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Liang X, Duan Q, Li B, Wang Y, Bu Y, Zhang Y, Kuang Z, Mao L, An X, Wang H, Yang X, Wan N, Feng Z, Shen W, Miao W, Chen J, Liu S, Storz JF, Liu J, Nevo E, Li K. Genomic structural variation contributes to evolved changes in gene expression in high-altitude Tibetan sheep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322291121. [PMID: 38913905 PMCID: PMC11228492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322291121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tibetan sheep were introduced to the Qinghai Tibet plateau roughly 3,000 B.P., making this species a good model for investigating genetic mechanisms of high-altitude adaptation over a relatively short timescale. Here, we characterize genomic structural variants (SVs) that distinguish Tibetan sheep from closely related, low-altitude Hu sheep, and we examine associated changes in tissue-specific gene expression. We document differentiation between the two sheep breeds in frequencies of SVs associated with genes involved in cardiac function and circulation. In Tibetan sheep, we identified high-frequency SVs in a total of 462 genes, including EPAS1, PAPSS2, and PTPRD. Single-cell RNA-Seq data and luciferase reporter assays revealed that the SVs had cis-acting effects on the expression levels of these three genes in specific tissues and cell types. In Tibetan sheep, we identified a high-frequency chromosomal inversion that exhibited modified chromatin architectures relative to the noninverted allele that predominates in Hu sheep. The inversion harbors several genes with altered expression patterns related to heart protection, brown adipocyte proliferation, angiogenesis, and DNA repair. These findings indicate that SVs represent an important source of genetic variation in gene expression and may have contributed to high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Qijiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Yinjia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Yueting Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Yonglu Zhang
- Fengjia Town Health Center, Rushan City, Weihai City264200, China
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Leyan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Xuan An
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Huihua Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing100193, China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Na Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Zhilong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Weilan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Sanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Jay F. Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE68588
| | - Jianquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa3498838, Israel
| | - Kexin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
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Kurtović M, Piteša N, Čonkaš J, Hajpek H, Vučić M, Musani V, Ozretić P, Sabol M. GLI Transcriptional Targets S100A7 and KRT16 Show Upregulated Expression Patterns in Epidermis Overlying the Tumor Mass in Melanoma Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6084. [PMID: 38892279 PMCID: PMC11172526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Although not completely understood, the role of the Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) signaling pathway in melanoma and epithelial skin tumors has been reported before. In this study, we confirmed in various melanoma cell line models that keratin 16 (KRT16) and S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A7 (S100A7) are transcriptional targets of GLI Family Zinc Finger (GLI) proteins. Besides their important role in protecting and maintaining the epidermal barrier, keratins are somehow tightly connected with the S100 family of proteins. We found that stronger expression of KRT16 indeed corresponds to stronger expression of S100A7 in our clinical melanoma samples. We also report a trend regarding staining of GLI1, which corresponds to stronger staining of GLI3, KRT16, and S100A7 proteins. The most interesting of our findings is that all the proteins are detected specifically in the epidermis overlying the tumor, but rarely in the tumor itself. The examined proteins were also not detected in the healthy epidermis at the edges of the sample, suggesting that the staining is specific to the epidermis overlaying the tumor mass. Of all proteins, only S100A7 demonstrated a statistically significant trend regarding tumor staging and staining intensity. Results from our clinical samples prove that immune infiltration is an important feature of melanoma. Pigmentophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) demonstrate a significant association with tumor stage, while mononuclear cells are equally present in all stages. For S100A7, we found an association between the number of TILs and staining intensity. Considering these new findings presented in our study, we suggest a more detailed examination of the possible role of the S100A7 protein as a biomarker in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Kurtović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (N.P.); (J.Č.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Nikolina Piteša
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (N.P.); (J.Č.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Josipa Čonkaš
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (N.P.); (J.Č.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Helena Hajpek
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (N.P.); (J.Č.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (P.O.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Majda Vučić
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Musani
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (N.P.); (J.Č.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (N.P.); (J.Č.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (P.O.)
| | - Maja Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.K.); (N.P.); (J.Č.); (H.H.); (V.M.); (P.O.)
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Gilaberte Y, Piquero-Casals J, Schalka S, Leone G, Brown A, Trullàs C, Jourdan E, Lim HW, Krutmann J, Passeron T. Exploring the impact of solar radiation on skin microbiome to develop improved photoprotection strategies. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38767119 DOI: 10.1111/php.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The skin microbiome undergoes constant exposure to solar radiation (SR), with its effects on health well-documented. However, understanding SR's influence on host-associated skin commensals remains nascent. This review surveys existing knowledge on SR's impact on the skin microbiome and proposes innovative sun protection methods that safeguard both skin integrity and microbiome balance. A team of skin photodamage specialists conducted a comprehensive review of 122 articles sourced from PubMed and Research Gateway. Key terms included skin microbiome, photoprotection, photodamage, skin cancer, ultraviolet radiation, solar radiation, skin commensals, skin protection, and pre/probiotics. Experts offered insights into novel sun protection products designed not only to shield the skin but also to mitigate SR's effects on the skin microbiome. Existing literature on SR's influence on the skin microbiome is limited. SR exposure can alter microbiome composition, potentially leading to dysbiosis, compromised skin barrier function, and immune system activation. Current sun protection methods generally overlook microbiome considerations. Tailored sun protection products that prioritize both skin and microbiome health may offer enhanced defense against SR-induced skin conditions. By safeguarding both skin and microbiota, these specialized products could mitigate dysbiosis risks associated with SR exposure, bolstering skin defense mechanisms and reducing the likelihood of SR-mediated skin issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jaime Piquero-Casals
- Department of Dermatology, Dermik Multidisciplinary Dermatology Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Schalka
- Medcin Skin Research Center and Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute of São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Leone
- Photodermatology and Vitiligo Treatment Unit, Israelite Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Eric Jourdan
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henry W Lim
- The Henry W. Lim Division of Photobiology and Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF - Leibniz-Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thierry Passeron
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
- Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, INSERM U1065, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Schmuth M, Eckmann S, Moosbrugger-Martinz V, Ortner-Tobider D, Blunder S, Trafoier T, Gruber R, Elias PM. Skin Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:989-1000.e1. [PMID: 38643989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
A compromised permeability barrier is a hallmark of atopic dermatitis (AD). Localized to the outermost skin layer, the stratum corneum (SC) is critically dependent on terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes, which transform into protein-rich corneocytes surrounded by extracellular lamellae of unique epidermal lipids, conferring permeability barrier function. These structures are disrupted in AD. A leaky barrier is prone to environmental insult, which in AD elicits type 2-dominant inflammation, in turn resulting in a vicious cycle further impairing the SC structure. Therapies directed at enforcing SC structure and anti-inflammatory strategies administered by topical and systemic route as well as UV therapy have differential effects on the permeability barrier. The expanding armamentarium of therapeutic modalities for AD treatment warrants optimization of their effects on permeability barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Pediatric Dermatology and Rare Diseases, Karl Landsteiner Society, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Sonja Eckmann
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Stefan Blunder
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Trafoier
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Gruber
- Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Institute for Pediatric Dermatology and Rare Diseases, Karl Landsteiner Society, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology, Veteran Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Zarfl M, Patra V, Bordag N, Quehenberger F, Golob-Schwarzl N, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Wolf P. Eradication of skin microbiota restores cytokine production and release in polymorphic light eruption. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15034. [PMID: 38459631 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphic light eruption (PLE) has been mechanistically linked to cytokine abnormalities. Emerging preclinical evidence posits the skin microbiome as a critical modulator of ultraviolet (UV)-induced cytokine expression, thereby influencing subsequent immune responses. This intricate relationship remains underexplored in the context of PLE. Hence, we investigated the differential responses between disinfected and non-disinfected skin following both single and repetitive exposures to solar-simulated UV radiation in patients with PLE. An experimental, half-body pilot study was conducted involving six PLE patients and 15 healthy controls. Participants' skin was exposed to single and multiple doses of solar-simulated UV radiation, both in disinfected and in non-disinfected skin areas. The co-primary outcomes were PLE score and cytokine expression in blister fluid analysed through OLINK proteomic profiling. Secondary outcomes were erythema, pigmentation, induction of apoptotic cells in vacuum-generated suction blisters, and density of infiltrate in skin biopsies of PLE patients. Among the 71 cytokines analysed, baseline expression levels of 20 specific cytokines-integral to processes such as apoptosis, inflammation, immune cell recruitment, cellular growth, and differentiation-were significantly impaired in PLE patients compared with healthy controls. Notably, skin disinfection reversed the observed cytokine imbalances following a single UV exposure at the minimal erythema dose (MED) level and exhibited even more pronounced effects after multiple UV exposures. However, no significant differences were evident in PLE score, erythema, pigmentation, or rates of apoptotic cell induction upon UV radiation. These findings provide evidence for UV-driven cytokine regulation by the skin microbiota and imply microbiome involvement in the PLE immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Zarfl
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vijaykumar Patra
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Natalie Bordag
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz Quehenberger
- Medical University of Graz, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicole Golob-Schwarzl
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra Gruber-Wackernagel
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Medical University of Graz, BioMedTech, Graz, Austria
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Zhang H, George-Washburn EA, Hashemi KB, Cho E, Walker J, Weinstock MA, Bostom A, Robinson-Bostom L, Gohh R. Oral Nicotinamide for Actinic Keratosis Prevention in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Pilot Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:2079-2084. [PMID: 37838527 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral nicotinamide (NAM) has shown promise in preventing actinic keratoses (AKs) in trials based outside of the United States. We assessed the efficacy of oral NAM supplementation in kidney transplant recipients with a history of keratinocyte carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients enrolled in a 2-week run-in phase, during which NAM 1000 mg was taken twice daily. After a washout period, patients who tolerated the run-in phase were randomized to NAM 500 mg twice daily or placebo. At baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months, dermatologists conducted full-body skin exams to document area-specific AKs. Routine lab work was collected to ensure the stability of renal allograft function. RESULTS The dosage was reduced from 1000 to 500 mg due to gastrointestinal symptoms in the run-in phase. Patients were randomized to NAM (n = 10) or placebo (n = 11). At 12 months, mean AK count was 30.8 (95% CI -11.7-73.4) for NAM and 26.6 (95% CI 10.8-42.5) for placebo. The difference in percent AK count change at 12 months compared with baseline was 259.8% (95% CI -385.9 to 905.5) for NAM and 72.4% (95% CI -118.6 to 263.5) for placebo. The between-group difference in percent AK change was not significant (P = .38). There was no attrition in the placebo group and 40% attrition in the NAM arm. DISCUSSION Nicotinamide did not decrease AK development among kidney transplant recipients. Limitations include drug tolerability, small sample size, and single-center trial nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Zhang
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Kimberly B Hashemi
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joanna Walker
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI; Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Martin A Weinstock
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Andrew Bostom
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Leslie Robinson-Bostom
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Reginald Gohh
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
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Gu X, Han Y, Shao Y, Ma W, Shao Z, Wan G, Lu C, Shi S, Lu W. Gene expression changes reveal the impact of the space environment on the skin of International Space Station astronauts. Clin Exp Dermatol 2023; 48:1128-1137. [PMID: 37171787 DOI: 10.1093/ced/llad178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The various types of ionizing radiation and altered gravity in the space environment present a risk to humans during space missions. Changes in the space environment lead to skin diseases, affecting the status of the aviators to fly. Therefore, it is important to explore the molecular-level changes in the skin during space missions. OBJECTIVES Bioinformatics analysis of gene arrays from hair follicle tissue of 10 astronauts was performed to explore changes in gene expression before, during and after space missions. METHODS First, STEM (Short Time-series Expression Miner) software was used to identify the expression patterns of hair follicle genes of astronauts pre-, in- and postflight. Gene Ontology Enrichment Analysis was then performed to explore the gene functions within the module. Protein-protein interaction network analysis was performed on skin-related genes. The transcriptional regulatory network within the module was constructed using the TRRUST database. The circadian rhythm-related genes within the module were screened using the MSigDB (Molecular Signatures Database). RESULTS Based on differential expression analysis between the two groups, there were 327 differentially expressed genes after the astronauts entered space compared with preflight, and only 54 differentially expressed genes after returning to Earth. This outcome suggests that the expression of most genes can be recovered on return to the ground, but there are a small number of genes whose expression cannot be recovered in a short period of time. Based on time series analysis, 311 genes showed increased expression on entry into space and decreased expression on return to Earth. The genes of this expression pattern were associated with skin development, keratinocyte differentiation and cornification. Ten hub genes were identified as skin-related genes within the module, as well as nine transcription factors and three circadian genes. One hundred and seventy-nine genes decreased in expression after entry into space and increased on return to Earth. By reviewing the literature, we found that four of the genes, CSCD2, HP, CXCR1 and SSTR4, are associated with skin diseases. CONCLUSIONS Through bioinformatics analysis, we found that the space environment affects skin keratinocyte differentiation, leading to skin barrier damage and inflammatory responses, and that this effect was decreased after return to Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuru Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Shao
- CoBioer Biosciences Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeguo Shao
- Medical Instrumentation College, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changlian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- China COMAC Shanghai Aircraft Design and Research Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Laser and Aesthetic Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Brogden KA. Induction of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides to Prevent or Treat Oral Infection and Inflammation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020361. [PMID: 36830272 PMCID: PMC9952314 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are often used to treat oral infections. Unfortunately, excessive antibiotic use can adversely alter oral microbiomes and promote the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which can be difficult to treat. An alternate approach could be to induce the local transcription and expression of endogenous oral antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To assess the feasibility and benefits of this approach, we conducted literature searches to identify (i) the AMPs expressed in the oral cavity; (ii) the methods used to induce endogenous AMP expression; and (iii) the roles that expressed AMPs may have in regulating oral inflammation, immunity, healing, and pain. Search results identified human neutrophil peptides (HNP), human beta defensins (HBD), and cathelicidin AMP (CAMP) gene product LL-37 as prominent AMPs expressed by oral cells and tissues. HNP, HBD, and LL-37 expression can be induced by micronutrients (trace elements, elements, and vitamins), nutrients, macronutrients (mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, amino acids, pyropeptides, proteins, and fatty acids), proinflammatory agonists, thyroid hormones, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, red light, or near infrared radiation (NIR). Localized AMP expression can help reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and help oral tissues heal. The use of a specific inducer depends upon the overall objective. Inducing the expression of AMPs through beneficial foods would be suitable for long-term health protection. Additionally, the specialized metabolites or concentrated extracts that are utilized as dosage forms would maintain the oral and intestinal microbiome composition and control oral and intestinal infections. Inducing AMP expression using irradiation methodologies would be applicable to a specific oral treatment area in addition to controlling local infections while regulating inflammatory and healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Immunity in Sea Turtles: Review of a Host-Pathogen Arms Race Millions of Years in the Running. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040556. [PMID: 36830343 PMCID: PMC9951749 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of sea turtles is not completely understood. Sea turtles (as reptiles) bridge a unique evolutionary gap, being ectothermic vertebrates like fish and amphibians and amniotes like birds and mammals. Turtles are ectotherms; thus, their immune system is influenced by environmental conditions like temperature and season. We aim to review the turtle immune system and note what studies have investigated sea turtles and the effect of the environment on the immune response. Turtles rely heavily on the nonspecific innate response rather than the specific adaptive response. Turtles' innate immune effectors include antimicrobial peptides, complement, and nonspecific leukocytes. The antiviral defense is understudied in terms of the diversity of pathogen receptors and interferon function. Turtles also mount adaptive responses to pathogens. Lymphoid structures responsible for lymphocyte activation and maturation are either missing in reptiles or function is affected by season. Turtles are a marker of health for their marine environment, and their immune system is commonly dysregulated because of disease or contaminants. Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumorous disease that afflicts sea turtles and is thought to be caused by a virus and an environmental factor. We aim, by exploring the current understanding of the immune system in turtles, to aid the investigation of environmental factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease and provide options for immunotherapy.
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Humberg A, Neuenburg L, Boeckel H, Fortmann MI, Härtel C, Herting E, Hinrichs H, Rademacher F, Harder J. Antimicrobial skin peptides in premature infants: Comparison with term infants and impact of perinatal factors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093340. [PMID: 36923410 PMCID: PMC10009099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preterm infants have an immature epidermis barrier function that may lead to an increased permeability to pathogens. On the surface of the human skin, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important molecules of the innate immune system, have broad antimicrobial properties, and provide an essential role in integrity of the microbiome. Given the marked susceptibility of preterm infants to infection, we hypothesize a decreased expression of AMPs on the skin of preterm infants. Materials and methods In a prospective single-center study with 35 preterm and 20 term infants, we analyzed skin rinsing probes for the presence of the AMPs psoriasin (S100A7) and ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Samples were taken from preterm infants < 34 0/7 weeks gestational age (mean ± SD gestational age, 28.8 ± 2.4 weeks) on days 0, 7, 14, and 28 after birth. Term infants (> 36 6/7 weeks) (controls) were washed on days 0 and 28. Results Psoriasin and RNase 7 were both expressed on skin of preterm and term infants and increased in concentration significantly over time. RNase 7 was more expressed in term infants on day 0 [preterm = 1.1 (0.7-2.9) vs. term = 2.0 (1.1-3.4) ng/ml, p = 0.017]. On day 28, premature infants showed higher values of psoriasin [preterm = 10.9 (5.6-14.2) vs. term = 6.3 (3.4-9.0) ng/ml, p < 0.001]. Notably, preterm infants with infectious or inflammatory context driven by histological proof of chorioamnionitis and early-onset or late-onset sepsis had higher concentrations of psoriasin as compared with non-affected preterm infants. After exclusion of infants with inflammatory hit, median concentrations of RNase 7 and psoriasin did not differ between preterm and full-term infants on days 0 and 28. Discussion Psoriasin and RNase 7 concentrations increase over time on the skin of newborn infants and seem to play a role in the first defense against infection. This is of particularly interest as the role of AMPs on a maturing skin microbiome and its possible new prevention strategies is unclear and needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Humberg
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Lisa Neuenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannah Boeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mats Ingmar Fortmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Härtel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Egbert Herting
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heilwig Hinrichs
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Rademacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Zeng E, Brogden KA. Antimicrobial Peptides and Biomarkers Induced by Ultraviolet Irradiation Have the Potential to Reduce Endodontic Inflammation and Facilitate Tissue Healing. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091979. [PMID: 36145725 PMCID: PMC9503046 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can modulate host immune responses and this approach is a novel application for treating endodontic infections and inflammation in root canals. Methods: A dataset of UV-induced molecules was compiled from a literature search. A subset of this dataset was used to calculate expression log2 ratios of endodontic tissue molecules from HEPM cells and gingival fibroblasts after 255, 405, and 255/405 nm UV irradiation. Both datasets were analyzed using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA, Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA). Statistical significance was calculated using Fisher’s exact test and z-scores were calculated for IPA comparison analysis. Results: The dataset of 32 UV-induced molecules contained 9 antimicrobial peptides, 10 cytokines, 6 growth factors, 3 enzymes, 2 transmembrane receptors, and 2 transcription regulators. These molecules were in the IPA canonical pathway annotations for the wound healing signaling pathway (9/32, p = 3.22 × 10−11) and communication between immune cells (6/32, p = 8.74 × 10−11). In the IPA disease and function annotations, the 32 molecules were associated with an antimicrobial response, cell-to-cell signaling and interaction, cellular movement, hematological system development and function, immune cell trafficking, and inflammatory response. In IPA comparison analysis of the 13 molecules, the predicted activation or inhibition of pathways depended upon the cell type exposed, the wavelength of the UV irradiation used, and the time after exposure. Conclusions: UV irradiation activates and inhibits cellular pathways and immune functions. These results suggested that UV irradiation can activate innate and adaptive immune responses, which may supplement endodontic procedures to reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and assist tissues to heal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erliang Zeng
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Skin microbiota analysis in patients with anorexia nervosa and healthy-weight controls reveals microbial indicators of healthy weight and associations with the antimicrobial peptide psoriasin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15515. [PMID: 36109548 PMCID: PMC9477808 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN), a psychiatric condition defined by low body weight for age and height, is associated with numerous dermatological conditions. Yet, clinical observations report that patients with AN do not suffer from infectious skin diseases like those associated with primary malnutrition. Cell-mediated immunity appears to be amplified in AN; however, this proinflammatory state does not sufficiently explain the lower incidence of infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important components of the innate immune system protecting from pathogens and shaping the microbiota. In Drosophila melanogaster starvation precedes increased AMP gene expression. Here, we analyzed skin microbiota in patients with AN and age-matched, healthy-weight controls and investigated the influence of weight gain on microbial community structure. We then correlated features of the skin microbial community with psoriasin and RNase 7, two highly abundant AMPs in human skin, to clarify whether an association between AMPs and skin microbiota exists and whether such a relationship might contribute to the resistance to cutaneous infections observed in AN. We find significant statistical correlations between Shannon diversity and the highly abundant skin AMP psoriasin and bacterial load, respectively. Moreover, we reveal psoriasin significantly associates with Abiotrophia, an indicator for the healthy-weight control group. Additionally, we observe a significant correlation between an individual's body mass index and Lactobacillus, a microbial indicator of health. Future investigation may help clarify physiological mechanisms that link nutritional intake with skin physiology.
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Shannon AH, Adelman SA, Hisey EA, Potnis SS, Rozo V, Yung MW, Li JY, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM, Leonard BC. Antimicrobial Peptide Expression at the Ocular Surface and Their Therapeutic Use in the Treatment of Microbial Keratitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857735. [PMID: 35722307 PMCID: PMC9201425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratitis is a common cause of ocular pain and visual impairment worldwide. The ocular surface has a relatively paucicellular microbial community, mostly found in the conjunctiva, while the cornea would be considered relatively sterile. However, in patients with microbial keratitis, the cornea can be infected with multiple pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Fusarium sp. Treatment with topical antimicrobials serves as the standard of care for microbial keratitis, however, due to high rates of pathogen resistance to current antimicrobial medications, alternative therapeutic strategies must be developed. Multiple studies have characterized the expression and activity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), endogenous peptides with key antimicrobial and wound healing properties, on the ocular surface. Recent studies and clinical trials provide promise for the use of AMPs as therapeutic agents. This article reviews the repertoire of AMPs expressed at the ocular surface, how expression of these AMPs can be modulated, and the potential for harnessing the AMPs as potential therapeutics for patients with microbial keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison H. Shannon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara A. Adelman
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin A. Hisey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sanskruti S. Potnis
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Rozo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Madeline W. Yung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Y. Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sara M. Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Frommeyer TC, Gilbert MM, Brittain GV, Wu T, Nguyen TQ, Rohan CA, Travers JB. UVB-Induced Microvesicle Particle Release and Its Effects on the Cutaneous Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880850. [PMID: 35603177 PMCID: PMC9120817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) has profound effects on human skin that results in a broad spectrum of immunological local and systemic responses and is the major cause of skin carcinogenesis. One important area of study in photobiology is how UVB is translated into effector signals. As the skin is exposed to UVB light, subcellular microvesicle particles (MVP), a subtype of bioactive extracellular vesicles, are released causing a variety of local and systemic immunological effects. In this review, we highlight keratinocyte MVP release in keratinocytes in response to UVB. Specifically, Platelet-activating factor receptor agonists generated by UVB result in MVP released from keratinocytes. The downstream effects of MVP release include the ability of these subcellular particles to transport agents including the glycerophosphocholine-derived lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF). Moreover, even though UVB is only absorbed in the epidermis, it appears that PAF release from MVPs also mediates systemic immunosuppression and enhances tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor cells expressing PAF receptors can use this mechanism to evade chemotherapy responses, leading to treatment resistance for advanced cancers such as melanoma. Furthermore, novel pharmacological agents provide greater insight into the UVB-induced immune response pathway and a potential target for pharmacological intervention. This review outlines the need to more clearly elucidate the mechanism linking UVB-irradiation with the cutaneous immune response and its pathological manifestations. An improved understanding of this process can result in new insights and treatment strategies for UVB-related disorders from carcinogenesis to photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Frommeyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Michael M. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Garrett V. Brittain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Tongfan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Trang Q. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Craig A. Rohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Travers,
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15
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Anene CA, Taggart E, Harwood CA, Pennington DJ, Wang J. Decosus: An R Framework for Universal Integration of Cell Proportion Estimation Methods. Front Genet 2022; 13:802838. [PMID: 35432466 PMCID: PMC9011041 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.802838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the cellular heterogeneity and abundance in bulk tissue samples is essential for characterising cellular and organismal states. Computational approaches to estimate cellular abundance from bulk RNA-Seq datasets have variable performances, often requiring benchmarking matrices to select the best performing methods for individual studies. However, such benchmarking investigations are difficult to perform and assess in typical applications because of the absence of gold standard/ground-truth cellular measurements. Here we describe Decosus, an R package that integrates seven methods and signatures for deconvoluting cell types from gene expression profiles (GEP). Benchmark analysis on a range of datasets with ground-truth measurements revealed that our integrated estimates consistently exhibited stable performances across datasets than individual methods and signatures. We further applied Decosus to characterise the immune compartment of skin samples in different settings, confirming the well-established Th1 and Th2 polarisation in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, respectively. Secondly, we revealed immune system-related UV-induced changes in sun-exposed skin. Furthermore, a significant motivation in the design of Decosus is flexibility and the ability for the user to include new gene signatures, algorithms, and integration methods at run time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu A. Anene
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cancer Biology and Therapy, School of Applied Science, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Chinedu A. Anene,
| | - Emma Taggart
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A. Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Pennington
- Centre for Immunobiology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Schwarz T, Schwarz A. Controllers of cutaneous regulatory T cells: ultraviolet radiation and the skin microbiome. Biol Chem 2021; 402:1575-1581. [PMID: 34506693 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
For the maintenance of homeostasis termination of immune reactions is as equally important as their induction. In this scenario regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role. Accordingly a variety of inflammatory diseases are caused by an impairment of Treg. Hence, it is important to identify triggers by which Treg can be induced and activated, respectively. For quite a long time it is known that ultraviolet radiation can induce Treg which inhibit cutaneous immune reactions including contact hypersensitivity. Since these Treg inhibit in an antigen-specific fashion they may harbor therapeutic potential. However similar Treg can be induced also by other triggers which include vitamin D and antimicrobial peptides. Recently it was discovered that the gut microbiome controls the development of Treg in the intestine. The same may apply for the skin. Short chain fatty acids, microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, appear to induce and to activate Treg in the skin. Topical application of short chain fatty acids was shown to inhibit contact hypersensitivity and to reduce inflammation in the murine imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation model. Together, these data indicate that induction and activation of Treg may be a potential therapeutic strategy to treat inflammatory diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Agatha Schwarz
- Department of Dermatology, University Clinics Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Oh J, Lee Y, Oh SW, Li T, Shin J, Park SH, Lee J. The Role of Adiponectin in the Skin. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 30:221-231. [PMID: 34615771 PMCID: PMC9047493 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (Ad), a 30 kDa molecule, is an anti-diabetic adipokine; although derived from adipose tissue, it performs numerous activities in various other tissues. It binds to its own receptors, namely adiponectin receptor 1(AdipoR1), adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), and T-cadherin (CDH13). Ad plays several roles, especially as a regulator. It modulates lipid and glucose metabolism and promotes insulin sensitivity. This demonstrates that Ad has a robust correlation with fat metabolism. Furthermore, although Ad is not in direct contact with other tissues, including the skin, it can be delivered to them by diffusion or secretion via the endocrine system. Recently it has been reported that Ad can impact skin cell biology, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic biomarker of skin diseases. In the present review, we have discussed the association between skin cell biology and Ad. To elaborate further, we described the involvement of Ad in the biology of various types of cells in the skin, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, melanocytes, and immune cells. Additionally, we postulated that Ad could be employed as a therapeutic target to maintain skin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419
| | - Yeongyeong Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419
| | - Sae-Woong Oh
- Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419
| | - TianTian Li
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419
| | - Jiwon Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419
| | - See-Hyoung Park
- Department of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419.,Molecular Dermatology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419
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Benezeder T, Gehad A, Patra V, Clark R, Wolf P. Induction of IL-1β and antimicrobial peptides as a potential mechanism for topical dithranol. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:841-846. [PMID: 33629779 PMCID: PMC8247942 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Topical dithranol is effective in autoimmune conditions like alopecia areata, inducing hair regrowth in a high percentage of cases. Exact mechanisms of dithranol in alopecia areata, with seemingly healthy epidermis besides altered hair follicles, are not well understood. To better understand dithranol's mechanisms on healthy skin, we analysed its effect on normal murine as well as xenografted human skin. We found a strong increase in mRNA expression of anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) (eg Lcn2, Defb1, Defb3, S100a8, S100a9), keratinocyte differentiation markers (eg Serpinb3a, Flg, Krt16, Lce3e) and inflammatory cytokines (eg Il1b and Il17) in healthy murine skin. This effect was paralleled by inflammation and disturbed skin barrier, as well as an injury response resulting in epidermal hyperproliferation, as observed in murine and xenografted adult human skin. This contact response and disturbed barrier induced by dithranol might lead via a vicious loop between AMPs such as S100a8/a9 (that led to skin swelling itself after topical application) and cytokines such as IL-1β to an immune suppressive environment in the skin. A better understanding of the skin's physiologic response to dithranol may open up new avenues for the establishment of novel therapeutics (including AMP-related/interfering molecules) for certain skin conditions, such as alopecia areata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Benezeder
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of GrazGrazStyriaAustria
- Department of DermatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ahmed Gehad
- Department of DermatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - VijayKumar Patra
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of GrazGrazStyriaAustria
- Centre International de Recherche en InfectiologieInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111LyonFrance
| | - Rachael Clark
- Department of DermatologyBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of GrazGrazStyriaAustria
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Pham CVA, Rademacher F, Hinrichs H, Beck-Jendroschek V, Harder M, Brasch J, Gläser R, Harder J. Expression of epidermal antimicrobial peptides is increased in tinea pedis. Mycoses 2021; 64:763-770. [PMID: 33797129 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tinea pedis is often chronic or recurrent, but not all individuals are equally susceptible to this infection. Dermatophytes are able to induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) in human keratinocytes and certain AMPs can inhibit the growth of dermatophytes. OBJECTIVE The focus of this study was to analyse the secretion of relevant AMPs, especially RNase 7, human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) and the S-100 protein psoriasin (S100A7), in patients with confirmed tinea pedis. METHODS To verify the diagnosis, skin scales were obtained from all patients (n = 13) and the dermatophytes were identified by potassium hydroxide mount, culture and molecular analysis. To determine the AMP concentrations, the lesional skin area of the foot was rinsed with a buffer that was subsequently analysed by ELISA. The corresponding area of the other unaffected foot as well as defined healthy skin areas of the forearm and forehead and samples from age and gender-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. RESULTS In tinea pedis patients the AMP concentrations were higher in lesional skin than in non-lesional skin and in healthy skin of controls. In particular, concentrations of hBD-2 and psoriasin were significantly elevated. CONCLUSIONS The induction of AMPs in tinea pedis might be triggered directly by the dermatophytes; furthermore, attendant inflammation and/or differentiation processes may play a role. Our results indicate that there is no defect in the constitutive expression and induction of the analysed AMPs by dermatophytes in the epidermis of affected patients. However, it is not known why the elevated AMP concentrations fail to efficiently combat dermatophyte growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Van Anh Pham
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Rademacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Heilwig Hinrichs
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Vera Beck-Jendroschek
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Mycological Laboratory, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Melanie Harder
- EUROIMMUN Medical Laboratory Diagnostic AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jochen Brasch
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Mycological Laboratory, University Hospitals of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, University-Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Golan-Tripto I, Loewenthal N, Tal A, Dizitzer Y, Baumfeld Y, Goldbart A. Vitamin D deficiency in children with acute bronchiolitis: a prospective cross-sectional case- control study. BMC Pediatr 2021; 21:211. [PMID: 33931018 PMCID: PMC8085105 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 25(OH) vitamin D levels are inversely associated with respiratory infections and childhood wheezing. Objective To evaluate serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels in infants and toddlers with acute bronchiolitis, compared to subjects with non-respiratory febrile illness. Methods A prospective cross-sectional case-control study which compared serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels between infants and toddlers diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis to subjects with non-respiratory febrile illness. Multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and nutrition was performed. Correlation between serum vitamin D levels and bronchiolitis severity was assessed via Modified Tal Score and length of hospital stay (LOS). Results One hundred twenty-seven patients aged < 24 months were recruited; 80 diagnosed with acute bronchiolitis and 47 patients with non- respiratory febrile illnesses. Both groups had similar demographics aside from age (median [IQR] 5 [3–9] vs. 9 [5–16] months in the bronchiolitis group compared to control group (p = 0.002)). Serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels were significantly lower in the bronchiolitis group; median [IQR] 28[18–52] vs. 50[25–79] nmol/L, respectively, (p = 0.005). Deficient vitamin D levels (< 50 nmol/L) was found more frequently in the bronchiolitis group than controls; 73% vs. 51% (p = 0.028). Multivariate logistic regression showed vitamin D deficiency was more probable in bronchiolitis patients; OR [95% CI] 3.139[1.369–7.195]. No correlation was found between serum vitamin D levels and bronchiolitis severity, which was assessed via Modified Tal Score and by length of hospital stay. Conclusion Children with acute bronchiolitis displayed significantly lower vitamin D levels than children with non-respiratory acute febrile illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Golan-Tripto
- Department of Pediatrics, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. .,Pediatric Pulmonary Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel. .,Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO box 151, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Neta Loewenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO box 151, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Asher Tal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO box 151, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yotam Dizitzer
- Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Baumfeld
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO box 151, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Aviv Goldbart
- Department of Pediatrics, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Pediatric Pulmonary Unit, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO box 151, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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22
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Megna M, Marasca C, Fabbrocini G, Monfrecola G. Ultraviolet radiation, vitamin D, and COVID-19. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2021; 156:366-373. [PMID: 33913665 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.21.06833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become pandemic on March 11th, 2020. COVID-19 has a range of symptoms that includes fever, fatigue, dry cough, aches, and labored breathing to acute respiratory distress and possibly death. Health systems and hospitals have been completely rearranged since March 2020 in order to limit the high rate of virus spreading. Hence, a great debate on deferrable visits and treatments including phototherapy for skin diseases is developing. In particular, as regards phototherapy very few data are currently available regarding the chance to continue it, even if it may be a useful resource for treating numerous dermatological patients. However, phototherapy has an immunosuppressive action possibly facilitating virus infection. In the context of COVID-19 infection risk it is important to pointed out whether sunlight, phototherapy and in particular ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) constitute or not a risk for patients. In this review we aimed to focus on the relationship between UV-R, sunlight, phototherapy, and viral infections particularly focusing on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Megna
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy -
| | - Claudio Marasca
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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23
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Lossius AH, Sundnes O, Ingham AC, Edslev SM, Bjørnholt JV, Lilje B, Bradley M, Asad S, Haraldsen G, Skytt-Andersen P, Holm JØ, Berents TL. Shifts in the Skin Microbiota after UVB Treatment in Adult Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 2021; 238:109-120. [PMID: 33887725 DOI: 10.1159/000515236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiology in atopic dermatitis (AD) is not fully understood, but immune dysfunction, skin barrier defects, and alterations of the skin microbiota are thought to play important roles. AD skin is frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and microbial diversity on lesional skin (LS) is reduced compared to on healthy skin. Treatment with narrow-band ultraviolet B (nb-UVB) leads to clinical improvement of the eczema and reduced abundance of S. aureus. However, in-depth knowledge of the temporal dynamics of the skin microbiota in AD in response to nb-UVB treatment is lacking and could provide important clues to decipher whether the microbial changes are primary drivers of the disease, or secondary to the inflammatory process. OBJECTIVES To map the temporal shifts in the microbiota of the skin, nose, and throat in adult AD patients after nb-UVB treatment. METHODS Skin swabs were taken from lesional AD skin (n = 16) before and after 3 treatments of nb-UVB, and after 6-8 weeks of full-body treatment. We also obtained samples from non-lesional skin (NLS) and from the nose and throat. All samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS We observed shifts towards higher diversity in the microbiota of lesional AD skin after 6-8 weeks of treatment, while the microbiota of NLS and of the nose/throat remained unchanged. After only 3 treatments with nb-UVB, there were no significant changes in the microbiota. CONCLUSION Nb-UVB induces changes in the skin microbiota towards higher diversity, but the microbiota of the nose and throat are not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Haaskjold Lossius
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Sundnes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Cäcilia Ingham
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Marie Edslev
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Vildershøj Bjørnholt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Berit Lilje
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Bradley
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samina Asad
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paal Skytt-Andersen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan-Øivind Holm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Teresa Løvold Berents
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Regional Unit of Asthma, Allergy and Hypersensitivity, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Drives Rosacea-Like Skin Inflammation in an NLRP3-Dependent Manner. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2885-2894.e5. [PMID: 33745908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by immune response-dependent erythema and pustules. Although the precise etiology of rosacea remains elusive, its pathogenesis is reportedly associated with an increased level of antimicrobial peptide LL-37. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of rosacea via LL-37 remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the potential role of LL-37 in rosacea-like skin inflammatory phenotypes at a molecular level. Our in vitro data demonstrated that LL-37 promotes NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation in lipopolysaccharide-primed macrophages, indicated by the processing of caspase-1 and IL-1β. LL-37 was internalized into the cytoplasm of macrophages through P2X7 receptor-mediated endocytosis. Intracellular LL-37 triggered the assembly and activation of NLRP3-ASC inflammasome complex by facilitating lysosomal destabilization. Consistent with these in vitro results, intradermal LL-37 administration induced in vivo caspase-1 activation and ASC speck formation in the skin of Nlrp3-expressing, but not in Nlrp3-deficient, mice. Intradermal injection of LL-37 elicited profound recruitment of inflammatory Gr1+ cells and subsequent skin inflammation. However, LL-37-induced rosacea-like skin inflammation was significantly abrogated in Nlrp3-deficient mice. Furthermore, an NLRP3-specific inhibitor, MCC950, markedly reduced LL-37-triggered rosacea-like phenotypes. Taken together, our findings clearly indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome activation plays a crucial role in LL-37-induced skin inflammation and rosacea pathogenesis.
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25
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Antimicrobial peptides in patients with anorexia nervosa: comparison with healthy controls and the impact of weight gain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22223. [PMID: 33335229 PMCID: PMC7746688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations show that patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are surprisingly free from infectious diseases. There is evidence from studies in Drosophila melanogaster that starvation leads to an increased expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are part of the innate immune system and protect human surfaces from colonization with pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi. We compared the expression of AMPs between patients with AN and healthy controls (HC) and investigated the influence of weight gain. Using a standardized skin rinsing method, quantitative determination of the AMPs psoriasin and RNase 7 was carried out by ELISA. Even though non-significant, effect sizes revealed slightly higher AMP concentrations in HC. After a mean weight gain of 2.0 body mass index points, the concentration of psoriasin on the forehead of patients with AN increased significantly. We could not confirm our hypotheses of higher AMP concentrations in patients with AN that decrease after weight gain. On the contrary, weight gain seems to be associated with increasing AMP concentrations.
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26
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Vieyra-Garcia PA, Wolf P. A deep dive into UV-based phototherapy: Mechanisms of action and emerging molecular targets in inflammation and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 222:107784. [PMID: 33316286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UV-based phototherapy (including psoralen plus UVA (PUVA), UVB and UVA1) has a long, successful history in the management of numerous cutaneous disorders. Photoresponsive diseases are etiologically diverse, but most involve disturbances in local (and occasionally systemic) inflammatory cells and/or abnormalities in keratinocytes that trigger inflammation. UV-based phototherapy works by regulating the inflammatory component and inducing apoptosis of pathogenic cells. This results in a fascinating and complex network of simultaneous events-immediate transcriptional changes in keratinocytes, immune cells, and pigment cells; the emergence of apoptotic bodies; and the trafficking of antigen-presenting cells in skin-that quickly transform the microenvironment of UV-exposed skin. Molecular elements in this system of UV recognition and response include chromophores, metabolic byproducts, innate immune receptors, neurotransmitters and mediators such as chemokines and cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and platelet activating factor (PAF) and PAF-like molecules that simultaneously shape the immunomodulatory effects of UV and their interplay with the microbiota of the skin and beyond. Phototherapy's key effects-proapoptotic, immunomodulatory, antipruritic, antifibrotic, propigmentary, and pro-prebiotic-promote clinical improvement in various skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis (AD), graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), vitiligo, scleroderma, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) as well as prevention of polymorphic light eruption (PLE). As understanding of phototherapy improves, new therapies (UV- and non-UV-based) are being developed that will modify regulatory T-cells (Treg), interact with (resident) memory T-cells and /or utilize agonists and antagonists as well as antibodies targeting soluble molecules such as cytokines and chemokines, transcription factors, and a variety of membrane-associated receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Vieyra-Garcia
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, Graz A-8036, Austria.
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, Graz A-8036, Austria.
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27
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Lossius AH, Berents TL, Saetre F, Nilsen HR, Bradley M, Asad S, Haraldsen G, Sundnes O, Holm JØ. Early transcriptional changes after UVB treatment in atopic dermatitis include inverse regulation of IL-36γ and IL-37. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:249-261. [PMID: 33067891 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy with narrow-band Ultraviolet B (nb-UVB) is a major therapeutic option in atopic dermatitis (AD), yet knowledge of the early molecular responses to this treatment is lacking. The objective of this study was to map the early transcriptional changes in AD skin in response to nb-UVB treatment. Adult patients (n = 16) with AD were included in the study and scored with validated scoring tools. AD skin was irradiated with local nb-UVB on day 0, 2 and 4. Skin biopsies were taken before and after treatment (day 0 and 7) and analysed for genome-wide modulation of transcription. When examining the early response after three local UVB treatments, gene expression analysis revealed 77 significantly modulated transcripts (30 down- and 47 upregulated). Among them were transcripts related to the inflammatory response, melanin synthesis, keratinization and epidermal structure. Interestingly, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-36γ was reduced after treatment, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 increased after treatment with nb-UVB. There was also a modulation of several other mediators involved in inflammation, among them defensins and S100 proteins. This is the first study of early transcriptomic changes in AD skin in response to nb-UVB. We reveal robust modulation of a small group of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory targets, including the IL-1 family members IL36γ and IL-37, which is evident before any detectable changes in skin morphology or immune cell infiltrates. These findings provide important clues to the molecular mechanisms behind the treatment response and shed light on new potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid H Lossius
- Institute of clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Teresa L Berents
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frank Saetre
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hogne R Nilsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Bradley
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Samina Asad
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- Institute of clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav Sundnes
- Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan-Øivind Holm
- Institute of clinical medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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28
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Bhatt T, Bhosale A, Bajantri B, Mathapathi MS, Rizvi A, Scita G, Majumdar A, Jamora C. Sustained Secretion of the Antimicrobial Peptide S100A7 Is Dependent on the Downregulation of Caspase-8. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2546-2555.e4. [PMID: 31775025 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the body's natural innate immune defense against a spectrum of pathogens and can also modulate cell proliferation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis, wound healing, and immune cell activity. Harnessing these diverse functions for prophylactic use is contingent upon understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing their unconventional secretion from cells. Analysis of the secretion of S100A7 (Psoriasin), an abundant AMP stored in differentiated keratinocytes of the skin, has revealed an unexpected biphasic secretory response to bacterial exposure. The core components regulating S100A7 secretion are NFκB/p38MAPK, caspase-1, and interleukin (IL)-1α. The initial activation of this core machinery is mediated by Toll-like receptor signaling, whereas the chronic response is mediated by Caspase-8 downregulation. Interestingly, there is a concomitant downregulation of Caspase-8 in inflammatory skin diseases wherein S100A7 is constitutively released. These results highlight the potential of targeting these components to control the release of AMPs from the skin in both homeostatic and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay Bhatt
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India; National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Aishwarya Bhosale
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Bhavya Bajantri
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | | | - Abrar Rizvi
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India.
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29
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Hawk JLM. Safe, mild ultraviolet-B exposure: An essential human requirement for vitamin D and other vital bodily parameter adequacy: A review. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 36:417-423. [PMID: 32623756 PMCID: PMC7754393 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enigma of skin sunburning, skin ageing and skin cancer and essential vitamin D production both resulting from solar ultraviolet‐B (280‐315 nm) (UVB) exposure has long puzzled photobiologists. Advice to patients by non‐photobiological clinicians is now often to sunbathe to acquire vitamin D adequacy. However, modern work shows only mild UVB exposure is needed to maintain satisfactory levels, which have been demonstrated as very similar in summer and winter from about 25° to 70° north. Even very careful high protection factor 15 sunscreen use does not prevent adequate production, although it is slightly reduced, such that obsessive use of very protective screens of 50 + might. Dark skin pigmentation too usually at most minimally impairs production. However, confinement indoors and widespread clothing cover can, but oral supplementation overcomes any such deficiency. Thus, vitamin D adequacy needs just mild regular UVB skin exposure well under sunburning levels, unlikely to cause significant skin damage. This suggests mild UVB exposure may also be needed for other bodily requirements, which is indeed so. Thus, it also prevents the development of contact dermatitis and polymorphic light eruption through suppressing adaptive immunity. It also prevents the occurrence of multiple skin infections resulting from this suppression through stimulating innate immunity and cutaneous bacterial defensin production. Finally, blood pressure is reduced through low‐dose UVB‐induced production of the vasodilator nitric oxide (though UVA, 315‐400 nm, is more efficient). Thus, mild UVB exposure is important for several aspects of internal health, whereas high‐dose exposure is extremely detrimental to cutaneous health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L M Hawk
- Emeritus Professor of Dermatological Photobiology, Photodermatology Unit, St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Abstract
Phototherapeutic modalities induce apoptosis of keratinocytes and immune cells, impact cytokine production, downregulate the IL-23/Th17 axis, and induce regulatory T cells. As in anti-IL-17 or anti-IL-23 antibody treatment, the dual action of phototherapy on skin and the immune system is likely responsible for sustained resolution of lesions in diseases such as psoriasis. In cutaneous T cell lymphoma, phototherapy may function by causing tumor cell apoptosis and eliminating the neoplastic and inflammatory infiltrate. Further research on phototherapeutic mechanisms will help advance, optimize, and refine dermatologic treatments and may open up novel avenues for treatment strategies in dermatology and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizi Yu
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Research Unit for Photodermatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 8, Graz A-8036, Austria.
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31
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Youssef R, Hafez V, Elkholy Y, Mourad A. Glycerol 85% efficacy on atopic skin and its microbiome: a randomized controlled trial with clinical and bacteriological evaluation. J DERMATOL TREAT 2020; 32:730-736. [PMID: 31869257 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1708246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Treating atopic dermatitis (AD) is still a challenge. The staphylococcal skin load is known to aggravate AD. Narrow band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) and glycerol in low concentration (20-40%) are established therapies for AD. NB-UVB has proven antimicrobial actions, while high concentration glycerol (85-100%) showed similar effects in vitro but has not been clinically tested.Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of concentrated glycerol 85% compared to NB-UVB in patients with AD, as assessed by clinical improvement and reduction of staphylococcal colonization of the skin.Methods: 30 patients with mild to moderate AD were randomized into either NB-UVB or glycerol 85% group. Patients were treated for one month and followed for an additional month. Swabs were taken from the skin and nose to be cultured on mannitol-salt agar for Staphylococci and quantified to determine Colony Forming Units.Results: Both groups showed statistically insignificant microbial changes and statistically significant clinical improvement after treatment. The results were comparable between both groups.Conclusions: Concentrated glycerol 85% is a cheap effective readily accessible alternative for phototherapy in patients with mild-moderate AD who cannot access the facility. Reduction of staphylococcal skin load seems to be involved, but its role is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Youssef
- Dermatology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Vanessa Hafez
- Dermatology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmine Elkholy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mourad
- Dermatology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Bikle DD. The Vitamin D Receptor as Tumor Suppressor in Skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:285-306. [PMID: 32918224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies including melanomas and keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) are the most common types of cancer, occurring at a rate of over one million per year in the United States. KC, which include both basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, are substantially more common than melanomas and form the subject of this chapter. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), both UVB and UVA, as occurs with sunlight exposure is generally regarded as causal for these malignancies, but UVB is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Keratinocytes are the major cell in the epidermis. These cells not only produce vitamin D but contain the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D, and express the receptor for this metabolite, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This allows the cell to respond to the 1,25(OH)2D that it produces. Based on our own data and that reported in the literature, we conclude that vitamin D signaling in the skin suppresses UVR-induced epidermal tumor formation. In this chapter we focus on four mechanisms by which vitamin D signaling suppresses tumor formation. They are inhibition of proliferation/stimulation of differentiation with discussion of the roles of hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and hyaluronan/CD44 pathways in mediating vitamin D regulation of proliferation/differentiation, regulation of the balance between oncogenic and tumor suppressor long noncoding RNAs, immune regulation, and promotion of DNA damage repair (DDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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33
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Rademacher F, Dreyer S, Kopfnagel V, Gläser R, Werfel T, Harder J. The Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Function of RNase 7 in Skin. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2553. [PMID: 31749808 PMCID: PMC6848066 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human ribonuclease RNase 7 has been originally isolated from human skin and is a member of the human RNase A superfamily. RNase 7 is constantly released by keratinocytes and accumulates on the skin surface. The expression of RNase 7 in keratinocytes can be induced by diverse stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, and microbial factors. RNase 7 exhibits a potent broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms and contributes to control bacterial growth on the skin surface. The ribonuclease and antimicrobial activity of RNase 7 can be blocked by the endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor. There is also increasing evidence that RNase 7 exerts immunomodulatory activities and may participate in antiviral defense. In this review, we discuss how these characteristics of RNase 7 contribute to innate cutaneous defense and highlight its role in skin infection and inflammation. We also speculate how a potential dysregulation of RNase 7 promotes inflammatory skin diseases and if RNase 7 may have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Dreyer
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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34
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Ghaly S, Hart PH, Lawrance IC. Inflammatory bowel diseases: interrelationships between dietary vitamin D, exposure to UV radiation and the fecal microbiome. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:1039-1048. [PMID: 31657973 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1685874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Environmental factors and an altered fecal microbiome are believed to be central to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Vitamin D and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) are environmental factors that are associated by several pathways, including changes to the gastrointestinal microbiome, with the development and course of IBD.Area covered: This review explores the interaction of vitamin D, and UVR, with the intestinal innate and adaptive immune systems, and how they may influence the gut microbiome and the subsequent development, and progression, of IBD.Expert opinion: Vitamin D and UVR both regulate innate and adaptive immunity through a combination of common and independent mechanisms, with the overall effect being the promotion of immune tolerance. Vitamin D, and to a lesser extent UVR, can modify the gastrointestinal microbiome either directly, or through immune-mediated mechanisms and this may explain the effect on intestinal inflammation in animal models of IBD and some clinical studies. Thus, both vitamin D and UVR exposure can be considered potential 'master regulators' of gastrointestinal immunity, fine-tuning the complex interaction between genetics, host immunity and the gut microbiome. Further research and increased understanding of environment-host interactions is essential to achieving the ultimate goal of preventing and curing IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ghaly
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Inflammation, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Inflammation, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Ian C Lawrance
- Inflammation, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Australia
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35
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Singer S, Berneburg M. Phototherapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 16:1120-1129. [PMID: 30179320 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of phototherapy is based on the interaction between ultraviolet (UV) radiation and the skin. The photobiological effects thus achieved depend on the wavelengths used. Targeted use of UVA and UVB, where indicated in combination with a photosensitizer such as psoralen, provides the dermatologist with a broad armamentarium for the treatment of a multitude of skin diseases. The spectrum of indications ranges from superficial dermatitis, psoriasis, and malignancies, such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, to deep sclerosing conditions such as morphea. The objective of the present review is to highlight the photobiological effects of the various types of UV radiation as well as the resultant clinical indications for phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Singer
- Department of Dermatology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
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36
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Singer S, Berneburg M. Phototherapie. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2019; 16:1120-1131. [PMID: 30179327 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13646_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Die Phototherapie nutzt die photobiologische Wirkung von ultravioletter (UV-)Strahlung auf unseren Organismus. Die verschiedenen Wellenlängen der Strahlung rufen dabei ganz unterschiedliche Effekte hervor. Der gezielte Einsatz von UV-A und UV-B, gegebenenfalls auch in Kombination mit dem Photosensibilisator Psoralen im Rahmen einer PUVA-Therapie, ermöglicht dem Dermatologen die effektive Behandlung der verschiedensten Hautkrankheiten. Das Indikationsspektrum der Phototherapie reicht von oberflächlichen Ekzemerkrankungen, Psoriasis, malignen Erkrankungen wie dem kutanen T-Zell-Lymphom, bis hin zu tief in der Dermis lokalisierten sklerosierenden Erkrankungen wie der Sklerodermie. Das Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden photobiologischen Wirkmechanismen der verschiedenen Bereiche der UV-Strahlung und die sich daraus ableitenden Indikationen für eine Phototherapie soll der folgende Artikel ermöglichen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Singer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
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37
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Bernard JJ, Gallo RL, Krutmann J. Photoimmunology: how ultraviolet radiation affects the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:688-701. [PMID: 31213673 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a ubiquitous component of the environment that has important effects on a wide range of cell functions. Short-wavelength UVB radiation induces sunburn and is a potent immunomodulator, yet longer-wavelength, lower-energy UVA radiation also has effects on mammalian immunity. This Review discusses current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which UV radiation can modify innate and adaptive immune responses and how this immunomodulatory capacity can be both beneficial in the case of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and detrimental in the case of skin cancer and the response to several infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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38
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Patra V, Wagner K, Arulampalam V, Wolf P. Skin Microbiome Modulates the Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Cellular Response and Immune Function. iScience 2019; 15:211-222. [PMID: 31079025 PMCID: PMC6515114 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is colonized by a diverse microbiome intricately involved in various molecular and cellular processes within the skin and beyond. UV radiation is known to induce profound changes in the skin and modulate the immune response. However, the role of the microbiome in UV-induced immune suppression has been overlooked. By employing the standard model of contact hypersensitivity (using germ-free mice) we found diminished UV-induced systemic immune suppression in the presence of microbiome. Upon UV exposure, we found enhanced epidermal hyperplasia and neutrophilic infiltration in the presence and enhanced numbers of mast cells and monocyte or macrophages in the absence of microbiome. Transcriptome analysis revealed a predominant expression of cytokine genes related to pro-inflammatory milieu in the presence versus immunosuppressive milieu (with increased interleukin-10) in the absence of microbiome. Collectively, microbiome abrogates the immunosuppressive response to UV by modulating gene expression and cellular microenvironment of the skin. Epidermal and immune response to UV is dependent on skin microbiome Increased neutrophilic infiltration and expression of IL-1β in SPF mice after UV-R Elevated macrophage infiltration and expression of IL-10 in GF mice after UV-R Skin microbiome diminishes UV-induced immune suppression to contact allergen DNFB
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Affiliation(s)
- VijayKumar Patra
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Core Facility for Germfree Research (CFGR), Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wagner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Velmurugesan Arulampalam
- Core Facility for Germfree Research (CFGR), Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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39
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Swaminathan A, Harrison SL, Ketheesan N, van den Boogaard CHA, Dear K, Allen M, Hart PH, Cook M, Lucas RM. Exposure to Solar UVR Suppresses Cell-Mediated Immunization Responses in Humans: The Australian Ultraviolet Radiation and Immunity Study. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:1545-1553.e6. [PMID: 30684553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Animal and human studies show that exposure to solar-simulated UVR is immunomodulatory. Human studies that used natural sun exposure and controlled for confounding are rare. We immunized 217 healthy adults (age range = 18-40 years) with a T-cell-dependent antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and measured personal clothing-adjusted UVR exposure (for 5 days before and after immunization), lifetime cumulative UVR exposure, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration at immunization, and potential confounding factors. We tested cellular and humoral immune responses in relation to UVR exposure. The delayed-type hypersensitivity response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin recall challenge was lower in individuals with higher personal clothing-adjusted UVR exposure on the day before immunization (P = 0.015) and during intervals spanning the day before to 2-3 days after immunization. There was an incremental increase in T helper type 17 cells (as a proportion of CD4+ T cells) from preimmunization to postimmunization in the high, compared with the low, personal clothing-adjusted UVR exposure group (0.31% vs. -0.39%, P = 0.004). Keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific antibody titers were not associated with acute or cumulative UVR exposure or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Higher UVR exposure at antigen sensitization was associated with a reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity response and altered T helper type 17 kinetics. This has implications for the effectiveness of vaccinations and susceptibility to infections that rely on cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Swaminathan
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Departments of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simone L Harrison
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Science and Technology, University of New England, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christel H A van den Boogaard
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Keith Dear
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Martin Allen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Cook
- Department of Immunology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia; Centre for Personalized Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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40
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Kimeswenger S, Sterniczky B, Kramer A, Tillmann K, Gamper J, Foedinger D, Petzelbauer P, Jantschitsch C. Impact of infrared radiation on UVB-induced skin tumourigenesis in wild type C57BL/6 mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:129-139. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Additional exposure to infrared radiation leads to a more aggressive phenotype of UVB-induced skin tumours in wild type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Sterniczky
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Anne Kramer
- Centre for Biomedical Research; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Katharina Tillmann
- Centre for Biomedical Research; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Jutta Gamper
- Centre for Medical Statistics
- Informatics
- and Intelligent Systems; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Dagmar Foedinger
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology; Medical University of Vienna
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
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41
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Evolution and Expression of S100A7 Gene in Vertebrates. Biochem Genet 2018; 57:371-381. [PMID: 30554339 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-018-9897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier between the internal organs of an organism and the environment, and it provides protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. According to the nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis, ungulates might have traversed to the grasslands and were exposed to UV radiation subsequent to the reduction in predation pressure. UV light exposure might have increased the S100A7 expression. In order to test whether the UV radiation is associated with the selection pressure on S100A7, we acquired the complete S100A7 DNA sequences from each of 42 vertebrate species. The results suggested that the evidence of diversifying selection in S100A7 occurred at the end of Mesozoic era, and the site of positive selection was observed in the branch of Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates). In addition, we found that the transcription level of S100A7 in cashmere goat skin correlates with UV radiation. Our results indicated that S100A7 plays a role in the signaling between the skin genes and UV radiation during evolution.
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42
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Herman A, Herman AP. Antimicrobial peptides activity in the skin. Skin Res Technol 2018; 25:111-117. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herman
- Faculty of Health SciencesWarsaw College of Health and Engineering Warsaw Poland
| | - Andrzej P. Herman
- Department of Genetic EngineeringThe Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and NutritionPolish Academy of Sciences Jabłonna, Warsaw Poland
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43
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Vieyra-Garcia PA, Wolf P. From Early Immunomodulatory Triggers to Immunosuppressive Outcome: Therapeutic Implications of the Complex Interplay Between the Wavebands of Sunlight and the Skin. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:232. [PMID: 30250844 PMCID: PMC6139367 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototherapy is an efficient treatment for many cutaneous diseases that involve the activation of inflammatory pathways or the overgrowth of cells with aberrant phenotype. In this review, we discuss recent advances in photoimmunology, focusing on the effects of UV-based therapies currently used in dermatology. We describe the molecular responses to the main forms of photo(chemo)therapy such as UVB, UVA-1, and PUVA that include the triggering of apoptotic or immunosuppressive pathways and help to clear diseased skin. The early molecular response to UV involves DNA photoproducts, the isomerization of urocanic acid, the secretion of biophospholipids such as platelet activating factor (PAF), the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor and inflammasome, and vitamin D synthesis. The simultaneous and complex interaction of these events regulates the activity of the immune system both locally and systemically, resulting in apoptosis of neoplastic and/or benign cells, reduction of cellular infiltrate, and regulation of cytokines and chemokines. Regulatory T-cells and Langerhans cells, among other skin-resident cellular populations, are deeply affected by UV exposure and are therefore important players in the mechanisms of immunomodulation and the therapeutic value of UV in all its forms. We weigh the contribution of these cells to the therapeutic application of UV and how they may participate in transferring the direct impact of UV on the skin into local and systemic immunomodulation. Moreover, we review the therapeutic mechanisms revealed by clinical and laboratory animal investigations in the most common cutaneous diseases treated with phototherapy such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Better understanding of phototherapeutic mechanisms in these diseases will help advance treatment in general and make future therapeutic strategies more precise, targeted, personalized, safe, and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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44
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Lembo S, Raimondo A. Polymorphic Light Eruption: What's New in Pathogenesis and Management. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:252. [PMID: 30250845 PMCID: PMC6139322 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic light eruption is the commonest photosensitive disorder, characterized by an intermittent eruption of non-scarring erythematous papules, vesicles or plaques that develop within hours of ultraviolet radiation exposure of patient skin. Together with the lesions, a terrible itch starts and increases with the spreading of the disease, sometimes aggravated by a sort of burning sensation. Clinical picture and symptoms can improve during the rest of the summer with further solar exposures. In the last years many advances have been performed in the knowledge of its pathogenesis and some news have been proposed as preventive, as well as therapeutic options. All this has been discussed in the current mini review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lembo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Annunziata Raimondo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
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45
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Sil P, Wong SW, Martinez J. More Than Skin Deep: Autophagy Is Vital for Skin Barrier Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1376. [PMID: 29988591 PMCID: PMC6026682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a highly organized first line of defense that stretches up to 1.8 m2 and is home to more than a million commensal bacteria. The microenvironment of skin is driven by factors such as pH, temperature, moisture, sebum level, oxidative stress, diet, resident immune cells, and infectious exposure. The skin has a high turnover of cells as it continually bares itself to environmental stresses. Notwithstanding these limitations, it has devised strategies to adapt as a nutrient-scarce site. To perform its protective function efficiently, it relies on mechanisms to continuously remove dead cells without alarming the immune system, actively purging the dying/senescent cells by immunotolerant efferocytosis. Both canonical (starvation-induced, reactive oxygen species, stress, and environmental insults) and non-canonical (selective) autophagy in the skin have evolved to perform astute due-diligence and housekeeping in a quiescent fashion for survival, cellular functioning, homeostasis, and immune tolerance. The autophagic “homeostatic rheostat” works tirelessly to uphold the delicate balance in immunoregulation and tolerance. If this equilibrium is upset, the immune system can wreak havoc and initiate pathogenesis. Out of all the organs, the skin remains under-studied in the context of autophagy. Here, we touch upon some of the salient features of autophagy active in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sil
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sing-Wai Wong
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States.,Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, United States
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46
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Abhimanyu, Coussens AK. The role of UV radiation and vitamin D in the seasonality and outcomes of infectious disease. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:314-338. [PMID: 28078341 DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The seasonality of infectious disease outbreaks suggests that environmental conditions have a significant effect on disease risk. One of the major environmental factors that can affect this is solar radiation, primarily acting through ultraviolet radiation (UVR), and its subsequent control of vitamin D production. Here we show how UVR and vitamin D, which are modified by latitude and season, can affect host and pathogen fitness and relate them to the outcomes of bacterial, viral and vector-borne infections. We conducted a thorough comparison of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of UVR and vitamin D on pathogen fitness and host immunity and related these to the effects observed in animal models and clinical trials to understand their independent and complementary effects on infectious disease outcome. UVR and vitamin D share common pathways of innate immune activation primarily via antimicrobial peptide production, and adaptive immune suppression. Whilst UVR can induce vitamin D-independent effects in the skin, such as the generation of photoproducts activating interferon signaling, vitamin D has a larger systemic effect due to its autocrine and paracrine modulation of cellular responses in a range of tissues. However, the seasonal patterns in infectious disease prevalence are not solely driven by variation in UVR and vitamin D levels across latitudes. Vector-borne pathogens show a strong seasonality of infection correlated to climatic conditions favoring their replication. Conversely, pathogens, such as influenza A virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1, have strong evidence to support their interaction with vitamin D. Thus, UVR has both vitamin D-dependent and independent effects on infectious diseases; these effects vary depending on the pathogen of interest and the effects can be complementary or antagonistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, Western Cape, South Africa. and Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Rd, Observatory, 7925, Western Cape, South Africa
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47
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Patra V, Laoubi L, Nicolas JF, Vocanson M, Wolf P. A Perspective on the Interplay of Ultraviolet-Radiation, Skin Microbiome and Skin Resident Memory TCRαβ+ Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:166. [PMID: 29900173 PMCID: PMC5988872 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is known to be inhabited by diverse microbes, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and mites. This microbiome exerts a protective role against infections by promoting immune development and inhibiting pathogenic microbes to colonize skin. One of the factors having an intense effect on the skin and its resident microbes is ultraviolet-radiation (UV-R). UV-R can promote or inhibit the growth of microbes on the skin and modulate the immune system which can be either favorable or harmful. Among potential UV-R targets, skin resident memory T cells (TRM) stand as well positioned immune cells at the forefront within the skin. Both CD4+ or CD8+ αβ TRM cells residing permanently in peripheral tissues have been shown to play prominent roles in providing accelerated and long-lived specific immunity, tissue homeostasis, wound repair. Nevertheless, their response upon UV-R exposure or signals from microbiome are poorly understood compared to resident TCRγδ cells. Skin TRM survive for long periods of time and are exposed to innumerable antigens during lifetime. The interplay of TRM with skin residing microbes may be crucial in pathophysiology of various diseases including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and polymorphic light eruption. In this article, we share our perspective about how UV-R may directly shape the persistence, phenotype, specificity, and function of skin TRM; and moreover, whether UV-R alters barrier function, leading to microbial-specific skin TRM, disrupting the healthy balance between skin microbiome and skin immune cells, and resulting in chronic inflammation and diseased skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- VijayKumar Patra
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Léo Laoubi
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-François Nicolas
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Lyon Sud University Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Marc Vocanson
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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48
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Wolf P, Weger W, Patra V, Gruber-Wackernagel A, Byrne SN. Desired response to phototherapy vs photoaggravation in psoriasis: what makes the difference? Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:937-944. [PMID: 27376966 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis commonly responds beneficially to UV radiation from natural sunlight or artificial sources. Therapeutic mechanisms include the proapoptotic and immunomodulating effects of UV, affecting many cells and involving a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, downregulating the Th17/IL-23 response with simultaneous induction of regulatory immune cells. However, exposure to UV radiation in a subset of psoriasis patients leads to exacerbation of the disease. We herein shed light on the predisposing factors of photosensitive psoriasis, including genetics (such as HLA-Cw*0602 or CARD14), gender and coexisting photodermatoses such as polymorphic light eruption (PLE) in the context of potential molecular mechanisms behind therapeutic photoresponsiveness or photoaggravation. UV-induced damage/pathogen-associated molecular patterns, damage to self-coding RNA (signalling through Toll-like receptors), certain antimicrobial peptides and/or inflammasome activation may induce innate immunity, leading to psoriasis at the site of UV exposure when there is concomitant, predisposing resistance against UV-induced suppression of the adaptive immune response (like in PLE) that otherwise would act to reduce psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Weger
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - VijayKumar Patra
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Patra V, Wolf P. Microbial elements as the initial triggers in the pathogenesis of polymorphic light eruption? Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:999-1001. [PMID: 27514020 PMCID: PMC5396279 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The primary trigger of polymorphic light eruption (PLE) remains to be uncovered. We hypothesize that PLE may be initiated by elements resulting from UV‐induced damage to microbial communities of the skin, leading to a cascade of events eventually resulting in the skin rash of the disease. One mechanism by which epidermal injury by UV radiation could trigger PLE are danger signals such as damage or pathogen associated molecular patterns DAMP/PAMPs or commensal‐associated molecular patterns (CAMPs). Such triggers could be produced due to UV‐induced stress on microbial communities of the skin and exacerbate inflammatory responses by inducing the innate immune system through antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as psoriasin, RNase7, HBD‐2 and LL‐37. These AMPs also actively take part in initiating adaptive immunity. That signals derived from microbial rather than human elements may initiate PLE is supported by series of observations, including the PLE‐protective effect of topically applied microbial‐derived DNA repair enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- VijayKumar Patra
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Wolf
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Mitoma C, Furue M. Overexpression of S100A7 protein is an integral part of abnormal epidermal differentiation in cornoid lamella of porokeratosis. Int J Dermatol 2017; 57:e7-e9. [PMID: 29231238 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chikage Mitoma
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masutaka Furue
- Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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