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Nicoletti G, Saler M, Moro U, Faga A. Dysembryogenetic Pathogenesis of Basal Cell Carcinoma: The Evidence to Date. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8452. [PMID: 39126021 PMCID: PMC11312899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is a sort of unique tumour due to its combined peculiar histological features and clinical behaviour, such as the constant binary involvement of the epithelium and the stroma, the virtual absence of metastases and the predilection of specific anatomical sites for both onset and spread. A potential correlation between the onset of BCC and a dysembryogenetic process has long been hypothesised. A selective investigation of PubMed-indexed publications supporting this theory retrieved 64 selected articles published between 1901 and 2024. From our analysis of the literature review, five main research domains on the dysembryogenetic pathogenesis of BCC were identified: (1) The correlation between the topographic distribution of BCC and the macroscopic embryology, (2) the correlation between BCC and the microscopic embryology, (3) the genetic BCC, (4) the correlation between BCC and the hair follicle and (5) the correlation between BCC and the molecular embryology with a specific focus on the Hedgehog signalling pathway. A large amount of data from microscopic and molecular research consistently supports the hypothesis of a dysembryogenetic pathogenesis of BCC. Such evidence is promoting advances in the clinical management of this disease, with innovative targeted molecular therapies on an immune modulating basis being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nicoletti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Surgery Unit, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Pavia, Viale Repubblica, 34, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Integrated Unit of Experimental Surgery, Advanced Microsurgery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Saler
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Clinical Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Camillo Golgi, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Integrated Unit of Experimental Surgery, Advanced Microsurgery and Regenerative Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Angela Faga
- Advanced Technologies for Regenerative Medicine and Inductive Surgery Research Center, University of Pavia, Viale Brambilla, 74, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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2
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Bakhtiary N, Pezeshki-Modaress M, Najmoddin N. Wet-electrospinning of nanofibrous magnetic composite 3-D scaffolds for enhanced stem cells neural differentiation. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Machado LS, Pieri NCG, Botigelli RC, de Castro RVG, de Souza AF, Bridi A, Lima MA, Fantinato Neto P, Pessôa LVDF, Martins SMMK, De Andrade AFC, Freude KK, Bressan FF. Generation of neural progenitor cells from porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1880-1891. [PMID: 33049106 DOI: 10.1002/term.3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, porcine embryonic fibroblasts (pEFs) were reprogrammed into porcine-induced pluripotent stem cells (piPSCs) using either human or mouse specific sequences for the OCT4, SOX2, c-Myc, and KLF4 transcription factors. In total, three pEFs lines were reprogrammed, cultured for at least 15 passages, and characterized regarding their pluripotency status (alkaline phosphatase expression, embryoid body formation, expression of exogenous and endogenous genes, and immunofluorescence). Two piPSC lines were further differentiated, using chemical inhibitors, into putative neural progenitor-like (NPC-like) cells with subsequent analyses of their morphology and expression of neural markers such as NESTIN and GFAP as well as immunofluorescent labeling of NESTIN, β-TUBULIN III, and VIMENTIN. NPC-like cells were positive for all the neural markers tested. These results evidence of the generation of porcine NPC-like cells after in vitro induction with chemical inhibitors, representing an adequate model for future regenerative and translational medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Simões Machado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Naira Caroline Godoy Pieri
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cesar Botigelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Raquel Vasconcelos Guimarães de Castro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Aline Fernanda de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Bridi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Marina Amaro Lima
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fantinato Neto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Laís Vicari de Figueiredo Pessôa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - André Furugen Cesar De Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristine Karla Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fabiana Fernandes Bressan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil.,Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rabea AR, Elshahid AR, Elhakim MS, Hashish YH, Jafferany M, Elsaie ML. Therapeutic implications of immunohistochemical expression pattern of the cancer stem cell marker (nestin) in basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13921. [PMID: 32594599 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are populations of cells responsible for tumor initiation, progression and therapeutic resistance in many cancers. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern and clinical significance of the stem cell marker nestin, in Squaous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). The samples (23 cases of BCC and 22 cases of SCC) were immunohistochemically examined for the expression of nestin and its correlation with the corresponding clinical and pathological parameters. Nestin was expressed in four out of the 23 cases of BCC (17.4%) and was expressed in 10 out of the 22 cases of SCC (45.5%). Nestin expression between the two tumors was statistically significant (P = .042). Although a direct relationship was found between the tumor grade and nestin expression, the results were statistically insignificant (P = .495). The results of this study suggest that BCC and SCC may share some cellular origin but with different biologic behavior. The relation of nestin expression to the grade of SCC, although statistically insignificant, may suggest its role in predicting the biologic behavior of this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali R Rabea
- Department of Dermatology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Yahia H Hashish
- Department of Dermatology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Jafferany
- College of Medicine, Central Michigan University, Saginaw, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohamed L Elsaie
- Department of Dermatology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Onishi S, Baba Y, Yokoi F, Ide K, Ohyama M, Nishifuji K. Progenitor cells expressing nestin, a neural crest stem cell marker, differentiate into outer root sheath keratinocytes. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:365-e107. [PMID: 31297916 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nestin, which was originally described as a neural crest stem cell marker, is known to be expressed in bulge follicle cells of human, canine and murine anagen hairs. However, the capacity of nestin-expressing cells to differentiate into the components of the hair follicle or the epidermis has been insufficiently investigated. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine whether nestin-expressing cells are capable of differentiating into keratinocytes. ANIMALS/MATERIALS A double-transgenic mouse line Nes-Cre/CAG-CAT-EGFP, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) is expressed upon Cre-based recombination driven by the nestin promoter. METHODS AND MATERIALS The tissue distribution of EGFP+ and nestin+ cells in the skin of the mouse line was analysed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS EGFP+ cells were recognized in the outer epithelial cell layers of anagen and telogen hair follicles, but rarely seen in the interfollicular epidermis. The EGFP+ cells in the outer layers of the hair follicles coexpressed keratin 14, a marker of the outer root sheath (ORS) keratinocytes, but not trichohyalin granules, an inner root sheath keratinocyte cell marker. Immunostaining for nestin failed to detect its expression in the majority of hair follicle epithelial cells, suggesting that the EGFP+ cells in the ORS were derived from nestin-expressing progenitor cells that had become further committed along the epithelial cell lineage, where nestin is no longer expressed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results suggest that progenitor cells that differentiate into ORS keratinocytes are distinct from those for other hair follicle or epidermal components and provide implications for regenerative medicine and the molecular classification of hair follicle tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Onishi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuta Baba
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Fumika Yokoi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kaori Ide
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Manabu Ohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Koji Nishifuji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Graduate School, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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6
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Leblebici C, Bambul Sığırcı B, Kelten Talu C, Koca SB, Huq GE. CD10, TDAG51, CK20, AR, INSM1, and Nestin Expression in the Differential Diagnosis of Trichoblastoma and Basal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2018; 27:19-27. [PMID: 29938548 DOI: 10.1177/1066896918781719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoblastoma (TB) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are 2 different neoplasms composed of basaloid cells and have overlapping histopathological features. We compared the immunoexpression of CD10, T-cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), androgen receptor (AR), insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1), and nestin for the differential diagnosis of these tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed a total of 27 BCC and 27 TB cases, including 4 TB lesions in nevus sebaceous and 3 malignant TB lesions for CD10, TDAG51, CK20, AR, INSM1, and nestin expression. RESULTS Staining for CK20, TDAG51, INSM1, and stromal CD10 was significantly more common in TB cases than in BCC cases ( P < .001). Epithelial CD10 and AR staining was significantly more common in BCC cases than in TB cases ( P < .001). The difference between the groups for nestin staining was not significant ( P > .05). Stromal CD10 staining was the most sensitive marker (96.3%) and INSM1 the least sensitive (55.6%) marker for TB. TDAG51 showed 100% specificity for TB. A larger number of CK20 positive cells was found in the cases associated with nevus sebaceous than in the other TBs. CONCLUSION All the selected markers except nestin were useful for the differential diagnosis between TB and BCC. CD10 and TDAG51 were more useful than the other markers. The use of CK20 could be preferred in nevus sebaceous lesions. INSM1 was less effective in highlighting Merkel cells within the lesion than CK20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Leblebici
- 1 Istanbul Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Haydont V, Bernard BA, Fortunel NO. Age-related evolutions of the dermis: Clinical signs, fibroblast and extracellular matrix dynamics. Mech Ageing Dev 2018; 177:150-156. [PMID: 29548941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is today a major societal concern that is intrinsically associated with the increase of life expectancy. Outside the context of severe degenerative diseases that affect the elderly populations, normal visible signs of ageing, notably skin sagging and wrinkles, influence the social and individual perception of peoples. Accordingly, there is a strong demand for researches on skin ageing. Deciphering the cellular and molecular processes of skin evolution through ageing is thus an active scientific domain, at the frontier of tissue developmental and ageing biology. The focus of the present article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning the evolution of dermis characteristics at different life stages, from intra-uterine to post-natal life. The description will integrate stage-specific and age-related changes in dermis characteristics at the tissue, cell, and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Haydont
- Knowledge and Performance Department, Advanced Research, L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 93600, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
| | - Bruno A Bernard
- Scientific Directorate, L'Oréal Research and Innovation, 92100, Clichy, France
| | - Nicolas O Fortunel
- Laboratoire de Génomique et Radiobiologie de la Kératinopoïèse, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA/DRF/IRCM, 91000, Evry, France; INSERM U967, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Diderot, Paris 7, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris 11, France.
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8
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Alegría-Landa V, Jo-Velasco M, Prieto-Torres L, Requena L. Genital folliculo-sebaceous cystic hamartoma: A claim of the stroma as a clue in the diagnosis of proliferations with follicular differentiation. J Cutan Pathol 2017; 44:504-508. [PMID: 28211590 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Folliculo-sebaceous hamartomas comprise a series of entities whose boundaries are imprecise. We present the clinical case of a folliculo-sebaceous cystic hamartoma of genital localization where the diagnosis was established based on the epithelial proliferation, but mostly, on the characteristic stroma. Because this lesion lacked of the cystic component, we mention the most frequent differential diagnoses and review the literature of the few cases published on this infrequent localization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margarita Jo-Velasco
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Requena
- Department of Dermatology, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Steenblock C, Rubin de Celis MF, Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Sue M, Delgadillo Silva LF, Eisenhofer G, Andoniadou CL, Bornstein SR. Adrenal cortical and chromaffin stem cells: Is there a common progeny related to stress adaptation? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:156-163. [PMID: 27637345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal gland is a highly plastic organ with the capacity to adapt the body homeostasis to different physiological needs. The existence of stem-like cells in the adrenal cortex has been revealed in many studies. Recently, we identified and characterized in mice a pool of glia-like multipotent Nestin-expressing progenitor cells, which contributes to the plasticity of the adrenal medulla. In addition, we found that these Nestin progenitors are actively involved in the stress response by giving rise to chromaffin cells. Interestingly, we also observed a Nestin-GFP-positive cell population located under the adrenal capsule and scattered through the cortex. In this article, we discuss the possibility of a common progenitor giving rise to subpopulations of cells both in the adrenal cortex and medulla, the isolation and characterization of this progenitor as well as its clinical potential in transplantation therapies and in pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Steenblock
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | | | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mariko Sue
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Fang F, Ni K, Cai Y, Ye Z, Shang J, Shen S, Xiong C. Biological characters of human dermal fibroblasts derived from foreskin of male infertile patients. Tissue Cell 2017; 49:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kuk SK, Won CH, Lee WJ, Shin WJ, Yoon HJ, Hong SD, Hong SP, Lee J. Prognostic significance of nestin in primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity. Melanoma Res 2016; 26:457-63. [PMID: 27223497 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have examined the correlation between nestin expression and the degree of tumor invasion in cutaneous melanoma. However, no information has been reported on nestin in primary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. The present study examined the expression and prognostic significance of nestin in patients with primary mucosal melanoma of the oral cavity. Nestin expression was examined immunohistochemically in 39 patients (six oral melanoma in-situ cases and 33 invasive oral melanoma cases) and analyzed for association with disease progression. Age, sex, anatomic site, stage, level of invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, surgical margin involvement, and treatment modality were also analyzed. In the 33 invasive melanoma cases, invasion depth correlated significantly with prognosis in univariate and multivariate analyses. High-intensity nestin staining was observed in 14 of the 33 cases and a high proportion of nestin-positive cells was observed in 16 cases. In stage III oral melanoma cases, nestin expression was not significantly associated with disease progression. However, in stage IV cases, both the intensity and the proportion of nestin expression were significantly associated with disease progression (P=0.022 and 0.005, respectively). In all 33 invasive cases, multivariate analyses showed that both the intensity and the proportion of nestin were significantly associated with a poor prognosis (P=0.014 and 0.009; hazard ratio, 3.59 and 4.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-9.98 and 1.42-11.56, respectively). In conclusion, nestin can be a valuable prognostic indicator in the advanced-stage (stage IV) cases of oral mucosal melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kyung Kuk
- aDepartment of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University bDepartment of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Functional differences between neonatal and adult fibroblasts and keratinocytes: Donor age affects epithelial-mesenchymal crosstalk in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1063-74. [PMID: 27513730 PMCID: PMC5029973 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that healing is faster and almost scarless at an early neonatal age in comparison with that in adults. In this study, the phenotypes of neonatal and adult dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes (nestin, smooth muscle actin, keratin types 8, 14 and 19, and fibronectin) were compared. Furthermore, functional assays (proliferation, migration, scratch wound closure) including mutual epithelial-mesenchymal interactions were also performed to complete the series of experiments. Positivity for nestin and α smooth muscle actin was higher in neonatal fibroblasts (NFs) when compared with their adult counterparts (adult fibroblasts; AFs). Although the proliferation of NFs and AFs was similar, they significantly differed in their migration potential. The keratinocyte experiments revealed small, poorly differentiated cells (positive for keratins 8, 14 and 19) in primary cultures isolated from neonatal tissues. Moreover, the neonatal keratinocytes exhibited significantly faster rates of healing the experimentally induced in vitro defects in comparison with adult cells. Notably, the epithelial/mesenchymal interaction studies showed that NFs in co-culture with adult keratinocytes significantly stimulated the adult epithelial cells to acquire the phenotype of small, non-confluent cells expressing markers of poor differentiation. These results indicate the important differences between neonatal and adult cells that may be associated with improved wound healing during the early neonatal period.
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13
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Abstract
Background Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus (FeP) is considered a variant of basal cell carcinoma (BCC); however, in the past 20 years, some researchers have argued for its classification as a trichoblastoma. Recently, use of a new immunostaining marker and further dermoscopic characterization of FeP have advanced the debate about its proper classification. Purpose A review of the evidence for and against classification of FeP as BCC or trichoblastoma is presented. Methods Using PubMed, the term FeP was searched and relevant citations were assessed. Additional relevant articles were identified from references of key papers. Results FeP shares characteristics of both trichoblastoma and BCC. Conclusion Derived from the same cell type, BCC and trichoblastoma may be best considered as representing opposite ends of a spectrum of differentiation, with FeP deserving an intermediate classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S Haddock
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Philip R Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Falodah FA, Al-Karim S. Immuno- and gene expression analysis of EGFR and Nestin during mice skin development. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:274-81. [PMID: 27105606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin stem cell populations reside in the adult hair follicle, sebaceous gland, dermis and epidermis. However, the origin of most of the stem cell populations found in the adult epidermis is still unknown. Far more unknown is the embryonic origin of other stem cells that populate the other layers of this tissue. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the present study were to identify the precise anatomical localization of stem cells in mice during skin developing; and to determine the expression levels by using immuno- and gene expression analysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this comparative cross sectional study, six ages been chosen and divided into: embryonic days (E12.5, E14.5 and E19.5) and litter days (L7, L14 and L19). Skin were removed from the back side and processed to assess both immuno- and gene-expression of EGFR and Nestin surface antigen markers. Data of the different studied age groups was compared using the SPSS software. RESULTS EGFR was mainly expressed in the outer root sheath (ORS), in basal and, to a lesser extent, in suprabasal keratinocytes and tend to lie where the dermis comes closest to the skin surface, while Nestin expressed throughout the dermis in the early embryo, but it is subsequently restricted to the follicular connective tissue sheaths later in development and to hair follicles after birth. Immunoexpression analysis showed a strong EGFR expression in all group ages except E12.5 which recorded as moderate, while Nestin showed strong expression level for all embryonic stages, while in the litters it was moderate. The qRT-PCR results were consistent with those of the immunohistochemical study. The Pearson correlation analyze present a correlation between the cases of study with age (p≤0.01), which indicated to the effect of age to mice development. CONCLUSION EGFR and Nestin showed to have vital role during mice development, and considered to be suitable markers for the study of skin stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Adnan Falodah
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh Al-Karim
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Marschalkó M, Erős N, Kontár O, Hidvégi B, Telek J, Hársing J, Jókai H, Bottlik G, Rajnai H, Szepesi Á, Matolcsy A, Kárpáti S, Csomor J. Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides: clinicopathological analysis of 17 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:964-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Marschalkó
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - N. Erős
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - O. Kontár
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - B. Hidvégi
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - J. Telek
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - J. Hársing
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - H. Jókai
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - G. Bottlik
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - H. Rajnai
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - Á. Szepesi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - A. Matolcsy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - S. Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
| | - J. Csomor
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research; Semmelweis University; Faculty of Medicine; Budapest Hungary
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Abstract
Our knowledge on stem cells of the hair follicle has increased exponentially after the bulge was characterized as the stem cell niche two decades ago. In contrast, little is known about stem cells in the nail unit. Whereas hair follicles are plentiful and easy to access, the human body has only twenty nails and they are rarely biopsied. Therefore, examining fetal material offers unique advantages. In the following mini-review, our current knowledge on nail stem cells is summarized and analogies to the hair follicle stem cells are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology A61, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Sellheyer K, Nelson P. The concept of the onychodermis (specialized nail mesenchyme): an embryological assessment and a comparative analysis with the hair follicle. J Cutan Pathol 2013; 40:463-71. [PMID: 23432100 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, an intriguing concept was introduced into the literature that defines the area underlying the nail bed as a specific mesenchymal substructure unique to the nail organ. It has been termed onychodermis. The onychodermis expresses CD10 with remarkable specificity. Herein, we compare adult and fetal human hair follicles with fetal nail organs in an attempt to draw analogies for the mesenchyme associated with both adnexal structures. METHODS We examined immunohistochemically samples from adult and fetal hair follicles for the expression of CD10, CD34 and the mesenchymal stem cell marker nestin and compared the antigen profile with that of the fetal nail organ. RESULTS The CD10-positive/CD34-negative onychodermis is prominently visible at the end of the second trimester. A corresponding follicular structure was not identified, either in the adult or in the developing hair follicle. Nestin staining does not define the onychodermis. CONCLUSIONS The concept of the onychodermis is equally valid in the developing nail organ where it is also defined by its expression for CD10. Its function may be related to the anchorage of the overlying nail bed but may also involve a more dynamic role in the induction of hard keratins in the latter, contributing to the formation of the nail plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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AKIYAMA MICHIKO, MATSUDA YOKO, ISHIWATA TOSHIYUKI, NAITO ZENYA, KAWANA SEIJI. Nestin is highly expressed in advanced-stage melanomas and neurotized nevi. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1595-9. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Akiyama M, Matsuda Y, Ishiwata T, Naito Z, Kawana S. Inhibition of the stem cell marker nestin reduces tumor growth and invasion of malignant melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1384-7. [PMID: 23389394 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Bernal A, Fernández M, Pérez LM, San Martín N, Gálvez BG. Method for obtaining committed adult mesenchymal precursors from skin and lung tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53215. [PMID: 23300894 PMCID: PMC3534150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The present study reports an easy and efficient method for obtaining adult mesenchymal precursors from different adult mouse tissues. Materials and Methods We describe the isolation and expansion of mesenchymal precursors from skin and lung by a non-enzymatic method. Skin and lung mesenchymal precursors isolated by a modified explant technique were characterized in vitro by defined morphology and by a specific gene expression profile and surface markers. Results and Conclusions Our results show that these precursors express stem cell and mesenchymal surface markers as well as epithelial markers. However, they are negative for markers of endothelium, cardiac and skeletal muscle or adipose tissue, indicating that they have initiated commitment to the tissues from which were isolated. These precursors can migrate without any stimulus and in response to stimuli as SDF1, MCP1 and TNFα and can be differentiated into epithelial lineages. Based on the properties of these precursors from adult tissues, we propose their use as tools for regenerative biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura M. Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria San Martín
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. Gálvez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sellheyer K, Nelson P. The ventral proximal nail fold: stem cell niche of the nail and equivalent to the follicular bulge--a study on developing human skin. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:835-43. [PMID: 22804461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the bulge is well characterized as a stem cell niche of the hair follicle, comparatively little is known about the location of stem cells in the nail. Herein, we describe the spatiotemporal expression pattern of six stem cell markers in the developing human nail and compared it with the embryonic and fetal human hair follicle. The areas of proliferative activity were additionally examined using labeling with Ki-67. METHODS We examined immunohistochemically samples from embryonic and fetal human nail, hair and skin for the expression of cytokeratin 15 (CK15, two clones), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), PHLDA1, CD200, nestin and Ki-67 using standard techniques. RESULTS CK15 (clone LHK15), CK19 and PHLDA1 are negative in the nail and hair matrix but positive in the ventral proximal nail fold and in the follicular bulge. Over the course of embryogenesis they display a highly specific spatiotemporal expression pattern both in the nail and in the hair follicle. CONCLUSIONS We propose that at least during embryogenesis the proximal ventral nail fold represents the niche for the nail stem cells. In contrast to animal experiments, autoradiographic pulse-chasing studies cannot be performed in human, and immunohistochemical studies are a valid alternative although they have their limitations. Further studies on adult human nail units are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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22
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Sellheyer K. Reply: Methodology matters as does knowledge of underlying basic science…. J Cutan Pathol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Progression From Atypical/Dysplastic Intraepidermal Proliferations and Carcinoma In Situ to Invasive Tumors: A Pathway Based on Current Knowledge. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:803-10. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31820fdc5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Sellheyer K, Nelson P, Kutzner H. Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus is a true basal cell carcinoma developing in association with a newly identified tumour-specific type of epidermal hyperplasia. Br J Dermatol 2011; 166:88-97. [PMID: 21910710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus (FEP) has long been viewed as a subtype of basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Recently, however, the proposal has been made that FEP represents a fenestrated trichoblastoma/trichoepithelioma. One of the main arguments is the presence of Merkel cells in FEP, which typically do not occur in BCC. OBJECTIVES As the new stem cell marker, PHLDA1 (TDAG51), labels trichoepithelioma but not BCC, our aim was to characterize its staining pattern in FEP. Because adnexal tumours have been viewed as recapitulating embryogenesis, we also examined PHLDA1 immunoreactivity in the skin of human embryos and fetuses. METHODS We studied immunohistochemically PHLDA1 staining in 31 FEPs, 14 BCCs and 16 trichoepitheliomas and compared this with its staining pattern in embryonic skin and with the distribution of Merkel cells. RESULTS In FEP, PHLDA1 labels the anastomosing network of thin cellular strands but not the basaloid nubbins. During embryogenesis, PHLDA1 stains the basal cell layer of the epidermis, as long as adnexal structures develop. Immunoreactivity for PHLDA1 correlates positively with the presence of Merkel cells. CONCLUSIONS We propose that the thin anastomosing network of PHLDA1-positive cells represents a type of epidermal hyperplasia specific to FEP. The multifocal BCCs that are PHLDA1-negative develop from this network which becomes incorporated into the tumour. Viewing the anastomosing network as a tumour-specific form of epidermal hyperplasia explains the hitherto enigmatic presence of Merkel cells in FEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abbas O, Bhawan J. Methodology matters … but so does interpretation! J Cutan Pathol 2011; 39:80-2; author reply 83-7. [PMID: 22032771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Sellheyer K, Atanaskova-Mesinkovska N, Nelson P, Bergfeld W. Differential expression of stem cell markers in lichen planopilaris and alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:1149-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Human TSC2-null fibroblast-like cells induce hair follicle neogenesis and hamartoma morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2011; 2:235. [PMID: 21407201 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hamartomas are composed of cells native to an organ but abnormal in number, arrangement or maturity. In the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), hamartomas develop in multiple organs because of mutations in TSC1 or TSC2. Here we show that TSC2-null fibroblast-like cells grown from human TSC skin hamartomas induced normal human keratinocytes to form hair follicles and stimulated hamartomatous changes. Follicles were complete with sebaceous glands, hair shafts and inner and outer root sheaths. TSC2-null cells surrounding the hair bulb expressed markers of the dermal sheath and dermal papilla. Tumour xenografts recapitulated characteristics of TSC skin hamartomas with increased mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity, angiogenesis, mononuclear phagocytes and epidermal proliferation. Treatment with an mTORC1 inhibitor normalized these parameters and reduced the number of tumour cells. These studies indicate that TSC2-null cells are the inciting cells for TSC skin hamartomas, and suggest that studies on hamartomas will provide insights into tissue morphogenesis and regeneration.
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Laga AC, Zhan Q, Weishaupt C, Ma J, Frank MH, Murphy GF. SOX2 and nestin expression in human melanoma: an immunohistochemical and experimental study. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:339-45. [PMID: 21410764 PMCID: PMC3439836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SOX2 is an embryonic neural crest stem-cell transcription factor recently shown to be expressed in human melanoma and to correlate with experimental tumor growth. SOX2 binds to an enhancer region of the gene that encodes for nestin, also a neural progenitor cell biomarker. To define further the potential relationship between SOX2 and nestin, we examined co-expression patterns in 135 melanomas and 37 melanocytic nevi. Immunohistochemical staining in 27 melanoma tissue sections showed an association between SOX2 positivity, spindle cell shape and a peripheral nestin distribution pattern. In contrast, SOX2-negative cells were predominantly epithelioid, and exhibited a cytoplasmic pattern for nestin. In tissue microarrays, co-expression correlated with tumor progression, with only 11% of nevi co-expressing SOX2 and nestin in contrast to 65% of metastatic melanomas, and preliminarily, with clinical outcome. Human melanoma lines that differentially expressed constitutive SOX2 revealed a positive correlation between SOX2 and nestin expression. Experimental melanomas grown from these respective cell lines in murine subcutis and dermis of xenografted human skin maintained the association between SOX2-positivity, spindle cell shape, and peripheral nestin distribution. Moreover, the cytoplasmic pattern of nestin distribution was observed in xenografts generated from SOX2-knockdown A2058 melanoma cells, in contrast to the peripheral nestin pattern seen in tumors grown from A2058 control cells transfected with non-target shRNA. In aggregate, these data further support a biologically significant linkage between SOX2 and nestin expression in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro C. Laga
- Department of Pathology, Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Zhan
- Department of Pathology, Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jie Ma
- Transplantation Research Center, Children’s Hospital Boston and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus H. Frank
- Transplantation Research Center, Children’s Hospital Boston and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Sellheyer K. Basal cell carcinoma: cell of origin, cancer stem cell hypothesis and stem cell markers. Br J Dermatol 2011; 164:696-711. [PMID: 21128907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells have recently been described in several high-grade neoplasms. It is still unclear if they also occur in cutaneous malignancies. Cancer stem cells are not identical with somatic stem cells. The presence of tumour stem cells in a neoplasm does not in itself equal that the tumour derives from a somatic stem cell. A cell originally lacking stem cell characteristics could also acquire those features during the course of carcinogenesis and then becomes the clonal founder cell of a tumour. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cutaneous malignancy. A plethora of various stem cell markers has been applied to study its cellular origin. Intriguingly, the anatomical origin of BCC is still uncertain. This review will discuss the various stem cell markers used in BCC and the cellular origin of this tumour, and touches briefly on the possibility of cancer stem cells in BCC. If BCC or other skin cancers harbour tumour stem cells, these cells could be specifically targeted, making use of specific cell surface molecules such as receptor proteins. Novel drugs directed against those receptor proteins could replace currently available shotgun approaches including imiquimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Sellheyer K, Krahl D. Does the peritumoral stroma of basal cell carcinoma recapitulate the follicular connective tissue sheath? J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:551-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sellheyer K. Stem cell markers can help identify adnexal tumor differentiation when evaluated in the context of morphology: methodology matters. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:460-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sellheyer K, Nelson P, Patel RM. Expression of embryonic stem cell markers SOX2 and nestin in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and dermatofibroma. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:415-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sellheyer K, Krahl D. PHLDA1 (TDAG51) is a follicular stem cell marker and differentiates between morphoeic basal cell carcinoma and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. Br J Dermatol 2010; 164:141-7. [PMID: 20846311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morphoeic basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma can often be difficult to differentiate on routine sections and few reliable immunohistochemical markers are currently available. Recent cDNA microarray studies revealed the pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 protein (PHLDA1) as a highly reliable marker of the hair follicle stem cells. Given the differentiation of trichoepithelioma along the follicular lineage and the proposed role of PHLDA1 as a follicular stem cell marker, we examined the staining pattern of PHLDA1 in the desmoplastic variant of trichoepithelioma and in its differential diagnostic conundrum, morphoeic BCC. OBJECTIVES To describe the expression pattern of PHLDA1 in morphoeic BCC and desmoplastic trichoepithelioma. METHODS Evaluation of the staining pattern for PHLDA1 was performed using standard immunohistochemical techniques. For comparison reasons, we analysed staining for PHLDA1 in normal skin structures with particular reference to the hair follicle. RESULTS With the exception of one case, all 16 desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas were immunoreactive with more than 80% of the cells stained, whereas all 14 morphoeic BCCs were PHLDA1-negative with the exception of ulcerated tumours. In the latter, the tumour islands close to the ulcer were PHLDA1-positive whereas the deeper located tumour portions remained immunonegative. PHLDA 1 was prominently expressed in the hair follicle bulge of terminal and vellus hair follicles. CONCLUSIONS The hair follicle bulge marker PHLDA1 differentiates between desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas and nonulcerated examples of morphoeic BCCs. We suggest incorporating PHLDA1 in the diagnostic work-up of difficult to differentiate basaloid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, A61, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Sellheyer K, Krahl D. [Cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells. Current status of research and potential clinical applications]. Hautarzt 2010; 61:429-34. [PMID: 20221573 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-010-1919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the next decade stem cell-based therapies can be expected to be part of clinical medicine. In regard to the skin, the focus of stem cell research is on the epidermis and the hair follicle. In 2001, mesenchymal stem cells residing within the dermis were first isolated which have the capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, osteocytes, chondrocytes and even neurons and glia as well as hematopoietic cells of myeloid and erythroid lineage. The perifollicular connective tissue sheath and the papilla represent the likely anatomical niche for these multipotent dermal cells. They have the potential to function as an easily accessible, autologous source for future stem cell transplantation. Potential therapeutic applications include the treatment of acute and steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and arthritis. The neuronal differentiation potential of cutaneous mesenchymal stem cells may also be exploited in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic spinal injury. The most immediate impact can be expected in the field of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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