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Meng X, Song M, Zhang K, Lu W, Li Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y. Congenital heart disease: types, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e631. [PMID: 38974713 PMCID: PMC11224996 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a structural abnormality of the heart and/or great vessels and patients with CHD are at an increased risks of various morbidities throughout their lives and reduced long-term survival. Eventually, CHD may result in various complications including heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, pneumonia, and sudden death. Unfortunately, the exact etiology and pathophysiology of some CHD remain unclear. Although the quality of life and prognosis of patients with CHD have significantly improved following technological advancement, the influence of CHD is lifelong, especially in patients with complicated CHD. Thus, the management of CHD remains a challenge due to its high prevalence. Finally, there are some disagreements on CHD among international guidelines. In this review, we provide an update of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment in most common type of CHD, including patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, atrioventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, transposition of the great arteries, congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries, coronary anomalies, left and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, tetralogy of Fallot and Ebstein anomaly. In particular, we focus on what is known and what is unknown in these areas, aiming to improve the current understanding of various types of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Meng
- Department of CardiologyState Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function ResearchChinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Ming Song
- Department of CardiologyState Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function ResearchChinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of CardiologyState Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function ResearchChinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Weida Lu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics and Department of Geriatric MedicineQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yunyi Li
- Department of CardiologyState Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function ResearchChinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of CardiologyState Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function ResearchChinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of CardiologyState Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing TheoryQilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function ResearchChinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinanChina
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Shehata A, Nasser A, Mohsen A, Anwar Samaan A, Mostafa A, Hassan M. Prevalence and characteristics of patent foramen ovale in a sample of Egyptian population: a computed tomography study. Egypt Heart J 2024; 76:73. [PMID: 38856789 PMCID: PMC11164847 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-024-00504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reported prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the general population is variable. It ranges between 8.6 and 42% according to the population studied and the imaging technique used. We aim to prospectively assess the prevalence and characteristics of PFO and interatrial septum (IAS) abnormalities as well as the related clinical manifestations in a sample of Egyptian population. RESULTS This study comprised 1000 patients who were referred for CT coronary angiography (CTCA). Mean age was 52.5 ± 10.9 years. The prevalence of PFO among the studied population was 16.3%; closed PFO (grade I) 44.2%, open PFO (grade II) 50.9%, and open PFO with jet (grade III) 4.9%. Anatomical high-risk PFO features-defined as the presence of at least 2 or more of the following (diameter ≥ 2 mm, length ≥ 10 mm, septal aneurysm "ASA", or redundant septum)-were found in 51.5% of PFOs' population. Other IAS abnormalities as redundant septum (8.6%), ASA (5.3%), Bachmann's bundle (4.5%), microaneurysm (2.6%), and atrial septal defect (ASD) (0.4%) were detected. There was a lower rate of coexistence of ASA with PFO (p = 0.031). Syncope was significantly higher in patients with PFO compared to those without PFO (6.7% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.001). Stroke, transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), and dizziness were similar in both groups. TIA, dizziness, and syncope were significantly higher in patients with IAS abnormalities including PFO compared to those without IAS abnormalities. Syncope was also significantly higher in PFO with high-risk anatomical features compared to those with non-high-risk PFO population (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The prevalence of PFO in our study was approximately 16.3%, almost half of them showed anatomical high-risk features for stroke. Dizziness, syncope and TIA were significantly higher in patients with IAS abnormalities including PFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shehata
- Cardiology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Mohsen
- Cardiology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amir Anwar Samaan
- Cardiology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Cardiology Department, AlNas Hospital, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Amir Mostafa
- Cardiology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Cardiology Department, AlNas Hospital, Qalyubia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Cardiology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
- Cardiology Department, AlNas Hospital, Qalyubia, Egypt.
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Meucci F, Rapillo CM, Stolcova M, Scrima GD, Nardi G, Nistri R, Ristalli F, D'Ettore N, Mattesini A, Buonamici F, Piccardi B, Tudisco L, Cramaro A, Trapani S, Pracucci G, Nencini P, Di Mario C, Sarti C. Quality control in treating patients with patent foramen ovale: 7-year-experience of the Heart and Brain team of the Careggi University Hospital. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:671-678. [PMID: 37624543 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The right comprehension of ischemic stroke pathogenesis guarantees the best prevention therapy. The term "patent foramen ovale (PFO) related stroke" has been proposed for those events where PFO is supposed to be pathogenetic, but their definition is challenging. A multidisciplinary evaluation in a "Heart & Brain" team (HBteam) including stroke neurologists and interventional cardiologists was therefore highly recommended in the recent guidelines of secondary stroke prevention. OBJECTIVE We aimed at describing the organization of the HBteam of Careggi-University-Hospital of Florence (Italy), and the results of the first seven years of activity. METHODS In 2016 Interventional Cardiologists and Stroke Neurologists set up an outpatient clinic for the joined evaluation of patients with PFO and other cardio/neurological conditions. A specific diagnostic-therapeutic hospital plan was produced for PFO patients. Patient empowerment was guaranteed by a hospital explicative webpage, a booklet regarding risks/benefits of PFO closure and a 3D heartmodel to simulate the intervention. Data were collected in a dedicated registry. RESULTS We evaluated 594 patients for PFO, 40 for left atrial appendage closure and 38 for other conditions. In 20% of PFO-patients, HBteam diagnosis was discordant from that of referring physicians, 14% were stroke misdiagnoses. We advised against closure in 53% of patients. At follow-up 94% of closed patients had no/minimum residual shunt; 3 patients had a cerebral ischemic event. CONCLUSIONS A dedicated HBteam represents a unique opportunity to share decisions with patients after a thorough empowerment process. The joining of cardioneurological skills allows a better classification of PFO-patients, reducing futile interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Meucci
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Miroslava Stolcova
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Domna Scrima
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Nardi
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Nistri
- Department of Heart and Vessel, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Ristalli
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Nicoletta D'Ettore
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mattesini
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Buonamici
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Laura Tudisco
- Stroke Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Sara Trapani
- Neurosonology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pracucci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Di Mario
- Structural Interventional Cardiology, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Sarti
- NEUROFARBA Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
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Sposato LA, Albin CSW, Elkind MSV, Kamel H, Saver JL. Patent Foramen Ovale Management for Secondary Stroke Prevention: State-of-the-Art Appraisal of Current Evidence. Stroke 2024; 55:236-247. [PMID: 38134261 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.040546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is frequently identified in young patients with ischemic stroke. Randomized controlled trials provide robust evidence supporting PFO closure in selected patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke; however, several questions remain unanswered. This report summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology of PFO-associated stroke, the role of PFO as a cause of stroke, and anatomic high-risk features. We also comment on breakthrough developments in patient selection algorithms for PFO closure in relation to the PFO-associated stroke causal likelihood risk stratification system. We further highlight areas for future research in PFO-associated stroke including the efficacy and safety of PFO closure in the elderly population, incidence, and long-term consequences of atrial fibrillation post-PFO closure, generalizability of the results of clinical trials in the real world, and the need for assessing the effect of neurocardiology teams on adherence to international recommendations. Other important knowledge gaps such as sex, race/ethnicity, and regional disparities in access to diagnostic technologies, PFO closure devices, and clinical outcomes in the real world are also discussed as priority research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano A Sposato
- Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.A.S.), Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Heart & Brain Laboratory (L.A.S.), Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada (L.A.S.)
| | - Catherine S W Albin
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.S.W.A.)
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E.), Columbia University, New York
| | - Hooman Kamel
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (H.K.)
| | - Jeffrey L Saver
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (J.L.S.)
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Park S, Kwon B, Oh JK, Song JK, Lee JS, Kwon SU. Risk of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale: The role of D-dimer. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107246. [PMID: 37536016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paradoxical embolism under elevated thromboembolic conditions is known to be the primary mechanism of patent foramen ovale (PFO)-related stroke. We hypothesized that higher levels of D-dimer, a marker of thromboembolism, could increase the risk of stroke recurrence in patients with PFO. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 1226 consecutive patients with acute ischemic cryptogenic stroke (CS) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). D-dimer was assessed during admission. We used a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model to evaluate the association of long-term outcomes between the presence of PFO and levels of D-dimer. RESULTS Of the 1226 patients, the study included 461 who underwent TEE. Among them, 242 (52.5%) had PFOs. Among PFO patients, those with a D-dimer level >1.0 mg/L had a significantly higher risk of stroke recurrence compared to those with <0.5mg/L (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 4.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63-10.02). A pattern of increased risk of event with increasing D-dimer levels was observed (Ptrend=0.008). However, there was no significant difference in the risk of stroke recurrence at any D-dimer level compared to D-dimer level <0.5 mg/L among patients without PFO. In these patients, there was little evidence of increased risk with increasing D-dimer levels (Ptrend=0.570). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the elevated D-dimer level increased the recurrence of stroke in CS patients with PFO, particularly showing a dose-dependent relationship between D-dimer levels and recurrence. However, no such effect was observed in patients without PFO. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of anticoagulation for strokes related to PFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Park
- Department of Neurology, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Boseong Kwon
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Sung Lee
- Clinical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun U Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Song JK. Pearls and Pitfalls in the Transesophageal Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Patent Foramen Ovale. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2023; 36:895-905.e3. [PMID: 37196905 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Large randomized controlled trials have shown the benefits of percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO. Recent studies have highlighted the clinical significance and prognostic implication of various anatomical features of PFO and the adjacent atrial septum, such as atrial septal aneurysm (ASA), PFO size, large shunt, and hypermobility. Transthoracic echocardiography with contrast study is used for the indirect diagnosis of PFO, as it reveals the passage of the contrast into the left atrium. In contrast, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) offers a direct demonstration of PFO by measuring its size using the maximum separation distance between the septum primum and septum secundum. Furthermore, TEE enables the acquisition of detailed anatomical features of the adjacent atrial septum including ASA, hypermobility, and PFO tunnel length, which carry significant prognostic implications. Transesophageal echocardiography also facilitates the diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, a relatively rare cause of paradoxical embolism. This review provides evidence for supporting TEE as a useful screening test for patients with cryptogenic stroke to identify suitable candidates for percutaneous device closure of PFO. Additionally, cardiac imaging specialists with proficiency in comprehensive TEE examination should be part of the heart-brain team for proper evaluation of and decision-making in patients with cryptogenic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Kwan Song
- Professor of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Lim ICZY, Teo YH, Fang JT, Teo YN, Ho JSY, Lee YQ, Chen X, Ong KHX, Leow AST, Ho AFW, Lim Y, Low TT, Kuntjoro I, Yeo LLL, Sia CH, Sharma VK, Tan BYQ. Association of Shunt Size and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke and Patent Foramen Ovale on Medical Management. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030941. [PMID: 36769589 PMCID: PMC9917737 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a potential source of cardiac embolism in cryptogenic ischemic stroke, but it may also be incidental. Right-to-left shunt (RLS) size may predict PFO-related stroke, but results have been controversial. In this cohort study of medically-managed PFO patients with cryptogenic stroke, we aimed to investigate the association of shunt size with recurrent stroke, mortality, newly detected atrial fibrillation (AF), and to identify predictors of recurrent stroke. METHODS Patients with cryptogenic stroke who screened positive for a RLS using a transcranial Doppler bubble study were included. Patients who underwent PFO closure were excluded. Subjects were divided into two groups: small (Spencer Grade 1, 2, or 3; n = 135) and large (Spencer Grade 4 or 5; n = 99) shunts. The primary outcome was risk of recurrent stroke, and the secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality and newly detected AF. RESULTS The study cohort included 234 cryptogenic stroke patients with medically-managed PFO. The mean age was 50.5 years, and 31.2% were female. The median period of follow-up was 348 (IQR 147-1096) days. The rate of recurrent ischemic stroke was higher in patients with large shunts than in those with small shunts (8.1% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.036). Multivariate analyses revealed that a large shunt was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrent ischemic stroke [aOR 4.09 (95% CI 1.04-16.0), p = 0.043]. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort of cryptogenic stroke patients with medically managed PFOs, those with large shunts were at a higher risk of recurrent stroke events, independently of RoPE score and left atrium diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Claire Z. Y. Lim
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Yao Hao Teo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jun Tao Fang
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Yao Neng Teo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Jamie S. Y. Ho
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Yong Qin Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Xintong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kathleen Hui-Xin Ong
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Aloysius S. T. Leow
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Andrew Fu-Wah Ho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Pre-Hospital & Emergency Research Centre, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Centre for Population Health Research and Implementation, Singhealth Regional Health System, Singapore 168753, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Yinghao Lim
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Ting Ting Low
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Ivandito Kuntjoro
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Leonard L. L. Yeo
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-9138-9555; Fax: +65-6908-2222
| | - Benjamin Y. Q. Tan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Level 10, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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Isakadze N, Lovell J, Shapiro EP, Choi CW, Williams MS, Mukherjee M. Large Atrial Septal Aneurysm Associated with Secundum Atrial Septal Defect. CASE 2022; 6:187-190. [PMID: 35818486 PMCID: PMC9270672 DOI: 10.1016/j.case.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A structured multimodality approach is imperative in evaluating interatrial anatomy. Secundum ASDs may be associated with ASA. Interatrial shunts may be missed, especially when aneurysms are large. Three-dimensional TEE allows careful interrogation of concomitant septal defects.
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Love BA. Cryptogenic Stroke, Patent Foramen Ovale, and ASD Closure. Interv Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119697367.ch53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Hobbes B, Akseer S, Pikula A, Huszti E, Devereaux PJ, Horlick E, Abrahamyan L. Risk of Perioperative Stroke in Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1189-1200. [PMID: 35247468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common congenital cardiac abnormality. Risk of stroke increases perioperatively; however, the association of PFO with perioperative stroke risk remains unclear. We conducted a systematic review to inform the risk of perioperative stroke in patients with PFO undergoing surgery. METHODS EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception to January 2020. We described methods used for establishing PFO and perioperative stroke diagnosis. We conducted meta-analyses to obtain pooled estimates for risk of stroke in patients with and without PFO in different surgical populations. RESULTS Ten articles with a total of 20,858,011 patients met the eligibility criteria. Prevalence of PFO ranged from 0.06-1.4% based on ICD code diagnosis and 10.4-40.4% based on echocardiography diagnosis. Perioperative stroke was observed in 0-25% of patients with PFO, and 0-16.7% without PFO. Studies that use echocardiography to diagnose PFO found no association between PFO and perioperative stroke. Studies that used ICD codes, found strong association but were highly heterogenous. PFO was not associated with a risk of perioperative stroke in cardiac and transplant surgeries. While the adjusted odds ratios for stroke were substantial for orthopedic, general, genitourinary, neuro, and thoracic surgeries (with PFO status established based on ICD codes), data heterogeneity and quality of data create significant uncertainty. CONCLUSION In conclusion, PFO is likely a risk factor for perioperative stroke in select types of surgeries. However, this is based on a very low-quality evidence. Rigorous, prospective studies are needed to further investigate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hobbes
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Selai Akseer
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Pikula
- Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ella Huszti
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Biostatistics Research Unit, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P J Devereaux
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Departments of Medicine, and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Horlick
- Toronto Congenital Cardiac Centre for Adults, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (PMCC), UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lusine Abrahamyan
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (IHPME), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Oguntade AS, Oguntade MS. Patent foramen ovale closure review: decades of research and the evolution of the evidence. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-021-00059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A quarter of the population suffers from patent foramen ovale, a form of interatrial shunt. It has been linked to cryptogenic strokes and is a common cause of paradoxical embolism.
Main text
The benefit of closing the patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke patients aged 18-60 years to prevent recurrent strokes, particularly in those with large shunts or associated atrial septal aneurysms, was recently demonstrated. It is a relatively safe procedure that necessitates post-operative anticoagulation, but it has been linked to new-onset atrial fibrillation of uncertain significance. The effectiveness of patent foramen closure depends on patient selection, and prediction scores such as the Risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE) score should be used. Newer closure devices, such as bioabsorbable devices like the Biostar system and ‘device-less’ devices like the Noble Stitch, are becoming more common due to their lower operative risks. The use of such devices in future trials, as well as careful case selection, could improve the acceptability of patent foramen ovale closure in the general population, removing the need for perioperative anticoagulation.
Conclusion
Individuals aged 18-60 years with cryptogenic stroke who have adverse patent foramen ovale morphology on imaging should be offered patent foramen ovale closure, preferably using the newer closure devices. More studies are needed to determine the significance of periprocedural atrial fibrillation after device closure.
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12
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Aubry P, Hamidouche F, Alqudwa A, Naoum-Nehme A, Maiga B, Camara N, Manchon E, Poulos N. [Cryptogenic stroke management : where are we ?]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2021; 70:373-379. [PMID: 34742466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryptogenic stroke is an old definition that designates an ischemic stroke with no identifiable cause. The term of the embolic stroke of undetermined source was then introduced to identify non-lacunar strokes in whom thromboembolism was the likely mechanism. This subgroup of cryptogenic strokes remains heterogeneous with many potential and possibly associated embolic causes. Covert atrial fibrillation is probably less often involved than initially expected, in contrast to intracranial and extracranial atherosclerosis. The cardiologist should be involved in the search of underlying causes of ischemic stroke by helping the neurologist to identify the most likely diagnosis. Further research is necessary to select populations that may benefit from more effective and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aubry
- Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse; Département de cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude-Bernard, 75018 Paris.
| | - F Hamidouche
- Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse
| | - A Alqudwa
- Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse
| | - A Naoum-Nehme
- Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse
| | - B Maiga
- Service de neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse
| | - N Camara
- Service de neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse
| | - E Manchon
- Service de neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse
| | - N Poulos
- Service de cardiologie, Centre Hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse
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13
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Baffle Complications in Adults After Atrial Switch for Transposition of the Great Arteries. Can J Cardiol 2021; 38:68-76. [PMID: 34634378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Baffle complications, ie, leakage or stenosis, after an atrial switch operation (AtrSO) for transposition of the great arteries (TGA) are difficult to detect with the use of routine transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We examined baffle interventions and the prevalence of baffle complications. METHODS This dual-centre study followed TGA-AtrSO patients for the occurrence of baffle interventions. In addition, in 2017-2019, prevalence of baffle complications was determined in patients undergoing routine contrast-enhanced (CE) TTE including various hemodynamic conditions and computed tomography (CT). Baffle leaks were defined as right-to-left shunting on CE-TTE and baffle stenosis as a systemic venous baffle diameter of < 10 mm on CT. RESULTS In total, 67 TGA-AtrSO patients were followed to a median age of 38 (interquartile range 34-42) years, for a median of 9 (6-13) years. Baffle interventions were documented in 24 patients (36%). Cumulative risk of baffle interventions was 25% after 15 years of follow-up. Prevalence of baffle complications was determined in 29/67 patients. In total, 4 (14%) had patent baffles, 11 (38%) had leakage only, 5 (17%) had stenosis only, and 9 (31%) had both, while 24/29 (84%) were asymptomatic. Although baffle leaks were not associated with clinical characteristics, peak work rate during exercise TTE was lower in patients with vs without stenosis (89 ± 24 W vs 123 ± 21 W; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Baffle complications are common in TGA-AtrSO. The cumulative risk of baffle interventions was 25% after 15 years of follow-up. CE-TTE uncovered asymptomatic baffle leakage in the majority of patients, especially with examination during exercise. CT revealed baffle stenosis in almost half of the patients, which was associated with decreased exercise tolerance. Awareness of these findings may alter clinical follow-up.
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14
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Maloku A, Hamadanchi A, Franz M, Dannberg G, Günther A, Klingner C, Schulze PC, Möbius-Winkler S. Patent foramen ovale-When to close and how? Herz 2021; 46:445-451. [PMID: 34463786 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-021-05061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Closure of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients after cryptogenic/cardioembolic stroke is recommended by current guidelines for patients who are 16-60 years of age with a high-risk PFO (class of recommendation A, level of evidence I). The use of double-disk occlusion devices followed by antiplatelet therapy is recommended. The procedure of interventional PFO closure compared with other interventions in cardiology is rather easy to learn. However, it should be performed carefully to avoid postinterventional complications. The number needed to treat (NNT) to avoid one stroke in 5 years in the RESPECT trial was 42, in the CLOSE trial even lower with 20. In the REDUCE trial, the NNT was 28 at 2 years. This can be reduced by longer follow-up, e.g., at 10 years the NNT is 18. While other conditions such as migraine are currently under investigation with respect to the impact of PFO closure, sufficiently powered trials are lacking so that closure in diseases other than stroke should always be individualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurel Maloku
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Ali Hamadanchi
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Marcus Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Gudrun Dannberg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Albrecht Günther
- Hans-Berger-Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Klingner
- Hans-Berger-Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Möbius-Winkler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology, Angiology, Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Di Tullio MR. Prevention of Patent Foramen Ovale-Related Stroke: An Evolving Concept. Stroke 2021; 52:3427-3429. [PMID: 34455824 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.035735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco R Di Tullio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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16
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Liu G, Feng Z, Feng F, Xue C, Liu F, Xie X. The correlation between patent foramen ovale and brain ischemia in plateau residents. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:381. [PMID: 34362308 PMCID: PMC8349053 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been suggested that patent foramen ovale (PFO) contributes to the majority of cryptogenic stroke cases in young people, however, the direct link is still undetermined. Here we analyzed the correlation between PFO and brain ischemia lesions in a cohort of cases that were long-term residents in the plateau to provide solid evidence to support the causal relation between PFO and brain ischemia lesion or cryptogenic stroke. Methods Long-term residents with young age from Qinghai Plateau were recruited and separated by PFO positivity. Brain MRI was used to image 100 PFO positive cases and 100 healthy controls. The diameter of PFO was measured by echocardiography. The location, number and anterior/posterior circulation of ischemia lesions were also evaluated. The correlation between PFO (including positivity and diameter) and brain ischemia lesion (including positivity and other characteristics) was analyzed by chi-square test. Further, the chi-square test for the trend test was used to analyze the linear correlation between these groups. Results We found a strong correlation between the positivity of PFO and brain ischemia lesion, with 71% of PFO cases showing the presence of brain ischemia lesions, and only 19% for healthy controls (p < 0.001). The diameter of PFO is strongly and linearly correlated with the incidence rate of brain ischemia lesion (RR = 3.737 (95%CI 2.496 to 5.767). Conclusion We found a convincing correlation between the positivity of PFO and brain ischemia lesion in residents of the plateau. Our findings provide another solid evidence of the direct causal relation between PFO and brain ischemia lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Department of Radiological Interventionalradiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810100, Qinghai, China.
| | - Zhao Feng
- Department of Radiological Interventionalradiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810100, Qinghai, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Department of Radiological Interventionalradiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810100, Qinghai, China
| | - Changju Xue
- Department of Radiological Interventionalradiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810100, Qinghai, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Radiological Interventionalradiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810100, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaoting Xie
- Department of Radiological Interventionalradiology, Qinghai Red Cross Hospital, Xining, 810100, Qinghai, China
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Cohen A, Donal E, Delgado V, Pepi M, Tsang T, Gerber B, Soulat-Dufour L, Habib G, Lancellotti P, Evangelista A, Cujec B, Fine N, Andrade MJ, Sprynger M, Dweck M, Edvardsen T, Popescu BA. EACVI recommendations on cardiovascular imaging for the detection of embolic sources: endorsed by the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021; 22:e24-e57. [PMID: 33709114 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioaortic embolism to the brain accounts for approximately 15-30% of ischaemic strokes and is often referred to as 'cardioembolic stroke'. One-quarter of patients have more than one cardiac source of embolism and 15% have significant cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. After a careful work-up, up to 30% of ischaemic strokes remain 'cryptogenic', recently redefined as 'embolic strokes of undetermined source'. The diagnosis of cardioembolic stroke remains difficult because a potential cardiac source of embolism does not establish the stroke mechanism. The role of cardiac imaging-transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE), cardiac computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-in the diagnosis of potential cardiac sources of embolism, and for therapeutic guidance, is reviewed in these recommendations. Contrast TTE/TOE is highly accurate for detecting left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with atrial fibrillation, valvular and prosthesis vegetations and thrombosis, aortic arch atheroma, patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, and intracardiac tumours. Both CT and MRI are highly accurate for detecting cavity thrombosis, intracardiac tumours, and valvular prosthesis thrombosis. Thus, CT and cardiac magnetic resonance should be considered in addition to TTE and TOE in the detection of a cardiac source of embolism. We propose a diagnostic algorithm where vascular imaging and contrast TTE/TOE are considered the first-line tool in the search for a cardiac source of embolism. CT and MRI are considered as alternative and complementary tools, and their indications are described on a case-by-case approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Cohen
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, Department of Cardiology, and Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM unit UMRS-ICAN 1166; Sorbonne-Université, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Donal
- University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mauro Pepi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Tsang
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernhard Gerber
- Service de Cardiologie, Département Cardiovasculaire, Cliniques Universitaires St. Luc, Division CARD, Institut de Recherche Expérimental et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvainAv Hippocrate 10/2803, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurie Soulat-Dufour
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine and Tenon Hospitals, Department of Cardiology, and Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,INSERM unit UMRS-ICAN 1166; Sorbonne-Université, Paris, France
| | - Gilbert Habib
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, APHM, La Timone Hospital, Cardiology Department, Marseille, France
| | - Patrizio Lancellotti
- University of Liège Hospital, GIGA Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Cardiology, CHU SartTilman, Liège, Belgium.,Gruppo Villa Maria Care and Research, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, and Anthea Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Arturo Evangelista
- Servei de Cardiologia. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-VHIR. CIBER-CV. Pº Vall d'Hebron 119. 08035. Barcelona. Spain
| | - Bibiana Cujec
- Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, 2C2.50 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, 8440 112 St NW, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7
| | - Nowell Fine
- University of Calgary, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, South Health Campus, 4448 Front Street Southeast, Calgary, Alberta T3M 1M4, Canada
| | - Maria Joao Andrade
- Maria Joao Andrade Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz-Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos 2790-134 Carnaxide, Portugal
| | - Muriel Sprynger
- Department of Cardiology-Angiology, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Dweck
- British Heart Foundation, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh and Edinburgh Imaging Facility QMRI, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thor Edvardsen
- Faculty of medicine, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bogdan A Popescu
- Cardiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila', Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases 'Prof. Dr. C. C. Iliescu', Sos. Fundeni 258, sector 2, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
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18
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Poli S, Siebert E, Mbroh J, Poli K, Krumbholz M, Mengel A, Greulich S, Härtig F, Müller KAL, Bocksch W, Gawaz M, Ziemann U, Zuern CS. Closure or medical therapy of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke: prospective case series. Neurol Res Pract 2021; 3:16. [PMID: 33789756 PMCID: PMC8015114 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-021-00114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Results of randomized controlled trials (RCT) do not provide definite guidance for secondary prevention after ischemic stroke (IS)/transient ischemic attack (TIA) attributed to patent foramen ovale (PFO). No recommendations can be made for patients > 60 years. We aimed to compare interventional and medical PFO-management in cryptogenic IS/TIA patients, including patients > 60 years. Methods Prospective case series including consecutive cryptogenic IS/TIA patients with PFO at Tuebingen university stroke unit, Germany. ‘PFO-closure’ was recommended in patients ≤70 years when featuring high-risk PFO (i.e., with atrial septal aneurysm, spontaneous, or high-grade right-to-left shunt during Valsalva). Primary (recurrent IS/intracranial hemorrhage) and secondary endpoints (e.g., disability) were assessed during ≥1-year follow-up; planned subgroup analyses of patients ≤60/> 60 years. Results Among 236 patients with median age of 58 (range 18–88) years, 38.6% were females and median presenting National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 1 (IQR 0–4). Mean follow-up was 2.8 ± 1.3 years. No intracranial hemorrhage was observed. Recurrent IS rate after ‘PFO-closure’ was 2.9% (95%CI 0–6.8%) and 7% (4–16.4) in high-risk PFO patients ≤60 (n = 103) and > 60 years (n = 43), respectively, versus 4% (0–11.5) during ‘medical therapy alone’ MTA (n = 28). 42 low-risk PFO patients treated with MTA experienced no recurrent IS/TIA. Conclusions In our real-world study, IS recurrence rate in ‘PFO-closure’ high-risk PFO patients ≤60 years was comparable to that observed in recent RCT. High-risk PFO patients > 60 years who underwent PFO-closure had similar IS recurrence rates than those who received MTA. MTA seems the appropriate treatment for low-risk PFO. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number: NCT04352790, registered on: April 20, 2020 – retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42466-021-00114-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Poli
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Siebert
- Department of Cardiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Joshua Mbroh
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Khouloud Poli
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annerose Mengel
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simon Greulich
- Department of Cardiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Florian Härtig
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karin A L Müller
- Department of Cardiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bocksch
- Department of Cardiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Cardiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christine S Zuern
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Filomena D, Cimino S, Maestrini V, Monosilio S, Birtolo LI, Vicenzini E, Mancone M, Fedele F, Agati L. The evolving role of echocardiography in the assessment of patent foramen ovale in patients with left-side thromboembolism. Echocardiography 2021; 38:657-675. [PMID: 33740289 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common congenital cardiac abnormality found approximately in 25% of the adult population The pathophysiological role of paradoxical embolization through the PFO in ischemic stroke is well established. "Self-expanding double disk" and, more recently, suture-based "deviceless" systems are used for PFO closure in the setting of secondary prevention after ischemic stroke likely related to paradoxical embolization. Ultrasound plays a significant role in PFO assessment, indication to treatment, intra-procedural guidance, and follow-up for those undergoing PFO closure. Three different techniques are frequently used for these purposes: transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiogram, and transcranial Doppler. In this review, advantages and limits of these techniques are discussed in detail to improve our skills in detection and treatment of this important condition by using ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Filomena
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cimino
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Ilaria Birtolo
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vicenzini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Mancone
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fedele
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Agati
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences "Sapienza" University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
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Nannoni S, Scherz-Moussa Youma A, Amiguet M, Eskandari A, Strambo D, Michel P. Acute ischaemic stroke in the absence of established vascular risk factors: Patient characteristics, stroke mechanism and long-term outcome. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:1275-1283. [PMID: 33284528 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Some acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients do not display established vascular risk factors (EVRFs). The aim was to assess their clinical characteristics, stroke subtype etiological classification and long-term outcome. METHODS All consecutive AIS patients from the Acute Stroke Registry of Lausanne (2003-2018) were retrospectively analyzed with complete assessment of the following EVRFs: hypertension, diabetes, major cardioembolic sources, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, alcohol abuse, previous stroke/transient ischaemic attack and depression/psychosis. Patients without EVRFs were compared to patients with one or more EVRFs using appropriate statistical models. RESULTS Of 4889 included patients, 103 (2.1%) had no EVRFs. In multiple regression analysis, patients without EVRFs were significantly younger (odds ratio [OR] 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-0.20) and had more multiterritorial strokes (OR 3.38; 95% CI 1.26-9.05). Strokes were more often related to patent foramen ovale (PFO) (OR 3.02; 95% CI 1.44-6.32) and less to atherosclerosis, cardioembolism or small vessel disease. In patients <55 years old, PFO (OR 2.76; 95% CI 1.50-5.08) and contraceptive use in females (OR 2.75; 95% CI 1.40-5.41) were more frequent, whereas sleep apnea syndrome (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.01-0.63) was less. In patients ≥55 years, female sex (OR 2.84; 95% CI 1.43-5.65) and active cancer (OR 3.27; 95% CI 1.34-7.94) were more prevalent. At 12 months, patients without EVRFs had worse adjusted functional outcome (Rankin shift ORadj 0.63; 95% CI 0.42-0.95) and higher rate of recurrence and death (adjusted hazard ratio 2.11; 95% CI 1.19-3.74). CONCLUSIONS In a consecutive cohort of AIS patients, only 2% showed no EVRFs. PFO and contraceptive use exhibited a strong association with the absence of EVRFs in younger patients and female sex and active cancer in elderly patients. Our findings highlight the importance of searching for previously unknown risk factors and/or unusual stroke mechanisms in patients without EVRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Nannoni
- Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Amiguet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ashraf Eskandari
- Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Strambo
- Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Michel
- Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Liu K, Wang BZ, Hao Y, Song S, Pan M. The Correlation Between Migraine and Patent Foramen Ovale. Front Neurol 2020; 11:543485. [PMID: 33335507 PMCID: PMC7736411 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.543485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Migraine is a widespread neurological disorder. The patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a remnant of the fetal circulation. Multiple studies suggest that migraine is more prevalent in subjects with PFO and vice versa. It is unclear if there is a causal relationship or simply a co-existence of these two conditions. Furthermore, the treatment of migraine with percutaneous closure PFO remains controversial. Methods: We reviewed studies pertaining to the relationship between PFO and migraine as well as the effects of treatments on migraine attacks. Results: We briefly summarized potential pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine, and elaborated on migraine type, frequency, and clinical symptoms of migraine with PFO and the clinical features of PFO with migraine. We also addressed the effects of PFO closure on migraine attacks. Conclusion: The evidence supports a “dose-response” relationship between migraine and PFO although more work needs to be done in terms of patient selection as well as the inclusion of an antiplatelet control group for PFO closure interventions to uncover possible beneficial results in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Liu
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Brian Z Wang
- Nanyang Technological University Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, NTU-Imperial Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yishu Hao
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuijiang Song
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengxiong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, China
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Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated stroke disparities across race and ethnic groups. The goal of the NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Study) was to evaluate race and ethnic differences in stroke within a community with 3 different race-ethnic groups. Starting as a population-based incidence and case-control study, the study evolved into a cohort study. Results from NOMAS have demonstrated differences in stroke incidence, subtypes, risk factors, and outcomes. Disparities in ideal cardiovascular health can help explain many differences in stroke incidence and call for tailored risk factor modification through innovative portals to shift more diverse subjects to ideal cardiovascular health. The results of NOMAS and multiple other studies have provided foundational data to support interventions. Conceptual models to address health disparities have called for moving from detecting disparities in disease incidence, to determining the underlying causes of disparities and developing interventions, and then to testing interventions in human populations. Further actions to address race and ethnic stroke disparities are needed including innovative risk factor interventions, stroke awareness campaigns, quality improvement programs, workforce diversification, and accelerating policy changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, FL
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23
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Sievert K, Yu J, Bertog S, Hornung M, von Bardeleben RS, Gafoor S, Reinartz M, Matic P, Hofmann I, Grunwald I, Schnelle N, Sievert H. Post-Market Clinical Follow-Up With the Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Device IrisFIT (Lifetech) in Patients With Stroke, Transient Ischemic Attack, or Other Thromboembolic Events. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2020; 30:72-75. [PMID: 33097460 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been associated with embolic strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Catheter closure of PFO is effective in preventing recurrent events. Residual shunts and procedure or device related complications can occur, including atrial fibrillation and thrombus formation. This study examines the initial experience with a new PFO closure device, the IrisFIT PFO-Occluder (Lifetech Scientific, Shenzhen, China). METHODS 95 patients with indications for PFO closure underwent percutaneous closure with the IrisFIT PFO-Occluder. The primary endpoint was the rate of accurate device placement with no/small residual shunt at 3 or 6 months follow-up. All patients underwent transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) after 1 to 6 months. In case of a residual shunt, an additional TEE was performed after 12 months. Clinical follow-up was performed up to a mean of 33.1 ± 3.6 months. RESULTS The device was successfully implanted in 95 (100%) patients with no relevant procedural complications. At final TEE follow-up (7.6 ± 3.9 months) the effective closure rate was 96.8% with 1 moderate and 2 large residual shunts. There were 8 cases of new onset atrial fibrillation and 2 TIAs. There were no cases of device embolization or erosion. CONCLUSION The IrisFIT occluder is a new PFO closure device with several advantages compared to other devices. In this small study cohort, technical success rate, closure rate and adverse event rate were comparable to other devices. The rate of new onset atrial fibrillation was higher in comparison to other studies and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiangtao Yu
- Helmut-G.-Walther-Klinikum, Lichtenfels, Germany
| | | | | | - Ralph Stephan von Bardeleben
- Medizinische Klinik - Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Iris Grunwald
- CardioVascular Center Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Nalan Schnelle
- CardioVascular Center Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Medizinische Klinik - Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Horst Sievert
- CardioVascular Center Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom.
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24
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Ioannidis SG, Mitsias PD. Patent Foramen Ovale in Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke: Direct Cause, Risk Factor, or Incidental Finding? Front Neurol 2020; 11:567. [PMID: 32670184 PMCID: PMC7330017 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been associated with cryptogenic stroke. There is conflicting data and it remains uncertain whether PFO is the direct cause, a risk factor or an incidental finding. Potential stroke mechanisms include paradoxical embolism from a venous clot which traverses the PFO, in situ clot formation within the PFO, and atrial arrhythmias due to electrical signaling disruption. Main risk factors linked with PFO-attributable strokes are young age, PFO size, right-to-left shunt degree, PFO morphology, presence of atrial septal aneurysm, intrinsic coagulation-anticoagulation systems imbalance, and co-existence of other atrial abnormalities, such as right atrial septal pouch, Eustachian valve and Chiari's network. These may act independently or synergistically, multiplying the risk of embolic events. The RoPE score, a scale that includes factors such as young age, cortical infarct location and absence of traditional stroke risk factors, is associated with the probability of a PFO being pathogenic and stroke recurrence risk after the index stroke. Multiple investigators have attempted to correlate other PFO features with the risk of PFO-related stroke, but further investigation is needed before any robust conclusions are reached. PFO presence in young patients with cryptogenic stroke should be considered as etiologically suspect. Caution should be exercised in interpreting the relevance of other PFO features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panayiotis D Mitsias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece.,School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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25
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Melduni RM, Wysokinski WE, Wang Z, Gersh BJ, Asirvatham SJ, Patlolla SH, Greene EL, Oh JK, Lee HC. Prognostic significance of patent foramen ovale in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Open Heart 2020; 7:e001229. [PMID: 32518658 PMCID: PMC7254151 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Previous studies have postulated a causal role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the aetiology of embolic stroke in the general population. We hypothesised that the presence of concomitant PFO and atrial fibrillation (AF) will add incremental risk of ischaemic stroke to that linked to AF alone. Methods We analysed data on 3069 consecutive patients (mean age 69.4±12.2 years; 67.1% men) undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography-guided electrical cardioversion (ECV) for AF between May 2000 and March 2012. PFO was identified by colour Doppler and agitated saline contrast study. All patients were followed up after ECV for first documentation of ischaemic stroke. Outcomes were compared using Cox regression models. Results The prevalence of PFO was 20.0% and the shunt direction was left-to-right in the majority of patients (71.4%). Patients with PFO had a higher frequency of obstructive sleep apnoea (21.7% vs 17.1%, p=0.01) and higher mean peak left atrial appendage emptying velocity (38.3±21.8 vs 36.1±20.4 cm/s; p=0.04) compared with those without PFO. Otherwise, baseline characteristics were similar between groups. During a mean follow-up period of 7.3±4.6 years, 214 patients (7.0%) had ischaemic stroke. Multivariable analysis showed no significant association between PFO and ischaemic stroke (HR, 0.82 (95% CI 0.57 to 1.18)). PFO shunt direction was strongly associated with stroke: HR, 1.91 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.16) for right-to-left shunt and HR, 0.58 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.93) for left-to-right shunt. Conclusions The presence of concurrent PFO in this largely anticoagulated group of patients with AF was not associated with increased risk of ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bernard J Gersh
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | - Eddie L Greene
- Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jae K Oh
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hon-Chi Lee
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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26
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Kojima Y, Takezawa H, Yamamoto Y, Yamada T, Tanaka E, Nakashima D, Kitaoji T, Nagakane Y. [Utility of transesophageal echocardiography for etiologic diagnosis of centrum ovale infarcts]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2020; 60:414-419. [PMID: 32435046 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.60.cn-001388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A small centrum ovale infarct in the territory of the white matter medullary artery can be caused not only by embolism but also small-vessel disease. In our study, thorough screening for emboligenic diseases was performed, including the modality of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), in patients with an acute, isolated, small (less than 1.5 cm) infarct in the centrum ovale. Of 79 patients enrolled in this study, 45 had emboligenic diseases, in whom a patent foramen ovale was detected in 29 patients, complicated aortic arch lesion in 15, atrial fibrillation in 6, occlusive carotid disease in 2, and others in 2. The majority (80%) of the emboligenic diseases were diagnosed by TEE. Therefore, TEE may be mandatory for the etiologic diagnosis of centrum ovale infarcts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kojima
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto 2nd Red Cross Hospital
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27
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Koutroulou I, Tsivgoulis G, Tsalikakis D, Karacostas D, Grigoriadis N, Karapanayiotides T. Epidemiology of Patent Foramen Ovale in General Population and in Stroke Patients: A Narrative Review. Front Neurol 2020; 11:281. [PMID: 32411074 PMCID: PMC7198765 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in selected patients with cryptogenic cerebrovascular ischemic events (CEs) decreases the risk of recurrent stroke; however, optimal patient selection criteria are still under investigation. Candidates for PFO closure are usually selected from the pool of CE patients with a high risk of Paradoxical Embolism (RoPE) score. The RoPE score calculates the probability that PFO is causally related to stroke, based on PFO prevalence in patients with CE compared with that in healthy subjects. The latter has been set at 25% based on the average of autopsy and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) studies. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of studies investigating PFO prevalence in general population and in patients with CE and non-CE using autopsy, TEE, transcranial Doppler (TCD) or transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Studies were excluded if they (1) reported data from referred subjects with underlying cerebrovascular disease or (2) did not specify etiologically the events. Results: In healthy/control subjects, PFO prevalence was 24.2% (1,872/7,747) in autopsy studies, 23.7% (325/1,369) in TEE, 31.3% (111/355) in TCD, and 14.7% (186/1,267) in TTE studies. All diagnostic modalities included PFO prevalence was higher in CE compared with healthy/control population [odds ratio (OR) = 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.5–3.8] and compared with non-CE (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 2.0–2.6). In patients with CE, PFO prevalence in the young compared to the old was higher when the diagnostic modality was TEE (48.9 vs. 27.3%, p < 0.0001, OR = 2.6 with 95% CI = 2.0–3.3) or TCD (58.1 vs. 41%, OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.6–2.5), but not TTE (53.3 vs. 37.5%, p = 0.16). Regarding non-CE, PFO prevalence in the young compared to the old was higher when the diagnostic modality was TEE (20 vs. 12.9%, OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.0–2.8) but not TTE (10.4 vs. 7.8%, p = 0.75) or TCD (22.8 vs. 20.1%, p = 0.56). Conclusions: Given the limitations of autopsy and TEE studies, there is good reason not to take a fixed 25% PFO prevalence for granted. The estimation of degree of causality may be underestimated or overestimated in populations with PFO prevalence significantly lower or higher than the established. Given the high sensitivity, non-invasive nature, low cost, and repeatability of TCD, future large-scale TCD-based studies should investigate potential heterogeneity in PFO prevalence in different healthy racial/ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Koutroulou
- Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Karacostas
- Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karapanayiotides
- Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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28
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Kulesh AA, Ognerubov DV, Mekhryakov SA, Merkulov EV, Syromyatnikova LI, Tereshchenko AS, Samko AN, Shestakov VV, Karakulova YV. Patent foramen ovale-related stroke: diagnostic approaches and the possibility of endovascular prophylaxis (clinical cases and literature review). NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2020-2-72-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Kulesh
- Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;
City Clinical Hospital Four
| | - D. V. Ognerubov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - S. A. Mekhryakov
- Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;
City Clinical Hospital Four
| | - E. V. Merkulov
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - L. I. Syromyatnikova
- Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia;
City Clinical Hospital Four
| | - A. S. Tereshchenko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A. N. Samko
- National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - V. V. Shestakov
- Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - Yu. V. Karakulova
- Acad. E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia
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29
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Roy S, Le H, Balogun A, Caskey E, Tessitore T, Kota R, Hejirika J, Yu S, Nguyen L, Lazo AL, Yard C, Monaghan M, Dhingra M, Modi S, Hunter K. Risk of Stroke in Patients With Patent Foramen Ovale Who Had Pulmonary Embolism. J Clin Med Res 2020; 12:190-199. [PMID: 32231756 PMCID: PMC7092756 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) alone does not increase the risk of ischemic stroke. Several prospective studies with a small number of patients have shown that the risk of ischemic stroke is higher in patients with PFO and pulmonary embolism (PE). We studied the association of ischemic stroke in the patients who had PFO with PE (PFOwiPE) and compared with the patients who had PFO without PE (PFOwoPE). Methods Electronic medical records of 154 adult patients in our internal medicine office were reviewed. Thirty-four patients had PFOwiPE and 120 had PFOwoPE. Independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare the continuous variables between the two groups, while Chi-square tests were applied to compare the categorical variables between the two groups. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. The dependent variable was stroke and the independent variable of interest was PFO with, or without PE. Results Mean age of patients with PFOwiPE was 54.8 years and patients with PFOwoPE was 57.8 years (P = 0.331). Mean body mass index (BMI) of the patients with PFOwiPE was significantly greater than the patients with PFOwoPE (32.5 ± 8.84 kg/m2 vs. 28.4 ± 6.99 kg/m2; P < 0.05). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and red blood cell (RBC) count of patients with PFOwiPE was significantly lower than patients with PFOwoPE (LVEF 54.9 ± 13.01% vs. 59.6 ± 6.85%, P < 0.05; RBC 4.1 ± 1.203 × 106/µL vs. 4.5 ± 0.596 × 106/µL, P < 0.05). There was significantly higher association of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with PFOwiPE compared to patients with PFOwoPE (20.6% vs. 7.5%; P < 0.05). Association of ischemic stroke was 35.3% in patients with PFOwiPE and 39.2% in patients with PFOwoPE. The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.682). Conclusions Association of ischemic stroke was similar in patients with PFOwiPE and patients with PFOwoPE. Association of significantly higher BMI, lower LVEF, lower RBC count, and higher frequency of CHF were associated with patients with PFOwiPE compared to the patients with PFOwoPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Roy
- Department of Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Han Le
- Department of Medicine, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Caskey
- Department of Medicine, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Rasagnya Kota
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | - Siyuan Yu
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Long Nguyen
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Menaka Dhingra
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Sneha Modi
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Krystal Hunter
- Cooper Research Institute, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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30
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Ozel A, Dedeoglu R, Davutoglu EA, Madazli R, Oztunc F. Outcome of Aneurysmal Septum Primum with Non-restrictive Foramen Ovale in Fetuses with Structurally Normal Hearts: A Tertiary Center Experience. JOURNAL OF FETAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40556-020-00248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Masjuan J, García-Madrona S, de Felipe A. Cierre del foramen oval permeable en el ictus criptogénico, ¿también en mayores de 60 años? Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Rat N, Muntean I, Opincariu D, Gozar L, Togănel R, Chițu M. Cardiovascular Imaging for Guiding Interventional Therapy in Structural Heart Diseases. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 16:111-122. [DOI: 10.2174/1573405614666180612081736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of interventional methods has revolutionized the treatment of structural
cardiac diseases. Given the complexity of structural interventions and the anatomical variability of
various structural defects, novel imaging techniques have been implemented in the current clinical
practice for guiding the interventional procedure and for selection of the device to be used. Three–
dimensional echocardiography is the most used imaging method that has improved the threedimensional
assessment of cardiac structures, and it has considerably reduced the cost of complications
derived from malalignment of interventional devices. Assessment of cardiac structures with
the use of angiography holds the advantage of providing images in real time, but it does not allow
an anatomical description. Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) and intracardiac ultrasonography
play major roles in guiding Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) or Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
closure and device follow-up, while TEE is the procedure of choice to assess the flow in the Left
Atrial Appendage (LAA) and the embolic risk associated with a decreased flow. On the other hand,
contrast CT and MRI have high specificity for providing a detailed description of structure, but
cannot assess the flow through the shunt or the valvular mobility. This review aims to present the
role of modern imaging techniques in pre-procedural assessment and intraprocedural guiding of
structural percutaneous interventions performed to close an ASD, a PFO, an LAA or a patent ductus
arteriosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Rat
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Iolanda Muntean
- Clinic of Pediatric Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Transplantation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Diana Opincariu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Liliana Gozar
- Clinic of Pediatric Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Transplantation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Rodica Togănel
- Clinic of Pediatric Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Transplantation, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Monica Chițu
- Department of Cardiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
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33
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Masjuan J, García-Madrona S, de Felipe A. Closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke: also in patients older than 60 years? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 73:197-199. [PMID: 31882391 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Masjuan
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sebastián García-Madrona
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia de Felipe
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Serrano CV, Soeiro ADM, Leal TCAT, Godoy LC, Biselli B, Hata LA, Martins EB, Abud-Manta ICK, Tavares CAM, Cardozo FAM, Oliveira MTD. Statement on Antiplatelet Agents and Anticoagulants in Cardiology - 2019. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 113:111-134. [PMID: 31411300 PMCID: PMC6684187 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos V Serrano
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa Mirante, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Alexandre de M Soeiro
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa Mirante, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Tatiana C A Torres Leal
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Lucas C Godoy
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Bruno Biselli
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Luiz Akira Hata
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Martins
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Isabela C K Abud-Manta
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Caio A M Tavares
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
| | - Francisco Akira Malta Cardozo
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP - Brazil.,Hospital Beneficência Portuguesa Mirante, São Paulo, SP - Brazil
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Schmidt MR, Søndergaard L. Patent Foramen Ovale: A Villain in Pulmonary Embolism? Ann Intern Med 2019; 170:805-806. [PMID: 31060049 DOI: 10.7326/m19-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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36
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Le Moigne E, Timsit S, Ben Salem D, Didier R, Jobic Y, Paleiron N, Le Mao R, Joseph T, Hoffmann C, Dion A, Rousset J, Le Gal G, Lacut K, Leroyer C, Mottier D, Couturaud F. Patent Foramen Ovale and Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Pulmonary Embolism: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2019; 170:756-763. [PMID: 31060047 DOI: 10.7326/m18-3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with increased risk for ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The authors hypothesized that paradoxical embolism through patent foramen ovale (PFO) should be the main mechanism. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of recent ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic PE according to whether PFO was detected. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with masked assessment of stroke outcomes. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01216423). SETTING 4 French hospital centers. PARTICIPANTS 361 consecutive patients with symptomatic acute PE from 13 November 2009 through 21 December 2015. INTERVENTION Systematic contrast transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 7 days after enrollment. MEASUREMENTS Recent symptomatic or silent ischemic stroke was diagnosed on the basis of clinical examination and cerebral MRI showing a hypersignal on the trace diffusion-weighted image with reduction or pseudonormalization of apparent diffusion coefficient. RESULTS Contrast TTE was conclusive in 324 of 361 patients and showed PFO in 43 patients (13%). The median age was 66 years (interquartile range, 54 to 77 years). In total, 51% of patients (145/284) had associated deep venous thrombosis, 91% (279/306) had cardiovascular risk factors, and 10% (16/151) presented with arrhythmia (no difference between PFO and non-PFO groups). Cerebral MRI was conclusive in 315 patients. Recent ischemic stroke was more frequent in the PFO group than in the non-PFO group (9 of 42 patients [21.4%] vs. 15 of 273 patients [5.5%]; difference in proportions, 15.9 percentage points [95% CI, 4.7 to 30.7 percentage points]). LIMITATION Because of inconclusive contrast TTE or MRI, 46 patients were excluded from analysis. CONCLUSION Frequency of recent ischemic stroke in patients with symptomatic PE was higher in patients with PFO than in those without PFO. This finding supports the hypothesis that paradoxical embolism is an important mechanism of ischemic stroke in patients with PFO. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE French Ministry of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Le Moigne
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Serge Timsit
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Douraied Ben Salem
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Romain Didier
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Yannick Jobic
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | | | - Raphael Le Mao
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | | | - Clément Hoffmann
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Angelina Dion
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | | | - Grégoire Le Gal
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Karine Lacut
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Christophe Leroyer
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Dominique Mottier
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
| | - Francis Couturaud
- Brest University Hospital, Western Brittany University, Brest, France (E.L., S.T., D.B., R.D., Y.J., R.L., C.H., A.D., G.L., K.L., C.L., D.M., F.C.)
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Bauer A, Nitschmann S. [Therapy changes after stroke in patients with open foramen ovale? : Patent Foramen Ovale Closure or Anticoagulants versus Antiplatelet Therapy to Prevent Stroke Recurrence Trial (CLOSE), Randomized Evaluation of Recurrent Stroke Comparing PFO Closure to Established Current Standard of Care Treatment (RESPECT), and Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (REDUCE)]. Internist (Berl) 2019; 59:213-216. [PMID: 29322216 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-017-0369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Bauer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, München, Deutschland.
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Kasner SE, Swaminathan B, Lavados P, Sharma M, Muir K, Veltkamp R, Ameriso SF, Endres M, Lutsep H, Messé SR, Spence JD, Nedeltechev K, Perera K, Santo G, Olavarria V, Lindgren A, Bangdiwala S, Shoamanesh A, Berkowitz SD, Mundl H, Connolly SJ, Hart RG. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:1053-1060. [PMID: 30274772 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a contributor to embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Subgroup analyses from previous studies suggest that anticoagulation could reduce recurrent stroke compared with antiplatelet therapy. We hypothesised that anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, would reduce the risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke compared with aspirin among patients with PFO enrolled in the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. METHODS NAVIGATE ESUS was a double-blinded, randomised, phase 3 trial done at 459 centres in 31 countries that assessed the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus aspirin for secondary stroke prevention in patients with ESUS. For this prespecified subgroup analysis, cohorts with and without PFO were defined on the basis of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). The primary efficacy outcome was time to recurrent ischaemic stroke between treatment groups. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding, according to the criteria of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The primary analyses were based on the intention-to-treat population. Additionally, we did a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies in which patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO were randomly assigned to receive anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. FINDINGS Between Dec 23, 2014, and Sept 20, 2017, 7213 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive rivaroxaban (n=3609) or aspirin (n=3604). Patients were followed up for a mean of 11 months because of early trial termination. PFO was reported as present in 534 (7·4%) patients on the basis of either TTE or TOE. Patients with PFO assigned to receive aspirin had a recurrent ischaemic stroke rate of 4·8 events per 100 person-years compared with 2·6 events per 100 person-years in those treated with rivaroxaban. Among patients with known PFO, there was insufficient evidence to support a difference in risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke between rivaroxaban and aspirin (hazard ratio [HR] 0·54; 95% CI 0·22-1·36), and the risk was similar for those without known PFO (1·06; 0·84-1·33; pinteraction=0·18). The risks of major bleeding with rivaroxaban versus aspirin were similar in patients with PFO detected (HR 2·05; 95% CI 0·51-8·18) and in those without PFO detected (HR 2·82; 95% CI 1·69-4·70; pinteraction=0·68). The random-effects meta-analysis combined data from NAVIGATE ESUS with data from two previous trials (PICSS and CLOSE) and yielded a summary odds ratio of 0·48 (95% CI 0·24-0·96; p=0·04) for ischaemic stroke in favour of anticoagulation, without evidence of heterogeneity. INTERPRETATION Among patients with ESUS who have PFO, anticoagulation might reduce the risk of recurrent stroke by about half, although substantial imprecision remains. Dedicated trials of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy or PFO closure, or both, are warranted. FUNDING Bayer and Janssen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Kasner
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Balakumar Swaminathan
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pablo Lavados
- Clinica Alemana de Santiago, Universidad del Desarrollo, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mukul Sharma
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Muir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Chefarzt, Neurologische Klinik, Alfried-Krupp Krankenhaus Rüttenscheid, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian F Ameriso
- Institute for Neurological Research, Fundacion para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurologicas de la Infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmi Lutsep
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Steven R Messé
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J David Spence
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kanjana Perera
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gustavo Santo
- Department of Neurology, Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Arne Lindgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Neurology), Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shrikant Bangdiwala
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Scott D Berkowitz
- Vice President and Head, Thrombosis Group, Global Clinical Development, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Whippany, NJ, USA
| | | | - Stuart J Connolly
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robert G Hart
- Division of Neurology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Garg L, Haleem A, Varade S, Sivakumar K, Shah M, Patel B, Agarwal M, Agrawal S, Leary M, Kluck B. Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in the Setting of Cryptogenic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Five Randomized Trials. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:2484-2493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ma Y, Li D, Bai F, Qin F, Li J, Li Y, Liu N, Xie H, Zhou S, Liu Q. Patent foramen ovale closure or medical therapy for secondary prevention of cryptogenic stroke: An update meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11965. [PMID: 30142823 PMCID: PMC6112940 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was under debate whether cryptogenic stroke patients benefited from patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure. We sought to determine secondary prevention strategy in these patients. METHODS Scientific databases were searched for randomized controlled trials enrolling cryptogenic stroke patients with PFO who underwent PFO closure or medical therapy. The random-effect model was used to analyze the outcomes. RESULTS We identified 6 trials enrolling 3630 participants in this meta-analysis. When compared with medical therapy, PFO closure reduced risks of recurrent stroke (risk ratio [RR] 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.93) and composite of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46-0.80). And no differences in all-cause death (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.37-1.72) and cardiovascular death (RR 1.47, 95% CI 0.36-5.94) between 2 groups were observed. The risks of major bleeding (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.47-1.96) and any serious adverse event (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.92-1.16) did not differ between 2 groups. Yet, PFO closure increased risk of atrial fibrillation (RR 4.25, 95% CI 2.10-8.60). CONCLUSION PFO closure, as compared with medical therapy, was associated with decreased risk of recurrent stroke and increased risk of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients with PFO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dongping Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Aggeli C, Verveniotis A, Andrikopoulou E, Vavuranakis E, Toutouzas K, Tousoulis D. Echocardiographic features of PFOs and paradoxical embolism: a complicated puzzle. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 34:1849-1861. [PMID: 29956022 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-018-1406-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a residual, oblique, slit or tunnel like communication in the atrial septum that persists into adulthood. It is usually an incidental finding with no clinical repercussions. Nevertheless, recent evidence supports the association between the presence of a PFO and a number of clinical conditions, most notably cryptogenic stroke (CS). There is enough evidence that paradoxical embolism is a mechanism which can explain this association. Patient characteristics and certain echocardiography-derived anatomical and hemodynamic features of PFO provide great assistance in estimating the probability of paradoxical embolism. In this review, we initially describe PFO embryology and anatomy. We extensively present the available data on clinical, anatomical and hemodynamic features of PFOs which have been correlated with increased likelihood of paradoxical embolism and recent evidence of therapeutic management.
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MESH Headings
- Echocardiography, Doppler, Color
- Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional
- Echocardiography, Transesophageal
- Embolism, Paradoxical/diagnostic imaging
- Embolism, Paradoxical/etiology
- Embolism, Paradoxical/physiopathology
- Embolism, Paradoxical/prevention & control
- Foramen Ovale/diagnostic imaging
- Foramen Ovale/embryology
- Foramen Ovale/physiopathology
- Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications
- Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging
- Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology
- Foramen Ovale, Patent/therapy
- Hemodynamics
- Humans
- Incidental Findings
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Risk Factors
- Stroke/etiology
- Stroke/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Aggeli
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 114 Vas. Sofias, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Verveniotis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 114 Vas. Sofias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Andrikopoulou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 114 Vas. Sofias, 11527, Athens, Greece
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Emmanouil Vavuranakis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 114 Vas. Sofias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstadinos Toutouzas
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 114 Vas. Sofias, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 114 Vas. Sofias, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Lee PH, Song JK, Kim JS, Heo R, Lee S, Kim DH, Song JM, Kang DH, Kwon SU, Kang DW, Lee D, Kwon HS, Yun SC, Sun BJ, Park JH, Lee JH, Jeong HS, Song HJ, Kim J, Park SJ. Cryptogenic Stroke and High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale: The DEFENSE-PFO Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71:2335-2342. [PMID: 29544871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports showing the favorable role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure in patients with cryptogenic stroke have raised the issue of selecting optimal candidates. OBJECTIVES This study, DEFENSE-PFO (Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale), evaluated whether the benefits of PFO closure can be determined on the basis of the morphologic characteristics of the PFO, as evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography. METHODS Patients with cryptogenic stroke and high-risk PFO were divided between a transcatheter PFO closure and a medication-only group. High-risk PFO included PFO with atrial septal aneurysm, hypermobility (phasic septal excursion into either atrium ≥10 mm), or PFO size (maximum separation of the septum primum from the secundum) ≥2 mm. The primary endpoint was a composite of stroke, vascular death, or Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-defined major bleeding during 2 years of follow-up. RESULTS From September 2011 until October 2017, 120 patients (mean age: 51.8 years) underwent randomization. PFO size, frequency of septal aneurysm (13.3% vs. 8.3%; p = 0.56), and hypermobility (45.0% vs. 46.7%; p > 0.99) were similar between the groups. All PFO closures were successful. The primary endpoint occurred exclusively in the medication-only group (6 of 60 patients; 2-year event rate: 12.9% [log-rank p = 0.013]; 2-year rate of ischemic stroke: 10.5% [p = 0.023]). The events in the medication-only group included ischemic stroke (n = 5), cerebral hemorrhage (n = 1), Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction-defined major bleeding (n = 2), and transient ischemic attack (n = 1). Nonfatal procedural complications included development of atrial fibrillation (n = 2), pericardial effusion (n = 1), and pseudoaneurysm (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS PFO closure in patients with high-risk PFO characteristics resulted in a lower rate of the primary endpoint as well as stroke recurrence. (Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy for Cryptogenic Stroke Patients With High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale [DEFENSE-PFO]; NCT01550588).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pil Hyung Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jong S Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ran Heo
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sahmin Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Song
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duk-Hyun Kang
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun U Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wha Kang
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dongwhane Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Cheol Yun
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung Joo Sun
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeong Park
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Lee
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hye Seon Jeong
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Song
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jei Kim
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Park
- Department of Cardiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Sá MPBO, Oliveira Neto LDAPD, Nascimento GCSD, Vieira EEDS, Martins GL, Rodrigues KC, Nascimento GC, Menezes AMD, Lins RFDA, Silva FPV, Lima RC. Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale versus Medical Therapy after Cryptogenic Stroke: Meta-Analysis of Five Randomized Controlled Trials with 3440 Patients. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2018; 33:89-98. [PMID: 29617507 PMCID: PMC5873783 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether patent foramen ovale closure reduces the risk of stroke, also assessing some safety outcomes. INTRODUCTION The clinical benefit of closing a patent foramen ovale after a cryptogenic stroke has been an open question for several decades, so that it is necessary to review the current state of published medical data in this regard. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL/CCTR, SciELO, LI-LACS, Google Scholar and reference lists of relevant articles were searched for randomized controlled trials that reported any of the following outcomes: stroke, death, major bleeding or atrial fibrillation. Five studies fulfilled our eligibility criteria and included 3440 patients (1829 for patent foramen ovale closure and 1611 for medical therapy). RESULTS The risk ratio (RR) for stroke in the "device closure" group compared with the "medical therapy" showed a statistically significant difference between the groups, favouring the "device closure" group (RR 0.400; 95% CI 0.183-0.873, P=0.021). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the safety outcomes death and major bleeding, but we observed an increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation in the "device closure group (RR 4.000; 95% CI 2.262-7.092, P<0.001). We also observed that the larger the proportion of effective closure, the lower the risk of stroke. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis found that stroke rates are lower with percutaneously implanted device closure than with medical therapy alone, being these rates modulated by the rates of effective closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Pompeu Barros Oliveira Sá
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Nucleus of Postgraduate and Research in Health Sciences of Faculdade de Ciências Médicas and Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (FCM/ICB), Recife, PE, Brazil.,The CASUAL Investigators - CArdiovascular SUgery Academic League of the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Albuquerque Pereira de Oliveira Neto
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,The CASUAL Investigators - CArdiovascular SUgery Academic League of the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriella Caroline Sales do Nascimento
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,The CASUAL Investigators - CArdiovascular SUgery Academic League of the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Erik Everton da Silva Vieira
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,The CASUAL Investigators - CArdiovascular SUgery Academic League of the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lopes Martins
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,The CASUAL Investigators - CArdiovascular SUgery Academic League of the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Karine Coelho Rodrigues
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,The CASUAL Investigators - CArdiovascular SUgery Academic League of the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Giulia Cioffi Nascimento
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Motta de Menezes
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Felipe de Albuquerque Lins
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Frederico Pires Vasconcelos Silva
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Carvalho Lima
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Pronto-Socorro Cardiológico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.,Nucleus of Postgraduate and Research in Health Sciences of Faculdade de Ciências Médicas and Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (FCM/ICB), Recife, PE, Brazil.,The CASUAL Investigators - CArdiovascular SUgery Academic League of the Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
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Shah R, Nayyar M, Jovin IS, Rashid A, Bondy BR, Fan THM, Flaherty MP, Rao SV. Device Closure Versus Medical Therapy Alone for Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2018; 168:335-342. [PMID: 29310136 DOI: 10.7326/m17-2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal strategy for preventing recurrent stroke in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale (PFO) is unknown. Purpose To compare transcatheter PFO closure with medical therapy alone for prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke. Data Sources PubMed and the Cochrane Library (without language restrictions) from inception to October 2017, reference lists, and abstracts from cardiology meetings. Study Selection Randomized trials enrolling adults with PFO and cryptogenic stroke that compared stroke outcomes (main outcome) and potential harms in those receiving transcatheter device closure versus medical therapy alone. Data Extraction Two investigators independently extracted study data and rated risk of bias. Data Synthesis Of 5 trials, 1 was excluded because it used a device that is no longer available due to high rates of complications and failure. Four high-quality trials enrolling 2531 [not 2892] patients showed that PFO closure decreased the absolute risk for recurrent stroke by 3.3% [not 3.2%] (risk difference [RD], −0.033 [95% CI, −0.062 to −0.004]) [not −0.032 (95% CI, −0.050 to −0.014)] compared with medical therapy. The treatment strategies did not differ in rates of transient ischemic attack or major bleeding. Closure of PFOs was associated with higher rates of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) than medical therapy alone in all trials, but this outcome had marked between-trial heterogeneity (I2 = 81.9%), and high event rates in some groups resulted in extreme values for CIs. Limitation Heterogeneity of device type and antithrombotic therapy across trials, small numbers for some outcomes, and heterogeneous and inconclusive AF results. Conclusion In patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke, transcatheter device closure decreases risk for recurrent stroke compared with medical therapy alone. Because recurrent stroke rates are low even with medical therapy alone and PFO closure might affect AF risk, shared decision making is crucial for this treatment. Primary Funding Source None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahman Shah
- University of Tennessee and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee (R.S., M.N., B.R.B., T.M.F.)
| | - Mannu Nayyar
- University of Tennessee and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee (R.S., M.N., B.R.B., T.M.F.)
| | - Ion S Jovin
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (I.S.J.)
| | - Abdul Rashid
- Jackson Clinic and University of Tennessee, Jackson, Tennessee (A.R.)
| | - Beatrix R Bondy
- University of Tennessee and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee (R.S., M.N., B.R.B., T.M.F.)
| | - Tai-Hwang M Fan
- University of Tennessee and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee (R.S., M.N., B.R.B., T.M.F.)
| | | | - Sunil V Rao
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina (S.V.R.)
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45
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Ng PY, Ng AKY, Subramaniam B, Burns SM, Herisson F, Timm FP, Med C, Rudolph MI, Med C, Scheffenbichler F, Med C, Friedrich S, Med C, Houle TT, Bhatt DL, Eikermann M. Association of Preoperatively Diagnosed Patent Foramen Ovale With Perioperative Ischemic Stroke. JAMA 2018; 319:452-462. [PMID: 29411032 PMCID: PMC5839297 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Perioperative stroke is a major complication for patients undergoing surgery. Patent foramen ovale (PFO) represents a possible anatomical link between venous thrombosis and stroke. OBJECTIVE To determine whether a preoperatively diagnosed PFO is associated with increased risk of perioperative ischemic stroke. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective cohort study from Massachusetts General Hospital and 2 affiliated community hospitals between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2015. Participants were 182 393 consecutive adults undergoing noncardiac surgery with general anesthesia. EXPOSURES Preoperatively diagnosed PFO. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Perioperative ischemic stroke occurring within 30 days of surgery; stroke subtype by Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification and stroke severity by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). RESULTS Among the 150 198 patient cases analyzed (median [SD] age, 55 [16] years), 1540 (1.0%) had a diagnosis of PFO before surgery. A total of 850 (0.6%) ischemic strokes occurred within 30 days of surgery (49 [3.2%] among patients with PFO and 801 [0.5%] among patients without PFO). In adjusted analyses, patients with PFO had an increased risk of ischemic stroke compared with patients without PFO (odds ratio, 2.66 [95% CI, 1.96-3.63]; P < .001). The estimated risks of stroke were 5.9 for every 1000 patients with PFO and 2.2 for every 1000 patients without PFO (adjusted absolute risk difference, 0.4% [95% CI, 0.2%-0.6%). Patients with PFO also had an increased risk of large vessel territory stroke (relative risk ratio, 3.14 [95% CI, 2.21-4.48]; P < .001) and a more severe stroke-related neurologic deficit measured by NIHSS (median, 4 [interquartile range {IQR}, 2-10] vs median, 3 [IQR, 1-6] for those without PFO; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery at 3 hospitals, having a preoperatively diagnosed PFO was significantly associated with increased risk of perioperative ischemic stroke within 30 days after surgery. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether interventions would decrease this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Y. Ng
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Adult Intensive Care Unit, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Andrew K.-Y. Ng
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cardiac Medical Unit, Grantham Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Balachundhar Subramaniam
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sara M. Burns
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fanny Herisson
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cand Med
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cand Med
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cand Med
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Cand Med
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy T. Houle
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deepak L. Bhatt
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Eikermann
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Coughlan JJ, Daly A, Arnous S, Kiernan TJ. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: contemporary evidence and treatment. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 16:27-37. [PMID: 29256291 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2018.1419064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common anatomical variant in the adult circulation. It is a channel allowing communication between the left and right atria and is a remnant of the foetal circulation. In approximately 25% of the population, this channel persists into adulthood. PFO has been proposed as a potential pathophysiological mechanism for cryptogenic stroke. Areas covered: This review will examine the contemporary evidence for both the association between cryptogenic stroke and PFO and the management of this condition. The authors hope to provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence and best practice in relation to PFO closure. In addition, the authors will propose some potential avenues for future research in this controversial area and try to predict how PFOs in cryptogenic stroke will be managed in the near future. Expert commentary: In carefully selected patients with cryptogenic stroke, PFO closure represents an evidence based treatment option for the prevention of further ischemic neurological events. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to ensure appropriate patient selection for the procedure. This should include a vascular neurologist/stroke physician and an interventional cardiologist with an interest in PFO closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Coughlan
- a Department of Cardiology , University Hospital Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Aidan Daly
- a Department of Cardiology , University Hospital Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Samer Arnous
- a Department of Cardiology , University Hospital Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
| | - Tom J Kiernan
- b Department of Cardiology, Graduate Entry Medical School , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland.,c Graduate Entry Medical School , University of Limerick , Limerick , Ireland
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47
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Abstract
Paradoxical embolism should be suspected in front of a clinical phenomenon of thromboembolism associated with an anatomical right-to-left shunt. Others potential cardiac sources of thromboembolism must be ruled out. Strokes constitute the most frequent clinical manifestations of paradoxical embolism. Right-to-left left shunts are in connection with intracardiac defects (atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale) or pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. The probability that a discovered PFO is stroke-related can be evaluated by a score. Therapeutic approaches for secondary prevention of recurrent stroke include antithrombotic and/or percutaneous treatments. The choice strategy begins to be clearer with the recent results of randomized controlled studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aubry
- Département de cardiologie, groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France; Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse, France.
| | - H Demian
- Service de cardiologie, centre hospitalier de Gonesse, 95500 Gonesse, France
| | - E Brochet
- Département de cardiologie, groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - J-M Juliard
- Département de cardiologie, groupe hospitalier Bichat-Claude-Bernard, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
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48
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Mahfouz RA, Alawady WS, Salem A, Abdelghafar AS. Atrial dyssynchrony and left atrial stiffness are risk markers for cryptogenic stroke in patients with patent foramen ovale. Echocardiography 2017; 34:1888-1894. [PMID: 28961330 DOI: 10.1111/echo.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical and echocardiographic parameters associated with the risk predictors of cryptogenic stroke (CS) in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) still diverse and with a great debate. We hypothesized that left atrial stiffness (LASt) and atrial dyssynchrony may increase the risk of CS in patients with PFO. METHODS A total of 129 consecutive patients presented without clinical reasoning of stroke were recruited. Transesophageal echocardiographic assessment was performed to investigate the presence of PFO. PFO was identified in 52% (group I) and absent in 48% (group II). Utilizing speckle-tracking imaging LASt and atrial dyssynchrony was evaluated among patients with PFO (group I) vs those without PFO (group II). RESULTS LASt was significantly increased in group I patients compared with group II (P < .001). Likewise patients with PFO had a significant LA dyssynchrony compared with those in group II (P < .001). Interatrial dyssynchrony and left atrial dyssynchrony were correlated with LASt (r = .47 and 0.51, respectively; P < .001). Cardiac arrhythmias were significantly encountered in group I patients (at presentation and with Holter monitoring) P < .001. Besides significantly increase in atrial dyssynchrony and in LASt in patients with arrhythmias compared with those without (P < .001). ROC analysis revealed that LASt index ≥ 0.61 and LA dyssynchrony ≥ 23.5 predicts cardiac arrhythmias in CS patients with PFO with (AUC: 0.85 and 0.87, respectively, P < .001). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we demonstrated that LASt and atrial dyssynchrony might be risk markers of cryptogenic stroke in patients with PFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragab A Mahfouz
- Cardiology Department, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Waleed S Alawady
- Cardiology Department, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelhakem Salem
- Cardiology Department, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
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49
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Farb A, Ibrahim NG, Zuckerman BD. Patent Foramen Ovale after Cryptogenic Stroke - Assessing the Evidence for Closure. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1006-1009. [PMID: 28902595 DOI: 10.1056/nejmp1700218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Farb
- From the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Nicole G Ibrahim
- From the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Bram D Zuckerman
- From the Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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50
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Abstract
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common anatomic finding in 20% of the normal population. Significant hypoxemia can occur in circumstances in which hemodynamic or anatomic changes predispose to increased right-to-left intra-atrial shunting. The subsequent hypoxemia produces substantial dyspnea that may affect the patient's quality of life, independent of underlying pulmonary disease. Profound hypoxemia caused by right-to-left shunt across the interatrial septum usually responds to percutaneous PFO closure. An important impediment to successful treatment is the lack of awareness of the potential role of a PFO in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Tobis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Factor Building CHS, Room B-976, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Deepika Narasimha
- Division of Cardiology, Interventional Cardiology, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson Street, MC 2434, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Islam Abudayyeh
- Division of Cardiology, Interventional Cardiology, Loma Linda University Health, 11234 Anderson Street, MC 2434, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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