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Drewitz KP, Hasenpusch C, Kreuzpointner F, Schwirtz A, Klenk A, Apfelbacher CJ. Cross-sectional study on exercise-related skin complaints among sports students at two German universities. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11829. [PMID: 38783013 PMCID: PMC11116371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sports activities can lead to exercise-related skin complaints. These include different symptoms (e.g. infections, mechanical injuries, contact dermatitis). Previous studies mostly focused only on skin infections and injuries in competitive athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of exercise-related skin complaints among sports students and to what extent these complaints influence physical fitness. We performed a self-administered online survey among 259 actively exercising sports students from two German universities. Descriptive analyses were conducted. The most common complaints were blistering (57.3%), dryness (56.7%), redness (44.7%), and chafing (34.0%). Hands and feet (78.0% each) were most frequently affected. Participants whose skin was particularly stressed (47.5%) had higher training duration (7.6 h/week, 95%-CI 6.8-8.3 h) than those without complaints (5.1 h/week, 95%-CI 5.5-6.7 h, p = 0.003). The students reported reduced intensity (34.7%) and frequency (22.7%) of training due to their skin complaints. A reduction in performance was reported by 32.0% of the students. Actively exercising sports students considered an intact skin as essential for their physical fitness. Reported impairments of the skin led to a reduced intensity and frequency of training. To enhance the awareness of exercise-related skin complaints, further research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Philipp Drewitz
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39210, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Hasenpusch
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39210, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Florian Kreuzpointner
- Prevention Center, Faculty for Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Ansgar Schwirtz
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Faculty for Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 80992, Munich, Germany
| | - Adolf Klenk
- Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, 33611, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian J Apfelbacher
- Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39210, Magdeburg, Germany
- Family Medicine and Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
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2
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Zhu C, Song Y, Xu Y, Zhu A, Baker JS, Liu W, Gu Y. Toe Box Shape of Running Shoes Affects In-Shoe Foot Displacement and Deformation: A Randomized Crossover Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:457. [PMID: 38790324 PMCID: PMC11118738 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-distance running is popular but associated with a high risk of injuries, particularly toe-related injuries. Limited research has focused on preventive measures, prompting exploration into the efficacy of raised toe box running shoes. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of running shoes with raised toe boxes on preventing toe injuries caused by distance running. METHODS A randomized crossover design involved 25 male marathon runners (height: 1.70 ± 0.02 m, weight: 62.6 + 4.5 kg) wearing both raised toe box (extended by 8 mm along the vertical axis and 3 mm along the sagittal axis) and regular toe box running shoes. Ground reaction force (GRF), in-shoe displacement, and degree of toe deformation (based on the distance change between the toe and the metatarsal head) were collected. RESULTS Wearing raised toe box shoes resulted in a significant reduction in vertical (p = 0.001) and antero-posterior (p = 0.015) ground reaction forces during the loading phase, with a notable increase in vertical ground reaction force during the toe-off phase (p < 0.001). In-shoe displacement showed significant decreased movement in the forefoot medial (p < 0.001) and rearfoot (medial: p < 0.001, lateral: p < 0.001) and significant increased displacement in the midfoot (medial: p = 0.002, lateral: p < 0.001). Impact severity on the hallux significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while impact on the small toes showed no significant reduction (p = 0.067). CONCLUSIONS Raised toe box running shoes offer an effective means of reducing toe injuries caused by long-distance running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Zhu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6700 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yufan Xu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Aojie Zhu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6700 Szeged, Hungary
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3
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Chien WC, Tsai TF. Pressure and Skin: A Review of Disease Entities Driven or Influenced by Mechanical Pressure. Am J Clin Dermatol 2024; 25:261-280. [PMID: 38159214 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-023-00833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Skin perceives and reacts to external mechanical forces to create resistance against the external environment. Excessive or inappropriate stimuli of pressure may lead to cellular alterations of the skin and the development of both benign and malignant skin disorders. We conducted a comprehensive literature review to delve into the pressure-induced and aggravated skin disorders and their underlying pressure-related mechanisms. Dysregulated mechanical responses of the skin give rise to local inflammation, ischemia, necrosis, proliferation, hyperkeratosis, impaired regeneration, atrophy, or other injurious reactions, resulting in various disease entities. The use of personal devices, activities, occupations, weight bearing, and even unintentional object contact and postures are potential scenarios that account for the development of pressure-related skin disorders. The spectrum of these skin disorders may involve the epidermis (keratinocytes and melanocytes), hair follicles, eccrine glands, nail apparatuses, dermis (fibroblasts, mast cells, and vasculature), subcutis, and fascia. Clarifying the clinical context of each patient and recognizing how pressure at the cellular and tissue levels leads to skin lesions can enhance our comprehension of pressure-related skin disorders to attain better management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Chien
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Song Y, Cen X, Sun D, Bíró I, Mao Z, Fang Y, Gu Y. Influence of changes in foot morphology and temperature on bruised toenail injury risk during running. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1826. [PMID: 38246957 PMCID: PMC10800341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51826-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite runners frequently suffering from dermatologic issues during long distance running, there is no compelling evidence quantitatively investigating their underlying injury mechanism. This study aimed to determine the foot morphology and temperature changes during long distance running and reveal the effect of these alterations on the injury risk of bruised toenail by measuring the subjective-perceived hallux comfort and gap length between the hallux and toebox of the shoe. Ten recreational runners participated in the experimental tests before (baseline), immediately after 5 and 10 km of treadmill running (12 km/h), in which the foot morphology was measured by a 3D foot scanner, the foot temperature was detected by an infrared camera, the perceived comfort was recorded by a visual analogue scale, and the gap length in the sagittal plane was captured by a high-speed camera. Ball width became narrower (106.39 ± 6.55 mm) and arch height (12.20 ± 2.34 mm) was reduced greatly after the 10 km run (p < 0.05). Foot temperature increased significantly after 5 and 10 km of running, and the temperature of dorsal hallux (35.12 ± 1.46 °C), dorsal metatarsal (35.92 ± 1.59 °C), and medial plantar metatarsal (37.26 ± 1.34 °C) regions continued to increase greatly from 5 to 10 km of running (p < 0.05). Regarding hallux comfort, the perceived scores significantly reduced after 5 and 10 km of running (2.10 ± 0.99, p < 0.05). In addition, during one running gait cycle, there was a significant increase in gap length at initial contact (39.56 ± 6.45 mm, p < 0.05) for a 10 km run, followed by a notable decrease upon reaching midstance (29.28 ± 6.81 mm, p < 0.05). It is concluded that the reduced ball width and arch height while increased foot temperature during long-distance running would exacerbate foot-shoe interaction, potentially responsible for bruised toenail injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuanzhen Cen
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dong Sun
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - István Bíró
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zhuqing Mao
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yufei Fang
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China.
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
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Abstract
Friction blisters on the feet commonly occur when individuals engage in active pursuits such as running, hiking, and military training. The high prevalence of blisters in active individuals underscores the fact that the pathomechanics of this condition are not fully understood. The traditional blister causation paradigm revolves around heat, moisture, and friction. In reality, foot friction blisters are caused by repetitive shear deformation. The 3 fundamental elements of blister-inducing shear deformation are (1) motion of bone, (2) high friction force, and (3) repetition of the resulting shear events. Rubbing at the skin surface is not a mechanism for friction blister formation. To that end, prevention of the friction blister continues to be an elusive quest for both the patient and the treating clinician. In this article, we aimed to highlight the limitations of the long-held blister-causation paradigm and offer a new explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Rushton
- Esperance Podiatry and BlisterPod, Esperance, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Douglas Richie
- California School of Podiatric Medicine at Samuel Merritt University, Seal Beach
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6
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Xia Y, Shen S, Jia SW, Teng J, Gu Y, Fekete G, Korim T, Zhao H, Wei Q, Yang F. Gender differences in footwear characteristics between half and full marathons in China: a cross-sectional survey. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13020. [PMID: 37563273 PMCID: PMC10415251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There are concerns about the risk of injuries caused by marathons in China. Since male and female runners have different injury risks, gender differences in running shoe functionality should be further complemented. A supervised questionnaire survey of 626 marathon runners was collected. The questionnaire was categorized into four sections: (1) participant profile, (2) importance of shoe properties, (3) functional evaluation of shoe properties and (4) importance ranking of shoe properties. The Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test of cross tabulation and Chi-square test, and two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the results of this survey. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. The full marathon participants were older than the half marathon participants. There was no gender difference in the importance of shoe features to elite runners. In addition, women are more concerned about upper elasticity and have higher requirements for running shoes than men. Women were more focused on injury prevention, while men were more focused on running performance. Heel cushioning was identified by all participants as the most important running shoe feature. There were no gender differences between elite players' demand for running shoes, but significant gender differences were found between genders at other running levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Xia
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqin Shen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Sheng-Wei Jia
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Teng
- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Korim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China.
- Department of Physical Education and Research, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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7
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McGhee DE, Steele JR. Changes to breast structure and function across a woman's lifespan: Implications for managing and modeling female breast injuries. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 107:106031. [PMID: 37379771 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.106031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female breasts change throughout a woman's life in response to fluctuating hormonal influences. Individuals managing active women and those modeling female breasts must understand these structural and functional changes across a female's lifespan because these changes affect breast injuries sustained by women. METHODS We initially review female breast structure and function and then describe how breast structure changes across a woman's lifespan. Key studies about direct contact and frictional breast injuries are then summarized. Limitations of current breast injury research, gaps in knowledge about breast injuries incurred by specific populations, and the lack of breast injury models are also highlighted. FINDINGS With minimal anatomical protection, it is unsurprising that breast injuries occur. Although research about breast injuries is scant, direct contact during blunt force trauma to the anterior chest wall and frictional breast injuries have been reported. There is a lack, however, of research documenting the incidence and severity of breast injuries incurred in occupational settings and in women's sports. Therefore, to design effective breast protective equipment, we recommend research to model and investigate the mechanisms and forces involved in breast injuries, particularly injuries sustained during sport. INTERPRETATION This unique review summarizes how female breasts change over a woman's life span, with implications for breast injuries sustained by females. Knowledge gaps about female breast injuries are highlighted. We conclude by recommending research required to develop evidence-based strategies to improve how we classify, prevent, and clinically manage breast injuries sustained by females. SUMMARY We review changes to the breast across a woman's lifespan, highlighting implications for managing and modeling female breast injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre E McGhee
- Breast Research Australia, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Julie R Steele
- Breast Research Australia, Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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8
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A Brief Review on Factors Affecting the Tribological Interaction between Human Skin and Different Textile Materials. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062184. [PMID: 35329636 PMCID: PMC8948776 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of tribology is not just limited to mechanical components of engineering systems. As a matter of fact, the understanding of friction and wear can be applied to everyday life. One of the important fields is skin tribology, as human skin interacts with various surfaces of different materials. This paper focuses on the friction behavior of the skin when in contact with the fabric and other materials in relative motion. The excessive friction at the fabric-skin interface may lead to discomfort, blistering, chafing, and pressure ulcers especially in athletes who experience higher friction due to rapid movement for an extended period. Other than understanding the fabric properties, it is equally important to understand the structure and properties of the skin to evaluate its function and interaction with the different fabric materials. The identification of the contributing factors of skin friction can help to design suitable fabric materials. An overview of skin functions and the factors that affect the friction on the skin-textile material interface are presented in this review article.
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9
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Kolkowitz ID, Marcou MA, Kuttab HI. Middle-Aged Man with a Leg Rash: Exercise-Induced Vasculitis. J Emerg Med 2020; 59:442-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Cruz SA, Stein SL. A review of sports‐related dermatologic conditions. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Stein
- Section of Dermatology Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics University of Chicago Medicine Chicago IL USA
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11
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Bishop C, Buckley JD, Esterman AE, Arnold JB. The running shoe comfort assessment tool (RUN-CAT): Development and evaluation of a new multi-item assessment tool for evaluating the comfort of running footwear. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2100-2107. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1773613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bishop
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- The Biomechanics Lab, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan D. Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adrian E. Esterman
- Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - John B. Arnold
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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12
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Graham SM, Martindale RJJ, McKinley M, Connaboy C, Andronikos G, Susmarski A. The examination of mental toughness, sleep, mood and injury rates in an Arctic ultra-marathon. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:100-106. [PMID: 32089095 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1733670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is scarcity of research examining the physiological and psychological effects of ultra-endurance racing on athletes in extreme conditions. The purpose of the current study was to identify common injury patterns and illness, profile mood states and sleep patterns and finally examine the relationships between mental toughness, sleep, mood and injury rates during a 120 mile, three-day Arctic ultra-marathon. Twelve participants (3 females, 9 males) with a mean age of 42 ± 5.35 yrs participated in the study. Mental toughness was measured using the MT18 questionnaire. Injuries were clinically assessed and recorded each day. Temperatures ranged from -20 to -6 degrees Celsius throughout the race. Sleep quantity and mood state were recorded using the BRUMS questionnaire. 10 out of the 12 participants experienced injuries; almost half of the participants had injuries that carried over a number of days. Mean sleep duration over the three days was 4.07 h, with an average of 0.78 injuries per day. Significant changes in mood were recorded across the three days, specifically a reduction in vigour (p = .029) and increase in fatigue (p = .014). Neither sleep quantity nor mental toughness was correlated with injury rate. Interestingly, sleep quantity was not related to changes in mood, as previously shown in ultra-marathons. Mental toughness had a moderate negative correlation (p < 0.01) with depression (-.623), reduced anger (-.616), confusion (-.558), increased vigour (.497) and tension (-.420) during the race. Success in this type of event involves significant psychological and physiological preparation to minimize the effects of sleep deprivation and avoidance of injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Murray Graham
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland.,School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | | | - Mairi McKinley
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Chris Connaboy
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Georgios Andronikos
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Adam Susmarski
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Cohen PR. Beach Feet: A Sand-associated Thermal Injury to the Soles of the Feet and the Plantar Aspect of the Toes. Cureus 2019; 11:e6429. [PMID: 31993267 PMCID: PMC6970441 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes may develop sports-related dermatoses. Indeed, participants of aquatic-associated sports can experience dermatologic conditions that affect their feet when they play barefooted on the beach. These disorders are variable in etiology and include traumatic injury to the unprotected feet and toes, penetration of organisms (such as hookworm larva and schistosomiasis cercaria) into the feet and toes, and ultraviolet radiation-related maladies such as an acute phototoxic reaction (sunburn) and thermal injury from contact with hot sand. Indeed, exposure to hot sand can result in first-degree, second-degree or rarely third-degree burns. A 27-year-old man developed painful erythematous patches on the plantar feet and toes after running barefoot on the sand during a hot August afternoon on a dog beach in Del Mar, California. To emphasize both the injury-causing environment and the affected location, beach sand-associated thermal injury to the soles of the feet and the plantar aspects of the toes is referred to as beach feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Cohen
- Dermatology, San Diego Family Dermatology, San Diego, USA
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14
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Abstract
There are numerous disorders of the skin that occur in athletes. These include infections, mechanical injury, and inflammatory skin diseases such as dermatitis, urticaria, and others. This paper discusses some of the most common athletic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Carr
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800718, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Thomas G Cropley
- Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia, PO Box 800718, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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15
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Apps C, Rodrigues P, Isherwood J, Lake M. Footwear insoles with higher frictional properties enhance performance by reducing in-shoe sliding during rapid changes of direction. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:206-213. [PMID: 31722621 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1690618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel 3D motion capture analysis assessed the efficacy of insoles in maintaining the foot position on the midsole platform inside the shoe during rapid change of direction manoeuvres used in team sports. An insole (TI) with increased static (35%) and dynamic (49%) coefficient of friction compared to a regular insole (SI) was tested. Change of direction performance was faster (p < .001) and perceived to be faster (p < .001) in TI compared to SI. Participants utilised greater coefficient of friction in TI compared to SI during a complete turn, but not during a 20 degree side-cut. In-shoe foot sliding reduced across the forefoot and midfoot during the braking phase of the turn and in the rearfoot during the side-cut in TI. Greater in-shoe foot sliding occurred in the turn than the side-cut across all foot regions. Results provide guidance for athletic footwear design to help limit in-shoe foot sliding and improve change of direction performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Apps
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- Sports Research Laboratory, New Balance Athletics, Inc, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Isherwood
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Lake
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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16
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Yum H, Eom SY, Lee Y, Kim J, Lee J, Teoh JC, Lee T. Investigation of the relationship between localized cumulative stress and plantar tissue stiffness in healthy individuals using the in-vivo indentation technique. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:157-162. [PMID: 31238207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether prolonged and repetitive exercise stiffens the plantar soft tissue. Healthy female subjects in their early 20s with a similar body mass index but different majors (13 engineers (controls) and 13 ballet dancers) were recruited. Tissue thickness was measured using ultrasound, while peak stress, stress distribution, and center of pressure were obtained Zebris® pressure mat. Stiffness was evaluated using a custom-made tissue indentation system. F-test and independent sample T-test were used to determine significant differences between the two groups. No significance was found in the thickness of the second sub-metatarsal head (MTH) and heel between the two groups. In the second sub-MTH, the ballet group showed higher peak stress, loading rate, and stiffness than the control group. Conversely, in the heel region, all the results were higher for the control group. The results of this study quantify the impact of exercise on the stiffness of plantar soft tissue and confirm that even healthy individuals who do prolonged and repetitive exercise have stiffer plantar soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haeun Yum
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Eom
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeokyeong Lee
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Kim
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Lee
- Department of Dance, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Chin Teoh
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyong Lee
- Division of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea.
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Pérez Pico AM, Mingorance Álvarez E, Caballé Cervigón N, Mayordomo Acevedo R. Importance of Preexisting Physical Factors in the Development of Dermatological and Muscular Lesions During Hiking. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2019; 18:161-170. [DOI: 10.1177/1534734619845600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hiking has become very popular due to the physical and mental health benefits it provides. Skin lesions may occur with hiking and various factors contribute to their development. Although some lesions may appear to have little importance, something as simple as chaffing can cause serious ulcers in people with at-risk feet. Few studies have analyzed preexisting physical characteristics in hiking and addressed the development of lesions in hikers. This observational and longitudinal study examines the development of foot lesions during hiking, taking into account the influence of existing skin disorders, nail disorders, and/or toe deformities and other intrinsic factors of participants. The feet of 109 hikers doing a 29.6-km hike were analyzed, considering the intrinsic factors of participants and the possible influence of these factors in the development of foot lesions during the walk. The results show that some preexisting physical factors of participants such as gender, existing systemic disease, preexisting keratosis, dermatosis, nontraumatic and traumatic onychopathies, and toe deformities significantly predispose to the development of skin lesions. These factors also predispose to muscle lesions except for nontraumatic and traumatic onychopathies and toe deformities. Due to the influence of preexisting physical factors, such as preexisting keratosis, dermatosis, and toe deformities, in the development of foot lesions in hikers, it is worthwhile and advisable to check these factors before a hike to reduce the incidence of foot disorders. Ensuring adequate podiatry treatment a few days before the walk and warmup of muscles properly before starting are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Pérez Pico
- Podiatrist, Department of Nursing, University of Extremadura, Plasencia, Cáceres, Spain
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18
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Scheer BV, Reljic D, Murray A, Costa RJS. The enemy of the feet: blisters in ultraendurance runners. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2016; 104:473-8. [PMID: 25275735 DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-104.5.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blisters are the most common dermatologic problem in ultraendurance runners. Their incidence, localization, pain scores, and risk factors in field conditions are poorly understood. METHODS We conducted an observational field-based cohort study during the 5-day multistage 2010 and 2011 Al Andalus Ultimate Trail (219 km). Daily postrace data on blister frequency, localization, severity, and preventive measures from 50 ultramarathon runners were collected through the direct interview technique. RESULTS After 4 days of running (182 km), blisters occurred in 76% of the participants (P < .001 versus stage 1) compared with 34% after day 1, 54% after day 2, and 72% after day 3 (P < .001 versus stage 1). Most of the blisters formed on the toes (65%) (P < .001), followed by blisters on other locations of the foot: the ball of the foot (16%), heel (14%), and sole (5%). Blisters were more painful toward the end of the race, and those on the sole and heel tended to be the most painful, although this did not reach statistical significance. Prophylactic measures studied (type and fabric of socks; application of antiperspirants, talcum powder, or lubricant to feet; and prophylactic taping) did not show any reduction in blister rates. The only predictive marker for reduced blister incidence was previous ultramarathon experience in men (r = -0.44, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Blisters are extremely common in multistage ultramarathon races. Race experience in male ultramarathon runners is associated with reduced blister rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Volker Scheer
- Team Axarsport, Santa Cruz del Comercio, Spain
- Sports Medicine Department, Olympic Training Centre, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dejan Reljic
- Sports Medicine Department, Olympic Training Centre, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew Murray
- Team Axarsport, Santa Cruz del Comercio, Spain
- SportScotland Institute of Sport, Stirling, Scotland
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19
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Vlahovic TC. Dermatologic Concerns of the Lower Extremity in the Pediatric Patient. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2016; 33:367-84. [PMID: 27215157 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
As the largest organ in the body, skin can prove the most daunting to diagnose and manage due to the large number of conditions and their uncanny ability to have similar qualities visually. Skin can reflect current trauma or infections or can be a harbinger of an underlying systemic disorder. With knowledge of the most common pediatric skin conditions, it is possible for practitioners to start a child on a basic treatment regimen and then refer to an appropriate specialist for more complex or rare disorders. This article covers the most common skin conditions seen on the lower extremity in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey C Vlahovic
- Department of Podiatric Medicine, Temple University School of Podiatric Medicine, 148 North 8th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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20
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Isfoss BL, Røsbekk SH, Ekerhovd E. Black macules on the sole of the foot. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2015; 135:1259. [PMID: 26269068 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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21
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Purim KSM, Leite N. Sports-related dermatoses among road runners in Southern Brazil. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 89:587-92. [PMID: 25054745 PMCID: PMC4148272 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Road running is a growing sport. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of
sports-related dermatoses among road runners. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 76 road runners. Assessment was performed by means
of a questionnaire, interview, and clinical examination. The chi-square and
linear trend tests were used for analysis. RESULTS Most athletes were men (61%), aged 38±11 years, who ran mid- or
long-distance courses (60.5%) for 45 to 60 minutes (79%), for a total of
25-64 km (42.1% ) or more than 65 km (18.4%) per week. The most prevalent
injuries were blisters (50%), chafing (42.1%), calluses (34.2%),
onychomadesis (31.5%), tinea pedis (18.4%), onychocryptosis (14.5%), and
cheilitis simplex (14.5%). Among athletes running >64 km weekly, several
conditions were significantly more frequent: calluses (p<0.04), jogger's
nipple (p<0.004), cheilitis simplex (p<0.05), and tinea pedis
(p<0.004). There was a significant association between the weekly running
distance and the probability of skin lesions. Of the athletes in our sample,
57% trained before 10 a.m., 86% wore clothing and accessories for sun
protection, 62% wore sunscreen, and 19.7% experienced sunburn. Traumatic and
environmental dermatoses are common in practitioners of this outdoor sport,
and are influenced by the weekly running distance. CONCLUSION In this group of athletes, rashes, blisters, sunburn, and nail disorders
were recurrent complaints regardless of running distance. Calluses,
athlete's foot, chapped lips, and jogger's nipple predominated in
individuals who ran longer routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neiva Leite
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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22
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Cong Y, Lam WK, Cheung JTM, Zhang M. In-shoe plantar tri-axial stress profiles during maximum-effort cutting maneuvers. J Biomech 2014; 47:3799-806. [PMID: 25468303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue injuries, such as anterior cruciate ligament rupture, ankle sprain and foot skin problems, frequently occur during cutting maneuvers. These injuries are often regarded as associated with abnormal joint torque and interfacial friction caused by excessive external and in-shoe shear forces. This study simultaneously investigated the dynamic in-shoe localized plantar pressure and shear stress during lateral shuffling and 45° sidestep cutting maneuvers. Tri-axial force transducers were affixed at the first and second metatarsal heads, lateral forefoot, and heel regions in the midsole of a basketball shoe. Seventeen basketball players executed both cutting maneuvers with maximum efforts. Lateral shuffling cutting had a larger mediolateral braking force than 45° sidestep cutting. This large braking force was concentrated at the first metatarsal head, as indicated by its maximum medial shear stress (312.2 ± 157.0 kPa). During propulsion phase, peak shear stress occurred at the second metatarsal head (271.3 ± 124.3 kPa). Compared with lateral shuffling cutting, 45° sidestep cutting produced larger peak propulsion shear stress (463.0 ± 272.6 kPa) but smaller peak braking shear stress (184.8 ± 181.7 kPa), of which both were found at the first metatarsal head. During both cutting maneuvers, maximum medial and posterior shear stress occurred at the first metatarsal head, whereas maximum pressure occurred at the second metatarsal head. The first and second metatarsal heads sustained relatively high pressure and shear stress and were expected to be susceptible to plantar tissue discomfort or injury. Due to different stress distribution, distinct pressure and shear cushioning mechanisms in basketball footwear might be considered over different foot regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cong
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Kai Lam
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ming Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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23
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Purim KSM, KappTitski AC, Bento PCB, Leite N. Lesões desportivas e cutâneas em adeptos de corrida de rua. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-86922014200401795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A corrida de rua é uma modalidade em expansão e tem sido utilizada como lazer, esporte ou prática competitiva.OBJETIVO: Verificar frequência de lesões desportivas e cutâneas em atletas de corrida de rua. Material eMÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de 220 atletas de corrida de rua com questionário e observação clínica. Análise pelos testes t, Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado e correlação de Spearman.RESULTADOS: Predominaram atletas do sexo masculino, adultos, praticantes de corrida de longa distância, que treinam em média 45 a 60 minutos com frequência de 2 e 3 vezes por semana e têm participação variável em competições. As principais lesões relatadas foram dor no joelho (30,4%), distensão/estiramento muscular (16,7%), tendinites (10,1%), dor nos quadris (7,3%) e dor na coluna (7%), sem diferenças estatísticas entre os gêneros. Houve associação significativa entre quilômetros percorridos em treino e lesões musculares nos homens (p = 0,0477, x = 9,60). O calçado esportivo teve relação com presença de unhas encravadas e perdas ungueais nas mulheres.CONCLUSÃO: Os homens apresentaram maior frequência de lesões musculares e as mulheres, de afecções cutâneas e ungueais.
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24
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Kirkham S, Lam S, Nester C, Hashmi F. The effect of hydration on the risk of friction blister formation on the heel of the foot. Skin Res Technol 2014; 20:246-53. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Kirkham
- School of Health Sciences; Centre for Health Sciences Research; University of Salford; Manchester UK
| | - Sharon Lam
- School of Health Sciences; Centre for Health Sciences Research; University of Salford; Manchester UK
- Reckitt Benckiser; Hull UK
| | - Christopher Nester
- School of Health Sciences; Centre for Health Sciences Research; University of Salford; Manchester UK
| | - Farina Hashmi
- School of Health Sciences; Centre for Health Sciences Research; University of Salford; Manchester UK
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25
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26
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Cushman D, Rydberg L. A General Rehabilitation Inpatient With Exercise-Induced Vasculitis. PM R 2013; 5:900-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Lagier L, Machet L, Poisson DM, Estève E. Épidémie de dermatophytoses chez les judokas du pôle France d’Orléans : étude prospective 2006/2011 et évaluation de l’efficacité des mesures instaurées en 2004/2005. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Helm MF, N Helm T, F Bergfeld W. Skin problems in the long-distance runner 2500 years after the Battle of Marathon. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:263-70. [PMID: 22348558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.05183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Long-distance running has evolved into a sport that continues to gain in popularity. Skin problems are common among long distance runners and may prompt athletes to seek medical attention. This paper reviews the skin problems of long distance runners and outlines treatments that we have found to be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Helm
- Departments of Biomedical Science Dermatology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,NY 14221, USA.
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30
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Tlougan BE, Mancini AJ, Mandell JA, Cohen DE, Sanchez MR. Skin conditions in figure skaters, ice-hockey players and speed skaters: part I - mechanical dermatoses. Sports Med 2011; 41:709-19. [PMID: 21846161 DOI: 10.2165/11590540-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Figure skaters, ice-hockey players and speed skaters experience a range of dermatologic conditions and tissue-related injuries on account of mechanical trauma, infectious pathogens, inflammatory processes and environmental factors related to these competitive pursuits. Sports medicine practitioners, family physicians, dermatologists and coaches should be familiar with these skin conditions to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis and management of affected athletes. This review is Part I of a subsequent companion review and provides a comprehensive review of mechanical dermatoses experienced by ice-skating athletes, including skater's nodules and its variants, pump bumps, piezogenic pedal papules, talon noir, skate/lace bite, friction bullae, corns and calluses, onychocryptosis, skater's toe and skate blade-induced lacerations. These injuries result from friction, shear forces, chronic pressure and collisions with surfaces that occur when athletes endure repetitive jump landings, accelerated starts and stops and other manoeuvres during rigorous training and competition. Ill-fitting skates, improper lacing techniques and insufficient lubrication or protective padding of the foot and ankle often contribute to the development of skin conditions that result from these physical and mechanical stresses. As we will explain, simple measures can frequently prevent the development of these conditions. The treatment of skater's nodules involves reduction in chronic stimulation of the malleoli, and the use of keratolytics and intralesional steroid injections; if malleolar bursitis develops, bursa aspirations may be required. Pump bumps, which result from repetitive friction posteriorly, can be prevented by wearing skates that fit correctly at the heel. Piezogenic pedal papules may be treated conservatively by using heel cups, compressive stockings and by reducing prolonged standing. Talon noir usually resolves without intervention within several weeks. The treatment of skate bite is centred on reducing compression by the skate tongue of the extensor tendons of the anterior ankle, which can be accomplished by use of proper lacing techniques, increasing pliability of the skate tongue and using protective padding, such as Bunga Pads™. Anti-inflammatory medications and cold compresses can also help reduce inflammation. Friction bullae are best managed by careful lancing of painful blisters and application of petrolatum or protective dressings to accelerate healing; preventative measures include the use of well fitting skates, proper lacing techniques and moisture-wicking socks. Corns and calluses are similarly best prevented by the use of well fitted skates and orthotic devices. Symptomatic, debridement reduces the irritant effect of the thick epidermis, and can be accomplished by soaking the area in warm water followed by paring. Application of creams with high concentrations of urea or salicylic acid can also soften callosities. Cases of onychocryptosis benefit from warm soaks, antibiotic ointments and topical steroids to reduce inflammation, but sometimes chemical or surgical matricectomies are required. Preventative measures of both onychocryptosis and skater's toe include cutting toenails straight across to allow for a more equal distribution of forces within the toe box. Finally, the prevention and treatment of lacerations, which constitute a potentially fatal type of mechanical injury, require special protective gear and acute surgical intervention with appropriate suturing. The subsequent companion review of skin conditions in ice skaters will discuss infectious, inflammatory and cold-induced dermatoses, with continued emphasis on clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brook E Tlougan
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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31
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Exercise-induced progressive pigmentary purpura of the forehead. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:e149-50. [PMID: 22000886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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32
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Tlougan BE, Mancini AJ, Mandell JA, Cohen DE, Sanchez MR. Skin Conditions in Figure Skaters, Ice-Hockey Players and Speed Skaters. Sports Med 2011; 41:967-84. [DOI: 10.2165/11592190-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Honsik KA, Romeo MW, Hawley CJ, Romeo SJ, Romeo JP. Sideline skin and wound care for acute injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep 2009; 6:147-54. [PMID: 19202660 DOI: 10.1007/s11932-007-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The management of acute skin trauma in sports is reviewed from the perspective of the sideline medical provider. Skin injuries covered in this article include abrasions, lacerations, blisters, chafing, and sunburn. Sideline evaluations, treatment techniques, recommended equipment, and prevention are discussed. A well-equipped and prepared sideline provider can have a great impact on the proper care of acute sports skin injury and more rapid return to play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken A Honsik
- Romeo Medical Clinic, 1801 Colorado Avenue, Suite 120, Turlock, CA 95382, USA.
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Richtig E, Ambros-Rudolph CM, Trapp M, Lackner HK, Hofmann-Wellenhof R, Kerl H, Schwaberger G. Melanoma markers in marathon runners: increase with sun exposure and physical strain. Dermatology 2008; 217:38-44. [PMID: 18367839 DOI: 10.1159/000121473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marathon runners seem to have an increased melanoma risk. OBJECTIVE To identify potential melanoma markers. METHODS 150 marathon runners volunteered to take part in the skin cancer screening campaign. After the runners completed a questionnaire about melanoma risk factors, types of sportswear and training programs, they received a total skin examination. The number of lentigines and nevi on the left shoulder and the left buttock were counted in each participant using templates in standardized positions. The potential association of training sportswear and training parameters with the number of lentigines and nevi on the left shoulder was evaluated. RESULTS The mean number of lentigines on the left shoulder was 19.6 +/- 18.2 (SD), whereas no lentigines were found on the left buttock (p = 0.000). The number of nevi also differed significantly between the 2 localizations with higher numbers on the left shoulder (p = 0.000). While lifetime sunburn history and type of sportswear correlated with the number of lentigines, training parameters had an impact on the number of nevi. Independent of their mean weekly running time, runners with higher heart rates while training, higher training velocities and higher physical strain indexes showed more nevi on the shoulder than the other runners (p = 0.029, 0.046, 0.038, respectively). CONCLUSION Sun exposure and high physical strain lead to an increase in melanoma markers such as lentigines and nevi in marathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Richtig
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, AT-8036, Graz, Austria.
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35
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Sideline Skin and Wound Care for Acute Injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/01.csmr.0000306460.40186.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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