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Katus U, Villa I, Ringmets I, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Neuropeptide Y gene variants in obesity, dietary intake, blood pressure, lipid and glucose metabolism: A longitudinal birth cohort study. Peptides 2021; 139:170524. [PMID: 33652060 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropeptide Y affects several physiological functions, notably appetite regulation. We analysed the association between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the NPY gene (rs5574, rs16147, rs16139, rs17149106) and measures of obesity, dietary intake, physical activity, blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS The sample included both birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality Behaviour and Health Study at ages 15 (n = 1075 with available complete data), 18 (n = 913) and 25 (n = 926) years. Linear mixed-effects regression models were used for longitudinal association between NPY SNP-s and variables of interest. Associations at ages 15, 18 and 25 were analysed by ANOVA. RESULTS Rs5574 CC-homozygotes had a greater increase per year in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and a smaller decrease in daily energy intake and carbohydrate intake from age 15-25 years; fasting glucose and cholesterol were higher in rs5574 CC-homozygotes. Rs16147 TT-homozygotes had higher body weight and a greater increase in sum of 5 skinfolds, waist circumference, WHR and waist-to-height ratio; however, they had lower carbohydrate intake throughout the observation period. Rs16147 TT-homozygotes and both rs16139 and rs17149106 heterozygotes had higher triglyceride levels. All NPY SNP-s were associated with blood pressure: rs5574 TT-and rs16147 CC-homozygotes had a smaller increase in diastolic blood pressure, while rs16139 and rs17149106 heterozygous had lower blood pressure throughout the study. CONCLUSION Variants of the NPY gene were associated with measures of obesity, dietary intake, glucose and lipid metabolism and blood pressure from adolescence to young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmeli Katus
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inga Villa
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Inge Ringmets
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Liu Y, Bai F, Tang Z, Liu N, Liu Q. Integrative transcriptomic, proteomic, and machine learning approach to identifying feature genes of atrial fibrillation using atrial samples from patients with valvular heart disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:52. [PMID: 33509101 PMCID: PMC7842070 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia with poorly understood mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the biological mechanism of AF and to discover feature genes by analyzing multi-omics data and by applying a machine learning approach. Methods At the transcriptomic level, four microarray datasets (GSE41177, GSE79768, GSE115574, GSE14975) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which included 130 available atrial samples from AF and sinus rhythm (SR) patients with valvular heart disease. Microarray meta-analysis was adopted to identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). At the proteomic level, a qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteomics in the left atrial appendage of 18 patients (9 with AF and 9 with SR) who underwent cardiac valvular surgery was conducted. The machine learning correlation-based feature selection (CFS) method was introduced to selected feature genes of AF using the training set of 130 samples involved in the microarray meta-analysis. The Naive Bayes (NB) based classifier constructed using training set was evaluated on an independent validation test set GSE2240. Results 863 DEGs with FDR < 0.05 and 482 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) with FDR < 0.1 and fold change > 1.2 were obtained from the transcriptomic and proteomic study, respectively. The DEGs and DEPs were then analyzed together which identified 30 biomarkers with consistent trends. Further, 10 features, including 8 upregulated genes (CD44, CHGB, FHL2, GGT5, IGFBP2, NRAP, SEPTIN6, YWHAQ) and 2 downregulated genes (TNNI1, TRDN) were selected from the 30 biomarkers through machine learning CFS method using training set. The NB based classifier constructed using the training set accurately and reliably classify AF from SR samples in the validation test set with a precision of 87.5% and AUC of 0.995. Conclusion Taken together, our present work might provide novel insights into the molecular mechanism and provide some promising diagnostic and therapeutic targets of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine/Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine/Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine/Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine/Cardiac Catheterization Lab, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Ohta Y, Soucy G, Phaneuf D, Audet JN, Gros-Louis F, Rouleau GA, Blasco H, Corcia P, Andersen PM, Nordin F, Yamashita T, Abe K, Julien JP. Sex-dependent effects of chromogranin B P413L allelic variant as disease modifier in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 25:4771-4786. [PMID: 28175304 PMCID: PMC5418737 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic studies yielded conflicting results regarding a role for the variant chromogranin B (CHGB)P413L allele as a disease modifier in ALS. Moreover, potential deleterious effects of the CHGBP413L variant in ALS pathology have not been investigated. Here we report that in transfected cultured cells, the variant CHGBL413 protein exhibited aberrant properties including mislocalization, failure to interact with mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and defective secretion. The CHGBL413 transgene in SOD1G37R mice precipitated disease onset and pathological changes related to misfolded SOD1 specifically in female mice. However, the CHGBL413 variant also slowed down disease progression in SOD1G37R mice, which is in line with a very slow disease progression that we report for a Swedish woman with ALS who is carrier of two mutant SOD1D90A alleles and two variant CHGBP413L and CHGBR458Q alleles. In contrast, overexpression of the common CHGBP413 allele in SOD1G37R mice did not affect disease onset but significantly accelerated disease progression and pathological changes. As in transgenic mice, the CHGBP413L allele conferred an earlier ALS disease onset in women of Japanese and French Canadian origins with less effect in men. Evidence is presented that the sex-dependent effects of CHGBL413 allelic variant in ALS may arise from enhanced neuronal expression of CHGB in females because of a sex-determining region Y element in the gene promoter. Thus, our results suggest that CHGB variants may act as modifiers of onset and progression in some ALS populations and especially in females because of higher expression levels compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ohta
- Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Genevieve Soucy
- Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Phaneuf
- Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audet
- Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - François Gros-Louis
- CHU de Québec Research Center, LOEX Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hélène Blasco
- Centre de Ressources et Compétences SLA (CRCSLA), Federation des CRCSLA Tours-Limoges LITORALS, INSERM U 930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, France
| | - Philippe Corcia
- Centre de Ressources et Compétences SLA (CRCSLA), Federation des CRCSLA Tours-Limoges LITORALS, INSERM U 930, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, France
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frida Nordin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Research Centre of Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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Zhang K, Biswas N, Gayen JR, Miramontes-Gonzalez JP, Hightower CM, Mustapic M, Mahata M, Huang CT, Hook VY, Mahata SK, Vaingankar S, O'Connor DT. Chromogranin B: intra- and extra-cellular mechanisms to regulate catecholamine storage and release, in catecholaminergic cells and organisms. J Neurochem 2013; 129:48-59. [PMID: 24266713 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin B (CHGB) is the major matrix protein in human catecholamine storage vesicles. CHGB genetic variation alters catecholamine secretion and blood pressure. Here, effective Chgb protein under-expression was achieved by siRNA in PC12 cells, resulting in ~ 48% fewer secretory granules on electron microscopy, diminished capacity for catecholamine uptake (by ~ 79%), and a ~ 73% decline in stores available for nicotinic cholinergic-stimulated secretion. In vivo, loss of Chgb in knockout mice resulted in a ~ 35% decline in chromaffin granule abundance and ~ 44% decline in granule diameter, accompanied by unregulated catecholamine release into plasma. Over-expression of CHGB was achieved by transduction of a CHGB-expressing lentivirus, resulting in ~ 127% elevation in CHGB protein, with ~ 122% greater abundance of secretory granules, but only ~ 14% increased uptake of catecholamines, and no effect on nicotinic-triggered secretion. Human CHGB protein and its proteolytic fragments inhibited nicotinic-stimulated catecholamine release by ~ 72%. One conserved-region CHGB peptide inhibited nicotinic-triggered secretion by up to ~ 41%, with partial blockade of cationic signal transduction. We conclude that bi-directional quantitative derangements in CHGB abundance result in profound changes in vesicular storage and release of catecholamines. When processed and released extra-cellularly, CHGB proteolytic fragments exert a feedback effect to inhibit catecholamine secretion, especially during nicotinic cholinergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, USA
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu J, Niu Q, Wen J, Wen S, Wu Z. A novel 5'-uncoding region -1248 A>G variation of mitofusin-2 gene is associated with hypertension in Chinese. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:603-8. [PMID: 23549803 PMCID: PMC3635618 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.3.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitofusin2 gene (Mfn2, also named Hyperplasia suppressive gene, HSG) is very important in the origin and development of hypertension. However, the mechanism of Mfn2/HSG expression regulation was not uncovered. This study was designed to explore the association of a novel 5'-uncoding region (UCR) -1248 A>G variation of HSG/Mfn2 gene and hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS 472 healthy, normotensive subjects [normotension (NT) group], 454 prehypertensive subjects [prehypertension (PH) group] and 978 hypertensive patients [essential hypertension (EH) group] were screened for an association study between 5'-UCR -1248 A>G of Mfn2/HSG and hypertension by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing after venous blood was drawn and DNA was extracted. RESULTS When comparing the A and G frequency in EH, PH and NT groups, in total, NT group significantly had higher A frequency than in PH group [odds ratio (OR)=1.605, confidence interval (CI) 95%=1.063-2.242, p=0.025] and EH group (OR=5.395, CI 95%=3.783-7.695, p<0.01). When subgrouped by gender, A frequency in NT group was still significantly higher than in EH group (male: OR= 4.264, CI 95%=2.780-6.543, p<0.01; female: OR=8.897, CI 95%=4.686-16.891, p<0.01), but not from PH group, either in male group or in female group. Ordinal Logistic Regression analysis showed that A>G variation was significantly related with blood pressure level (B=-1.271, Wald=40.914, CI 95%=-1.660 - -0.881, p<0.01). CONCLUSION 5'-UCR -1248 A>G variation of Mfn2/HSG gene was a novel variation and may be associated with hypertension in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoguang Wang
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jieling Liu
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuli Niu
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojun Wen
- Department of Hypertension, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lin WJ, Salton SR. The regulated secretory pathway and human disease: insights from gene variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:96. [PMID: 23964269 PMCID: PMC3734370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated secretory pathway provides critical control of peptide, growth factor, and hormone release from neuroendocrine and endocrine cells, and neurons, maintaining physiological homeostasis. Propeptides and prohormones are packaged into dense core granules (DCGs), where they frequently undergo tissue-specific processing as the DCG matures. Proteins of the granin family are DCG components, and although their function is not fully understood, data suggest they are involved in DCG formation and regulated protein/peptide secretion, in addition to their role as precursors of bioactive peptides. Association of gene variation, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with neuropsychiatric, endocrine, and metabolic diseases, has implicated specific secreted proteins and peptides in disease pathogenesis. For example, a SNP at position 196 (G/A) of the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene dysregulates protein processing and secretion and leads to cognitive impairment. This suggests more generally that variants identified in genes encoding secreted growth factors, peptides, hormones, and proteins involved in DCG biogenesis, protein processing, and the secretory apparatus, could provide insight into the process of regulated secretion as well as disorders that result when it is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jye Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen R. Salton
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Stephen R. Salton, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1065, New York, NY 10029, USA e-mail:
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Bagatto B, Crossley D, Altimiras J, Elsey R, Hicks J. Physiological variability in yearling alligators: Clutch differences at rest and during activity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 162:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Currie G, Freel EM, Perry CG, Dominiczak AF. Disorders of blood pressure regulation-role of catecholamine biosynthesis, release, and metabolism. Curr Hypertens Rep 2012; 14:38-45. [PMID: 22068338 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-011-0239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are synthesised and produced by the adrenal medulla and postganglionic nerve fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. It is known that essential hypertension has a significant neurogenic component, with the rise in blood pressure mediated at least in part by overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. Moreover, novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing sympathetic activity show promise in the treatment of hypertension. This article reviews recent advances within this rapidly changing field, particularly focusing on the role of genetic polymorphisms within key catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes, cofactors, and storage molecules. In addition, mechanisms linking the sympathetic nervous system and other adverse cardiovascular states (obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia) are discussed, along with speculation as to how recent scientific advances may lead to the emergence of novel antihypertensive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Currie
- Department of Endocrinology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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Chan SA, Hill J, Smith C. Reduced calcium current density in female versus male mouse adrenal chromaffin cells in situ. Cell Calcium 2012; 52:313-20. [PMID: 22551621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells are a main output of the sympathetic nervous system. Acute stress activates the sympatho-adrenal stress reflex, excites adrenal chromaffin cells, and elicits catecholamine secretion into the circulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that stress-evoked serum catecholamine levels are greater in males. We investigated potential mechanistic bases for this gender dimorphism at the level of the adrenal medulla. We utilized in situ single-cell perforated patch voltage clamp to measure basic electrophysiological parameters that affect cell excitability. We found that chromaffin cells from male and female mice exhibit statistically identical depolarization-evoked calcium currents. However, the resting capacitance, an index of cell surface area, was significantly higher in cells from female mice. Thus the current density in female cells was significantly lower. We found that inhibition of protein kinase C, an enzyme shown to regulate both exocytosis and endocytosis, eliminates the cell surface area gender dimorphism. Finally, we performed kinetic simulations of the secretion process and report a predicted elevated secretory capacity in male cells. Thus, regulation of cell size may act to decrease cell excitability in female cells and may in-part represent the mechanistic basis for increased stress-evoked catecholamine secretion described in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyue-An Chan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Lee J, Harley VR. The male fight-flight response: A result of SRY regulation of catecholamines? Bioessays 2012; 34:454-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dickey C, Toot J, Terwilliger M, Payne R, Turner M, Ely D. The SHR Y chromosome increases cardiovascular, endocrine, and behavioral responses to stress compared to the WKY Y chromosome. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:101-8. [PMID: 22285213 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The SHR Y chromosome has loci which are involved with behavioral, endocrine and brain phenotypes and respond to acute stress to a different degree than that of the WKY Y chromosome. The objectives were to determine if WKY males with an SHR Y chromosome (SHR/y) when compared to males with a WKY Y chromosome would have: 1. a greater increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BP), heart rate (HR), and locomotor activity when placed in an open field environment and during an acute stress procedure; 2. enhanced stress hormone responses; 3. greater voluntary running; and 4. increased brain Sry expression. The SHR/y strain showed a significant rise in BP (32%) and HR (10%) during the open field test and exhibited higher BP (46% change) during air jet stress. SHR/y had higher locomotor activity and less immobility and had increased stress induced plasma norepinephrine and adrenocorticotrophic hormone and 3-4× more voluntary running compared to WKY. Differential Sry expression between WKY and SHR/y in amygdala and hippocampus was altered at rest and during acute stress more than that of WKY. Evidence suggests that this animal model allows novel functions of Y chromosome loci to be revealed. In conclusion, a transcription factor on the SHR Y chromosome, Sry, may be responsible for the cardiovascular, endocrine and behavioral phenotype differences between SHR/y and WKY males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherec Dickey
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3908, United States
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Ely D, Boehme S, Dunphy G, Hart M, Chiarappa F, Miller B, Martins AS, Turner M, Milsted A. The Sry3 Y chromosome locus elevates blood pressure and renin-angiotensin system indexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 8:126-38. [PMID: 21536231 DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining region Y (Sry) is a transcription factor. Our research group has shown that there are multiple copies of Sry in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneous hypertensive (SHR) rats, and that they have novel functions separate from testes determination. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that exogenously delivered Sry3 to the normotensive WKY male kidney would activate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and raise blood pressure (BP), based on previous in vitro studies. METHODS Sry3 or control vector was electroporated to the left kidney of male WKY rats and the following measurements were taken: BP by telemetry, renin-angiotensin measures by radioimmunoassay, plasma and tissue catecholamines by HPLC with electrochemical detection, sodium by flame photometry, and inulin by ELISA. RESULTS Sry3 increased BP 10 to 20 mm Hg compared with controls (P < 0.01) and produced a significant 40% decrease in urine sodium compared with controls (P < 0.05). Sry3 increased renal angiotensin II and plasma renin activity by >100% compared with controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION The findings presented here confirm and extend the argument for Sry3 as one of the genes responsible for the SHR hypertensive Y chromosome phenotype and are consistent with increased tissue RAS activity due to Sry3 and increased sodium reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ely
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-3908, USA.
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Turner ME, Ely D, Prokop J, Milsted A. Sry, more than testis determination? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R561-71. [PMID: 21677270 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00645.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Sry locus on the mammalian Y chromosome is the developmental switch responsible for testis determination. Inconsistent with this important function, the Sry locus is transcribed in adult males at times and in tissues not involved with testis determination. Sry is expressed in multiple tissues of the peripheral and central nervous system. Sry is derived from Sox3 and is similar to other SOXB family loci. The SOXB loci are responsible for nervous system development. Sry has been demonstrated to modulate the catecholamine pathway, so it should have functional consequences in the central and peripheral nervous system. The nervous system expression and potential function are consistent with Sry as a SOXB family member. In mammals, Sox3 is X-linked and undergoes dosage compensation in females. The expression of Sry in adult males allows for a type of sexual differentiation independent of circulating gonadal hormones. A quantitative difference in Sox3 plus Sry expression in males vs. females could drive changes in the transcriptome of these cells, differentiating male and female cells. Sry expression and its transcriptional effects should be considered when investigating sexual dimorphic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte E Turner
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA.
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Naturally occurring genetic variants in human chromogranin A (CHGA) associated with hypertension as well as hypertensive renal disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 30:1395-400. [PMID: 21061160 PMCID: PMC3008929 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9600-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromogranin A (CHGA) plays a fundamental role in the biogenesis of catecholamine secretory granules. Changes in storage and release of CHGA in clinical and experimental hypertension prompted us to study whether genetic variation at the CHGA locus might contribute to alterations in autonomic function, and hence hypertension and its target organ consequences such as hypertensive renal disease (nephrosclerosis). Systematic polymorphism discovery across the human CHGA locus revealed both common and unusual variants in both the open reading frame and such regulatory regions as the proximal promoter and 30-UTR. In chromaffin cell-transfected CHGA 30-UTR and promoter/luciferase reporter plasmids, the functional consequences of the regulatory/non-coding allelic variants were documented. Variants in both the proximal promoter and the 30-UTR displayed statistical associations with hypertension. Genetic variation in the proximal CHGA promoter predicted glomerular filtration rate in healthy twins. However, for hypertensive renal damage, both end-stage renal disease and rate of progression of earlier disease were best predicted by variants in the 30-UTR. Finally, mechanistic studies were undertaken initiated by the clue that CHGA promoter variation predicted circulating endothelin-1. In cultured endothelial cells, CHGA triggered co-release of not only the vasoconstrictor and pro-fibrotic endothelin-1, but also the pro-coagulant von Willebrand Factor and the pro-angiogenic angiopoietin-2. These findings, coupled with stimulation of endothelin-1 release from glomerular capillary endothelial cells by CHGA, suggest a plausible mechanism whereby genetic variation at the CHGA locus eventuates in alterations in human renal function. These results document the consequences of genetic variation at the CHGA locus for cardiorenal disease and suggest mechanisms whereby such variation achieves functional effects.
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Zhang K, Chen Y, Wen G, Mahata M, Rao F, Fung MM, Vaingankar S, Biswas N, Gayen JR, Friese RS, Mahata SK, Hamilton BA, O’Connor DT. Catecholamine storage vesicles: role of core protein genetic polymorphisms in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2011; 13:36-45. [PMID: 21104344 PMCID: PMC3016145 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-010-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex trait with deranged autonomic control of the circulation. The sympathoadrenal system exerts minute-to-minute control over cardiac output and vascular tone. Catecholamine storage vesicles (or chromaffin granules) of the adrenal medulla contain remarkably high concentrations of chromogranins/secretogranins (or "granins"), catecholamines, neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and Ca(2+). Within secretory granules, granins are co-stored with catecholamine neurotransmitters and co-released upon stimulation of the regulated secretory pathway. The principal granin family members, chromogranin A (CHGA), chromogranin B (CHGB), and secretogranin II (SCG2), may have evolved from shared ancestral exons by gene duplication. This article reviews human genetic variation at loci encoding the major granins and probes the effects of such polymorphisms on blood pressure, using twin pairs to probe heritability and individuals with the most extreme blood pressure values in the population to study hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuixing Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Gen Wen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Manjula Mahata
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Fangwen Rao
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Maple M. Fung
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Sucheta Vaingankar
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Nilima Biswas
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Jiaur R. Gayen
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Ryan S. Friese
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Bruce A. Hamilton
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
| | - Daniel T. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Genomic Medicine (IGM), University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0838 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA USA
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DeMaria AN, Bax JJ, Ben-Yehuda O, Feld GK, Greenberg BH, Hall J, Hlatky M, Lew WY, Lima JA, Maisel AS, Narayan SM, Nissen S, Sahn DJ, Tsimikas S. Highlights of the Year in JACC 2010. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:480-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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