatory signals control HSC quiescence and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Marshall Nakagawa
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Keyur Thummar
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jonathan Mandelbaum
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
| | - Chozha Vendan Rathinam
- Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032 Department of Genetics and Development, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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38
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Strikoudis A, Guillamot M, Aifantis I. Regulation of stem cell function by protein ubiquitylation. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:365-82. [PMID: 24652853 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201338373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis depends largely on the ability to replenish impaired or aged cells. Thus, tissue-resident stem cells need to provide functional progeny throughout the lifetime of an organism. Significant work in the past years has characterized how stem cells integrate signals from their environment to shape regulatory transcriptional networks and chromatin-regulating factors that control stem cell differentiation or maintenance. There is increasing interest in how post-translational modifications, and specifically ubiquitylation, control these crucial decisions. Ubiquitylation modulates the stability and function of important factors that regulate key processes in stem cell behavior. In this review, we analyze the role of ubiquitylation in embryonic stem cells and different adult multipotent stem cell systems and discuss the underlying mechanisms that control the balance between quiescence, self-renewal, and differentiation. We also discuss deregulated processes of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation that lead to the development of tumor-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Strikoudis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Rossi A, Riccio A, Coccia M, Trotta E, La Frazia S, Santoro MG. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib is a potent inducer of zinc finger AN1-type domain 2a gene expression: role of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1)-heat shock factor 2 (HSF2) heterocomplexes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12705-15. [PMID: 24619424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger AN1-type domain 2a gene, also known as arsenite-inducible RNA-associated protein (AIRAP), was recently identified as a novel human canonical heat shock gene strictly controlled by heat shock factor (HSF) 1. Little is known about AIRAP gene regulation in human cells. Here we report that bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor with anticancer and antiangiogenic properties used in the clinic for treatment of multiple myeloma, is a potent inducer of AIRAP expression in human cells. Using endothelial cells as a model, we unraveled the molecular mechanism regulating AIRAP expression during proteasome inhibition. Bortezomib induces AIRAP expression at the transcriptional level early after treatment, concomitantly with polyubiquitinated protein accumulation and HSF activation. AIRAP protein is detected at high levels for at least 48 h after bortezomib exposure, together with the accumulation of HSF2, a factor implicated in differentiation and development regulation. Different from heat-mediated induction, in bortezomib-treated cells, HSF1 and HSF2 interact directly, forming HSF1-HSF2 heterotrimeric complexes recruited to a specific heat shock element in the AIRAP promoter. Interestingly, whereas HSF1 has been confirmed to be critical for AIRAP gene transcription, HSF2 was found to negatively regulate AIRAP expression after bortezomib treatment, further emphasizing an important modulatory role of this transcription factor under stress conditions. AIRAP function is still not defined. However, the fact that AIRAP is expressed abundantly in primary human cells at bortezomib concentrations comparable with plasma levels in treated patients suggests that AIRAP may participate in the regulatory network controlling proteotoxic stress during bortezomib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rossi
- From the Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 00133 Rome, Italy and
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Guan JL, Simon AK, Prescott M, Menendez JA, Liu F, Wang F, Wang C, Wolvetang E, Vazquez-Martin A, Zhang J. Autophagy in stem cells. Autophagy 2013; 9:830-49. [PMID: 23486312 DOI: 10.4161/auto.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved cellular process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in autophagosomes and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a major intracellular degradation and recycling pathway, autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis as well as remodeling during normal development, and dysfunctions in autophagy have been associated with a variety of pathologies including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative disease. Stem cells are unique in their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cells in the body, which are important in development, tissue renewal and a range of disease processes. Therefore, it is predicted that autophagy would be crucial for the quality control mechanisms and maintenance of cellular homeostasis in various stem cells given their relatively long life in the organisms. In contrast to the extensive body of knowledge available for somatic cells, the role of autophagy in the maintenance and function of stem cells is only beginning to be revealed as a result of recent studies. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of autophagy in embryonic stem cells, several tissue stem cells (particularly hematopoietic stem cells), as well as a number of cancer stem cells. We discuss how recent studies of different knockout mice models have defined the roles of various autophagy genes and related pathways in the regulation of the maintenance, expansion and differentiation of various stem cells. We also highlight the many unanswered questions that will help to drive further research at the intersection of autophagy and stem cell biology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Lin Guan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Breig O, Baklouti F. Proteasome-mediated proteolysis of SRSF5 splicing factor intriguingly co-occurs with SRSF5 mRNA upregulation during late erythroid differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59137. [PMID: 23536862 PMCID: PMC3594168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SR proteins exhibit diverse functions ranging from their role in constitutive and alternative splicing, to virtually all aspects of mRNA metabolism. These findings have attracted growing interest in deciphering the regulatory mechanisms that control the tissue-specific expression of these SR proteins. In this study, we show that SRSF5 protein decreases drastically during erythroid cell differentiation, contrasting with a concomitant upregulation of SRSF5 mRNA level. Proteasome chemical inhibition provided strong evidence that endogenous SRSF5 protein, as well as protein deriving from stably transfected SRSF5 cDNA, are both targeted to proteolysis as the cells undergo terminal differentiation. Consistently, functional experiments show that overexpression of SRSF5 enhances a specific endogenous pre-mRNA splicing event in proliferating cells, but not in differentiating cells, due to proteasome-mediated targeting of both endogenous and transfection-derived SRSF5. Further investigation of the relationship between SRSF5 structure and its post-translation regulation and function, suggested that the RNA recognition motifs of SRSF5 are sufficient to activate pre-mRNA splicing, whereas proteasome-mediated proteolysis of SRSF5 requires the presence of the C-terminal RS domain of the protein. Phosphorylation of SR proteins is a key post-translation regulation that promotes their activity and subcellular availability. We here show that inhibition of the CDC2-like kinase (CLK) family and mutation of the AKT phosphorylation site Ser86 on SRSF5, have no effect on SRSF5 stability. We reasoned that at least AKT and CLK signaling pathways are not involved in proteasome-induced turnover of SRSF5 during late erythroid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Breig
- "mRNA Metabolism in Normal and Pathological Cells"; Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Faouzi Baklouti
- "mRNA Metabolism in Normal and Pathological Cells"; Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
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