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Almuntashiri S, Alhumaid A, Zhu Y, Han Y, Dutta S, Khilji O, Zhang D, Wang X. TIMP-1 and its potential diagnostic and prognostic value in pulmonary diseases. CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL PULMONARY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE 2023; 1:67-76. [PMID: 38343891 PMCID: PMC10857872 DOI: 10.1016/j.pccm.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) have caught the attention of many scientists due to their role in various physiological and pathological processes. TIMP-1, 2, 3, and 4 are known members of the TIMPs family. TIMPs exert their biological effects by, but are not limited to, inhibiting the activity of metalloproteases (MMPs). The balance between MMPs and TIMPs is critical for maintaining homeostasis of the extracellular matrix (ECM), while the imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs can lead to pathological changes, such as cancer. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of TIMP-1 in several pulmonary diseases namely, acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pneumonia, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Considering the potential of TIMP-1 serving as a non-invasive diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker, we also reviewed the circulating TIMP-1 levels in translational and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Almuntashiri
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alhumaid
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Saugata Dutta
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ohmed Khilji
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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2
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Ambhore NS, Kalidhindi RSR, Pabelick CM, Hawse JR, Prakash YS, Sathish V. Differential estrogen-receptor activation regulates extracellular matrix deposition in human airway smooth muscle remodeling via NF-κB pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:13935-13950. [PMID: 31638834 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901340r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in airways are characteristic features of remodeling in asthma. Increased ECM production modulates ASM cell proliferation and leads to airway remodeling. Our previous studies showed that ASM from patients with asthma exhibited increased expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-β, which upon activation down-regulated ASM proliferation, implicating an important role for estrogen signaling in airway physiology. There is no current information on the effect of differential ER activation on ECM production. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ER-α vs. ER-β activation on ECM production, deposition, and underlying pathways. Primary human ASM cells isolated from asthmatics and nonasthmatics were treated with E2, an ER-α agonist [propylpyrazoletriol (PPT)], and an ER-β agonist [WAY-200070 (WAY)] with TNF-α or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) followed by evaluation of ECM production and deposition. Expression of proteins and genes corresponding to ECM were measured using Western blotting and quantitative RT-PCR with subsequent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Molecular mechanisms of ER activation in regulating ECM were evaluated by luciferase reporter assays for activator protein 1 (AP-1) and NF-κB. TNF-α or PDGF significantly (P < 0.001) increased ECM deposition and MMP activity in human ASM cells, which was significantly reduced with WAY treatment but not with PPT. Furthermore, TNF-α- or PDGF-induced ECM gene expression in ASM cells was significantly reduced with WAY (P < 0.001). Moreover, WAY significantly down-regulated the activation of NF-κB (P < 0.001) and AP-1 (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) in ASM cells from asthmatics and nonasthmatics. Overall, we demonstrate differential ER signaling in controlling ECM production and deposition. Activation of ER-β diminishes ECM deposition via suppressing the NF-κB pathway activity and might serve as a novel target to blunt airway remodeling.-Ambhore, N. S., Kalidhindi, R. S. R., Pabelick, C. M., Hawse, J. R., Prakash, Y. S., Sathish, V. Differential estrogen-receptor activation regulates extracellular matrix deposition in human airway smooth muscle remodeling via NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Sudhakar Ambhore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | | | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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3
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He Y, Lou X, Jin Z, Yu L, Deng L, Wan H. Mahuang decoction mitigates airway inflammation and regulates IL-21/STAT3 signaling pathway in rat asthma model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 224:373-380. [PMID: 29906536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Nowadays, bronchial asthma is still a severe disease threatening human health, and it is incumbent upon us to seek effective therapeutic drugs. Mahuang decoction (MHD), a classic famous Chinese prescription, has been used for thousands of years to prevent phlegm from forming, stop coughing and relieve asthma, but the relevant mechanism has not been thoroughly clarified. This study aims to investigate the anti-airway inflammation effect of MHD and the possible molecular mechanism underlying IL21/STAT3 signaling pathway, so as to provide guidance for the treatment of MHD on bronchial asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specific pathogen free SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal control group, model group, positive group (Compound methoxyphenamine), MHD-treated groups at doses of 10 ml/kg, 5 ml/kg and 2.5 ml/kg, 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal control group, rats in other groups were sensitized with ovalbumin via introperitoneal injection and challenged with ovalbumin inhalation to trigger asthma model. At 24 h after the last excitation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of every rat was drawn and the number of inflammatory cells was analyzed using cell counting method. ELISA method was performed to determine the concentrations of TXB2, 6-keto-PGF1α, MMP-9, TIMP-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and TNF-α in rat serum. The protein expressions of IL-21, IL-21R, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in murine pulmonary tissues were assessed with western blotting analysis. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the airway wall and airway smooth muscle of murine pulmonary tissues significantly thickened and massive inflammatory cells infiltration occurred around the bronchus in the model group, and the cell counts of WBC and EOS in BALF were also apparently increased, which indicated the rat asthma model was successfully established. MHD or Compound methoxyphenamine not only alleviated the pulmonary inflammatory pathological damages, but also down- regulated the numbers of WBC and EOS in BALF. What's more, the levels of TXB2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, ILs-(2, 4, 5) and TNF-α in rat serum were lessened by the treatment of MHD. In western blotting analysis, treatment with 10 ml/kg or 5 ml/kg MHD markedly declined the increased protein expressions of IL-21, IL-21R, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in lung tissues of asthmatic rats to normal level. CONCLUSION MHD intervention demonstrated a strong inhibitory action on the secretion of inflammatory mediators as well as the inflammatory cell infiltration in pulmonary tissues of asthmatic rats, and also depressed the protein expressions of IL-21, IL-21R, STAT3 and p-STAT3 in pulmonary tissues. MHD effectively mitigates airway inflammation and regulates the IL-21/STAT3 signaling pathway in rat asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Xiaohui Lou
- Dongyang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jinhua 322100, China.
| | - Zhan Jin
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Ling Deng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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4
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Moheimani F, Koops J, Williams T, Reid AT, Hansbro PM, Wark PA, Knight DA. Influenza A virus infection dysregulates the expression of microRNA-22 and its targets; CD147 and HDAC4, in epithelium of asthmatics. Respir Res 2018; 19:145. [PMID: 30068332 PMCID: PMC6090696 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Specific microRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in airway remodeling in asthma. Infection with influenza A virus (IAV) may also magnify pre-existing airway remodeling leading to asthma exacerbation. However, these events remain to be fully defined. We investigated the expression of miRNAs with diverse functions including proliferation (miR-20a), differentiation (miR-22) or innate/adaptive immune responses (miR-132) in primary bronchial epithelial cells (pBECs) of asthmatics following infection with the H1N1 strain of IAV. Methods pBECs from subjects (n = 5) with severe asthma and non-asthmatics were cultured as submerged monolayers or at the air-liquid-interface (ALI) conditions and incubated with IAV H1N1 (MOI 5) for up to 24 h. Isolated miRNAs were subjected to Taqman miRNAs assays. We confirmed miRNA targets using a specific mimic and antagomir. Taqman mRNAs assays and immunoblotting were used to assess expression of target genes and proteins, respectively. Results At baseline, these miRNAs were expressed at the same level in pBECs of asthmatics and non-asthmatics. After 24 h of infection, miR-22 expression increased significantly which was associated with the suppression of CD147 mRNA and HDAC4 mRNA and protein expression in pBECs from non-asthmatics, cultured in ALI. In contrast, miR-22 remained unchanged while CD147 expression increased and HDAC4 remained unaffected in cells from asthmatics. IAV H1N1 mediated increases in SP1 and c-Myc transcription factors may underpin the induction of CD147 in asthmatics. Conclusion The different profile of miR-22 expression in differentiated epithelial cells from non-asthmatics may indicate a self-defense mechanism against aberrant epithelial responses through suppressing CD147 and HDAC4, which is compromised in epithelial cells of asthmatics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0851-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moheimani
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, HMRI building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. .,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jorinke Koops
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, HMRI building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Teresa Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, HMRI building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Andrew T Reid
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, HMRI building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, HMRI building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter A Wark
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, HMRI building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, HMRI building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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5
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Freeman MR, Sathish V, Manlove L, Wang S, Britt RD, Thompson MA, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and airway fibrosis in asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L360-L370. [PMID: 28522569 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00580.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling in asthma driven by inflammation involves proliferation of epithelial cells and airway smooth muscle (ASM), as well as enhanced extracellular matrix (ECM) generation and deposition, i.e., fibrosis. Accordingly, understanding profibrotic mechanisms is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies in asthma. Recent studies, including our own, have suggested a role for locally produced growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mediating and modulating inflammation effects. In this study, we explored the profibrotic influence of BDNF in the context of asthma by examining expression, activity, and deposition of ECM proteins in primary ASM cells isolated from asthmatic vs. nonasthmatic patients. Basal BDNF expression and secretion, and levels of the high-affinity BDNF receptor TrkB, were higher in asthmatic ASM. Exogenous BDNF significantly increased ECM production and deposition, especially of collagen-1 and collagen-3 (less so fibronectin) and the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-9). Exposure to the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα significantly increased BDNF secretion, particularly in asthmatic ASM, whereas no significant changes were observed with IL-13. Chelation of BDNF using TrkB-Fc reversed TNFα-induced increase in ECM deposition. Conditioned media from asthmatic ASM enhanced ECM generation in nonasthmatic ASM, which was blunted by BDNF chelation. Inflammation-induced changes in MMP-2, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) were reversed in the presence of TrkB-Fc. These novel data suggest ASM as an inflammation-sensitive source of BDNF within human airways, with autocrine effects on fibrosis relevant to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R Freeman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Logan Manlove
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodney D Britt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael A Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; .,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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6
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Shaw OM, Hurst RD, Harper JL. Boysenberry ingestion supports fibrolytic macrophages with the capacity to ameliorate chronic lung remodeling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L628-38. [PMID: 27371734 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00309.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis negatively impacts on lung function in chronic asthma and is linked to the development of profibrotic macrophage phenotypes. Epidemiological studies have found that lung function benefits from increased consumption of fruit high in polyphenols. We investigated the effect of boysenberry consumption, in both therapeutic and prophylactic treatment strategies in a mouse model of chronic antigen-induced airway inflammation. Boysenberry consumption reduced collagen deposition and ameliorated tissue remodeling alongside an increase in the presence of CD68+CD206+arginase+ alternatively activated macrophages in the lung tissue. The decrease in tissue remodeling was associated with increased expression of profibrolytic matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein in total lung tissue. We identified alternatively activated macrophages in the mice that consumed boysenberry as a source of the matrix metalloproteinase-9. Oral boysenberry treatment may moderate chronic tissue remodeling by supporting the development of profibrolytic alternatively activated macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9. Regular boysenberry consumption therefore has the potential to moderate chronic lung remodeling and fibrosis in asthma and other chronic pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odette M Shaw
- Inflammation and Arthritis Group, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand; Food & Wellness Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - Roger D Hurst
- Food & Wellness Group, The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand; and
| | - Jacquie L Harper
- Inflammation and Arthritis Group, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand; WelTec, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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7
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Affara N, Refaat A, Fathi M. Study of the effect of anti-IgE (omalizumab) on serum level of matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a marker of remodeling in severe asthmatic patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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8
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Campbell JD, Kell SA, Kozy HM, Lum JA, Sweetwood R, Chu M, Cunningham CR, Salamon H, Lloyd CM, Coffman RL, Hessel EM. A limited CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotide therapy regimen induces sustained suppression of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Thorax 2014; 69:565-573. [PMID: 24464743 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) are potent inhibitors of T helper 2 mediated allergic airway disease in sensitised mice challenged with allergen. A single treatment has transient effects but a limited series of treatments has potential to achieve clinically meaningful sustained inhibition of allergic airway disease. OBJECTIVE To optimise the treatment regimen for sustained efficacy and to determine the mechanisms of action in mice of an inhaled form of CpG-ODN being developed for human asthma treatment. METHODS We set up a chronic allergic-asthma model using ragweed-sensitised mice exposed weekly to intranasal ragweed. Using this model, the effects of a limited series of weekly intranasal 1018 ISS (CpG-ODN; B-class) treatments were evaluated during treatment and for several weeks after treatments had stopped but weekly allergen exposures continued. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring effects on lung T helper 2 cytokines and eosinophilia, and lung dendritic cell function and T-cell responses. RESULTS Twelve intranasal 1018 ISS treatments induced significant suppression of bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia and interleukin 4, 5 and 13 levels. This suppression of allergic T helper 2 parameters was maintained through 13 weekly ragweed exposures administered after treatment cessation. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that at least five treatments were required for lasting suppression. Although CpG-ODN induced moderate T helper 1 responses, suppression of allergic airway disease did not require interferon γ but was associated with induction of a regulatory T-cell response. CONCLUSIONS A short series of CpG-ODN treatments results in sustained suppression of allergic lung inflammation induced by a clinically relevant allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mabel Chu
- Dynavax Technologies, Berkeley, CA 94710
| | | | | | - Clare M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
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9
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Gardner A, Borthwick LA, Fisher AJ. Lung epithelial wound healing in health and disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 4:647-60. [DOI: 10.1586/ers.10.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Zhang J, Zhu QL, Huang P, Yu Q, Wang ZH, Cooper PR, Smith AJ, He W. CpG ODN-induced matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression is mediated via activation of the ERK and NF-κB signalling pathways in odontoblast cells. Int Endod J 2013; 46:666-74. [PMID: 23331101 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of CpG ODN (CpG oligodeoxynucleotides) to model the action of bacterial challenge on pulpal matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression and elucidate the associated intracellular signalling pathways. METHODOLOGY Real-time PCR was used to detect the effects of CpG ODN on MMP-13 mRNA expression levels in a murine odontoblast-lineage cell line (OLCs). The possible involvement of TLR9/MyD88, NF-κB or MAPK pathways involved in the CpG ODN-induced MMP-13 expression was examined by real-time PCR, transient transfection, luciferase activity assay and ELISA. Western blotting was performed to assay the phosphorylation of ERK at a range of time points. RESULTS MMP-13 was constitutively expressed in OLCs, and their exposure to CpG ODN significantly increased MMP-13 expression. Pre-treatment of OLCs with the inhibitory peptide MyD88, or chloroquine, attenuated the CpG ODN-induced expression of MMP-13. Treatment of the OLCs with CpG ODN increased NF-κB-luciferase activity. This activity was decreased by the over-expression of a nondegrading mutant of IκBα (IκBαSR), although enhanced by the over-expression of NF-κB p65. MMP-13 expression induced by CpG ODN was markedly suppressed by NF-κB inhibitors (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, PDTC), IκBα phosphorylation inhibitors (Bay 117082) or IκB protease inhibitor (L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, TPCK). The inhibitor of ERK1/2, U0126, but not inhibitors of p38 MAPK and JNK, SB203580 and SP600125, decreased CpG ODN-mediated MMP-13 expression. CONCLUSION The CpG ODN-induced MMP-13 expression in OLCs is mediated through TLR9, NF-κB and the ERK pathway indicating that potentially the recognition of CpG ODN by TLR9 on odontoblasts may regulate the remodelling of injured dental pulp and hard tissues by inducing MMP-13 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Hsu CH, Hu CM, Lu KH, Yang SF, Tsai CH, Ko CL, Sun HL, Lue KH. Effect of selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists on airway inflammation and matrix metalloproteinase expression in a mouse asthma model. Pediatr Neonatol 2012; 53:235-44. [PMID: 22964281 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) play a major role in the pathogenic changes of airway inflammation in asthma treatment. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, especially MMP-9 and MMP-2 levels, can reflect the status of airway remodeling. This study was undertaken to determine the role of a specific CysLT receptor antagonist in inhibition of airway inflammation and reversal of airway remodeling. METHODS Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized BALB/c mice were fed with a specific leukotriene receptor antagonist (MK-679), prednisolone or placebo from Days 15 to 27. Airway hyperreactivity, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and sera were analyzed. Pulmonary histology was obtained, and the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in BALF were measured. RESULTS The OVA-sensitized mice developed significant airway inflammatory responses, including extensive eosinophils trafficking into BALF and lung interstitium, goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, elevated serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E, and decreased level of serum IgG2a. Administration of MK-679 could reduce airway inflammation but was not as effective as prednisolone. However, MK-679 was more effective than prednisolone for reversing subepithelial fibrotic and myofibrotic reactions of airway remodeling. The levels of MMP-2 and -9 in BALF were proportional to the extent of airway remodeling, which can reflect the effects of treatment. Both prednisolone and MK-679 reverse airway hyperresponsiveness induced by OVA-sensitized mice. CONCLUSION Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor plays a more important role than CysLT in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation. MMP-2 and -9 may be more sensitive indicators of airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiu Hsu
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taiwan, ROC
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12
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Al Heialy S, McGovern TK, Martin JG. Insights into asthmatic airway remodelling through murine models. Respirology 2011; 16:589-97. [PMID: 21435099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.01974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disorder of the airways associated in many instances with structural changes of the airways, termed airway remodelling. Irritant and allergen-induced murine models have been used to further understand the mechanisms of airway remodelling. The infiltration of the airways by inflammatory cells, such as T lymphocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages after repeated allergen challenges may be important effectors in the initiation and perpetuation of airway remodelling through the release of inflammatory mediators and growth factors. Interleukins-4 and -13 have been widely studied in experimental models, and have been shown to play a significant role in airway remodelling. Recently, a role for Th17 cells has been established. Other mediators involved in this process are ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor, matrix metalloproteases and cysteinyl leukotrienes. A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to airway remodelling in allergic diseases may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic strategies but validation in human subjects is required for potential targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Al Heialy
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Song DJ, Min MG, Miller M, Cho JY, Yum HY, Broide DH. Toll-like receptor-9 agonist inhibits airway inflammation, remodeling and hyperreactivity in mice exposed to chronic environmental tobacco smoke and allergen. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 151:285-96. [PMID: 19851071 DOI: 10.1159/000250437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As passive environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in nonsmokers can increase both asthma symptoms and the frequency of asthma exacerbations, we utilized a mouse model, in which ovalbumin (OVA) + ETS induce significantly increased levels of eosinophilic airway inflammation and remodeling compared to either stimulus alone, to determine whether a Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) agonist could reduce levels of airway inflammation, airway remodeling and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). METHODS Mice treated with or without a TLR-9 agonist were sensitized to OVA and challenged with OVA + ETS for 1 month. AHR to methacholine was assessed in intubated and ventilated mice. Lung Th2 cytokines and TGF-beta(1) were measured by ELISA. Lungs were processed for histology and immunohistology to quantify eosinophils, mucus, peribronchial fibrosis and smooth muscle changes using image analysis. RESULTS Administration of a TLR-9 agonist to mice coexposed to chronic ETS and chronic OVA allergen significantly reduced levels of eosinophilic airway inflammation, mucus production, peribronchial fibrosis, the thickness of the peribronchial smooth muscle layer, and AHR. The reduced airway remodeling in mice treated with the TLR-9 agonist was associated with significantly reduced numbers of peribronchial MBP+ and peribronchial TGF-beta(1)+ cells, and with significantly reduced levels of lung Th2 cytokines [interleukin-5 and interleukin-13] and TGF-beta(1). CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that TLR-9-based therapies inhibit airway inflammation, remodeling and AHR in mice coexposed to ETS and allergen who exhibit enhanced airway inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Jin Song
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Ito I, Fixman ED, Asai K, Yoshida M, Gounni AS, Martin JG, Hamid Q. Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta modulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and migratory function of human airway smooth muscle cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:1370-80. [PMID: 19522858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs) have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Their expression in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells could be involved in collagen turnover and migration of these cells and thus may contribute to airway remodelling. OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of pro-fibrotic growth factors TGF-beta and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on the expression of MMPs/TIMPs in cultured human ASM cells and to examine the role of MMP in the migration of ASM cells. METHODS ASM cells were stimulated with TGF-beta and/or PDGF. Expression and activity of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and zymography. Modified Boyden-chamber migration assay was performed to investigate the effect of secreted MMP-3 and TIMP-1 on ASM-cell migration. RESULTS PDGF strongly up-regulated the expression of MMP-1 at mRNA and protein levels. PDGF, when combined with TGF-beta, caused synergistic up-regulation of MMP-3. TIMP-1 was additively up-regulated by TGF-beta and PDGF. These growth factors had no effect on the expression of MMP-2 and TIMP-2. U0126, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway inhibitor, inhibited the up-regulation of MMP-1 by PDGF. The synergistic/additive up-regulation of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 was inhibited by U0126 and SB431542, a Smad pathway inhibitor. Supernatant from ASM cells in which MMP-3 production was knocked down by RNA interference showed a decreased migratory effect on ASM cells, whereas supernatant from cells with suppressed TIMP-1 expression resulted in increased migration. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that PDGF with/without TGF-beta could facilitate migration of ASM cells by modification of MMP-TIMP balance through the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ito
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Simoes DCM, Xanthou G, Petrochilou K, Panoutsakopoulou V, Roussos C, Gratziou C. Osteopontin Deficiency Protects against Airway Remodeling and Hyperresponsiveness in Chronic Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:894-902. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200807-1081oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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16
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Leung DY. Directing the innate immune response to prevent and control allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:893-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Leonardi A, Brun P, Di Stefano A, Motterle L, Abatangelo G. Matrix metalloproteases in vernal keratoconjunctivitis, nasal polyps and allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:872-9. [PMID: 17517101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic conditions in different organs share many similarities in their inflammatory response. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC), asthma and nasal polyps exhibit several similar, but site-specific mucosal structural changes. The aim of the study was to investigate whether matrix metalloproteases contribute to different tissue remodelling aspects in different organs. METHODS Mucosal biopsies were obtained from conjunctiva of healthy donors, tarsal conjunctiva of vernal patients, bronchi of non-asthmatic subjects, bronchi of mild stable asthmatic patients, nasal mucosa of non-allergic donors and nasal polyps of allergic patients. Distribution of metalloprotease-1, -3, -9, -13, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1, collagens I and III and the presence of eosinophils and CD4+ cells were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Collagens were highly diffuse in the giant papillae of VKC and in nasal polyps, and yet less increased in the subepithelium of asthmatic patients. Immunostaining for metalloprotease-1, -3, -9 and -13 was significantly higher in VKC compared with normal conjunctiva. Metalloprotease-9 staining was higher in the stroma of polyps vs. normal nasal mucosa, and only metalloprotease-13 was significantly more expressed in asthmatic vs. non-asthmatic subjects. Metalloprotease-9 immunostaining was more intense in vernal compared with other tissues. In all pathological tissues, metalloprotease-9-positive staining was in association with eosinophils and CD4+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Expression of metalloproteases may play an important role in inducing the structural changes seen in VKC, nasal polyps and asthma. Tissue remodelling and gelatinase immunoexpression was more dramatic in giant papillae of vernal patients compared with other tissue sites of chronic allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leonardi
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Italy.
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18
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Ichiyama T, Kajimoto M, Hasegawa M, Hashimoto K, Matsubara T, Furukawa S. Cysteinyl leukotrienes enhance tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human monocytes/macrophages. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:608-14. [PMID: 17430359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an important enzyme responsible for airway remodelling. Monocytes/macrophages have a cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (cysLT1) receptor, but its function is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the function of the cysLT1 receptor of human monocytes/macrophages in MMP-9 production. METHODS We examined the effect of cysLTs (LTC4, -D4 and -E4) on TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production in THP-1 cells, a human monocytic leukaemia cell line and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages. In addition, we examined the effect of pranlukast, a cysLT1 receptor antagonist, on the enhancement of TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production by cysLTs. RESULTS ELISA revealed that LTC4 and -D4, but not -E4, enhanced TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production in THP-1 cells and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that LTC4 and -D4, but not -E4, increased MMP-9 mRNA expression induced by TNF-alpha in THP-1 cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that pranlukast completely inhibited the enhancement of TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production by LTC4 and -D4 in THP-1 cells and peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes/macrophages. CONCLUSION LTC4 and -D4 enhanced the TNF-alpha-induced MMP-9 production via binding the cysLT1 receptor in human monocytes/macrophages. Pranlukast inhibited the enhancements by LTC4 and D4.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ichiyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Asthma is a disorder of increasing prevalence and severity that has been linked with reduced early-life exposure to microbes and microbial products. Populations with increased environmental exposures to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., children who have large numbers of older siblings, who were raised on farms, and who have earlier out-of-home day-care attendance) have fewer and less severe atopic disorders. The mechanism(s) responsible for these observations remain uncertain, but modulation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns of the inflammatory milieu (and thus the setting in which allergens may be encountered) has received strong support. One microbial product with marked immunostimulatory properties is bacterial DNA, which differs from mammalian DNA in the frequency of cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides; many of the effects of bacterial DNA can be recapitulated by oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing CpG in specific base sequence motifs (CpG ODNs). Because CpG ODNs induce Th1-type cytokines (which can suppress the Th2-type responses that cause many of the manifestations of allergic disease), we speculated that they may be useful in preventing or reversing the eosinophilic inflammation of atopic asthma. We found this to be the case, using murine models of incipient and established allergic asthma, but learned that the Th1-type cytokines were not critical for efficacy. Subsequent work has suggested that induction of regulatory-type responses (from T cells and antigen-presenting cells) is involved in the protection provided by CpG ODNs. Ongoing clinical trials are examining the utility of CpG ODNs alone and as an adjuvant for immunotherapy in human populations with atopic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel N Kline
- Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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20
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Abstract
The principal components of the asthmatic response are airways hyper-responsiveness, persistent inflammation and mucus hypersecretion. Although these components are inter-related, any of these can predominate at different times and for different patients and each requires a different approach to therapy. As a result of the inflammation and epithelial damage, there can be abnormal repair mechanisms leading to fixed airflow obstruction that has been termed 'airways remodeling'. Although there are a number of highly effective therapeutic agents used to treat asthma today, novel therapies are being designed to more specifically and safely target these different components and better meet the needs of patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Rubin
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1081, USA.
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Finkelman FD, Vercelli D. Advances in asthma, allergy mechanisms, and genetics in 2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:544-50. [PMID: 17610942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the main advances in animal models of allergic airway disease and genetics of asthma and allergy published in the Journal in 2006. This work highlighted and extended what has become the central dogma of allergic pathogenesis by highlighting the mechanisms involved in inducing a T(H)2 response and in determining how T(H)2 cytokines induce the allergic airway disease phenotype. By so doing, they have identified a considerable number of potential therapeutic targets. Genetic analyses, on the other hand, revealed novel, potentially important candidate genes, confirmed known ones, and refined our understanding of the putative role played by others, sometimes positively, sometimes negatively. These data reiterate allergic inflammation is a classic complex genetic disease-that is, a disorder in which multiple and distinct genetic determinants variously interact with one another and with relevant environmental exposures to result in clinical phenotypes that, although superficially similar, involve distinct genetic pathways and represent the outcome of distinct pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Sampsonas F, Kaparianos A, Lykouras D, Karkoulias K, Spiropoulos K. DNA sequence variations of metalloproteinases: their role in asthma and COPD. Postgrad Med J 2007; 83:244-50. [PMID: 17403951 PMCID: PMC2600023 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2006.052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are complex genetic diseases that cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genetic variability interacting with environmental and ethnic factors is presumed to cause tobacco smoke susceptibility and to influence asthma severity. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 33 (ADAM33) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) appear to have important roles in asthma and COPD pathogenesis. ADAM33 and MMP9 genetic alterations could possibly contribute to the establishment and progression of these multifactorial diseases, although their association with the clinical phenotypes has not yet been elucidated. However, the occurrence of these alterations does not always result in clear disease, implying that either they are an epiphenomenon or they are in proximity to the true causative alteration. This review summarises the most recent literature dealing with the genetic variations of metalloproteinases and outlines their potential pathogenetic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotis Sampsonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pneumology, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Kim SJ, Kim CH, Ahn JH, Kim MS, Kim SC, Lee SY, Kwon SS, Kim YK, Kim KH, Moon HS, Song JS, Park SH. Time sequence of airway remodeling in a mouse model of chronic asthma: the relation with airway hyperresponsiveness. J Korean Med Sci 2007; 22:183-91. [PMID: 17449921 PMCID: PMC2693579 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2007.22.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of establishing an animal model of chronic asthma, we tried to elucidate the time sequence of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), airway inflammation, airway remodeling, and associated cytokines. Seven-week-old female BALB/c mice were studied as a chronic asthma model using ovalbumin (OVA). After sensitization, mice were exposed twice weekly to aerosolized OVA, and were divided into three groups depending on the duration of 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 12 weeks. At each time point, airway responsiveness, inflammatory cells, cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF), serum OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, and histological examination were carried out. AHR to methacholine, increased levels of OVA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a, and goblet cell hyperplasia were continuously sustained at each time point of weeks. In contrast, we observed a time-dependent decrease in serum OVA-specific IgE, BALF eosinophils, BALF cytokines such as IL-13, transforming growth factor-beta1, and a time-dependent increase in BALF promatrix metalloproteinase-9 and peribronchial fibrosis. In this OVA-induced chronic asthma model, we observed airway remodelings as well as various cytokines and inflammatory cells being involved in different time-dependent manners. However, increased airway fibrosis did not directly correlate with a further increase in airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chi Hong Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Hyun Ahn
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Sook Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Chan Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Seog Kwon
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kyoon Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan Hyoung Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Sik Moon
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Sup Song
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hak Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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